Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/čárma

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *čárma (compare Sanskrit चर्मन् (cárman)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kér-mn̥, from *(s)ker- (“to cut”) +‎ *-mn̥.

Noun

*čárma^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

skin, hide, leather

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬥 (car^əman)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *cārma
  - Ossetian:
    Digor Ossetian: цар (car)
    Iron Ossetian: царм (carm)
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (tcārman)
- Sogdo-Batrian:
  - Khwarezmian: څرم (crm /⁠carm⁠/), چرم (črm /⁠čarm⁠/), جرم (ǰrm /⁠ǰarm⁠/)
  - Sogdian:
    Sogdian script: 𐼿𐽀𐼺 (crm /⁠čaṙm⁠/)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ormuri: څرمون (carmún)
- Shughni: čarm
- Pashto:
  Waziri: څرمن (carman)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi:
  Western Balochi: چرم (čarm)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: çerm
  
  Central Kurdish: چەرم (çerm)
  
  Southern Kurdish: چەرم (çerm)
  
  Laki: چەرم (çerm)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian: *čárma
  - Caspian:
    - Gilaki: چرم (čərm)
    - Shahmirzadi: چرم (čarm)
  - Proto-Komisenian:
    - Lasgerdi: چرم (čarm)
    - Sangisari: چرم (čarm)
    - Sorkhei: چرم (čarm)
  - Old Median: *čárma
    - Middle Median: *čárm
      - Kermanic:
        Gazi, Kafroni, Kesehi, Qohrudi, Sedehi, Vonishuni: چرم (čarm)
        
        Zefrehi: [script needed] (čärm)
      - Sivandi: چرم (čarm)
    - Semnani: چرم (čarm)
  - Parthian:
    Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫡𐫖 (crm /⁠čarm⁠/)
- Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
  - Gurani:
  - Zazaki: çermê
    Talakhedeshki: چەرم (čarm)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎨𐎼𐎶𐎴 (c-r-m-n /⁠carman⁠/)
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠čarm⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫡𐫖 (crm)
    
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (clm)
    - Persian: چرم (čarm)
→ Old Armenian: ճարմանդ (čarmand) (probably)

References

^ Blažek, Václav (2013) “On Classification of Middle Iranian Languages (Preliminary Report)”, in Linguistica Brunensia‎^[1], volume 61, numbers 1-2, →ISSN, page 67
^ Cantera, Alberto (2017) “The phonology of Iranian”, in Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, volume 1, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, VI. Iranian, page 13
^ Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 27
^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[2], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 182
^ Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎^[3], Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 211
^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) “čarman-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 231

[Blazek-1] Blažek, Václav (2013) “On Classification of Middle Iranian Languages (Preliminary Report)”, in Linguistica Brunensia‎^[1], volume 61, numbers 1-2, →ISSN, page 67

[2] Cantera, Alberto (2017) “The phonology of Iranian”, in Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, volume 1, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, VI. Iranian, page 13

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 27

[4] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[2], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 182

[5] Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎^[3], Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 211

[6] Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) “čarman-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 231

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