Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/yugám

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yugám, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.

Noun

*yugám n

1. yoke

Inflection

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yugám	*yugáy	*yugáH
vocative	*yugám	*yugáy	*yugáH
accusative	*yugám	*yugáy	*yugáH
instrumental	*yugā́	*yugáybyaH	*yugā́yš
ablative	*yugā́t	*yugáybyaH	*yugáybyah
dative	*yugā́y	*yugáybyaH	*yugáybyah
genitive	*yugáhya	*yugáyāh	*yugā́nam
locative	*yugáy	*yugáyaw	*yugáyšu

Related terms

• *yáwgah (“yoke”) (< PII *yáwgas)

Derived terms

• *frayugáH (“yoke-rope”) (+ *fra-)

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Avestan: *yuua
    • Avestan: 𐬫𐬎𐬫𐬋𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬌 (yuyōsəmi)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Sogdian: [Syriac needed] (yɣw)
  • Yagnobi: [script needed] (yuɣ)
• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Pashto: جغ (źëǧ, juǧ), جوغ (źuǧ), ځغ (źeǧ), زغ (zëǧ)
  • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (yōɣ)
  • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *yuɣ
    • Proto-Shughni-Roshani:
      • Sarikoli: yuɣ
      • Shughni: йуғ (yuɣ), (Bartangi, Oroshori, Roshani) йӯғ (yūɣ), йоғ (yōɣ)
    • Yazghulami: йоғ (yoɣ)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Northern Kurdish: cûk (ǰūk)
  • → Classical Persian: یوغ (yūğ), یغ (yōğ), یو (yū)
    • Dari: یوغ (yūğ)
    • Iranian Persian: یوغ (yuğ)
    • Tajik: юғ (yuġ)
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Classical Persian: جوغ (ǰūğ)
    • Shakhdari: جغ (ǰoğ)
    • Iranian Persian: جغ (ǰoğ)