User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Indo-Iranian

Reflexes of Proto-Indo-Iranian

Consonants

PIE		pre-PII	PII	PIA	Skr.	PNur.	pre-PIr.	PIr.	EOI	LOI		Examples
PIE		pre-PII	PII	PIA	Skr.	PNur.	pre-PIr.	PIr.	OAv.	YAv.	OP	PIE	PII	Skr.	PIr.	Old Iranian
*b	*b				b	*b			b			*bélom (“strength, force”)	*bálam	bálam	[Term?]
*bʰ	*bʰ				bh	*b^{[C 1]}			b			*bʰréh₂tēr (“brother”)	*bʰráHtā	bhrā́tā	*bráHtā	OAv. brā́ta, OP brā́tā
	*bʰ				bh	*b			b	β^{[C 2]}	*β ‹b›^{[C 2]}	*n̥bʰrós (“cloud”)	*abʰrás	abhrá	*abráh	YAv. aβra, MMP aβr
	b^{[C 3]} > p^{[C 4]}	*p			p	*p	*pʰ^{[C 5]}	*f	f			*h₃nṓbʰs (“navel”)	*Hnā́pš	[Term?]	*Hnā́fš
*p	*p				p	*p	*p		p			*ph₂tḗr (“father”)	*pHtā́	pitā́	*pHtā́	OAv. pᵊtá, OP pitā́
							*pʰ^{[C 5]}	*f	f			*h₂ṓps (“water”)	*Hā́pš	[Term?]	*Hā́fš
							*pʰ^{[C 5]}		p^{[C 6]}		f	*septḿ̥ (“seven”)	*saptá	saptá	*haftá	OAv. haptá, BMP haft
	*pʰ^{[C 7]}				ph	*p	*pʰ		f			*kepHos (“phlegm”)	*kapʰas	kaphaḥ	*kafah	OAv. kafə̄
	*b^{[C 4]}				b	*b			b			*pdós (“of the foot”)	*bdás	[Term?]	*bdáh	frabda
	*b^{[C 4]}				b	*b			b			*píph₃eti (“to drink”)	*píbati	píbati
*d	*d				d	*d	*d		d			*dóru (“wood”)	*dā́ru	dā́ru	*dā́ru	YAv. dā́ᵘru, OP dā́ruv
	*d				d		d^{[C 1]} > t^{[C 8]} > *tʰ^{[C 7]}	*θ	θ			*deh₂iwḗr (“brother-in-law”)	*daHiwā́	devā́	*θHaywā́
	*dʰ^{[C 7]}				dh		*d^{[C 1]}		d			[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
	*t^{[C 4]}				t		*t		t			*h₁ḗdsi (“you eat”)	*Hā́tsi	*átsi
*t	*t	*t			t	*t	*t		t			*tenúh₂s (“body”)	*tanúHs	tanū́ḥ	*tanúHs	OAv. tanū́š, OP tanū́š
							*tʰ^{[C 9]}^{[C 5]}	*θ	θ			*twéHom (“you”, acc.sg.)	*twáHam	tvā́m	*θwáHam	OAv. θβąm, OP θᵘvā́m
								*θ	θ		*θ > š^{[C 10]}	*h₁sn̥tyós (“real, true”)	*Hsatyás	satyáḥ	*Hhaθyáh	OAv. haⁱθiiə̄́, OP hašiyáʰ
								θ > δ^{[C 11]}	δ		*δ <d>	*wokʷtlom (“mouth”)	*wáktram	váktram	*wáxδram	YAv. váxᵊδrəm
		*tʰ^{[C 12]}			th	*t	*tʰ	*θ	θ			*tongʰéyeti (“to pull, weigh”)	*tʰanǰʰáyati		*θanǰáyati	OAv. θaṇjaiieṇte, BMP sanǰed
	*tʰ^{[C 7]}						*tʰ	*θ	θ			*Hróth₂os (“chariot”)	*Hrátʰas	ráthaḥ	*Hráθah
	*tʰ^{[C 7]}						*t^{[C 13]}		t			*sth₂uh₂néh₂ (“pillar”)	*stʰuHnáH	sthūṇā́	*stuHnáH	OAv. stūná, OP stūnā́
*dʰ	*dʰ				dh	*d^{[C 1]}		*d	d			*dʰoréyeti (“to hold”)	*dʰāráyati	dhāráyati	*dāráyatī	OAv. dāraiiat̰ (inj.), OP dārayāmiy (1sg.)
*dʰ	*dʰ				dh	*d^{[C 1]}		∅^{[C 14]}	∅			*bʰudʰnés (“bottom”)	*bʰudʰnás	budhná	*bunáh	YAv. būnō
*g⁽ʷ⁾	*g⁽ʷ⁾	*g^{[C 15]}			g	*g			g			*gʷṓws (“cow”)	*gā́wš	gáuḥ	*gā́wš	OAv. gā́uš, OP gā́vʰ
	*g⁽ʷ⁾	g^{[C 15]} > ǵ^{[C 16]}	*ǰ /ǵź/^{[C 17]}	*ȷ́	j /dź/	*ǰ /dž/			j			*gʷih₃wós (“alive”)	*ǰiHwás	jīváḥ	*ǰiHwáh	OAv. juuə̄́, OP jīváʰ
	*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰ^{[C 7]}	*gʰ^{[C 15]}			gh	*g^{[C 1]}			g			[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰ	*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰ	*gʰ^{[C 15]}			gh	*g^{[C 1]}			g			*dl̥h₁gʰós (“long”)	*dr̥Hgʰás	dīrgháḥ	*dr̥Hgáh	OAv. darᵊgə̄́, OP dargáʰ
	*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰ	gʰ^{[C 15]} > ǵʰ^{[C 16]}	*ǰʰ /ǵźʰ/^{[C 17]}	*źʰ	h	*ǰ /dž/^{[C 1]}			j /dž/			*gʷʰn̥tós (“slain, killed”)	*ǰʰatás	hatáḥ	*ǰatáh	OAv. jatə̄́, OP jatáʰ
	g⁽ʷ⁾^{[C 3]} > k⁽ʷ⁾^{[C 4]}	*k^{[C 15]}	*k		k	*k	*kʰ^{[C 5]}	*x	x			*dʰréwgʰs (“a lie”)	*dʰrúkš	dhrúk	*drúxš	OAv. druxš
