o-

See also: о- and Appendix:Variations of "o"

Languages (25)

Basque • Bavarian • Cayuga • Czech • Japanese • Lakota • Mohawk • Northern Ndebele • Ojibwe • Old Polish • Onondaga • Polish • Seneca • Slovene • Southern Ndebele • Swedish • Taos • Ternate • Tooro • Volapük • Welsh • Xhosa • Ye'kwana • Zulu

Page categories

English

Noun

o-

A blood type that has no antigens. It lacks the A, B and Rh factors on the blood cells. It is the universal donor for blood and can give blood to any blood type, but can only receive O- blood.

Prefix

o-

(organic chemistry) ortho-

Basque

Alternative forms

ot-

Prefix

o-

Combining form of ogi (“bread”)

Usage notes

If the following element of the compound starts with /b/ or /ɡ/, these are devoiced to /p/ and /k/ respectively.
If the following element starts with a vowel, /s̺/ or /s̻/, the combining form ot- is used instead.

Bavarian

Alternative forms

å- (East Central Bavarian)

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana. Compare German an-, Dutch aan-, English on-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oː/ (West Central Bavarian)

Prefix

o-

Separable verb prefix that indicates a direction, goal, destination and a contact made therein.
‎o- + ‎schraufn (“to screw”) → ‎oschraufn (“to screw on”)

‎o- + ‎greifn (“to grab, seize”) → ‎ogreifn (“to touch, handle”)

‎o- + ‎brenna (“to burn”) → ‎obrenna (“to scorch”)

Derived terms

Bavarian terms prefixed with o-

obrenna

Cayuga

Prefix

o-

noun prefix

References

Frances Froman, Alfred J. Keye, Lottie Keye, Carrie Dyck (2002) English-Cayuga/Cayuga-English Dictionary, University of Toronto, page 705

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi. See o.

Prefix

o-

around, all around
a complete action, a perfective verb
something else

Derived terms

Czech terms prefixed with o-

Japanese

Romanization

o-

Rōmaji transcription of お

Lakota

Prefix

o-

Forms nouns from some verbs; verbal noun modifier; ‘place where...’.

‎o- + ‎wótA (“to eat”) → ‎owóte (“dining room”)

‎o- + ‎yuŋká (“to lie, recline”) → ‎oyúŋke (“a bed”)

Mohawk

Etymology

io- with loss of initial glide

Prefix

o-

noun prefix
her (in kinship terms)

Northern Ndebele

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

o-

Second-person singular relative concord.

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

o-

Class 1 relative concord.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

o-

Class 3 relative concord.

Ojibwe

Prefix

o-

A prefix denoting the third person

Usage notes

o- is the unmarked form, and appears before stems that begin with a consonant. It may be omitted in many contexts.

Alternative forms

Preverb

o-

go somewhere to do something, go over there to
Mii go imaa ziigigamideg, mii imaa o-gondaabiiginag zhingobaandag.
If it boiled over, I dipped the bough in the kettle.

Alternative forms

awi-

References

The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/o-pv-dir

Old Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *o(b)-

Old Polish o-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b)-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /ɔ/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ɔ/

Prefix

o-

appears in front of some verbs meaning: to make something behave in a certain way, en-, be-, make
‎o- + ‎pozdny → ‎opóździć
around
‎o- + ‎kropić → ‎okropić
prefix indicating a perfective verb
‎o- + ‎soczyć → ‎osoczyć

Derived terms

Descendants

Polish: o-

Onondaga

Prefix

o-

noun prefix

References

Hanni Woodbury (2018) A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language, University of Toronto, page 284

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *o(b)-

Old Polish o-

Polish o-

Inherited from Old Polish o-. Doublet of ob-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɔ
Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
Homophones: o, -o, -o-

Prefix

o-

prefix indicating a perfective verb
‎o- + ‎słabnąć → ‎osłabnąć
affects verb meaning in various ways
‎o- + ‎strzec → ‎ostrzec
appears in front of some verbs meaning: to make something behave in a certain way, en-, be-, make
Synonym: u-

‎o- + ‎trzeźwy → ‎otrzeźwić
around
Synonym: ob-

‎o- + ‎winąć → ‎owinąć
down
Synonym: z-

‎o- + ‎suwać → ‎osuwać

‎o- + ‎puścić → ‎opuścić

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with o-

Seneca

Prefix

o-

noun prefix

References

Wallace Chafe (2014) A Grammar of the Seneca Language, University of California Press, page 86

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *o(b)-. Prefixed form of the preposition o.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ-/

Prefix

o-

Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
1. (no change in meaning)
  ‎o- + ‎čístiti (“to clean”) → ‎očístiti (“to clean”)
2. around, past, avoiding
  ‎o- + ‎čŕtati (“to draw”) → ‎očŕtati (“to outline”)
  
  ‎o- + ‎īti (“to go”) → ‎obíti (“to go around, to bypass”)
3. to stay, to remain
  ‎o- + ‎sedẹ́ti (“to sit”) → ‎obsedẹ́ti (“to stay sitting”)

Derived terms

Slovene terms prefixed with o-

Southern Ndebele

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

o-

Second-person singular relative concord.

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

o-

Class 1 relative concord.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

o-

Class 3 relative concord.

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Swedish ō-, from Old Norse ú-, ó-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from the Proto-Indo-European *n̥- whence also Greek α- (a-) and English un-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /²uː/

Prefix

o-

Added to adjectives to yield their opposites; un-
Added to nouns to mean lack or being without

Derived terms

Swedish terms prefixed with o-

Taos

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʔɑ/

Prefix

o-

(transitive) First person singular subject + third person duoplural object.
(transitive) Second person singular subject + third person singular object.

