Appendix:Romance doublets
Some doublets are common to several Romance languages.
A
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | abròtan | broida (possibly) | — |
| French | abrotone | vrogne[1] | aurone (via Old Occitan; or possibly inherited) |
| Portuguese | abrótano (“southernwood”), abrótono | abrótea (“a type of asphodel, a type of hake”) | — |
| See also | |||
| Galician | abrótano | abrótea, abrótega | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | abscondre | —[2] |
| Portuguese | absconder | esconder |
| Romanian | —[3] | ascunde |
| Spanish | absconder | esconder |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Italian | assolvere (“absolve”) | asciolvere (“have breakfast”) |
| Portuguese | absolver | assolver |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Italian | — | abbondare, abondare (obsolete) |
| Portuguese | abundar | avondar, abondar, bondar |
| Spanish | abundar | abondar (obsolete or regional) |
| See also | ||
| Galician | abundar | abondar |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | âcre | aigre |
| Portuguese | acre | agre, agro, ágrio (Alentejo) |
| Spanish | acre | agrio, agro, agre |
| See also | ||
| Galician | acre | agre |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | aceto | azedo |
| Spanish | aceto | acedo |
| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | advocar | advogar, avocar | avogar |
| Spanish | advocar | — | abogar |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | adunar | aunar | — |
| Spanish | adunar | aunar | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | ànima | arma (obsolete) |
| Italian | anima | alma |
| Portuguese | anima | alma |
| Spanish | ánima | alma |
| See also | ||
| Asturian | ánima | alma |
| Galician | ánima | alma |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | apertura | obertura |
| French | aperture | ouverture |
| Italian | —[6] | apertura |
| Portuguese | —[7] | abertura |
| Spanish | apertura | abertura |
| See also | ||
| Asturian | apertura | abertura |
| Galician | apertura | abertura |
| Occitan | apertura | dobertura, obertura |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Italian | apozema | bozzima |
| Spanish | apócema | pócima |
| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | aplicar | — | aplegar |
| French | appliquer | — | —[8] |
| Portuguese | aplicar | — | achegar |
| Romanian | aplica | — | apleca |
| Spanish | aplicar | aplegar | allegar |
| See also | |||
| Galician | aplicar | — | achegar |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | aprehendre | aprendre |
| French | appréhender | apprendre |
| Portuguese | apreender | aprender |
| Romanian | aprehenda (very rare) | aprinde |
| Spanish | aprehender | aprender |
| See also | ||
| Galician | aprehender | aprender |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | aquari, aquàrium | aigüer | — |
| French | aquarium | évier | aiguière (from Old Occitan) |
| Italian | acquario | acquaio | — |
| Portuguese | aquário | agueiro | — |
| Romanian | acvariu | apar | — |
| See also | |||
| Asturian | acuáriu | agüeru | — |
| Galician | acuario | agüeiro | — |
| Occitan | aqüari | aiguièr | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | arbítrio | alvitre |
| Spanish | arbitrio | albedrío |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | àrea | era |
| French | are | aire |
| Italian | area | aia |
| Portuguese | área | eira |
| Romanian | —[10] | arie |
| Spanish | área | era |
| See also | ||
| Galician | área | eira |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | arena | areia |
| Romanian | arenă | arină |
| See also | ||
| Galician | arena | area |
| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | article | — | artell | — |
| French | article | — | orteil[12] | — |
| Italian | articolo | — | — | artiglio (likely borrowed from Old Occitan) |
| Portuguese | artículo | artigo | artelho | — |
| Spanish | artículo | — | artejo | — |
| See also | ||||
| Galician | artículo | artigo | artello | — |
| Occitan | artícol | article | artelh | — |
| Sicilian | artìculu | — | artigghiu[13] | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Italian | assimilare | assomigliare | assembrare / assembiare (from French) |
| Portuguese | assimilar | assemelhar | — |
| Romanian | asimila | asemăna | — |
| Spanish | asimilar | asemejar | asemblar (from Old French) |
| See also | |||
| Galician | asimilar | asemellar | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | augure | heur |
