Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁yaǵ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₁yaǵ-^[1]^[2]

to sacrifice
to worship

Alternative reconstructions

*h₁yeh₂ǵ-,^[2] *Hyeh₂ǵ-,^[3]^[4] *yeh₂ǵ-,^[5]^[4] *Hyaǵ-,^[6]^[7] *yag-,^[8] *yaǵ-^[9]

Reconstruction notes

The conservative reconstruction with *a is unnecessary if "Lubotsky's law" is valid; that is, the deletion of laryngeals before voiced unaspirated (glottalic) stops, in this case *h₂ǵ > *ǵ, which in the Indo-Iranian descendants would result in the observed short vowel (< *(H)yaȷ́-).^[5] Though somewhat controversial, Greek short (i)a is an expected outcome of zero-grade *ih₂ here.^[4]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁yaǵ- (26 c, 0 e)

>? *h₁iǵ-yé-ti (deponent ye-present)^[7]^[5]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Luwian: (“to worship?; to make, perform”)
    Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Term?] (/⁠izi-⁠/)
*h₁yáǵ-e-ti (root thematic present)^[7]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́ati (see there for further descendants)
*h₁yā́ǵ-s-t ~ h₁yáǵ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[7]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyā́ȷ́št
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyā́ȷ́ṣṭ
    - Sanskrit: अयाट् (áyāṭ, 3sg.act.) (later अयाक्षीत् (áyākṣīt)), अयष्ट (áyaṣṭa, 3sg.mid.)
*h₁yáǵ-ye-ti (ye-present)^[9]^[3]
- Proto-Hellenic: *haďďomai
  - Ancient Greek: ἅζομαι (házomai)
- Proto-Italic: *jagjō ~ *jagjentō^[9]^[3]
  - Latin: ieientō, ientō (“to have breakfast”) (see there for further descendants)
>? *h₁ya-né-ǵ-ti ~ h₁ya-n-ǵ-énti (nasal infix)^[10]
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: yāṅk- (“to be deluded; to cast a spell on, bewitch”)
*h₁yaǵ-nós
- Proto-Hellenic: *hagnós
  - Ancient Greek: ἁγνός (hagnós)^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyaȷ́nás (see there for further descendants)
*h₁yáǵ-u-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́uš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́uṣ
    - Sanskrit: यजुस् (yájus, “veneration, worship, sacerdotal formula”)
*h₁yáǵ-yo-s^[9]
- Proto-Hellenic: *hágijos
  - Ancient Greek: ἅγιος (hágios)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́yas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́yas
    - Sanskrit: यज्य (yájya)
*h₁yáǵ-yu-s^[9]^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáȷ́yuš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáȷ́yuṣ
    - Sanskrit: यज्यु (yájyu, “worshipping, devout; worthy of worship, adorable”)
- Proto-Italic: *jagjus^[9]^[3]
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *jagjūnos^[9]^[3]
    - Latin: iaiūnus, ieiūnus (“fasting, abstinent”) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: यज् (yaj)

References

^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “*h₁i̯ag̑-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[1]
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 264: “*h₁i̯a(h₂)g̑-”
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ieiūnus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 296-297
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “*ἁγνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 13: “IE *(H)ih₂ǵ-no- ‘holy’”
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Lubotsky, Alexander (1981) “Gr. pḗgnumi : Skt. pajrá- and loss of laryngeals before mediae in Indo-Iranian”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, volume 40, Munich: commissioned by J. Kitzinger, page 135 of 133–138: “13). *i̯eh₂g̑-”
^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, pages 131, 255
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*Hi̯ag̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 224
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “i̯ag-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 501-502
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 ^9.5 ^9.6 Forssman, Bernhard (1993) “Lateinisch ieiunus und ieientare”, in Meiser, pages 95-105: “*i̯ag̑-”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “yāṅk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 526-527

[1] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “*h₁i̯ag̑-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[1]

[Byrd-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 264: “*h₁i̯a(h₂)g̑-”

[EDL-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ieiūnus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 296-297

[Beekes-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “*ἁγνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 13: “IE *(H)ih₂ǵ-no- ‘holy’”

[Lubotsky-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Lubotsky, Alexander (1981) “Gr. pḗgnumi : Skt. pajrá- and loss of laryngeals before mediae in Indo-Iranian”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, volume 40, Munich: commissioned by J. Kitzinger, page 135 of 133–138: “13). *i̯eh₂g̑-”

[6] Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, pages 131, 255

[LIV-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*Hi̯ag̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 224

[8] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “i̯ag-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 501-502

[Forssman-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 ^9.5 ^9.6 Forssman, Bernhard (1993) “Lateinisch ieiunus und ieientare”, in Meiser, pages 95-105: “*i̯ag̑-”

[10] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “yāṅk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 526-527

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