Appendix:Old Turkic Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Turkic, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Old Turkic 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚 (t²ür²k) edit (103) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 𐰢𐰤 (mn²), 𐰋𐰤 (b²n²) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 𐰾𐰤 (s²n²) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 𐰆𐰞 (ul¹) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 𐰋𐰃𐰕 (b²iz) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 𐰾𐰃𐰕 (s²iz) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | |
| 7 | this | 𐰉𐰆 (b¹u) |
| 8 | that | 𐰆𐰞 (ul¹) |
| 9 | here | 𐰉𐰆𐰦𐰀 (b¹unta) |
| 10 | there | 𐰦𐰀 (nta) |
| 11 | who | 𐰚𐰢 (km) |
| 12 | what | 𐰤𐰀 (n²a) |
| 13 | where | 𐰴𐰣𐰃 (qn¹i) |
| 14 | when | |
| 15 | how | 𐰤𐰀𐱅𐰏 (n²at²g) |
| 16 | not | |
| 17 | all | 𐰴𐰢𐰍 (qmǧ) |
| 18 | many | 𐰈𐰚𐰾 (üks²), 𐰈𐰚𐱁 (ükš) |
| 19 | some | |
| 20 | few | 𐰕 (z) |
| 21 | other | |
| 22 | one | 𐰋𐰃𐰼 (b²ir²) |
| 23 | two | 𐰚𐰃 (ki) |
| 24 | three | 𐰈𐰲 (üč) |
| 25 | four | 𐱅𐰈𐰼𐱅 (t²ür²t²) |
| 26 | five | 𐰋𐰾 (bes) (b²s² (bes)), 𐰋𐰃𐰾 (b²is²), 𐰋𐰃𐱁 (b²iš) |
| 27 | big | 𐰆𐰞𐰍 (ul¹ǧ) |
| 28 | long | 𐰆𐰕𐰣 (uzn¹) |
| 29 | wide | |
| 30 | thick | 𐰴𐰞𐰣 (ql¹n¹), 𐰘𐰆𐰍𐰣 (y²uǧn¹) |
| 31 | heavy | 𐰍𐰺 (ǧr¹) |
| 32 | small | 𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰏 (kičg) |
| 33 | short | |
| 34 | narrow | |
| 35 | thin | 𐰘𐰨𐰏𐰀 (y²nčga), 𐰖𐰆𐰖𐰴𐰀 (y¹uy¹qa) |
| 36 | woman | |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 𐰼 (r²) |
| 38 | man (human being) | 𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃 (kis²i), 𐰚𐰃𐱁𐰃 (kiši) |
| 39 | child | 𐰆𐰍𐰞 (uǧl¹) |
| 40 | wife | |
| 41 | husband | 𐰼 (r²) |
| 42 | mother | 𐰈𐰏 (üg) |
| 43 | father | 𐰴𐰭 (qŋ) |
| 44 | animal | 𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚 (kiy²ik), 𐰖𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰃 (y¹il¹qi) |
| 45 | fish | |
| 46 | bird | 𐰴𐰆𐰽 (qus¹) |
| 47 | dog | 𐰃𐱃 (it¹) |
| 48 | louse | |
| 49 | snake | 𐰖𐰃𐰞𐰣 (y¹il¹n¹) |
| 50 | worm | |
| 51 | tree | 𐰃𐰍𐰲 (iǧč) |
| 52 | forest | 𐰘𐰃𐱁 (y²iš), 𐰖𐰃𐰽 (y¹is¹) |
| 53 | stick | |
| 54 | fruit | |
| 55 | seed | |
| 56 | leaf | |
| 57 | root | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | |
| 59 | flower | |
| 60 | grass | |
| 61 | rope | |
| 62 | skin | |
| 63 | meat | |
| 64 | blood | 𐰴𐰣 (qn¹) |
| 65 | bone | 𐰾𐰈𐰭𐰰 (s²üŋp̊) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | |
| 67 | egg | |
| 68 | horn | |
| 69 | tail | 𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰺𐰆𐰸 (qud¹r¹uq̊¹) |
| 70 | feather | |
| 71 | hair | 𐰽𐰲 (s¹č) |
| 72 | head | 𐰉𐱁 (b¹š) |
| 73 | ear | 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (q̊¹ul¹qq) |
| 74 | eye | 𐰚𐰈𐰕 (küz) |
| 75 | nose | |
| 76 | mouth | 𐰍𐰕 (ǧz) |
| 77 | tooth | |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | |
| 79 | fingernail | |
| 80 | foot | |
| 81 | leg | 𐰑𐰴 (d¹q) |
| 82 | knee | 𐱅𐰃𐰕 (t²iz) |
| 83 | hand | |
| 84 | wing | 𐰴𐰣𐱃 (qn¹t¹) |
| 85 | belly | 𐰴𐰺𐰣 (qr¹n¹), 𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰍𐰽𐰴 (qur¹uǧs¹q) |
| 86 | guts | |
| 87 | neck | |
| 88 | back | |