*k⁽ʷ⁾	*k⁽ʷ⁾				k	*k	*k		k			*kóh₂mos (“wish”)	*káHmas	kā́maḥ	*káHmah	OAv. kā́mə̄, OP kā́maʰ
					k		*kʰ^{[C 5]}	*x	x			*ḱukrós (“bright”)	*ćukrás	śukráḥ	*ćuxráh	OAv. suxrə̄́, OP θuxráʰ
			*kʰ^{[C 12]}		kh		*kʰ	*x	x			*kumbʰós (“vessel”)	*kʰumbʰás	kumbhá́	*xumbáh	Av. xumba
		k^{[C 15]} > ḱ^{[C 16]}	*č /ḱś/^{[C 17]}	*ć	c /tś/	*č	*č /tš/		c /tš/			*(s)kérmn̥ (“skin”)	*čárma	cárman	*čárma	OAv. cárᵊman, OP cárman
	*g⁽ʷ⁾^{[C 4]}	*g^{[C 15]}			g	*g	*g		g			*ḱekdʰí (“to be able”)	*ćágdʰí	śagdhí
	*k⁽ʷ⁾ʰ^{[C 7]}	*kʰ^{[C 15]}			kh	*k	*kʰ	*x	x			*sekʷh₂ṓy (“friend”)	*sakʰā́y	sakhā́	*haxā́y	YAv. haxa
*ǵ	*ǵ	*ź^{[C 15]}	*ȷ́ /dź/^{[C 17]}		j /dź/	*j /dz/^{[C 18]}			z		*δ <d>	*ǵénh₁os (“race, lineage”)	*ȷ́ánas	jánaḥ	*ȷ́ánah	OAv. zánə̄
	*g^{[C 19]}				g	*g			g		g
	*ḱ^{[C 4]}	*ś^{[C 15]}	*š^{[C 20]}	*ṣ	ṣ	*š			š		s	*h₃reǵtós (“straightened”)	*Hraštás	[Term?]	*Hraštáh	OAv. rašta, OP rāsta
	*ǵʰ^{[C 7]}	*źʰ^{[C 15]}	*ȷ́ʰ /dźʰ/^{[C 17]}	*źʰ	h	*ȷ́	*ȷ́ /dź/^{[C 1]}	*j /dz/^{[C 18]}	z		*δ <d>	*eǵh₂óm (“I”)	*aȷ́ʰám	ahám	*aȷ́ám	OAv. azə̄m, OP adam
*ǵʰ	*ǵʰ	*źʰ^{[C 15]}	*ȷ́ʰ /dźʰ/^{[C 17]}	*źʰ	h	*ȷ́	*ȷ́ /dź/^{[C 1]}	*j /dz/^{[C 18]}	*s^{[C 10]}		*δ > š^{[C 10]}	*h₁yaǵnós (“sacrifice”)	*yaȷ́nás	yajñá	*yaȷ́náh	OAv. yasnə̄́, BP yašn
*ǵʰ	*gʰ^{[C 19]}				gʰ	*g^{[C 1]}			g		g
*ḱ	*ḱ	*ś^{[C 15]}	*ć /tś/^{[C 17]}	*ś	ś	*c /ts/^{[C 18]}			s		θ	*ḱukrós (“bright”)	*ćukrás	śukráḥ	*ćuxráh	OAv. suxrə̄́, OP θuxráʰ
			*ć /tś/^{[C 17]}	*ś	ś	*c /ts/^{[C 18]}			s		*θ > š^{[C 10]}	*h₂n̥ḱ-nó-s (“near”)	*Haćnás	[Term?]	*Haćnáh	OAv. asnāt̰, OP ašnaiy
			*š^{[C 20]}	*ṣ	ṣ	*š			š			*h₃eḱtéh₃ (“eight”)	*HaštáH	aṣṭā́	*HaštáH	OAv. aštā, MP hašt
	*k^{[C 19]}				k	*k			k		k
*s	*s	*s		*s	s	*s	*s	*s	s			*h₂stḗr (“star”)	*Hstā́	stṛ́	*Hstā́	OAv. star, BP [Book Pahlavi needed] (stl /⁠stār⁠/)
				*s	s		*s	*h^{[C 21]}	h			*sm̥-dʰó- (“with”)	*sadʰá	sadhá, sahá	*hadā́	OAv. hadā́, OP hadā́
				*∅^{[C 22]}	∅		*š^{[C 23]}		š			*h₂ṓps (“water”)	*Hā́ps	áp	*Hā́fš	YAv. āfš
		*š^{[C 24]}		*ṣ	ṣ	*š	*š		š			*h₁r̥stís (“spear”)	*Hr̥štíš	ṛṣṭíḥ	*Hr̥štíš	OAv. arštíš, OP arštíš
				*ṣ	ṣ	*ṣ^{[C 25]}						*h₁r̥stís (“spear”)	*Hr̥štíš	ṛṣṭíḥ	*Hr̥štíš	OAv. arštíš, OP arštíš
				*∅^{[C 22]}	∅							*wṓkʷs (“voice, speech”)	*wā́kš	vā́k	*wā́xš	Av. vā́xš, OP wā́z
	*z^{[C 4]}	*z			*y	*z			z			*nésdisth₂os (“closest”)	*názdistʰas	nédiṣṭhaḥ	*názdištʰah	OAv. názdištə̄
	*z^{[C 4]}	*ž^{[C 24]}		*ẓ	*y	*ž			ž			*nisdós (“nest”)	*niždás	nīḍáḥ	[Term?]
*m	*m				m	*m			m			*méh₂tēr (“mother”)	*máHtā	mā́tā	*máHtā	OAv. mā́tā, OP mā́tā
*n	*n				n	*n			n			*néyHeti (“to lead”)	*náyati	náyati	*náyatī	YAv. naiieiti, OP anaya (impf.)
*n	*n				ṇ^{[C 26]}	*n			n			[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
*l	*l	*l~r			l~r	*r	*r		r			*ḱelh₁éd (“autumn”)	*ćarád	śarád	*ćarád	OAv. sarə́d, OP θarád
*r	*r				r	*r						*bʰréh₂tēr (“brother”)	*bʰráHtā	bhrā́tā	*bráHtā	OAv. brā́ta, OP brā́tā
						*ř^{[C 27]}						[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
						*∅^{[C 28]}						[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
*w	*w				v	*w	*w		v			*wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”)	*wŕ̥kas	vṛ́kaḥ	*wárkah	OAv. və́hrkə̄, OP várkaʰ
*w	*w				v	*w	*w		*w <v>	β^{[C 29]}	*w <v>	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
*y	*y				y	*y			y			*h₁yaǵeti (“to honor”)	*yáȷ́ati	yájati	*yáȷ́atī	YAv. yázaiti, OP yádataiy