| Portuguese | augúrio | agoiro, agouro |
| Spanish | augurio | agüero |
| See also | ||
| Galician | augurio | agoiro |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | august | agost |
| French | auguste | août |
| Italian | augusto | agosto |
| Portuguese | augusto | agosto |
| Romanian | august | agust / gust |
| Spanish | augusto | agosto |
| See also | ||
| Galician | augusto | agosto |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | auscultar | escoltar |
| French | ausculter | écouter |
| Italian | auscultare | ascoltare |
| Portuguese | auscultar | escutar |
| Romanian | ausculta | asculta |
| Spanish | auscultar | escuchar |
| See also | ||
| Galician | auscultar | escoitar |
B
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | blasfemar | blasmar, blastomar | — |
| French | blasphémer | blâmer | — |
| Italian | blasfemare | bestemmiare | biasimare (from Old French) |
| Portuguese | blasfemar | lastimar | — |
| Romanian | blasfema (very rare) | blestema | — |
| Spanish | blasfemar | lastimar | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | butlla[18] | bolla | — |
| French | bulle | boule[19] | — |
| Portuguese | bula[20] | bolha | bola |
| Spanish | bula[21] | bolla | bola |
| See also | |||
| Galician | bula | bola | bóla |
C
[edit]| Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | cambra | càmera (through English and New Latin) |
| French | chambre | caméra (through English and New Latin) |
| Portuguese | câmara[23] | câmera (through English and New Latin, or influenced by them) |
| See also | ||
| Occitan | cambra, chambra | camerà (probably through English and New Latin, or through French) |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | campus | camp | — |
| French | campus | champ, camp[24] | — |
| Portuguese | campus | campo | — |
| Romanian | — | câmp | campus (through English and French) |
| Spanish | campus | campo | — |
| See also | |||
| Galician | campus | campo | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | cànnabis | cànem | — |
| French | cannabis | chanvre | — |
| Italian | cannabis | canapa | — |
| Portuguese | canábis | —[26] | cânhamo (through Spanish) |
| Romanian | canabis | cânepă | — |
| Spanish | cannabis | cáñamo | — |
| See also | |||
| Galician | cánnabis | cánabo | — |
| Occitan | canabís | cambe, carbe | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | catena (jargony) | cadena | — |
| French | catène (jargony or literary) | chaîne | cadène (borrowing from North Italian) |
| Portuguese | catena (jargony) | cadeia | — |
| Romanian | catenă | cătină (uncertain) | — |
| See also | |||
| Aromanian | — | cãtinã (uncertain) | cadenã (probably through Venetan)[27] |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | càtedra | cadira |
| French | cathèdre | chaire, chaise |
| Portuguese | cátedra | cadeira |
| Spanish | cátedra | cadera |
| See also | ||
| Galician | cátedra | cadeira |
| Friulian | càtidre | cjadree[28] |
| Occitan | catedra | cadièra |
| Venetan | càtedra | carega |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | causa | cosa |
| French | cause | chose |
| Italian | causa | cosa |
| Portuguese | causa | coisa / cousa (dated) |
| Spanish | causa | cosa |
| See also | ||
| Friulian | cause | cjosse[29] |
| Galician | causa | cousa |
| Occitan | —[30] | causa / chausa / còsa |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | cèrvix | —[31] |
| Portuguese | cérvice, cérvix | cerviz |
| Romanian | cervix | cerbice |
| Spanish | cérvix | cerviz |
| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | círcol (obsolete) | cèrcol | cercle |
| Italian | circulo | — | cerchio |
| Portuguese | círculo | — | cercho |
| See also | |||
| Friulian | circul | — | cercli |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Italian | circo | cerco (obsolete) |
| Romanian | circ | cerc |
| Spanish | circo | cerco |
| See also | ||
| Asturian | circu | cercu |
| Galician | circo | cerco |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | clausure (rare) | clôture |
| Italian | clausura | chiusura[33] |
| Portuguese | clausura | chousura |
| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | clavícula | — | clavilla[35] | — |
| French | clavicule | — | cheville | — |
| Italian | clavicola | — | cavicchia | caviglia (through Old Occitan) |
| Portuguese | clavícula | cravelha | chavelha[36] | — |
| Spanish | clavícula | clavija | llavija / lavija | — |
| See also | ||||
| Friulian | clavìcule | — | cjavile | cavicje (probably through Italian) |
