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Appendix:Hindi Swadesh lists

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of Hindi languages, specifically Hindi, Urdu, Braj, Haryanvi, Bundeli, Kannauji, Awadhi, Bagheli and Chhattisgarhi, compared with that of English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishHindi
हिंदी (hindī)
edit (207)
Urdu
اردو
edit (207)
Braj
ब्रज (braj)
edit (8)
Awadhi
अवधी (avdhī)
edit (112)
Haryanvi
हरियाणवी (hariyāṇvī)
edit (20)
1I (1sg)ma͠ima͠imema͠imai
2you (2sg)*, tum*, āp**, tum*, āp*tutui, tum*
3he, she, it (3sg)yah*, vah*yeh*, voh*i*, bu*iu*, yahu*, *, yah*, ū*, vahu*, *, vah*vo
4we (1pl)hamhamhamham
5you (2pl)tum*, āp*tum*, āp*tumtum
6they (3pl)ye*, ve*yeh*, voh*ye*, be*ī*, ui*
7thisyahyehi*, ye*iu*, yahu*, *, yah*
8thatvahvohbu*, be*ū*, vahu*, *, vah*
9hereyahā̃yahā̃hiā̃āṛe
10therevahā̃vahā̃huā̃
11whokaunkaunko, kaun
12whatkyākyā
13wherekahā̃kahā̃kahā̃, kahãvā*
14whenkabkabkab, kabbai*
15howkaisākaisākais, kas, kaisekukar
16notnahī̃nahī̃, nāī, nāhī̃, nahī̃
17allsab, sabhī*, sāresab, sabhī*, sāresabsāre
18manybahutbahutbahut, ḍherbohat
19somekuchkuch
20fewthoṛāthoṛāthorādhoṛā
21otherdūsrādūsrāān
22oneekekek, yāk*
23twodododui
24threetīntīntīni
25fourcārcārcāri
26fivepā̃cpāncpā̃c, pān*
27bigbaṛābaṛābaṛā
28longlambālambālambā
29widecauṛācauṛā
30thickgāṛhāgāṛhāsahan
31heavybhārībhārīgarū
32smallchoṭāchoṭāchoṭ
33shortchoṭāchoṭā
34narrowtaṅg*tang
35thinpatlāpatlāpātar, dūbar
36womanaurat*, mahilā'aurataurat
37man (adult male)ādmī*ādmīmanaī, admī
38man (human being)insān*, manuṣyainsān, ādmījanā
39childbaccā*baccā
40wifepatnībīvīmehārū, meharvā, istirī
41husbandpatiśauharbhaterā
42mothermātāmā̃, ammī
43fatherpitāabbū, abbā, bāpbābu
44animaljānvar*jānvar
45fishmachlīmachlīmachrī
46birdciṛiyāciṛiyāciraiyā
47dogkuttākuttākutvā
48lousejū̃jū̃jũā
49snakesā̃psānpsā̃pu
50wormkīṛākīṛā
51treepeṛdaraxtbirvā
52forestjaṅgaljangal
53stickḍaṇḍā, lāṭhīḍanḍālāṭhī, svā̃ṭā, chaṛī
54fruitphalphalphal
55seedbījbījbiā
56leafpattāpattāpātī
57rootjaṛjaṛ
58bark (of a tree)chālchāl
59flowerphūlphūlphūl
60grassghāsghās
61roperassīrassī
62skincamṛī, tvacājild
63meatmā̃sgośt
64bloodxūn*xūnrakat
65bonehaḍḍīhaḍḍīhā̃ṛ
66fat (noun)carbī*carbī
67eggaṇḍāanḍā
68hornsīṅgsīngsīṅg
69tailpū̃chpūnch, dum
70featherpaṅkhpar
71hairbālbāl
72headsirsarsar
73earkānkānkān
74eyeā̃khā̃khā̃khiākh
75nosenāknāk
76mouthmũhmunhmuh
77toothdā̃tdāntdā̃t
78tongue (organ)jībhzabān, jībhjībh
79fingernailnāxun*nāxunnah
80footpairpair, pāõgoṛper
81legṭāṅgṭāngṭāṅg
82kneeghuṭnāghuṭnā
83handhāthhāthhā̃th, hāthuhāth
84wingpaṅkhbāzū, pankh
85bellypeṭ*peṭpeṭ
86gutsantṛīandarūn
87neckgardan*gardanghī̃c, ghõṭuā
88backpīṭhpīṭhpīṭh
89breastchātīsīnāā̃car
90heartdil*dil
91liverjigar*, kalejā*jigar
92to drinkpīnāpīnā
93to eatkhānākhānākhāvabkhānā
94to bitekāṭnākāṭnākāṭab
95to suckcūsnācūsnā
96to spitthūknāthūknā