Consonant clusters

PIE			pre-PII	PII	PIA	OIA	PNur	pre-PIr	PIr.	EOI	LOI		Examples
PIE			pre-PII	PII	PIA	Skr.	PNur	pre-PIr	PIr.	OAv.	YAv.	OP	PIE	PII	Skr.	PIr.	Old Iranian
DsK	*dsg⁽ʷ⁾	*dzg⁽ʷ⁾^{[C 4]}	*dzg^{[C 15]}		*dg^{[C 30]}		dg	*zg^{[C 31]}		zg			*Hódsgʷos (“sprout”)	*Hádᶻgas	*ádgaḥ	*Házgah	BMP azg
DsK	*dsk⁽ʷ⁾	*tsk⁽ʷ⁾^{[C 4]}	tsk^{[C 15]} > tsḱ^{[C 16]} > *tśḱ^{[C 32]}	*ćč /tśḱś/^{[C 17]}	ść^{[C 30]} > ćć	cc		*śč^{[C 31]}	*sč^{[C 18]}	sc			*uds-kʷeh₁ (“above”)	*utˢčáH	uccā́	*usčáH	YAv. uscá
D(s)T	*dd	*dᶻd^{[C 33]}	*dᶻd		*dd^{[C 30]}	dd	*dd	*zd^{[C 31]}		zd			[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	OAv. fra-uuōizdūm (2pl.aor.mid.inj.)
	*dt	tt^{[C 4]} > tˢt^{[C 33]}^[4]	*tˢt		*tt^{[C 30]}	tt		*st^{[C 31]}		st			*ud-tn̥h₂nós		uttānáḥ		OAv. ustānə̄́
	*dt	tt^{[C 4]} tˢt^{[C 33]} > *tˢtʰ^{[C 7]}	*tˢtʰ		*ttʰ^{[C 30]}	tth	št	*stʰ^{[C 31]}	*st^{[C 13]}	st			*ud-sth₂- (“standing up”)	*utˢtʰa	uttha
Dʰs	*bʰs	*bʰs	*bzʰ^{[C 34]}			ps^{[C 35]}	*bz^{[C 1]}	*bž^{[C 1]}		bž			*bʰsoHtós (“eaten”)	*bžʰaHtás	psātáḥ
	*gʰs	*gʰs	*gʰš^{[C 24]}	*gžʰ^{[C 34]}	*gẓʰ	kṣ^{[C 35]}	*gz^{[C 1]}	*gž^{[C 1]}		gž			*dʰégʷʰsn̥ts (“laughing”)	*dʰágžʰats	jákṣat
	*ǵʰs	*ǵʰs	ǵʰš^{[C 24]} > źʰš^{[C 15]} > *źžʰ^{[C 34]}	*ȷ́žʰ /dźž/^{[C 17]}	*ḍẓʰ^{[C 30]}	*ṭṣ^{[C 35]} > kṣ^{[C 36]}		źžʰ^{[C 31]} > źž^{[C 1]}	*ž^{[C 37]}	ž			*wéǵʰsn̥t (“to transport”, 3pl.)	*wáȷ́žʰat	vákṣat	*wážat	YAv. uz-uuažat
		*ǵʰs	ǵʰš^{[C 24]} > źʰš^{[C 15]} > źžʰ^{[C 34]} > źž^{[C 38]}	*ȷ́ž /dźž/^{[C 17]}	*ḍẓ^{[C 30]}	*ṭṣ^{[C 35]} > kṣ^{[C 36]}		*źž^{[C 31]}	*ž^{[C 37]}	ž			*sísǵʰsetoy (“to overcome”)	*sízȷ́žatay	sī́kṣate
		ǵs^{[C 3]} > ḱs^{[C 4]}	ḱš^{[C 24]} > śš^{[C 15]}	*ćš /tśš/^{[C 17]}	ṭṣ^{[C 30]} > ṭ^{[C 22]}	ṭ	*ć	*śš^{[C 31]}	*š^{[C 37]}	š			*neyǵʰs? (“a spit”)		nikṣati		YAv. naēzəm
DʰsK	*bʰsḱ	*bʰsḱ	bzʰḱ > bzǵʰ^{[C 34]} > bzǵ^{[C 38]} > bźǵ^{[C 32]}	*bźǰ /bźǵź/^{[C 17]}	*bȷ́ /bdź/^{[C 30]}	bj /bdź/		*bǰ /bdž/^{[C 31]}		*bǰ <bj>			*ubʰsḱéti (“to press”)	*ubǰáti	ubjáti	*ubǰáti	OAv. ubjiiāite (pass.subj.)
DʰsK	*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰsḱ	*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰsḱ	gʰsḱ^{[C 15]} > gzʰḱ > gzǵʰ^{[C 34]} gzǵ^{[C 38]} > *gźǵ^{[C 32]}	*gźǰ /gźǵź/^{[C 17]}	*gȷ́^{[C 30]}			*źǰ^{[C 31]}	*zǰ^{[C 18]}	zj			*twengʰsḱéti (“to compel”)	*twenzǰáti	[Term?]	*θwenzǰátī	YAv. θβązjaiti
Dʰt	*bʰt	*bʰt	*bdʰ^{[C 34]}			bdh	*bd^{[C 1]}			bd			*ubʰtós (“woven”)	*ubdʰás	ubdháḥ	*ubdáh	YAv. ubdaēna
	*dʰt	*dʰt	*ddʰ^{[C 34]}	*dᶻdʰ^{[C 33]}	*ddʰ^{[C 30]}	ddh	*dd	*zd^{[C 31]}		zd			*n̥-dh₁téh₂ (“unbound”)	*adᶻdʰáH	addhā́	*azdáH	OAv. azdā́
	*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰt	*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰt	*gʰt^{[C 15]}	*gdʰ^{[C 34]}		gdh							*dʰéwgʰti (“to milk”)	*dáwgdʰi	dógdhi	*dáwgdī	BMP dōš-
	*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰt	*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰtʰ^{[C 7]}	gʰtʰ^{[C 15]} > gtʰ^{[C 39]}	*ktʰ^{[C 4]}		kth	*t	*kʰtʰ^{[C 5]}	xθ > xδ^{[C 11]}	xδ			*h₁ugʰtHóm (“word”)	*Huktʰám	ukthám	*Huxθám	OAv. uxδa
	*ǵʰt	*ǵʰt	źʰt^{[C 15]} > źdʰ^{[C 34]}	*ždʰ^{[C 24]}	ẓdʰ > ẓḍʰ^{[C 40]}	*iʳḍʰ > iḍh^{[C 41]}	*žd^{[C 1]}			žd			*h₃miǵʰtós (“urinated”)	*Hmiždʰás	mīḍháḥ		YAv. maēzəṇti (3pl.)
Ks	*ḱs	*ḱs	ḱš^{[C 24]} > śš^{[C 15]}	*ćš /tśš/^{[C 17]}	*ṭṣ^{[C 30]}	kṣ^{[C 36]}	*ć	*śš^{[C 31]}	*š^{[C 37]}	š			*déḱsinos (“right (side)”)	*dáṭṣinas	dákṣiṇaḥ	*dášinah	OAv. dáṣ̌inə̄
Ks	*ǵs	*ḱs^{[C 4]}	ḱš^{[C 24]} > śš^{[C 15]}	*ćš /tśš/^{[C 17]}	ṭṣ^{[C 30]} > ṭ^{[C 22]}	ṭ	*ć	*śš^{[C 31]}	*š^{[C 37]}	š			*h₃rḗǵs (“king”)	*Hrā́ćš	rā́ṭ	*Hrā́š
KKs	*ḱks	*ḱks	ḱkš^{[C 24]} > śkš^{[C 15]}	*kš	*kṣ	kṣ		*kʰš^{[C 5]}	*xš	xš			*ḱíḱkseti (“to help”)	*ćíkšati	śíkṣati	*ćíxšati	YAv. Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (sixšəmna, ptc.pres.med.)
LT	*lt	*lt	*lt		ḷt^{[C 42]} > ḷṭ^{[C 40]}	ṭ		*rt					*pol-to-s (“cloth”)	*paltas	paṭa	[Term?]	MP pardag
LT	*rt	*rt	*rt		*rt	rt	*ṭṭ	*rt		ṣ̌		rt	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
sK	*sgʰ	*zgʰ	zǵʰ^{[C 16]} > źǵʰ^{[C 32]}	*ȷ́ǰʰ /dź.ǵźʰ/^{[C 17]}	*dȷ́ʰ /d.dźʰ/^{[C 30]}	jj /d.dź/		źǰʰ^{[C 31]} > źǰ^{[C 1]}	*zǰ /z.dž/^{[C 18]}	*zǰ <zj>		zz > z	*mésgʰn̥ (“marrow”)	*maȷ́ǰʰan	majján