| Galician | clavícula | — | chavella | — |
| Occitan | clavicula | — | cavilha | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | clave | chave |
| Spanish | clave | llave |
| See also | ||
| Galician | clave | chave |
| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | coagular | — | quallar |
| French | coaguler | — | cailler |
| Italian | coagulare | — | cagliare |
| Portuguese | coagular | — | coalhar |
| Romanian | coagula | — | închega[38] |
| Spanish | coagular | — | cuajar |
| See also | |||
| Asturian | coagular | — | cuayar |
| Galician | coagular | — | callar |
| Occitan | coagular | caular | calhar |
| Venetan | coagułar | — | cagiar, inconajar[39] |
| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | cohort | cort | — |
| French | cohorte | cour | — |
| Italian | coorte | corte | — |
| Portuguese | coorte | corte | — |
| Romanian | cohortă | curte | cort (through Greek) |
| Spanish | cohorte | corte | — |
| See also | |||
| Friulian | coorte | cort | — |
| Galician | cohorte | corte | — |
| Occitan | coòrta | cort | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | cogitar | cuidar |
| French | cogiter | cuider (obsolete) |
| Italian | cogitare | coitare |
| Portuguese | cogitar | cuidar |
| Spanish | cogitar | cuidar |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | cognat | cunyat |
| Portuguese | cognato | cunhado |
| Romanian | cognat | cumnat |
| Spanish | cognado | cuñado |
| See also | ||
| Galician | cognado | cuñado |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | collecte | cueillette |
| Portuguese | colecta | colheita |
| Spanish | colecta | cosecha |
| See also | ||
| Asturian | colecta | collecha |
| Galician | colecta | colleita |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | computer (archaic) | compter, conter |
| Italian | computare | compitare, contare |
| Portuguese | computar | contar |
| Romanian | computa[42] | cumpăta |
| Spanish | computar | contar |
| See also | ||
| Galician | computar | contar |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | corpus | cos |
| French | corpus | corps |
| Italian | corpus | corpo |
| Portuguese | corpus | corpo |
| Spanish | corpus[43] | cuerpo |
| See also | ||
| Galician | corpus | corpo |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | cras | gras[45] |
| French | crasse[46] (uncertain; possibly inherited) | gras[47] |
| Italian | crasso | grasso |
| Portuguese | craso | graxo (uncertain)[48] |
| Romanian | cras[49] | gras |
| Spanish | craso | graso (uncertain)[50] |
| See also | ||
| Galician | craso | graxo |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | cúbit | colze |
| French | cubitus | coude |
| Italian | cubito | gomito |
| Portuguese | cúbito | côvado,—[51] coto |
| Romanian | cubitus | cot |
| Spanish | cúbito | codo |
| See also | ||
| Galician | cúbito | cóbado |
D
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | delicado | delgado |
| Spanish | delicado | delgado |
| See also | ||
| Galician | delicado | delgado |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | denari | diner |
| French | dénaire (rare, jargony) | denier |
| Italian | denario | denaro / danaio / danaro |
| Portuguese | denário | dinheiro |
| Spanish | denario | dinero |
| See also | ||
| Asturian | denariu | dineru |
| Galician | denario | diñeiro |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Italian | depilare | dipelare |
| Romanian | depila | dăpăra, depăra |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | digital | didal |
| French | digital | dé[52] |
| Italian | digitale | ditale |
| Portuguese | digital | dedal |
| Romanian | digital | degetar[53] |
| Spanish | digital | dedal |
| See also | ||
| Friulian | digitâl | dedâl |
| Galician | dixital | dedal |
| Sardinian | deidale | didale |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | directe | dret |
| French | direct | droit |
| Italian | diretto | dritto / diritto |
| Portuguese | direto | direito[55] |
| Romanian | direct | drept |
| Spanish | directo | derecho |
| See also | ||
| Friulian | diret | dret |
| Galician | directo | dereito |
| Occitan | directe | drech / drèit / dret |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | duplicar | doblegar | — |
| Romanian | duplica | dupleca (archaic)[56] | — |
| Spanish | duplicar | — | doblegar (through Catalan) |
| See also | |||
| Galician | duplicar | — | dobregar (through Spanish) |
E
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | ego | jo |
| French | égo | je |