97to vomitulṭī karnā, ulṭī mārnāulṭī karnā, ulṭī mārnā, qai karnā
98to blowphū̃knāphū̃knā
99to breathesā̃s lenāsā̃ns lenā
100to laughhãsnāhãsnāhãsab
101to seedikhnā*, dekhnā*dikhnā*, dekhnā*dekhab
102to hearsunnāsunnāsunab
103to knowjānnājānnājānab
104to thinksocnāsocnā
105to smellsūṅghnāsū̃ghnāsūṅghab
106to fearḍarnāḍarnā
107to sleepsonāsonā
108to livejīnājīnā
109to diemarnāmarnāmarab
110to killmārnāmārnāmārab
111to fightlaṛnālaṛnā
112to huntśikār karnā*śikār karnā
113to hitmārnāmārnāmārab
114to cutkāṭnākāṭnākāṭabkāṭnā
115to splitbaṇṭnābā̃ṭnā*
116to stabbhoṅknābhoṅknā
117to scratchkharoñcnākhuracnā
118to digkhodnākhodnā
119to swimtairnātairnā
120to flyuṛnāuṛnāuṛab
121to walkcalnācalnā
122to comeānāānā
123to lie (as in a bed)leṭnāleṭnā
124to sitbaiṭhnābaiṭhnābaiṭhab
125to standkhaṛā honākhaṛā honāṭhāṛh hob
126to turn (intransitive)muṛnāmuṛnā
127to fallgirnāgirnāgirab
128to givedenādenādebdeṇā
129to holdpakaṛnāpakaṛnā
130to squeezedabānā, nicoṛnā*dabānā, nicoṛnā*
131to rubmalnāmalnā
132to washdhonādhonādhovab
133to wipepoñchnāpoñchnāpõchab
134to pullkhīñcnākhīncnā
135to pushdhakkā denā, dhakkā mārnādhakkā denā, dhakkā mārnā
136to throwpheṅknāpheṅknā
137to tiebāndhnābā̃dhnābāndhab
138to sewsīnāsīnāsĩab
139to countginnāginnāganab
140to saykahnā, bolnā*kahnā, bolnā*kahab
141to singgānāgānā
142to playkhelnākhelnā
143to floattairnātairnā
144to flowbahnābahnā
145to freezejamnājamnā
146to swellsūjnāsūjnā
147sunsūrajsūraj
148mooncāndcānd
149startārāsitārānakhat
150waterpānīpānīpānī
151rainbāriś*bāriś
152rivernadīnadī
153lakejhīljhīl
154seasamandarsamundar
155saltnamak*namaklon, non
156stonepattharpattharpāthar
157sandretret
158dustdhūldhūl
159earthdhartīzamīnbhuĩdhartī
160cloudbādalbādal
161fogdhundhdundh
162skyāsmān*āsmān
163windhavā*havābajāri
164snowbarf*barf
165icebarf*barf
166smokedhuā̃dhūā̃
167fireāgāgāgi, āgī
168ashrākhrākh
169to burnjalnā*, jalānā*jalnājarab*, jārab*
170roadsaṛaksaṛak
171mountainpahāṛpahāṛ
172redlāl*surx, lāllāl
173greenharāsabz
174yellowpīlāpīlā
175whitesafed*safedsapet, ujar
176blackkālā*siyāhkariā
177nightrātrāt
178daydindindin
179yearsāl*sāl
180warmgarm*garmtāttātā
181coldṭhaṇḍā*sard, ṭhaṇḍāṭhaṇḍh, jūṛ, sīlśīlā
182fullpūrāpūrā
183newnayānayā
184oldpurānāpurānābūṛh*
185goodacchāacchānīk, āchāācyā
186badburāburā, xarābkharāb
187rottensaṛābosīdāh, saṛā
188dirtygandā*gandā
189straightsīdhāsīdhā
190roundgolgol
191sharp (as a knife)tīkhātīkhāpain
192dull (as a knife)kund*kund
193smoothciknāhamvār, narmcīkan
194wetgīlāgīlāgīl
195drysūkhāxuśksūkh
196correctsahī*ṭhīk, sahī, durustsā̃cu*
197nearpāspās, qarīb, nazdīknere, nagīce, tīr
198fardūrdūrdūri
199rightdāyā̃, dāhinādāyā̃, dāhinā
200leftbāyā̃bāyā̃
201atpe, par, mẽ*pe, par, mẽ*pe, par, parihā̃
202inmẽ, ke andar*mẽ, ke andar*me, , maihā̃
203withke sāthke sāthsāth
204andauraurau, au
205ifagar*agar
206becausekyoṅki*kyūṅki
207namenāmnām