	*sg⁽ʷ⁾	*zg⁽ʷ⁾	zǵ^{[C 16]} > źǵ^{[C 32]}	*ȷ́ǰ /dź.ǵź/^{[C 17]}	*dȷ́ /d.dź/^{[C 30]}	jj /d.dź/		*źǰ /ź.dž/^{[C 31]}	*zǰ /z.dž/^{[C 18]}	*zǰ <zj>		zz > z	*mésgeti (“to sink”)	*mázǰati	májjati
	*sg⁽ʷ⁾	*zg⁽ʷ⁾	zg^{[C 15]} > zǵ^{[C 16]} > *źǵ^{[C 32]}	*ȷ́ǰ /dź.ǵź/^{[C 17]}	*dȷ́ /d.dź/^{[C 30]}	j /dź/, d		*źǰ /ź.dž/^{[C 31]}	*zǰ /z.dž/^{[C 18]}	*zǰ <zj>		zz > z	*(s)gʷéseti (“to extinguish”)	*ȷ́ǰásati	jásate
	*sk⁽ʷ⁾	*sk⁽ʷ⁾ /s.k⁽ʷ⁾/	sk /s.k/^{[C 15]} > sḱ /s.ḱ/^{[C 16]} > *śḱ /ś.ḱ/^{[C 32]}	*ćč /tś.ḱś/^{[C 17]}	*ść /ś.tś/	śc /ś.tś/	*ć	*śč /ś.tš/^{[C 31]}	*sč /s.tš/^{[C 18]}	sc		*ss > s	*po skʷéh₁ (“after”)	*paćčáH	paścā́	*pasčáH	YAv. pasca, OP pasā
	*sk⁽ʷ⁾	*sk⁽ʷ⁾	sk^{[C 15]} > sḱ^{[C 16]} > *śḱ^{[C 32]}	*ćč /tśḱś/^{[C 17]}	*šć /štś/	ch /tśʰ/		*śč /ś.tš/^{[C 31]}	*sč /s.tš/^{[C 18]}	sc		*ss > s	*(s)ḱeh₃ih₂	*śćaHyáH	chāyā́	*caHyáH	OP *sāyakā
	*sḱ	*sḱ /s.ḱ/	sś^{[C 15]} /s.ś/ > šś^{[C 24]} /š.ś/	*šć /š.tś/^{[C 17]}	*šś /š.ś/	cch /t.tśʰ/		*šc /š.ts/				s	*pr̥sḱéti (“to question”)	*pr̥šćáti	pṛcchāmi (1sg.)	*pr̥šcáti	OP pr̥sāmiy (1sg.)
	*sḱ	*sḱ	sś^{[C 15]} > śś^{[C 32]} > *ść /śtś/^{[C 17]}	*šć /štś/^{[C 20]}	*šś /šś/	ch /tśʰ/		*šc /śts/	*c	s		θ	*sḱn̥déyeti (“to appear”)	*šćadáyati	chadáyati	*šcadáyati	YAv. saδaiieiti, OP θadaya
Ts	*ds	*ts^{[C 4]}	*ts			t		*c /ts/		s		θ	*pṓds (“foot”)	*pā́ts	pā́t	*pā́c
Ts	ts	ts	*ts			ts	*ts	*c /ts/		s		θ	*wotsós (“yearling calf”)	*watsás	vatsáḥ	*waćáh	MP wahīg
TK	*dʰg⁽ʷ⁾ʰ	*gʰθ^{[C 43]}	g⁽ʷ⁾ʰs > g⁽ʷ⁾ʰš^{[C 24]} > *gʰš^{[C 15]}	*gžʰ^{[C 34]}	*gẓʰ	kṣ^{[C 35]}		*gž		gž			*dʰgʷʰéreti (“to flow”)	*gžʰárati	kṣárati	*gžáratī	YAv. γžaraiti
	*dʰǵʰ	*ǵʰθ^{[C 43]}	ǵʰs > ǵʰš^{[C 24]} > źʰš^{[C 15]} > źžʰ^{[C 34]}	*ȷ́žʰ /dźžʰ/^{[C 17]}	*ḍẓʰ^{[C 30]}	*ṭṣ^{[C 35]} > kṣ^{[C 36]}		*źž^{[C 31]}	*ž^{[C 37]}	ž			*dʰǵʰḿ̥h₂s (“earth”)	*ȷ́žʰáHs	kṣā́ḥ	*žáHs
	*tk⁽ʷ⁾	*k⁽ʷ⁾θ^{[C 43]}	k⁽ʷ⁾s > k⁽ʷ⁾š^{[C 24]}	*ks^{[C 15]}	*kṣ	kṣ	*č	*kʰš^{[C 5]}	*xš	xš			*tketróm (“power”)	*kšatrám	kṣatrám	*xšaθrám	OAv. xšaθrə́m, OP xšaçám
	*tḱ	*ḱθ^{[C 43]}	ḱs > ḱš^{[C 24]} > *śš^{[C 15]}	*ćš /tśš/^{[C 17]}	*ṭṣ^{[C 30]}	kṣ^{[C 36]}	*ć	*śš^{[C 31]}	*š^{[C 37]}	š			*tḱéyti (“to settle”)	*ćšáyti	kṣéti	*šáyti	OAv. šaēiti
Tw	*ǵw	*ǵw	*źw^{[C 15]}	*ȷ́w /dźw/^{[C 17]}	*ȷ́w	jv		jw (> zβ^{[C 44]})		zb		z	*ǵwélHeti (“to burn”)	*ȷ́wálHati	jválati
	*ǵʰw	*ǵʰw	*źʰw^{[C 15]}	*ȷ́ʰw /dźʰw/^{[C 17]}	*źʰw	hv		jw (> zβ^{[C 44]})		zb		z	*ǵʰwéreti (“to stagger”)	*ȷ́ʰwárati	hvárati	*ȷ́wárati	OAv. zbárəṇtī, MMP przyr-
	*ḱw	*ḱw	*św^{[C 15]}	*ćw /tśw/^{[C 17]}	*św	śv	*čp	cw (> sφ^{[C 44]})		sp		s	*h₁éḱwos (“horse”)	*Háćwas	áśvaḥ	*Háćwah	YAv. áspō, OP ásaʰ
	*tw	*tw				tv		*θw		θβ		θw	*twéHom (“you”, acc.sg.)	*twáHam	tvā́m	*θwáHam	OAv. θβąm, OP θᵘvā́m
rw	*rw	*rw	*rw		*rw	rv	*w	*rw		*rw <ᵘruu>		*rw <rᵘv>	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
sw	*sw	*sw	*sw		*sw	sv	*šp	*hw	*xʷ	xᵛ		*hw <ʰuv>	*swépnos (“sleep”)	*swápnas	svápnaḥ	*xwápnah	OAv. xᵛafᵊnə̄
CL	*ḱL	*ḱL	*śr^{[C 15]}	*ćr /tśr/^{[C 17]}	*śr	śr		*cr /tsr/	*cr /ts/	sr		θr > šr^{[C 10]} > *ṣ <ç>	*ḱlównis (“buttocks”)	*ćráwniš	śróṇi	*ćráwniš	YAv. sraoni
	*ḱL	*ḱL	*śr^{[C 15]}	*ćr /tśr/^{[C 17]}	*śr	śr		*cr /tsr/	*jr /dzr/^{[C 45]}	zr		δr > šr^{[C 10]} > *ṣ <ç>	*ḱreddʰéh₂ (“belief”)	*ćradᶻdʰáH	śraddhā́	*ȷ́razdáH	YAv. zrazdā
	tr	*tr	*tr		*tr	tr	*tr	*tʰr^{[C 7]}	*θr	θr		šr^{[C 10]} > ṣ <ç>	*putrós (“boy”)	*putrás	putráḥ	*puθráh	OAv. puθrə̄́, OP puçáʰ
	tr	*tr	*tr		*tr	tr	*tr	*tʰr^{[C 7]}	*tr^{[C 13]}	tr		θr > šr^{[C 10]} > *ṣ <ç> > š	*úǵtros (“camel”)	*úštras	úṣṭraḥ	*úštrah	OAv. uštra, OP *uššaʰ
KY	*k⁽ʷ⁾y	*k⁽ʷ⁾y	ky^{[C 15]} > ḱy^{[C 16]}	*čy /ḱśj/^{[C 17]}	*ćy	cy /tśj/	*čy	*šy^{[C 9]}		š́		*šy <šiy>	*kyéwetor (“(s)he goes”)	*čyáwatey	cyávate	*šyáwatai	OAv. š́auuaitē (med.), OP ašiyava (impf.)
KY	*gʰy	*gʰy	*ǵʰy^{[C 16]}	*ǰʰy /ǵźʰj/^{[C 17]}	*źʰy	hy	*ǰy /džj/^{[C 1]}	*šy^{[C 9]}		*ǰy <jii>	źy > ź > ž	*ǰy <jiy>	*dʰrugʰyéti (“to deceive”)	*dʰruǰʰyáti	druhyáti	*druǰyáti	YAv. družaite (med.), OP ad(u)rujiya (impf.)
		gʰʲs > gʲs^{[C 3]} > gʲš^{[C 24]} > *kʲš^{[C 4]}	*čš^{[C 17]}	*ćṣ				*čṣ						*Hmíčš

