Appendix:Central Indo-Aryan Swadesh lists
This is a Swadesh list of Central Indo-Aryan languages, specifically Hindi, Urdu, Braj, Awadhi, Haryanvi, Bundeli, Kannauji, Bagheli and Chhattisgarhi, compared with that of English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Hindi हिंदी (hindī) edit (207) | Urdu اردو edit (207) | Braj ब्रज (braj) edit (8) | Awadhi अवधी (avdhī) edit (112) | Haryanvi हरियाणवी (hariyāṇvī) edit (20) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | मैं (ma͠i) | میں (ma͠i) | मे (me) | मैं (ma͠i) | मै (mai) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | तू (tū)*, तुम (tum)*, आप (āp)* | تو (tū)*, تم (tum)*, آپ (āp)* | तु (tu) | तुइ (tui), तुम (tum)* | |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | यह (yah)*, वह (vah)* | یہ (yeh)*, وہ (voh)* | इ (i)*, बु (bu)* | इउ (iu)*, यहु (yahu)*, या (yā)*, यह (yah)*, ऊ (ū)*, वहु (vahu)*, वा (vā)*, वह (vah)* | वो (vo) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | हम (ham) | ہم (ham) | हम (ham) | हम (ham) | |
| 5 | you (2pl) | तुम (tum)*, आप (āp)* | تم (tum)*, آپ (āp)* | तुम (tum) | तुम (tum) | |
| 6 | they (3pl) | ये (ye)*, वे (ve)* | یہ (yeh)*, وہ (voh)* | ये (ye)*, बे (be)* | ई (ī)*, उइ (ui)* | |
| 7 | this | यह (yah) | یہ (yeh) | इ (i)*, ये (ye)* | इउ (iu)*, यहु (yahu)*, या (yā)*, यह (yah)* | |
| 8 | that | वह (vah) | وہ (voh) | बु (bu)*, बे (be)* | ऊ (ū)*, वहु (vahu)*, वा (vā)*, वह (vah)* | |
| 9 | here | यहाँ (yahā̃) | یہاں (yahā̃) | हिआँ (hiā̃) | आड़े (āṛe) | |
| 10 | there | वहाँ (vahā̃) | وہاں (vahā̃) | हुआँ (huā̃) | ||
| 11 | who | कौन (kaun) | کون (kaun) | को (ko), कौन (kaun) | ||
| 12 | what | क्या (kyā) | کیا (kyā) | का (kā) | ||
| 13 | where | कहाँ (kahā̃) | کہاں (kahā̃) | कहाँ (kahā̃), कहँवा (kahãvā)* | ||
| 14 | when | कब (kab) | کب (kab) | कब (kab), कब्बै (kabbai)* | ||
| 15 | how | कैसे (kaise) | کیسے (kaise) | कैस (kais), कस (kas), कैसे (kaise) | कुकर (kukar) | |
| 16 | not | नहीं (nahī̃) | نہیں (nahī̃), نا (nā) | नाई (nāī), नाहीं (nāhī̃), नहीं (nahī̃) | ||
| 17 | all | सब (sab), सभी (sabhī)*, सारे (sāre) | سب (sab), سبھی (sabhī)*, سارے (sāre) | सब (sab) | सारे (sāre) | |
| 18 | many | बहुत (bahut) | بہت (bahut) | बहुत (bahut), ढेर (ḍher) | बोहत (bohat) | |
| 19 | some | कुछ (kuch) | کچھ (kuch) | |||
| 20 | few | थोड़ा (thoṛā) | تھوڑا (thoṛā) | थोरा (thorā) | धोड़ा (dhoṛā) | |