| Italian | ego | io |
| Portuguese | ego | eu |
| Romanian | ego | eu |
| Spanish | ego | yo |
| See also | ||
| Galician | ego | eu |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Italian | episcopo | vescovo |
| Portuguese | epíscopo | bispo |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | examen | eixam |
| French | examen | essaim |
| Italian | esame | sciame |
| Portuguese | exame | enxame |
| Spanish | examen | enjambre |
| See also | ||
| Galician | examen | enxame |
| Occitan | examen | eissam[58] |
| Venetan | exame | same / samo |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | expel·lir | espellir |
| Galician | expeler | espelir |
| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | exprimir | — | esprémer |
| French | exprimer | — | épreindre |
| Italian | esprimere | — | spremere |
| Portuguese | exprimir | — | espremer |
| Romanian | exprima | — | screme |
| Spanish | — | exprimir, expremir | —[59] |
F
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | fàbrica | farga |
| French | fabrique | forge |
| Portuguese | fábrica | frágua |
| Spanish | fábrica | fragua |
| See also | ||
| Galician | fábrica | fragua |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Italian | favola | fiaba |
| Portuguese | fábula | fala |
| Spanish | fábula | habla |
| See also | ||
| Galician | fábula | fala |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | flama | chama |
| Spanish | flama | llama |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | focus | foc | — |
| French | — | feu | focus (through English) |
| Italian | foco | fuoco | — |
| Portuguese | foco | fogo | — |
| Romanian | — | foc | focus (rare or jargony, through French and German) |
| Spanish | foco | fuego / huego (rare or obsolete) | — |
| See also | |||
| Galician | foco | fogo | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | foli | full, fulla (from plural) |
| French | folio | feuille (from plural) |
| Portuguese | fólio | folho, folha (from plural) |
| Romanian | foliu | foaie (from plural) |
| Spanish | folio | hoja (from plural) |
| See also | ||
| Galician | folio | folla, follo |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | frígid | fred |
| French | frigide | froid |
| Italian | frigido | freddo |
| Portuguese | frígido | frio |
| Spanish | frígido | frío |
| See also | ||
| Galician | fríxido | frío |
G
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | grave | grief |
| Italian | grave | greve |
| Romanian | grav | greu |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | glande, glandule | gland |
| Portuguese | glande, glândula | lande |
| Spanish | glande, glándula | landre |
| See also | ||
| Galician | glande, glándula | landra |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Italian | grato | grado |
| Portuguese | grato | grado |
| Spanish | grato | grado |
H
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | héréditaire | héritier |
| Portuguese | hereditário | herdeiro |
| Spanish | hereditario | heredero |
| See also | ||
| Galician | hereditario | herdeiro |
I
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | impliquer | employer |
| Italian | implicare | impiegare |
| Portuguese | implicar | empregar |
| Spanish | implicar | —[64] |
| See also | ||
| Asturian | implicar | emplegar |
| Friulian | implicâ | impleâ |
| Galician | implicar | empregar |
| Occitan | implicar | emplegar |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | incloure | encloure |
| French | inclure | enclore[65] |
| Italian | includere | inchiudere (archaic or literary) |
| Romanian | include | închide |
| See also | ||
| Galician | incluír | enchoer |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | ínsula | ínsua | ilha (through Old Catalan) |
| Spanish | ínsula | isla | — |
| See also | |||
| Galician | — | insua | illa |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | íntegre | enter |
| French | intègre | entier |
| Italian | integro | intero |
| Portuguese | íntegro | inteiro[66] |
| Romanian | integru | întreg |
| Spanish | íntegro | entero |
| See also | ||
| Asturian | integru | enteru |
| Galician | íntegro | enteiro |
| Occitan | entegre | entiér |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | interroger | entraver |
| Romanian | interoga | întreba |
L
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | laborar | llaurar |
| Portuguese | laborar | lavrar |
| Spanish | laborar | labrar |
| See also | ||
| Galician | laborar | labrar |
Parallel to the nouns laboratorio and labrador.