Notes

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 Dʰ > D^[5]
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ${\begin{Bmatrix}b\\d\\g\end{Bmatrix}}$ > ${\begin{Bmatrix}\beta \\\delta \\{\check {g}}\end{Bmatrix}}$ /V(r)_
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Tʰ > T /_s#^[1]^[2]^[3]
↑ ^4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 ^4.14 ^4.15 D_{[-aspiration]} > T /_{s,T}; s > z, p > b /_D (PIE voicing assimilation)^[4]
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 T > Tʰ /_C
^ f > p /_t
↑ ^7.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^7.04 ^7.05 ^7.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 T > Tʰ /_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}h_{1}\\h_{2}\end{Bmatrix}}$
^ D > T /_H^[5]
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ${\begin{Bmatrix}{\check {c}}\\t\end{Bmatrix}}$ > ${\begin{Bmatrix}{\check {s}}\\{\text{θ}}\end{Bmatrix}}$ _y
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 ^10.6 ^10.7 {δ,θ} > š /_R
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 *θ > *δ /F_
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 T > Tʰ /_NDʰ^[5]
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 *Tʰ > *T /S_
^ d > ∅ /V_N
↑ ^15.00 ^15.01 ^15.02 ^15.03 ^15.04 ^15.05 ^15.06 ^15.07 ^15.08 ^15.09 ^15.10 ^15.11 ^15.12 ^15.13 ^15.14 ^15.15 ^15.16 ^15.17 ^15.18 ^15.19 ^15.20 ^15.21 ^15.22 ^15.23 ^15.24 ^15.25 ^15.26 ^15.27 ^15.28 ^15.29 ^15.30 ^15.31 ^15.32 ^15.33 ^15.34 ^15.35 ^15.36 Kʷ > K; Ḱ > Ś ("Satemization")
↑ ^16.00 ^16.01 ^16.02 ^16.03 ^16.04 ^16.05 ^16.06 ^16.07 ^16.08 ^16.09 ^16.10 K > Ḱ /_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{E}}\\y\end{Bmatrix}}$ (palatalization)^[5]
↑ ^17.00 ^17.01 ^17.02 ^17.03 ^17.04 ^17.05 ^17.06 ^17.07 ^17.08 ^17.09 ^17.10 ^17.11 ^17.12 ^17.13 ^17.14 ^17.15 ^17.16 ^17.17 ^17.18 ^17.19 ^17.20 ^17.21 ^17.22 ^17.23 ^17.24 ^17.25 ^17.26 ^17.27 Ś > TŚ (affricization)
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 ^18.4 ^18.5 ^18.6 ^18.7 Ś > S (depalatalization)^[5]
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 Ḱ > K /_L ${\begin{Bmatrix}-i\\-H\end{Bmatrix}}$ (Weise's Law)
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 ś > š / ${\begin{Bmatrix}\_{\text{t}}\\{\text{t}}\_\end{Bmatrix}}$ ^[5]^[6]
^ s > h / ${\begin{Bmatrix}\{{\text{R,V,}}\#\}\_\\\_\{{\text{R,V,}}\#\}\end{Bmatrix}}$ ^[5]
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 C₁C₂ > C₁ /_#
^ *s > *š /P_
↑ ^24.00 ^24.01 ^24.02 ^24.03 ^24.04 ^24.05 ^24.06 ^24.07 ^24.08 ^24.09 ^24.10 ^24.11 ^24.12 ^24.13 ^24.14 s > š /{K,L,i,Y}_ (Pedersen's ('RUKI') Law)
^ š > ṣ /r_
^ *n > ṇ /{r, ṣ}(…)_ (n-retroflexion)
^ *r > *ř /#_
^ r > ∅ /_{ć,b,m,p,ṣ}
^ v > β /_F_[coronal]
↑ ^30.00 ^30.01 ^30.02 ^30.03 ^30.04 ^30.05 ^30.06 ^30.07 ^30.08 ^30.09 ^30.10 ^30.11 ^30.12 ^30.13 ^30.14 ^30.15 ^30.16 T]_σ[S]_σ[T > TT (PIA TST dissimilation)
↑ ^31.00 ^31.01 ^31.02 ^31.03 ^31.04 ^31.05 ^31.06 ^31.07 ^31.08 ^31.09 ^31.10 ^31.11 ^31.12 ^31.13 ^31.14 ^31.15 ^31.16 T]_σ[S]_σ[T > ST (PIr TST dissimilation)
↑ ^32.0 ^32.1 ^32.2 ^32.3 ^32.4 ^32.5 ^32.6 ^32.7 ^32.8 S > Ś /_Ć (palatal assimilation)^[8]
↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 ^33.2 ^33.3 ∅ > ${\begin{Bmatrix}s\\z\end{Bmatrix}}$ /T]_σ[_]_σ[ ${\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{T}}\\{\text{D}}\end{Bmatrix}}$ (Double-dental rule)
↑ ^34.00 ^34.01 ^34.02 ^34.03 ^34.04 ^34.05 ^34.06 ^34.07 ^34.08 ^34.09 ^34.10 ^34.11 ${\begin{Bmatrix}s\\t\end{Bmatrix}}$ > ${\begin{Bmatrix}z^{h}\\d^{h}\end{Bmatrix}}$ /Dʰ_ (Bartholomae's law)
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 ^35.2 ^35.3 ^35.4 DZʰ > TS
↑ ^36.0 ^36.1 ^36.2 ^36.3 ṭṣ > kṣ
↑ ^37.0 ^37.1 ^37.2 ^37.3 ^37.4 S₁S₂ > S₂
↑ ^38.0 ^38.1 ^38.2 CCʰ_{[tautosyllabic]} > CC^[7]
^ (Grassman's law)
↑ ^40.0 ^40.1 C > C̣ /_Ṭ (coronal assimilation)
^ ẓ > ${\begin{Bmatrix}i^{r}\\u^{r}\end{Bmatrix}}$ > ${\begin{Bmatrix}i\\u\end{Bmatrix}}$ /_ḍ (sibilant laxing)
^ lt, ls, ln > ḷt, ḷs, ḷn > ḷṭ, ḷṣ, ḷṇ > ṭ, ṣ, ṇ (Fortunatov's law)
↑ ^43.0 ^43.1 ^43.2 ^43.3 TK > Kθ (Thorn metathesis)^[8]^[9]^[10]
↑ ^44.0 ^44.1 w > φ > ∅ /Z_
w > β > ∅ /S_
^ *S₁(T)R...S₂ > *S₂(T)R...S₂