| 89 | breast | |
| 90 | heart | 𐰘𐰈𐰼𐰚 (y²ür²k) |
| 91 | liver | |
| 92 | to drink | |
| 93 | to eat | 𐰘𐰃 (y²i) |
| 94 | to bite | |
| 95 | to suck | |
| 96 | to spit | |
| 97 | to vomit | |
| 98 | to blow | |
| 99 | to breathe | |
| 100 | to laugh | |
| 101 | to see | 𐰝𐰈𐰼 (k̥ür²), 𐰚𐰈𐰼 (kür²) |
| 102 | to hear | 𐰾𐰃𐰓 (s²id²) |
| 103 | to know | 𐰋𐰃𐰠 (b²il²) |
| 104 | to think | 𐰽𐰴𐰣 (s¹qn¹) |
| 105 | to smell | |
| 106 | to fear | 𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰴 (qur¹q) |
| 107 | to sleep | 𐰆𐰑 (ud¹) |
| 108 | to live | 𐰖𐱁 (y¹š) |
| 109 | to die | 𐰈𐰠 (ül²) |
| 110 | to kill | 𐰈𐰠𐰼 (ül²r²) |
| 111 | to fight | 𐰾𐰈𐰭𐱁 (s²üŋš) |
| 112 | to hunt | |
| 113 | to hit | 𐰆𐰺 (ur¹) |
| 114 | to cut | 𐰚𐰾 (ks²), 𐰉𐰃𐰲 (b¹ič) |
| 115 | to split | |
| 116 | to stab | 𐰽𐰨 (s¹nč) |
| 117 | to scratch | |
| 118 | to dig | |
| 119 | to swim | |
| 120 | to fly | 𐰆𐰲 (uč) |
| 121 | to walk | 𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃 (y¹ur¹i) |
| 122 | to come | 𐰚𐰠 (kl²) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 𐰖𐱃 (y¹t¹) |
| 124 | to sit | 𐰆𐰞𐰺 (ul¹r¹) |
| 125 | to stand | 𐱃𐰆𐰺 (t¹ur¹) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
| 127 | to fall | |
| 128 | to give | 𐰋𐰼 (b²r²) |
| 129 | to hold | 𐱃𐰆𐱃 (t¹ut¹) |
| 130 | to squeeze | |
| 131 | to rub | |
| 132 | to wash | |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | |
| 135 | to push | |
| 136 | to throw | |
| 137 | to tie | 𐰉𐰀 (b¹a) |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | 𐱅𐰃 (t²i), 𐰖 (y¹) |
| 141 | to sing | |
| 142 | to play | |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | 𐰚𐰈𐰤 (kün²) |
| 148 | moon | 𐰖 (y¹) |
| 149 | star | |
| 150 | water | 𐰽𐰆𐰉 (s¹ub¹) |
| 151 | rain | |
| 152 | river | 𐰈𐰏𐰕 (ügz) |
| 153 | lake | 𐰚𐰈𐰠 (kül²) |
| 154 | sea | 𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰖 (t¹l¹uy¹) |
| 155 | salt | |
| 156 | stone | 𐱃𐱁 (t¹š) |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | 𐱃𐰆𐰕 (t¹uz) |
| 159 | earth | |
| 160 | cloud | 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰃𐱃 (b¹ul¹it¹) |
| 161 | fog | 𐱃𐰆𐰢𐰣 (t¹umn¹) |
| 162 | sky | 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰾 (t²ŋr²s²) |
| 163 | wind | |
| 164 | snow | 𐰴𐰺 (qr¹) |
| 165 | ice | |
| 166 | smoke | |
| 167 | fire | 𐰆𐱃 (ut¹) |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | |
| 170 | road | 𐰖𐰆𐰞 (y¹ul¹) |
| 171 | mountain | 𐱃𐰍 (t¹ǧ) |
| 172 | red | 𐰶𐰃𐰕𐰞 (q̊²izl¹) |
| 173 | green | |
| 174 | yellow | 𐰽𐰺𐰍 (s¹r¹ǧ) |
| 175 | white | 𐰀𐰴 (aq), 𐰈𐰼𐰈𐰭 (ür²üŋ) |
| 176 | black | 𐰴𐰺𐰀 (qr¹a) |
| 177 | night | 𐱅𐰈𐰤 (t²ün²) |
| 178 | day | 𐰚𐰈𐰤 (kün²), 𐰝𐰈𐰤𐱅𐰕 (k̥ün²t²z) |
| 179 | year | 𐰘𐰃𐰞 (y²il¹) |
| 180 | warm | |
| 181 | cold | |
| 182 | full | |
| 183 | new | |
| 184 | old | |
| 185 | good | 𐰓𐰏𐰈 (d²gü) |
| 186 | bad | 𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴 (y¹b¹l¹q), 𐰖𐰉𐰕 (y¹b¹z) |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | |
| 197 | near | 𐰖𐰍𐰸 (y¹ǧq̊¹) |
| 198 | far | 𐰃𐰺𐰴 (ir¹q) |
| 199 | right | |
| 200 | left | |
| 201 | at | 𐰈𐰕𐰀 (üza) |
| 202 | in | |
| 203 | with | |
| 204 | and | |
| 205 | if | |
| 206 | because | |
| 207 | name |