zi-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "zi"

Northern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *jí-. Originally the prefix of class 10, it replaced the class 8 prefix as well.

Prefix

zi-

1. they; class 8 subject concord.
2. them; class 8 object concord.
3. they; class 10 subject concord.
4. them; class 10 object concord.

Southern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *jí-. Originally the prefix of class 10, it replaced the class 8 prefix as well.

Prefix

zi-

1. they; class 8 subject concord.
2. them; class 8 object concord.
3. they; class 10 subject concord.
4. them; class 10 object concord.

Swahili

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *jí-.

Prefix

zi-

1. they; n class_(X) subject concord
   • 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 3:

     Taa zenye nuru kali, moja kwa juu mwisho wa ngazi, na moja kwa chini mwanzo wa ngazi zilimmulika Kasim Hakimu Marjani […]

     Lamps shining with an intense light, one on top at the end of the stairs and one below at the beginning of the stairs, illuminated Kasim Hakimu Marjani […]

2. verb-initial form of -zi- (“them, n class_(X) object concord”)

See also

Swahili verbal concords (third person)

class	subject concord		object concord	relative
	affirmative	negative
m(I)	a-, yu-	ha-, hayu-	-m-, -mw-, -mu-	-ye
wa(II)	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	-o
m(III)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
mi(IV)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
ji(V)	li-	hali-	-li-	-lo
ma(VI)	ya-	haya-	-ya-	-yo
ki(VII)	ki-	haki-	-ki-	-cho
vi(VIII)	vi-	havi-	-vi-	-vyo
n(IX)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
n(X)	zi-	hazi-	-zi-	-zo
u(XI)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
ku(XV/XVII)	ku-	haku-	-ku-	-ko
pa(XVI)	pa-	hapa-	-pa-	-po
mu(XVIII)	m-, mw-, mu-	ham-, hamw-, hamu-	-mu-	-mo

For a full table including first and second person,
see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns

Tooro

Alternative forms

• (before vowels) z-

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *jí-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /zi-/

Prefix

zi-

1. class 10 pronominal concord

   ‎zi- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎zinu (“these (class 10)”)

2. they; class 10 subject concord

   ‎zi- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎zikora (“they (class 10) do”)

3. positive imperative form of -zi- (“them; class 10 object concord”)

   ‎zi- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎ziha (“give them (class 10)”)

See also

Tooro personal pronouns

Class	Person	Independent	Possessive	Subject concord	Object concord	Combined forms
						na	ni
Class 1	First	nyowe, nye	-ange	n-	-n-	nanyowe, nanye	ninyowe, ninye
	Second	iwe	-awe	o-	-ku-	naiwe	niiwe
	Third	uwe	-e	a-	-mu-	nawe	nuwe
Class 2	First	itwe	-aitu	tu-	-tu-	naitwe	niitwe
	Second	inywe	-anyu	mu-	-ba-	nainywe	niinywe
	Third	abo	-abo	ba-	-ba-	nabo	nubo
Class 3		gwo	-agwo	gu-	-gu-	nagwo	nugwo
Class 4		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
Class 5		lyo	-alyo	li-	-li-	nalyo	niryo
Class 6		go	-ago	ga-	-ga-	nago	nugo
Class 7		kyo	-akyo	ki-	-ki-	nakyo	nikyo
Class 8		byo	-abyo	bi-	-bi-	nabyo	nibyo
Class 9		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
Class 10		zo	-azo	zi-	-zi-	nazo	nizo
Class 11		rwo	-arwo	ru-	-ru-	narwo	nurwo
Class 12		ko	-ako	ka-	-ka-	nako	nuko
Class 13		two	-atwo	tu-	-tu-	natwo	nutwo
Class 14		bwo	-abwo	bu-	-bu-	nabwo	nubwo
Class 15		kwo	-akwo	ku-	-ku-	nakwo	nukwo
Class 16		ho	-aho	ha-	-ha-	naho	nuho
Class 17		(kwo)	N/A	ha- (...-yo)	-ha-	N/A	nukwo
Class 18		(mwo)	-amwo	ha- (...-mu)	-ha-	N/A	numwo
Reflexive		-enyini, -onyini	—		-e-	—

References

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[1], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 414

Xhosa

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *jí-. Originally the prefix of class 10, it replaced the class 8 prefix as well.

Prefix

zi-

1. they; class 8 subject concord.
2. them; class 8 object concord.
3. they; class 10 subject concord.
4. them; class 10 object concord.

Zulu

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *jí-. Originally the pronominal and verbal concord, it displaced the older Bantu noun prefix *bì-. The tone was lowered by analogy with other noun prefixes.

Prefix

zi-

1. Class 8 simple noun prefix.
2. Class 10 simple noun prefix, used when preceding a consonant n, m, or l.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *jí-. Originally the prefix of class 10, it replaced the class 8 prefix as well.

Prefix

zí-

1. they; class 8 subject concord.
2. them; class 8 object concord.
3. they; class 10 subject concord.
4. them; class 10 object concord.

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “zi-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “zi-”