Vowels and syllabic consonants

PIE	pre-PII	PII	PIA	Skr.	PNur	PIr	Av.	Per.	Examples
PIE	pre-PII	PII	PIA	Skr.	PNur	PIr	Av.	Per.	PIE	PII	Sanskrit	PNur	Ashkun/Kati	PIR	Old Avestan	Old Persian
n̥, m̥	*e	*a		a		*a	a		*ḱm̥tóm (“hundred”)	*ćatám	śatám	[Term?]		*ćatám	satə́m	BMP sad
*e					*u		a		*déḱm̥ (“ten”)	*dáća^[11]	dáśa	*dác	Kt. duċ	*dáća	dasa	BMP dah
							ə̄^{[V 1]}	a	*ǵʰl̥h₃enyom (“gold”)	*ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam	híraṇyam	[Term?]		*ȷ́aranyam	zarə̄nyə́m	dáraniyam
				ā^{[V 2]}			ā^{[V 2]}		*méh₂tēr (“mother”)	*máHtā	mā́tā	[Term?]		*máHtā	mā́tā	mā́tā
	*a^{[V 3]}			a			a		*h₂epó (“off, away”)	*Hapá	ápa	[Term?]		*Hapá	apa	apa
	*o^{[V 4]}	*a							*h₁su-h₃épos (“well-working”)	*HsuHápas	svápas	[Term?]		*HsuHápah	huuāpah	BMP xūb
*o	*o								*ǵónh₁os (“birth; offspring”)	*ȷ́ánas	jánaḥ	[Term?]		*ȷ́ánah	YAv.sruuōzanō	paruvzanārām
						*o^{[V 5]}	o		*moḱsú (“early, soon”)	*maćšú	makṣū́	[Term?]		*mošú	mošú	[Term?]
				ā^{[V 2]}	*u	*a	ā^{[V 2]}		*kóh₂mos (“wish, desire”)	*káHmas	kā́maḥ	[Term?]		*káHmah	kā́mə̄	kā́maʰ
	*ō^{[V 6]}	*ā		ā	*ā		ā		*ǵónu (“knee”)	*ȷ́ā́nu	jā́nu	*ją̄́	Kt. zā̃	*zā́nu	zānu	BMP zānūg
*ē	*ē								*h₂nḗr (“man”)	*Hnā́	nā́	[Term?]		*Hnā́	nā	nā
*ō	*ō								*wṓkʷs (“voice, speech”)	*wā́kš	vā́k	[Term?]		*wā́xš	vā́xš	wā́z
*ey	*ey	*ay		e	*e	*ay	aē	ai	*h₁éyti (“to go”)	*Háyti	éti	*éti	Kt. eti, iti	*Háyti	aētī	aitiy
*oy	*oy	*ay		e	*e	*ay	ōi^{[V 7]}	ai	*h₂n̥réy	*Hnáray	náre	[Term?]		*Hnáray	narōi
*ēy	*ēy	*āy	*āy	ai		*āy	āi
*ōy	*ōy	*āy	*ā(y)^{[V 8]}	ā		*ā(y)	ā(i)
*ew	*ew	*aw		o	*uw	*aw	ao	au	*léwkos (“light”)	*ráwčas	rócaḥ	*řóča	Kt. ŕuc	*ráwčah	ráočə̄	ráučaʰ
*ow	*ow	*aw		o	*uw	*aw	ə̄u^{[V 9]}	au	*g⁽ʷ⁾ʰéwsos (“noise”)	*gʰáwšas	ghóṣaḥ	[Term?]		*gáwšah	gə̄́ušə̄	gáušaʰ
*ēw	*ēw	*āw		au		*āw	āu		*stḗwti (“to praise”)	*stā́wti	stáuti	[Term?]		*stā́wti	stāumī	BMP stāyēd
*ōw	*ōw	*āw		au		*āw	āu		*stḗwti (“to praise”)	*stā́wti	stáuti	[Term?]		*stā́wti	stāumī	BMP stāyēd
*i	*i			i	*i		i		*ǵʰimós (“cold, frost”)	*ȷ́ʰimás	himáḥ	*jím	ẑím	*ȷ́imáh	zimə̄́ (gen.)	BMP zam
*i	*i			ī^{[V 2]}	*i		ī^{[V 2]}		*wiHrós (“man”)	*wiHrás	vīráḥ	*wiHrá	Ak. wiräkuṛä	*wiHrás	vīrə̄́	BMP wīr
*H	*H	*∅		∅	*∅		∅		[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
		*H^{[V 10]}		∅	*H		∅		*h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”)	*Hŕ̥ćšas	ṛ́kṣaḥ	*íćra	Kt. ic	*Hŕ̥šah	árṣ̌ə̄	BMP ārs
		*H̥^{[V 11]}^[12]		i	*H̥		^(i/a)	i	*ph₂tḗr (“father”)	*pH̥tā́́	pitā́	[Term?]		*pH̥tā́	p^(i/a)ta	pitā
		*H̥^{[V 11]}^[12]		ī^{[V 12]}	*H̥						avamīt	[Term?]
	∅^{[V 13]}			∅	∅		∅		*yéH₂ǵeti (“to honor”)	*yáȷ́ati	yájati	[Term?]		*yáȷ́atī	YAv yázaiti	yádataiy
*u	*u			u	*u		u		*yugóm (“yoke”)	*yugám	yugám	[Term?]		*yugám	yugə́m	BMP juğ
*u	*u			ū^{[V 2]}	*u		ū^{[V 2]}		*múh₂s (“mouse”)	*múHs	mū́ṣ	[Term?]		*múHs	mūh	BMP mušk
*ū	*ū			ū	*ū		ū		*h₁su-uktós (“well-spoken”)	*Hsūktás	sūktáḥ	[Term?]		*Hhūxtáh	hūxtə̄́
L̥	*r̥			r̥	*r̥		ərᵊ	ạr	*kʷr̥tós (“done”)	*kr̥tás	kṛtás	[Term?]		*kr̥táh	kərᵊtə̄́	kạrtaʰ
				r̥			əhr^{[V 14]}	ạr	*kŕ̥pos (“body”)	*kŕ̥pas	kṛ́paḥ	[Term?]		*kŕ̥pah	kə́hrpə̄	BMP kirb
				*r̥̄^{[V 2]} > īr			*r̥̄^{[V 2]} > arᵊ	*r̥̄^{[V 2]} > ạr	*dl̥h₁gʰós (“long”)	*dr̥Hgʰás	dīrgháḥ	*drigá	Kt. drigə̣ŕ	*dr̥Hgáh	darᵊgə̄́	dạrgáʰ
				*r̥̄^{[V 2]} > ūr^{[V 5]}			*r̥̄^{[V 2]} > aᵘr	*r̥̄^{[V 2]} > ạr	*pr̥h₃wéh₂ (“in front of”)	*pr̥HwáH	pū́rva	[Term?]		*pr̥HwáH	paᵘrvā́	pạrᵘvā́