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | legal | lleial |
| French | légal | loyal |
| Italian | legale | leale |
| Portuguese | legal | leal |
| Spanish | legal | leal |
| See also | ||
| Asturian | llegal | lleal |
| Friulian | legâl | leâl |
| Galician | legal | leal |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | alliberar | lliurar |
| French | libérer | livrer |
| Portuguese | liberar | livrar |
| Spanish | liberar | librar |
| See also | ||
| Galician | liberar | librar |
Consider also libertar at least in Spanish
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | lúcido | lúzio (archaic) |
| Romanian | lucid | luced |
| Spanish | lúcido | lucio |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | lumen | llum |
| Italian | lumen | lume |
| Portuguese | lúmen | lume |
| Romanian | lumen | lume |
| Spanish | lumen | lumbre |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | lupus | llop |
| French | lupus | leu, loup[67] |
| Italian | lupus | lupo |
| Portuguese | lúpus | lobo |
| Romanian | lupus | lup |
| Spanish | lupus | lobo |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Italian | lux | luce |
| Portuguese | lux | luz |
| Spanish | lux | luz |
M
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Italian | macchinare | macinare |
| Spanish | maquinar | maznar |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | màcula | malla |
| French | macule | maille |
| Italian | macula | macchia |
| Portuguese | mácula, mágoa | mancha, malha, mangra |
| Spanish | mácula | mancha, mangla |
| See also | ||
| Galician | mácula, mágoa | mancha |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | — | mestre | màster (from English) |
| French | magister | maître | maestro (from Italian), master (from English) |
| Italian | magister | maestro / mastro | — |
| Romanian | magistru | măiestru | maestru (from Italian), maistru (from German), meșter (from Hungarian) |
| Spanish | magíster | maeso / maestro | maestre (from Old Occitan), máster (from English) |
| See also | |||
| Occitan | magestre | mèstre | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | matéria | madeira |
| Spanish | materia | madera |
| See also | ||
| Asturian | materia | madera |
| Galician | materia | madeira |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | masticar | mastegar |
| French | mastiquer | mâcher |
| Portuguese | mastigar | mascar |
| Romanian | mastica | mesteca |
| Spanish | masticar | mascar |
| See also | ||
| Galician | mastigar | mascar |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | mediana[68] | mitjà, mitjan, mitjana |
| French | médian | moyen |
| Italian | mediano | mezzano |
| Portuguese | mediano | meão |
| Romanian | median | mezin[69] |
| Spanish | mediano | mejana[70] |
| See also | ||
| Galician | mediano | meán |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | médiété | moitié |
| Italian | medietà | metà |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | minutie | menuise (archaic) |
| Italian | minuzia | minugia |
| Portuguese | minúcia | miúça |
| Spanish | minucia[71] | menuza |
| See also | ||
| Galician | minucia | miúza |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | minut | menut |
| French | minute (from feminine) | menu |
| Portuguese | minuto | miúdo |
| Romanian | minut | mărunt / mănunt |
| Spanish | minuto | menudo |
| See also | ||
| Galician | minuto | miúdo |
| Occitan | minuta (from feminine) | menut |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | miracle | mirall |
| French | miracle | —[72] |
| Portuguese | miráculo | milagre |
| Spanish | miráculo | milagro |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | mòbil | moble |
| French | mobile | meuble |
| Portuguese | móbil | móvel |
| Spanish | móvil | mueble |
| See also | ||
| Galician | móbil | moble |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | mutar | mudar |
| French | muter | muer |
| Portuguese | mutar | mudar |
| Spanish | mutar | mudar |
| See also | ||
| Galician | mutar | mudar |
N
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | nítid | net | — |
| French | nitide (rare) | net | — |
| Italian | nitido | netto | — |
| Portuguese | nítido | nédio | — |
| Romanian | — | neted | net (through French) |
| Spanish | nítido | nidio | — |
| See also | |||
| Galician | nítido | nidio | neto |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | nominar | nomenar |
| French | nominer | nommer |
| Portuguese | nomina | nomear |
| Romanian | nomina | număra (obsolete) |
| Spanish | nominar | nombrar |
| See also | ||
| Galician | nominar | nomear |
O
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | òcul | ull | — |
| French | oculus | œil | — |
| Italian | oculo | occhio | — |
| Portuguese | óculo | olho | — |
