Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/úštrah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *úštras.

Noun

*úštrah m

1. camel

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*úštrah	*úštrā	*úštrā
vocative	*úštra	*úštrā	*úštrā
accusative	*úštram	*úštrā	*úštrānh
instrumental	*úštrā	*úštraybyaH	*úštrāyš
ablative	*úštrāt	*úštraybyaH	*úštraybyah
dative	*úštrāy	*úštraybyaH	*úštraybyah
genitive	*úštrahya	*úštrayāh	*úštrānam
locative	*úštray	*úštrayaw	*úštrayšu

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Avestan: 𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 (uštra)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Saka: *užli
    • Khotanese: [script needed] (ulä), [script needed] (ūlä)
  • Sogdo-Bactrian:
    • Proto-Sogdic: *uxštri
      • Sogdian: (/⁠ᵊxʷəštrí⁠/)

        Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫇𐫢𐫤𐫡𐫏 (xwštry)

        Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼶𐼴𐽁𐽂𐽀𐼷 (ʾxwštry)

        Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼄𐼇𐼙𐼚𐼘𐼊 (ʾɣwštry)

        Syriac script: ݎܘܫܬܪ (xwštr)

• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Pashto: اوښ (ux̌)
  • Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
    • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (štur)
    • Sanglechi: [script needed] (ᵊštər)
  • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *uštur
    • Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
      • Munji: [script needed] (škura), [script needed] (škyuro)
      • Yidgha: [script needed] (ⁱškirṓ), [script needed] (šikəro), [script needed] (ᵘšikəro)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *ux̌tur
      • Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *ux̌tur
        • Sarikoli: x̌ыtůr, x̌ыtыr, x̌ůtыr, x̌ůtůr
        • Shughni: х̌итур (x̌itur), ух̌тур (ux̌tur), (Khufi, Roshani) ух̌тур (ux̌tur), (Bartangi, Oroshori) ах̌тур (ax̌tur)
        • Zebaki: uštur
      • Yazghulami: ах̌тор (ax̌tor)
      • → Wakhi: aṣ̌tыr, wəṣ̌tыr, ṣ̌tыr, əṣ̌tыr
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: اشتر (uštar), ہشتر (huštur)
  • Kurdish:

    Northern Kurdish: hêştir, huştir

    Central Kurdish: حوشتر (ḧuştir), وشتر (wiştir)

  • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
    • Proto-Komisenian:
      • Sangisari: اشتر (eshtor)
    • Mazanderani: شتر (šeter)
    • Old Median: *uštrah
      • Middle Median: *úštər
        • Kermanic:

          Abuzeydabadi, Abyanehi, Badrudi, Chimehi, Hanjani, Komjani, Qohrudi, Valujerdi, Yarandi, Ozvar: öštör

          Abuzeydabadi: ōštīr, šōtīr

          Tarehi: šütür, šütüre, üštür

        • Talysh: [script needed] (šotur)
        • → Middle Persian:

          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (GMRA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwštl /⁠uštar, uštur⁠/)

          Pazend script: 𐬊𐬱𐬙𐬭 (oštr /⁠oštar⁠/)

          • Classical Persian:
            • Persian: اشتر (oštor), شتر (šotor)
            • Tajik: шутур (šutur)
            • → Brahui: اُوچ (owch), اُچ (och)
          • → Parachi: šutur
      • Semnani: [script needed] (uṣ̌)
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Old Persian: *uššah
    • ⇒ Old Persian: 𐎢𐏁𐎲𐎠𐎼𐎡 (u-š-b-a-r-i /⁠ušabārim⁠/, “camel rider”, acc.sg.)
    • ⇒ Old Persian: *Vāuššah (personal name)
      • → Elamite: 𒈠𒌋𒅖𒃻 (ma-u-iš-šá)
• → Akkadian: 𒀲𒀀𒀊𒁀 (/⁠udru⁠/, “camel with two humps”)
• → Urartian: 𒀲𒀀𒀊𒁀 (/⁠ulṭu⁠/, “Bactrian camel”)
  • → Old Armenian: ուղտ (ułt)