| 21 | other | दूसरा (dūsrā) | دوسرا (dūsrā) | आन (ān) | ||
| 22 | one | एक (ek) | یک (ek) | एक (ek), याक (yāk)* | ||
| 23 | two | दो (do) | دو (do) | दुइ (dui) | ||
| 24 | three | तीन (tīn) | تین (tīn) | तीन (tīni) | ||
| 25 | four | चार (cār) | چار (cār) | चार (cāri) | ||
| 26 | five | पाँच (pā̃c) | پانچ (pānc) | पाँच (pā̃c), पान (pān)* | ||
| 27 | big | बड़ा (baṛā) | بڑا (baṛā) | बड़ा (baṛā) | ||
| 28 | long | लम्बा (lambā) | لمبا (lambā) | लंबा (lambā) | ||
| 29 | wide | चौड़ा (cauṛā) | چوڑا (cauṛā) | |||
| 30 | thick | गाढ़ा (gāṛhā) | گاڑھا (gāṛhā) | सहन (sahan) | ||
| 31 | heavy | भारी (bhārī) | بھاری (bhārī) | गरू (garū) | ||
| 32 | small | छोटा (choṭā) | چھوٹا (choṭā) | छोट (choṭ) | ||
| 33 | short | छोटा (choṭā) | چھوٹا (choṭā) | |||
| 34 | narrow | तंग (taṅg)* | تنگ (tang) | |||
| 35 | thin | पतला (patlā) | پتلا (patlā) | पातर (pātar), दूबर (dūbar) | ||
| 36 | woman | औरत (aurat)*, महिला (mahilā) | عورت ('aurat) | औरत (aurat) | ||
| 37 | man (adult male) | आदमी (ādmī)* | آدمی (ādmī) | मनई (manaī), अदमी (admī) | ||
| 38 | man (human being) | इंसान (insān)*, मनुष्य (manuṣya) | انسان (insān), آدمی (ādmī) | जना (janā) | ||
| 39 | child | बच्चा (baccā)* | بچہ (baccā) | |||
| 40 | wife | पत्नी (patnī) | بیوی (bīvī) | मेहारू (mehārū), मेहरवा (meharvā), इस्तिरी (istirī) | ||
| 41 | husband | पति (pati) | شوہر (śauhar) | भतेरा (bhaterā) | ||
| 42 | mother | माता (mātā) | ماں (mā̃), امی (ammī) | |||
| 43 | father | पिता (pitā) | ابّو (abbū), ابّا (abbā), باپ (bāp) | बाबु (bābu) | ||
| 44 | animal | जानवर (jānvar)* | جانور (jānvar) | |||
| 45 | fish | मछली (machlī) | مچھلی (machlī) | मछरी (machrī) | ||
| 46 | bird | चिड़िया (ciṛiyā) | چڑیا (ciṛiyā) | चिरैया (ciraiyā) | ||
| 47 | dog | कुत्ता (kuttā) | کتا (kuttā) | कुतवा (kutvā) | ||
| 48 | louse | जूँ (jū̃) | جوں (jū̃) | जुँआ (jũā) | ||
| 49 | snake | साँप (sā̃p) | سانپ (sānp) | साँप (sā̃pu) | ||
| 50 | worm | कीड़ा (kīṛā) | کیڑا (kīṛā) | |||
| 51 | tree | पेड़ (peṛ) | درخت (daraxt) | बिरवा (birvā) | ||
| 52 | forest | जंगल (jaṅgal) | جنگل (jangal) | |||
| 53 | stick | डंडा (ḍaṇḍā), लाठी (lāṭhī) | ڈنڈا (ḍanḍā) | लाठी (lāṭhī), स्वाँटा (svā̃ṭā), छड़ी (chaṛī) | ||
| 54 | fruit | फल (phal) | پھل (phal) | फल (phal) | ||
| 55 | seed | बीज (bīj) | بیج (bīj) | बिआ (biā) | ||
| 56 | leaf | पत्ता (pattā) | پتا (pattā) | पाती (pātī) | ||