| Romanian | — | ochi | oculus (through French) |
| Spanish | óculo | ojo | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | operar | obrar |
| French | opérer | ouvrer[74] |
| Portuguese | operar | obrar |
| Spanish | operar | obrar |
| See also | ||
| Asturian | operar | obrar |
| Galician | operar | obrar |
| Occitan | operar | obrar |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | operari | obrer |
| French | opéraire (very rare, jargony) | ouvrier |
| Portuguese | operário | obreiro |
| Spanish | operario | obrero |
| See also | ||
| Asturian | operariu | obreru |
| Galician | operario | obreiro |
P
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | palude | paul |
| Romanian | paludă | pădure |
| Spanish | palude | paúl |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | pectoral | pitral |
| French | pectoral | poitrail[76] |
| Spanish | pectoral | petral, pretal |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | pensar | pesar | — |
| French | penser, panser | peser[77] | — |
| Italian | pensare | pesare | — |
| Portuguese | pensar | pesar | — |
| Romanian | — | păsa | pansa (from French) |
| Spanish | pensar | pesar | — |
| See also | |||
| Asturian | pensar | pesar | — |
| Friulian | pensâ | pesâ | — |
| Galician | pensar | pesar | — |
| Occitan | pensar | pesar | — |
| Venetan | pensar | pexar | — |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|---|
| French | plan | — | plain (obsolete) |
| Portuguese | plano | porão | chão |
| Spanish | plano | — | llano |
| See also | |||
| Asturian | planu | — | llanu |
| Galician | planu | — | chan |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | planta | chanta[78] (archaic) |
| Romanian | plantă | plântă (archaic) |
| Spanish | planta | llanta (obsolete) |
| See also | ||
| Galician | planta | chanta[79] |
| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|---|
| French | — | — | ployer, plier (analogical) |
| Portuguese | plicar | pregar | chegar |
| Spanish | — | plegar, pregar | llegar |
| See also | |||
| Asturian | plegar | — | llegar |
| Galician | pregar | — | chegar |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | podi | puig |
| French | podium | puy (regional, rare) |
| Italian | podio | poggio |
| Portuguese | pódio | poio |
| Spanish | podio | poyo |
| See also | ||
| Aragonese | podio | pueyo |
| Asturian | podiu | poyu |
| Galician | podio | poio |
| Occitan | podiòm | puèg |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
Q
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | quitar (uncertain)[80] | quedar (uncertain)[81] |
| French | —[82] | — |
| Italian | quietare | chetare |
| Portuguese | quietar, quitar (uncertain)[83] | quedar |
| Spanish | quietar, quitar (uncertain)[84] | quedar |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | quiet | —[85] | — |
| French | quiet, quitte[86] | coi | — |
| Italian | quieto | cheto | — |
| Portuguese | quieto | quedo | — |
| Romanian | — | încet / cet | chit (from French) |
| Spanish | quieto | quedo | — |
R
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | radi | raig |
| French | radius | rai |
| Italian | radio | raggio |
| Portuguese | rádio | raio |
| Spanish | radio | rayo |
| See also | ||
| Galician | radio | raio, raxo |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Romanian | rapid | repede |
| Spanish | rápido | raudo |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | ració | raó | ràtio (through English) |
| French | ration | raison | ratio (through English) |
| Italian | razione | ragione | ratio (through English) |
| Portuguese | ração | razão | rácio (through English) |
| Spanish | ración | razón | ratio (through English) |
| See also | |||
| Galician | ración | razón | — |
S
[edit]| Inherited | Indirect borrowing | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | escala | escala (“stopover”, via Italian) |
| French | échelle | escale (“stopover”, via Italian) |
| Italian | scala | scala (“stopover”, via Byzantine Greek) |
| Romanian | scară | escală (via French), scală (via Italian), schelă (via Turkish) |
| Spanish | escala | escala (“stopover”, via Italian) |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | sigil | segell |
| Italian | sigillo | suggello |
| Portuguese | sigilo | selo |
| Romanian | sigiliu | sugel |
| Spanish | sigilo | sello |
| See also | ||
| Asturian | sixilu | sellu |
| Galician | sixilo | selo |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | singular | senglar |
| French | singulier | sanglier |
| Italian | singolare | cinghiale |
| Portuguese | singular | senheiro |
| Spanish | singular | señero |
| See also | ||
| Galician | singular | senlleiro |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | sòlid | sou |
| French | solide | sou, sol |