Notes

^ *a > ə̄ /_N
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 VH > V̄; L̥H > V̄L
^ *e > *a /*h₂_
^ *e > *o /*h₃_
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Cʷ_; _C₁{u,w}
^ o > ō /_]_σ (Brugmann's law)
^ *ay > ōi /C_CC; _C#
^ *āy > *ā /_# (sporadic)
^ *aw > ə̄u /_*š
^ V_C
^ H > H̥ /C_C
^ H̥ > ī /C_C#
^ H > ∅_ /*ǵ (Lubotsky's law)
^ r̥ > ŕ̥ /_T

Abbreviations

# = word boundary

C = consonant

Cʰ = aspirated consonant

Ć = palatal consonant

Cʷ = labial consonant

C̥ = syllabic consonant

D = voiced stop (b, d, g, h₃, z)

E = front vowel (e, i)

F = fricative (δ, θ, x)

G = voiced velar stop

H = laryngeal

K = (voiceless) velar stop

L = liquid (l, r)

N = nasal (n, m)

P = bilabial stop (b, p)

R = sonorant (l, r, n, m)

T = (voiceless) stop

S = sibilant (s, z)

V = vowel

V̄ = long vowel

V̆ = short vowel

Vʷ = rounded vowel

X (ʰ, h₁, h₂)

Y = glide

Z = voiced sibilant

References

^ Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 212
^
^{The template Template:R:ine:HCHIEL does not use the parameter(s): vol=I
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Kobayashi, Masato (2017–2018) “Chapter V: Indic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Indic, page 332
^ Kulikov, Leonid (2017) “Part 4 Chapter 2: Indo-Aryan”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 229
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, pages 117–123
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2017) Einführung ins Altiranische [Introduction to Old Iranian]‎^[1] (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, pages 8-14
^ Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)‎^[2], Brill, →ISBN, pages 10-37
^ Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 181
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Kobayashi, Masato (2004) Historical Phonology of Old Indo-Aryan Consonants (Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series; 42)‎^[3], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, →ISBN, page 70
^ Windfuhr, Gernot (2010) The Iranian Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), Oxon, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 49
^
^{The template Template:R:ine:HCHIEL does not use the parameter(s): section=9.4.3.
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Cantera, Alberto (2017–2018) “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Iranian, page 495
^ Lua error in Module:quote at line 2602: |title= is an alias of |chapter=; cannot specify a value for both
^ Jamison, Stephanie W. (1988) “The Quantity of the Outcome of Vocalized Laryngeals in Indic”, in Bammesberger, Alfred, editor, Die Laryngaltheorie und die Rekonstruktion des indogermanischen Laut- und Formensystems, Heidelberg: Winter, pages 213-226

[Dh2D-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 Dʰ > D^[5]

[LOI_voicing-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ${\begin{Bmatrix}b\\d\\g\end{Bmatrix}}$ > ${\begin{Bmatrix}\beta \\\delta \\{\check {g}}\end{Bmatrix}}$ /V(r)_

[Tʰs#-6] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Tʰ > T /_s#^[1]^[2]^[3]

[PIE_voicing-8] 4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 ^4.14 ^4.15 D_{[-aspiration]} > T /_{s,T}; s > z, p > b /_D (PIE voicing assimilation)^[4]

[asp_T-9] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 T > Tʰ /_C

[10] > p /_t

[asp_stop-11] 7.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^7.04 ^7.05 ^7.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 T > Tʰ /_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}h_{1}\\h_{2}\end{Bmatrix}}$

[DH2TH-13] D > T /_H^[5]

[_y-14] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ${\begin{Bmatrix}{\check {c}}\\t\end{Bmatrix}}$ > ${\begin{Bmatrix}{\check {s}}\\{\text{θ}}\end{Bmatrix}}$ _y

[FR-15] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 ^10.6 ^10.7 {δ,θ} > š /_R

[Fθ-16] 11.0 ^11.1 *θ > *δ /F_

[asp_NTh-17] 12.0 ^12.1 T > Tʰ /_NDʰ^[5]

[sTʰ-18] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 *Tʰ > *T /S_

[19] > ∅ /V_N

[satemization-20] 15.00 ^15.01 ^15.02 ^15.03 ^15.04 ^15.05 ^15.06 ^15.07 ^15.08 ^15.09 ^15.10 ^15.11 ^15.12 ^15.13 ^15.14 ^15.15 ^15.16 ^15.17 ^15.18 ^15.19 ^15.20 ^15.21 ^15.22 ^15.23 ^15.24 ^15.25 ^15.26 ^15.27 ^15.28 ^15.29 ^15.30 ^15.31 ^15.32 ^15.33 ^15.34 ^15.35 ^15.36 Kʷ > K; Ḱ > Ś ("Satemization")

[palatalization-21] 16.00 ^16.01 ^16.02 ^16.03 ^16.04 ^16.05 ^16.06 ^16.07 ^16.08 ^16.09 ^16.10 K > Ḱ /_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{E}}\\y\end{Bmatrix}}$ (palatalization)^[5]

[affricization-22] 17.00 ^17.01 ^17.02 ^17.03 ^17.04 ^17.05 ^17.06 ^17.07 ^17.08 ^17.09 ^17.10 ^17.11 ^17.12 ^17.13 ^17.14 ^17.15 ^17.16 ^17.17 ^17.18 ^17.19 ^17.20 ^17.21 ^17.22 ^17.23 ^17.24 ^17.25 ^17.26 ^17.27 Ś > TŚ (affricization)

[depalatalization-23] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 ^18.4 ^18.5 ^18.6 ^18.7 Ś > S (depalatalization)^[5]

[weise-24] 19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 Ḱ > K /_L ${\begin{Bmatrix}-i\\-H\end{Bmatrix}}$ (Weise's Law)

[TśT-26] 20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 ś > š / ${\begin{Bmatrix}\_{\text{t}}\\{\text{t}}\_\end{Bmatrix}}$ ^[5]^[6]

