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Appendix:Pangwali Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of words in Pangwali, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishPangwali
पंगवाड़ी (paṅgvāṛī)
edit (84)
1I (1sg)अउं (a͠u), मे (me), मेइं (meĩ)
2you (2sg)तु (tu), तोउ (tou), तें (tẽ)
3he, she, it (3sg)से (se), अस (as) (distal), इस (is) (proximal)
4we (1pl)अस (as)
5you (2pl)तुस (tus)
6they (3pl)से (se), तन्हि (tanhi) (distal)
7this (i)
8that (a)
9hereइठि (iṭhi)
10thereओठि (oṭhi)
11whoकउं (ka͠u)
12whatकि (ki)
13whereको (ko), कुरहे (kurhe), कोथि (kothi)
14whenकपल (kapal)
15howकीं (kī̃)
16notना ()
17allसुम्है (sumhai), सोभ (sobh), सब (sab)
18manyसुआ (suā), ती ()
19someकुछ (kuch)
20fewधिक (dhik)
21otherहोर (hor)
22oneयक (yak)
23twoदुइ (dui)
24threeटाइ (ṭāi)
25fourचॆउर (cěur)
26fiveपंज (pañj)
27bigमोटा (moṭā), बडा (baḍā)
28longलम्मा (lammā)
29wide
30thickगाह्ड़ि (gāhṛi)
31heavy
32smallमठुड़ (maṭhuṛ)
33shortछोटि (choṭi)
34narrowसंकिड़ि (saṅkiṛi) (?)
35thinनिकी (nikī), पतला (patlā)
36womanजिलणु (jilṇu)
37man (adult male)मॆह्णु (měhṇu)
38man (human being)मॆह्णु (měhṇu), मनख (manakh)
39childगाभुर (gābhur), गभुर (gabhur)
40wifeजुएलि (jueli)
41husband
42mother (ī)
43fatherबोउ (bou)
44animalडंगर (ḍaṅgar), रेउस (reus)
45fish
46bird
47dogकुतुर (kutur)
48louse
49snake
50worm
51treeबुट्टा (buṭṭā), बुटा (buṭā)
52forest
53stick
54fruit
55seed
56leaf
57root
58bark (of a tree)
59flowerफिउड़ु (phiuṛu)
60grassघास (ghās)
61ropeरॆज़ूड़ (rězūṛ)
62skinछोड़ि (choṛi)
63meatमांसू (mānsū)
64blood
65bone
66fat (noun)मुन्झ (munjh)
67egg
68horn
69tailपुछिड़ (puchiṛ)
70feather
71hairझसुड़ (jhasuṛ) (of women)
72headमगिर (magir)
73ear
74eyeटी (ṭī) (eyes)
75nose
76mouthआस (ās)
77toothदहाड़ (dahāṛ)
78tongue (organ)जिवुड़ (jivuṛ), जिभूड़ (jibhūṛ)
79fingernailनश (naś)
80foot
81leg
82kneeजिआंणु (jiā̃ṇu)
83hand
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88backपिठ (piṭh)
89breast
90heartगुरदे (gurde)
91liver
92to drinkपी ()
93to eatखा (khā)
94to biteहेर (her)
95to suck
96to spit
97to vomit
98to blow
99to breathe
100to laugh
101to see
102to hear
103to know
104to think
105to smell
106to fearडर (ḍar)
107to sleepउंघ (uṅgh)
108to live
109to dieमर (mar)
110to killमार (mār)
111to fight
112to hunt
113to hitमडीण (maḍīṇ)
114to cutकाट (kāṭ)
115to split
116to stab
117to scratch
118to dig
119to swim
120to fly
121to walkहन्ठ (hanṭh)
122to come (e), अइ (ai), (ā)
123to lie (as in a bed)
124to sit
125to stand
126to turn (intransitive)
127to fall
128to give
129to hold
130to squeeze
131to rub
132to wash
133to wipe
134to pull
135to push
136to throw
137to tie
138to sew
139to count
140to say
141to sing
142to play
143to float
144to flow
145to freeze
146to swell
147sun
148moon
149star
150waterपोणि (poṇi), पाणि (pāṇi)
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea
155salt
156stoneपल्लण (pallaṇ)
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloudबदे (bade)
161fog
162sky
163windब्यार (byār)
164snowडंग (ḍaṅg)
165iceडंग (ḍaṅg)
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169to burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181coldठनु (ṭhanu)
182fullसम्हाई (samhāī)
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp (as a knife)
192dull (as a knife)
193smooth
194wetअल्ला (allā)
195dryशुके (śuke)
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202in
203with
204and (ta)
205if
206because
207name
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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