| Italian | solido | sodo, soldo |
| Portuguese | sólido | soldo |
| Romanian | solid | solz (possibly) |
| Spanish | sólido | sueldo |
| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | espàtula | — | espatlla |
| French | spatule | — | épaule |
| Italian | spatola | — | spalla |
| Portuguese | espátula | espádua | espalda |
| Spanish | espátula | — | espalda |
| See also | |||
| Galician | espátula | espádoa | espalda |
| Occitan | espatula | — | espatla |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | espècul | espill |
| Italian | specolo | specchio |
| Portuguese | espéculo | espelho |
| Spanish | espéculo | espejo |
| See also | ||
| Galician | espéculo | espello |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Italian | spigolo | spicchio |
| Portuguese | espículo | espicho |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Catalan | estatus, status | estat |
| French | état | été |
| Italian | status | stato |
| Portuguese | status | estado |
| Romanian | status | stat |
| Spanish | estatus | estado |
| See also | ||
| Galician | status | estado |
T
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | tempérer | tremper[87] |
| Italian | temperare | temprare |
| Spanish | temperar | templar |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | tépide (archaic, literary) | tiède |
| Italian | tepido | tiepido |
| Portuguese | tépido | tíbio |
| See also | ||
| Galician | tépedo | tibio, tibo (archaic) |
| Borrowed | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | trato | treito, traço (via verb) | trecho |
| Spanish | tracto | trecho, trazo (via verb) | — |
| See also | |||
| Galician | tracto | treito, trazo (via verb) | — |
| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | tradició | traïció[88] | — |
| French | tradition | — | trahison |
| Portuguese | tradição | — | traição |
| Spanish | tradición | traición[89] | — |
| See also | |||
| Galician | tradición | — | traizón |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Galician | trémulo, trémula | tremo, trémbora |
| Spanish | trémulo, trémula | tiemblo |
U
[edit]| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| French | ombilic | nombril[90] |
| Italian | umbilico | ombelico |
| Portuguese | umbílico | umbigo |
| Romanian | ombilic | buric[91] |
| Borrowed | Inherited | |
|---|---|---|
| Portuguese | úmero | ombro |
| Romanian | humerus | umăr |
| Spanish | húmero | hombro |
V
[edit]| Borrowed | Semi-learned | Inherited | Indirect borrowings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | vigilar | — | vetllar | — |
| French | vigiler | — | veiller | — |
| Italian | vigilare | — | vegghiare (archaic) | vegliare (through Old Occitan) |
| Portuguese | vigilar | vigiar | velar | — |
| Romanian | vigil | — | veghea | — |
| Spanish | vigilar | — | velar | — |
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ See also the semi-learned Old French abrogne.
- ^ escondre in Old French
- ^ The word abscons was borrowed from the Latin past participle, and doublet to the inherited ascuns.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *acrus
- ^ Vulgar Latin *opertūra.
- ^ The sense of "aperture" in apertura was a later learned development or borrowing, despite the word remaining morphologically unchanged.
- ^ The sense of "aperture" in abertura was a later learned development or borrowing, despite the word remaining morphologically unchanged.
- ^ Old French applier and aploier were inherited.
- ^ Also contracted form apprendere.
- ^ The senses of "area", "surface" in arie (as opposed to the inherited one of "threshing floor") were learned borrowings from French or Latin, although the word itself was unaltered.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *articlus.
- ^ Compare Old French arteil.
- ^ Uncertain if inherited or a parallel form to Italian artiglio, with Gallo-Romance influence.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *agurium.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *agustus.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *ascultare.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *blastemāre.
- ^ Uncertain, possibly semi-learned. See also bola, likely borrowed through Occitan.
- ^ Most likely; an alternatively theory derives it from Germanic.
- ^ See also bola, borrowed through Occitan or Old Occitan.
- ^ See also bola, borrowed through Occitan or Old Occitan.
- ^ Cf. also the variant form camara.
- ^ Cf. also the form cambra.
- ^ Northern form, or influenced by other Romance languages.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *canapa or *canapis, Late Latin cannabum.
- ^ Cf. the inherited Old Portuguese cánamo, cánabo.
- ^ Cf. also the form catinã.
- ^ Also spelled čhadree in the variant orthography.