Ternate

Etymology

Cognate with Tehit w- (“third-person singular masculine prefix”).

Pronoun

o- (Jawi ؤ-)

(masculine) third-person singular clitic, he

References

Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Tooro

Alternative forms

(before -a- or -e- in the subjunctive mood) w-
(before vowels in other cases) oy-

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o-/

Prefix

o-

you; 2nd person singular subject concord
‎o- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎okora (“you do”)

References

Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[1], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 413

Volapük

Prefix

o-

denotes future tense in verbs and adverbs
‎o- + ‎penob (“I write.”) → ‎openob (“I will write.”)

‎o- + ‎adelo (“today”) → ‎odelo (“tomorrow”)

Welsh

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ/

Prefix

o-

Soft mutation of go-.

Mutation

Mutated forms of *go-*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
go-	o-	ngo-	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Xhosa

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

o-

Second-person singular relative concord.

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

o-

Class 1 relative concord.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

o-

Class 3 relative concord.

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies
ALIV	o-
Brazilian standard	o-
New Tribes	o-

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [o-]

Prefix

o-

allomorph of öt- (detransitivizing prefix)
allomorph of ö- (second-person prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel o or u

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-, ∅-, ü-, u-¹						w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-								k-, kii-, ki-¹
second person	amödö	ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh-							m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-¹			chö-	∅-	n-, ni-
third person	tüwü	y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-¹			chö-	n-, ni-	n-, ni-
distant past third person	tüwü	—				kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
second person > first person	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above

Zulu

Etymology 1

From a- (“relative”) +‎ u- (“second person singular”).

Prefix

ṓ-

Second-person singular relative concord.

Etymology 2

From a- (“relative”) +‎ u- (“class 1”).

Prefix

ṓ-

Class 1 relative concord.

Etymology 3

From a- (“augment”) +‎ bo- (“class 2a”).

Prefix

ô-

Class 2a noun prefix.

Etymology 4

From a- (“relative”) +‎ u- (“class 3”).

Prefix

ṓ-

Class 3 relative concord.

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “o-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “o-”
C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “o-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “o- (8)”
C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “o-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “o- (3)”
C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “o-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “o-”

	stem begins with...	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Consonants	p t k h ch m n s sh w y	ni-	gi-	o-
	d g ' j z zh	nin-
	b	nim-
Vowels	o	nindo-	gido-	odo-
	a aa e i	nind-	gid-	od-
	oo	n-	g-	od-
	ii	n-	g-	w-

		independent		subject proclitic	possessive
		informal	formal	subject proclitic	possessive
singular	1st person	ngori	fangare^m, fajaru^f	to	ri
	2nd person	ngana	ngoni, jou ngoni	no	ni
	3rd person	una^m, mina^f		o^m, mo^f, i^nh	i^m, mi^f, ma^nh
plural	1st person inclusive	ngone		fo	na, nga
	1st person exclusive	ngomi	fangare ngomi^m, fajaru ngomi^f, fara ngomi¹	mi	mi, mia
	2nd person	ngoni		ni	na, nia
	3rd person	ana^h, ena^nh		i^{h, nh}, yo^{h, †}, ya^{nh, †}	na^h, nga^h, ma^nh

Class	Person	Independent	Possessive	Subject concord	Object concord	Combined forms
Class	Person	Independent	Possessive	Subject concord	Object concord	na	ni
Class 1	First	nyowe, nye	-ange	n-	-n-	nanyowe, nanye	ninyowe, ninye
	Second	iwe	-awe	o-	-ku-	naiwe	niiwe
	Third	uwe	-e	a-	-mu-	nawe	nuwe
Class 2	First	itwe	-aitu	tu-	-tu-	naitwe	niitwe
	Second	inywe	-anyu	mu-	-ba-	nainywe	niinywe
	Third	abo	-abo	ba-	-ba-	nabo	nubo
Class 3		gwo	-agwo	gu-	-gu-	nagwo	nugwo
Class 4		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
Class 5		lyo	-alyo	li-	-li-	nalyo	niryo
Class 6		go	-ago	ga-	-ga-	nago	nugo
Class 7		kyo	-akyo	ki-	-ki-	nakyo	nikyo
Class 8		byo	-abyo	bi-	-bi-	nabyo	nibyo
Class 9		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
Class 10		zo	-azo	zi-	-zi-	nazo	nizo
Class 11		rwo	-arwo	ru-	-ru-	narwo	nurwo
Class 12		ko	-ako	ka-	-ka-	nako	nuko
Class 13		two	-atwo	tu-	-tu-	natwo	nutwo
Class 14		bwo	-abwo	bu-	-bu-	nabwo	nubwo
Class 15		kwo	-akwo	ku-	-ku-	nakwo	nukwo
Class 16		ho	-aho	ha-	-ha-	naho	nuho
Class 17		(kwo)	N/A	ha- (...-yo)	-ha-	N/A	nukwo
Class 18		(mwo)	-amwo	ha- (...-mu)	-ha-	N/A	numwo
Reflexive		-enyini, -onyini	—		-e-	—

English

Noun

Prefix

See also

Basque

Alternative forms

Prefix

Usage notes

Bavarian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Cayuga

Prefix

References

Czech

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Japanese

Romanization

Lakota

Prefix

Mohawk

Etymology

Prefix

Northern Ndebele

Etymology 1

Prefix

Etymology 2

Prefix

Etymology 3

Prefix

Ojibwe

Prefix

Usage notes

Alternative forms

See also

Preverb

Alternative forms

References

Old Polish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Descendants

Onondaga

Prefix

References

Polish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Seneca

Prefix

References

Slovene

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Southern Ndebele

Etymology 1

Prefix

Etymology 2

Prefix

Etymology 3

Prefix

Swedish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Taos