fo-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "fo"

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish fo- (“under, beneath; about, around”) (compare modern faoi), from Proto-Celtic *uɸo-, from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, up from under”).

Prefix

fo-

1. sub-, under-, hypo-, secondary, subsidiary
2. minor, lesser; light, trivial
3. odd, occasional

Derived terms

Irish terms prefixed with fo-

Mutation

Mutated forms of fo-

radical	lenition	eclipsis
fo-	fho-	bhfo-

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “fo-”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “fo, fa, fá”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Manx

Etymology

From fo, from Old Irish fo (“under, beneath; towards, into, through; throughout, over; on, about, around”).

Prefix

fo-

1. sub-, under-

Derived terms

Manx terms prefixed with fo-

Mutation

Manx mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
fo-	o-	vo-
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “fo, fa, fá”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• fu-

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *uɸo-. Prefix form of fo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɸo]

Prefix

fo-

1. sub-, under-

Derived terms

Old Irish terms prefixed with fo-

Descendants

• Irish: fo-
• Manx: fo-
• Scottish Gaelic: fo-

Mutation

Mutation of fo-

radical	lenition	nasalization
fo-	ḟo-	fo- pronounced with /β(ʲ)-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “fo, fa, fá”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From fo, from Old Irish fo (“under, beneath; towards, into, through; throughout, over; on, about, around”).

Prefix

fo-

1. sub-, under-, infra-

Derived terms

Scottish Gaelic terms prefixed with fo-

References

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “fo, fa, fá”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Ternate

Etymology

Cognate with Tehit f- (“first-person plural inclusive prefix”).

Pronoun

fo- (Jawi فو-)

1. first-person plural inclusive clitic, we

See also

Ternate personal pronouns

	independent			subject proclitic		possessive
	Informal	Formal
1st person singular	ngori	fangarem, fajaruf		to		ri
2nd person singular	ngana	ngoni, jou ngoni		no		ni
3rd person singular	unam, minaf			om, mof, inh		im, mif, manh
1st person plural inclusive	ngone			fo		na, nga
1st person plural exclusive	ngomi	fangare ngomim, fajaru ngomif, fara ngomi1		mi		mi, mia
2nd person plural	ngoni			ni		na, nia
3rd person plural	anah, enanh			ih, nh, yoh, †, yanh, †		nah, ngah, manh

• unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
• m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
• 1 - for mixed-gender groups
• † - archaic

References

• Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh