faoi

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See also: Faoi

Irish

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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A generalization of the third-person masculine singular inflected form, from Old Irish foí, the third-person masculine singular inflected form of fo (“under”),[1] from Proto-Celtic *uɸo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo. Compare Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó), Middle Welsh go. During the Early Modern Irish period, this preposition began to take over the meaning of Old Irish imm (“around, about”) (modern um), which had variant forms ma and lenited fa, bha that were probably conflated with faoi.[2][3] Doublet of ó (“-wards”).

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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faoi (plus dative, triggers lenition)

  1. (standard, Connacht, Ulster) under
    • 2015 [2014], Will Collins, translated by Proinsias Mac a' Bhaird, edited by Maura McHugh, Amhrán na Mara (fiction; paperback), Kilkenny, County Kilkenny, Howth, Dublin: Cartoon Saloon; Coiscéim, translation of Song of the Sea (in English), →ISBN, page 1:
      Thuas i dteach an tsolais, faoi réaltaí geala, canann Bronach Amhrán na Mara dá mac Ben atá cúig bliana d'aois.
      [original: Up in the lighthouse, under twinkling stars, Bronach sings the Song of the Sea to her five-year-old son, Ben.]
  2. (standard, Connacht) about, concerning
  3. around, about
    Cuir faoi do choim é.
    Put it around your waist.
    Chuir mé gad faoi mhuineál an chapaill.
    I put a halter around the horse's neck.
  4. times, multiplied by
    a trí faoi a hocht ― three times eight
    faoi dhó ― twice, two times

Usage notes

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  • The standard Irish and Connacht form faoi and the Munster form fé mean both “under” and “about”. In Ulster, these two meanings are split: faoi means “under”, while fá means “about”.

Inflection

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Inflection of faoi
Person Normal Emphatic
1st person sing. fúm fúmsa
2d person sing. fút fútsa
3d sing. masc. faoi faoisean
3d sing. fem. fúithi fúithise
1st person pl. fúinn fúinne
2d person pl. fúibh fúibhse
3d person pl. fúthu fúthusan

Derived terms

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Irish preposition contractions
Basic form Contracted with Copular forms
an (“the sg”) na (“the pl”) mo (“my”) do (“your”) a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) ár (“our”) ar (“which (past)”) (before consonant) (present/future before vowel) (past/conditional before vowel)
de (“from”) den de na
desna*		 de mo
dem*		 de do
ded*, det*		 dá dár dar darb darbh
do (“to, for”) don do na
dosna*		 do mo
dom*		 do do
dod*, dot*		 dá dár dar darb darbh
faoi (“under, about”) faoin faoi na faoi mo faoi do faoina faoinár faoinar faoinarb faoinarbh
i (“in”) sa, san sna i mo
im*		 i do
id*, it*		 ina inár inar inarb inarbh
le (“with”) leis an leis na le mo
lem*		 le do
led*, let*		 lena lenár lenar lenarb lenarbh
ó (“from, since”) ón ó na
ósna*		 ó mo
óm*		 ó do
ód*, ót*		 óna ónár ónar ónarb ónarbh
trí (“through”) tríd an trí na trí mo trí do trína trínár trínar trínarb trínarbh
*Dialectal.

See also Category:Irish phrasal verbs formed with "faoi"

Pronoun

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faoi (emphatic faoisean)

  1. third-person singular masculine of faoi

References

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  1. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “fo, fa, fá”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  2. ^ Damian McManus (1994) chapter IV, in K. McCone, D. McManus, C. Ó Háinle, N. Williams, L. Breatnach, editors, Stair na Gaeilge: in ómós do P[h]ádraig Ó Fiannachta (in Irish), Maynooth: Roinn na Sean-Ghaeilge, Coláiste Phádraig, →ISBN, (7), page 438: “Is dócha gurb é tionchar an réamhfhocail fa 'faoi' faoi dear na foirmeacha ma, bha, fa de um (TD lxxii).”
  3. ^ Eleanor Knott (1922-26) The Bardic poems of Tadhg Dall Ó hUiginn (1550–1591), volume 1, Lúndain, page lxxii
  4. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 118

Further reading

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