- ^ Also spelled čhosse in the variant orthography.
- ^ The derived word encausa can be used in (some varieties) of Occitan to mean "cause", to differentiate from causa (“thing”), the inherited result in these varities/dialects.
- ^ Old Catalan inherited serviu, a rarely used word.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *circlus.
- ^ Through a Late Latin form clūsura.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *cavicla.
- ^ Cf. also clavella.
- ^ Cf. also cavilha.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *coaglāre.
- ^ Either through a Vulgar Latin *incoāgulāre, following metathesis, or later prefixed with în- in Romanian.
- ^ Uncertain.
- ^ Contracted form cōrs, cōrtem.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *compitāre.
- ^ Cf. also conta, borrowed through Italian contare, French compter.
- ^ Possibly through the intermediate of English.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *grassus.
- ^ Cf. also greix from a Vulgar Latin *grassies/crassise or from Old Catalan graixa, itself from a Vulgar Latin *grassia or *crassia.
- ^ From the feminine Old French cras.
- ^ Cf. also graisse from a Vulgar Latin *grassia or *crassia.
- ^ Possibly a derivative of graxa, itself from a Vulgar Latin *grassia or *crassia.
- ^ Partly through French crasse.
- ^ Possibly taken from another language as it appears late in Spanish texts; cf. also the more common grasa.
- ^ Possibly semi-learned; see also cotovelo
- ^ With analogy; compare Old French deel. See also the derived term délot.
- ^ Unsure, possibly coined in Romanian.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *dērēctus and *drēctus.
- ^ Modified orthographically from Old Galician-Portuguese dereito.
- ^ See also the prefixed verb îndupleca.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *eo.
- ^ Cf. also the form asèim (“exam”).
- ^ Cf. the inherited Old Spanish form espremir.
- ^ Cf. also Late Latin folia, from the plural.
- ^ Also Vulgar Latin fricdus, attested in the Appendix Probi, and frigdus, fridus.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *grevis.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *glandō.
- ^ Cf. Old Spanish emplegar, which was likely inherited.
- ^ Through a Vulgar Latin variant *inclaudere.
- ^ Probably modified from Old Galician-Portuguese enteiro.
- ^ Possibly from a dialectal variant, formed analogically, or influenced by Old Occitan.
- ^ From the Latin feminine.
- ^ Likely; an alternative theory derives it from Slavic.
- ^ From the feminine.
- ^ Cf. also the semi-learned variant menucia.
- ^ Old French mirail
- ^ Vulgar Latin oclus, attested in the Appendix Probi.
- ^ Cf. also the form œuvrer, formed analogically.
- ^ Vulgar Latin *padūle.
- ^ Compare Old French poitral.
- ^ See also Middle French poiser.
- ^ Alternatively, it may be a derivative of the verb chantar, from the related Latin plantāre.
- ^ Or probably from chantar, from the related Latin plantāre.
- ^ Probably an early or semi-learned borrowing from the Medieval Latin form quitāre, or underwent an abnormal phonological evolution.
- ^ Alternatively, a derivative of Old Catalan quet, queda, as it was attested relatively late (1575).
- ^ Cf. quitter, which is likely a derivative of quitte, or occasionally seen as derived from a Medieval Latin form quitāre.
- ^ Possibly an early or semi-learned borrowing from the Medieval Latin form quitāre, or possibly through an (Old) French intermediate.
- ^ Either an early or semi-learned borrowing from the Medieval Latin form quitāre, or a derivative of Old Spanish quito, with an abnormal phonological evolution.
- ^ Old Catalan quet was probably inherited.
- ^ Early borrowing from the Medieval Latin form quitus.
- ^ From Old French temprer by metathesis.
- ^ Either semi-learned or a derivative of the verb trair (from Latin tradere) with the suffix -ció.
- ^ Either semi-learned, modified from the inherited Old Spanish trayçón, or a derivative of the Old Spanish verb traer (from Latin tradere) with the suffix -ción.
- ^ Through a Vulgar Latin diminutive *umbilīculus, with the -n- from the preceding indefinite article un being appended (rebracketing).
- ^ Possibly through a Vulgar Latin root *umbulicus, and re-analyzed with a preceding indefinite article un, which was subsequently removed.