w-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "w"

Navajo

Prefix

w-

2. A peg element added to 2nd person plural ∅-imperfective verbs and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person optative verbs to fit syllable shape restraints

   ‎oh- + -cha + ‎w- → ‎wohcha (“You (plural) are crying”)

See also

Navajo ∅-imperfective subject markers

			singular	duoplural	plural
1st person			(yi)sh-	(y)ii-	deii-
2nd person			ni-	(w)oh-	daah-
3rd person			yi-		daa-
4th person			ji-		daji-

Navajo optative mode subject markers

		singular	duoplural
1st person		wósh-	woo(d)-
2nd person		wóó-	wooh-
3rd person		wó-
4th person		jó-
Areal/spatial		hó-

• Navajo terms prefixed with w- (peg element)

Ojibwe

Prefix

w-

1. Alternative form of o-

Usage notes

w- appears before stems that begin with ii.

See also

Ojibwe personal prefixes

		stem begins with...	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Consonants		p t k h ch m n s sh w y	ni-	gi-	o-
		d g ' j z zh	nin-
		b	nim-
Vowels		o	nindo-	gido-	odo-
		a aa e i	nind-	gid-	od-
		oo	n-	g-
		ii			w-

Old Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /v/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /v/

Prefix

w-

1. indicates motion inside or inward

   Antonym: wy-

   ‎w- + ‎rzucić → ‎wrzucić

2. indicates motion upward

   ‎w- + ‎stać → ‎wstać

Derived terms

Old Polish terms prefixed with w-

Polish

Alternative forms

• we-

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /v/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -v
• Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
• Homophone: w

Prefix

w-

1. indicates motion inside or inward

   Antonym: wy-

   ‎w- + ‎rzucić → ‎wrzucić

2. indicates motion upward

   Synonyms: pod-, wz-

   ‎w- + ‎stać → ‎wstać

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with w-

Further reading

• w- in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Swahili

Alternative forms

• u-

Prefix

w- (plural ny-)

1. u class_(XI) noun prefix used before vowels

   wakati mwingine ― another time

Tooro

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /w-/

Prefix

w-

1. Form used before a verb affixed with -a- or subjunctive -e- of o-

   ‎w- + ‎efubike (“to cover oneself”) → ‎wefubike (“may you cover yourself”)

Ye'kwana

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

• ∅- (allomorph before a consonant)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [w-]

Prefix

w-

1. Obligatorily marks derivations of intransitive verbs adverbialized with -e or nominalized with any marker.

Usage notes

This prefix is unrealized (disappears) when the stem it is attached to begins with a consonant. When it is used in the third person, the third-person marker y- itself is unrealized, but it palatalizes this suffix w- to y- and lengthens the vowel after it if possible, so that w- appears to disappear (as it becomes indistinguishable from the pre-vocalic form of the third-person marker y- that palatalized it).

This prefix comes between the person marker and the verb stem.

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• wi- (allomorph before a consonant)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [w-]

Prefix

w-

1. Marks a transitive verb as having a first-person agent/subject when the patient/object is of third person.
2. Marks an intransitive verb with agent-like argument or (with certain vowel-initial verbs) patient-like argument as having a first-person argument/subject with verb forms that take series I markers.

Usage notes

The form w- is used with stems that start with a vowel; wi- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized. In practice, since all intransitive verbs to which this prefix can attach start with a vowel, wi- only appears on certain transitive verbs.

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
						transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1						w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-								k-, kii-, ki-1
second person	amödö	ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh-							m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1			chö-	∅-	n-, ni-
third person	tüwü					n-, ni-
distant past third person		—				kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person
second person > first person	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “w-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[1], Lyon, pages 152, 179–180, 200–202