[27] s > h / ${\begin{Bmatrix}\{{\text{R,V,}}\#\}\_\\\_\{{\text{R,V,}}\#\}\end{Bmatrix}}$ ^[5]

[CC#-28] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 C₁C₂ > C₁ /_#

[Ps-29] *s > *š /P_

[ruki-30] 24.00 ^24.01 ^24.02 ^24.03 ^24.04 ^24.05 ^24.06 ^24.07 ^24.08 ^24.09 ^24.10 ^24.11 ^24.12 ^24.13 ^24.14 s > š /{K,L,i,Y}_ (Pedersen's ('RUKI') Law)

[31] š > ṣ /r_

[32] *n > ṇ /{r, ṣ}(…)_ (n-retroflexion)

[33] *r > *ř /#_

[34] r > ∅ /_{ć,b,m,p,ṣ}

[35] v > β /_F_[coronal]

[PIA-TST-36] 30.00 ^30.01 ^30.02 ^30.03 ^30.04 ^30.05 ^30.06 ^30.07 ^30.08 ^30.09 ^30.10 ^30.11 ^30.12 ^30.13 ^30.14 ^30.15 ^30.16 T]_σ[S]_σ[T > TT (PIA TST dissimilation)

[PIr-TST-37] 31.00 ^31.01 ^31.02 ^31.03 ^31.04 ^31.05 ^31.06 ^31.07 ^31.08 ^31.09 ^31.10 ^31.11 ^31.12 ^31.13 ^31.14 ^31.15 ^31.16 T]_σ[S]_σ[T > ST (PIr TST dissimilation)

[palatal-ass-38] 32.0 ^32.1 ^32.2 ^32.3 ^32.4 ^32.5 ^32.6 ^32.7 ^32.8 S > Ś /_Ć (palatal assimilation)^[8]

[double_dental-39] 33.0 ^33.1 ^33.2 ^33.3 ∅ > ${\begin{Bmatrix}s\\z\end{Bmatrix}}$ /T]_σ[_]_σ[ ${\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{T}}\\{\text{D}}\end{Bmatrix}}$ (Double-dental rule)

[bartholomae-40] 34.00 ^34.01 ^34.02 ^34.03 ^34.04 ^34.05 ^34.06 ^34.07 ^34.08 ^34.09 ^34.10 ^34.11 ${\begin{Bmatrix}s\\t\end{Bmatrix}}$ > ${\begin{Bmatrix}z^{h}\\d^{h}\end{Bmatrix}}$ /Dʰ_ (Bartholomae's law)

[dzh-41] 35.0 ^35.1 ^35.2 ^35.3 ^35.4 DZʰ > TS

[kṣ-42] 36.0 ^36.1 ^36.2 ^36.3 ṭṣ > kṣ

[ss-s-43] 37.0 ^37.1 ^37.2 ^37.3 ^37.4 S₁S₂ > S₂

[cch-cc-45] 38.0 ^38.1 ^38.2 CCʰ_{[tautosyllabic]} > CC^[7]

[grassman-46] (Grassman's law)

[C̣Ṭ-47] 40.0 ^40.1 C > C̣ /_Ṭ (coronal assimilation)

[ẓḍ-48] ẓ > ${\begin{Bmatrix}i^{r}\\u^{r}\end{Bmatrix}}$ > ${\begin{Bmatrix}i\\u\end{Bmatrix}}$ /_ḍ (sibilant laxing)

[Fortunatov-49] t, ls, ln > ḷt, ḷs, ḷn > ḷṭ, ḷṣ, ḷṇ > ṭ, ṣ, ṇ (Fortunatov's law)

[thorn-53] 43.0 ^43.1 ^43.2 ^43.3 TK > Kθ (Thorn metathesis)^[8]^[9]^[10]

[Sw-54] 44.0 ^44.1 w > φ > ∅ /Z_
w > β > ∅ /S_

[STRS-55] *S₁(T)R...S₂ > *S₂(T)R...S₂

[57] *a > ə̄ /_N

[long_H-58] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 VH > V̄; L̥H > V̄L

[59] *e > *a /*h₂_

[60] *e > *o /*h₃_

[labial-61] 5.0 ^5.1 Cʷ_; _C₁{u,w}

[62] > ō /_]_σ (Brugmann's law)

[Brugmann-63] *ay > ōi /C_CC; _C#

[word_final-64] *āy > *ā /_# (sporadic)

[pre_š-65] *aw > ə̄u /_*š

[66] V_C

[67] H > H̥ /C_C

[69] H̥ > ī /C_C#

[70] H > ∅_ /*ǵ (Lubotsky's law)

[rp-71] r̥ > ŕ̥ /_T

[3] Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 212

[4] {The template Template:R:ine:HCHIEL does not use the parameter(s): vol=I
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Kobayashi, Masato (2017–2018) “Chapter V: Indic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Indic, page 332

[5] Kulikov, Leonid (2017) “Part 4 Chapter 2: Indo-Aryan”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 229

[IELC-7] 4.0 ^4.1 Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, pages 117–123

[Kummel_2017-12] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2017) Einführung ins Altiranische [Introduction to Old Iranian]‎^[1] (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, pages 8-14

[Martinez-25] Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)‎^[2], Brill, →ISBN, pages 10-37

[44] Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 181

[Kobayashi-50] 8.0 ^8.1 Kobayashi, Masato (2004) Historical Phonology of Old Indo-Aryan Consonants (Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series; 42)‎^[3], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, →ISBN, page 70

[51] Windfuhr, Gernot (2010) The Iranian Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), Oxon, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 49

[52] {The template Template:R:ine:HCHIEL does not use the parameter(s): section=9.4.3.
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Cantera, Alberto (2017–2018) “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Iranian, page 495

[kim-56] Lua error in Module:quote at line 2602: |title= is an alias of |chapter=; cannot specify a value for both

[68] Jamison, Stephanie W. (1988) “The Quantity of the Outcome of Vocalized Laryngeals in Indic”, in Bammesberger, Alfred, editor, Die Laryngaltheorie und die Rekonstruktion des indogermanischen Laut- und Formensystems, Heidelberg: Winter, pages 213-226

[C 1]

[C 2]

[C 3]

[C 4]

[C 5]

[C 6]

[C 7]

[C 8]

[C 9]

[C 10]

[C 11]

[C 12]

[C 13]

[C 14]

[C 15]

[C 16]

[C 17]

[C 18]

[C 19]

[C 20]

[C 21]

[C 22]

[C 23]

[C 24]

[C 25]

[C 26]

[C 27]

[C 28]

[C 29]

[C 30]

[C 31]

[C 32]

[C 33]

[4]

[C 34]

[C 35]

[C 36]

[C 37]

[C 38]

[C 39]

[C 40]

[C 41]

[C 42]

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[C 44]

[C 45]

[5]

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[3]

[6]

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[10]

User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Indo-Iranian

Contents

Reflexes of Proto-Indo-Iranian

Consonants

Consonant clusters

Notes

Vowels and syllabic consonants

Notes

Abbreviations

References

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User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Indo-Iranian

Reflexes of Proto-Indo-Iranian

Consonants

Consonant clusters

Notes

Vowels and syllabic consonants

Notes

Abbreviations

References

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