| 57 | root | जड़ (jaṛ) | جڑ (jaṛ) | |||
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | छाल (chāl) | چھال (chāl) | |||
| 59 | flower | फूल (phūl) | پھول (phūl) | फूल (phūl) | ||
| 60 | grass | घास (ghās) | گھاس (ghās) | |||
| 61 | rope | रस्सी (rassī) | رسی (rassī) | |||
| 62 | skin | चमड़ी (camṛī), त्वचा (tvacā) | جلد (jild) | |||
| 63 | meat | माँस (mā̃s) | گوشت (gośt) | |||
| 64 | blood | ख़ून (xūn)* | خون (xūn) | रकत (rakat) | ||
| 65 | bone | हड्डी (haḍḍī) | ہڈی (haḍḍī) | हाँड़ (hā̃ṛ) | ||
| 66 | fat (noun) | चरबी (carbī)* | چربی (carbī) | |||
| 67 | egg | अंडा (aṇḍā) | انڈہ (anḍā) | |||
| 68 | horn | सींग (sīṅg) | سینگ (sīng) | सींग (sīṅg) | ||
| 69 | tail | पूँछ (pū̃ch) | پونچھ (pūnch), دم (dum) | |||
| 70 | feather | पंख (paṅkh) | پر (par) | |||
| 71 | hair | बाल (bāl) | بال (bāl) | |||
| 72 | head | सिर (sir) | سر (sar) | सर (sar) | ||
| 73 | ear | कान (kān) | کان (kān) | कान (kān) | ||
| 74 | eye | आँख (ā̃kh) | آنکھ (ā̃kh) | आँखि (ā̃khi) | आख (ākh) | |
| 75 | nose | नाक (nāk) | ناک (nāk) | |||
| 76 | mouth | मुँह (mũh) | منہ (munh) | मुह (muh) | ||
| 77 | tooth | दाँत (dā̃t) | دانت (dānt) | दाँत (dā̃t) | ||
| 78 | tongue (organ) | जीभ (jībh) | زبان (zabān), جیبھ (jībh) | जीभ (jībh) | ||
| 79 | fingernail | नाख़ुन (nāxun)* | ناخن (nāxun) | नह (nah) | ||
| 80 | foot | पैर (pair) | پیر (pair), پاؤں (pāõ) | गोड़ (goṛ) | पेर (per) | |
| 81 | leg | टांग (ṭāṅg) | ٹانگ (ṭāng) | टाँग (ṭāṅg) | ||
| 82 | knee | घुटना (ghuṭnā) | گھٹنا (ghuṭnā) | |||
| 83 | hand | हाथ (hāth) | ہاتھ (hāth) | हाँथ (hā̃th), हाथ (hāthu) | हाथ (hāth) | |
| 84 | wing | पंख (paṅkh) | بازو (bāzū), پنکھ (pankh) | |||
| 85 | belly | पेट (peṭ)* | پیٹ (peṭ) | पेट (peṭ) | ||
| 86 | guts | अंतड़ी (antṛī) | اندرون (andarūn) | |||
| 87 | neck | गरदन (gardan)* | گردن (gardan) | घींच (ghī̃c), घोंटुआ (ghõṭuā) | ||
| 88 | back | पीठ (pīṭh) | پیٹھ (pīṭh) | पीठ (pīṭh) | ||
| 89 | breast | छाती (chātī) | سینہ (sīnā) | आँचर (ā̃car) | ||
| 90 | heart | दिल (dil)* | دل (dil) | |||
| 91 | liver | जिगर (jigar)*, कलेजा (kalejā)* | جگر (jigar) | |||
| 92 | to drink | पीना (pīnā) | پینا (pīnā) | |||
| 93 | to eat | खाना (khānā) | کھانا (khānā) | खावब (khāvab) | खाना (khānā) | |
| 94 | to bite | काटना (kāṭnā) | کاٹنا (kāṭnā) | काटब (kāṭab) | ||
| 95 | to suck | चूसना (cūsnā) | چوسنا (cūsnā) | |||
| 96 | to spit | थूकना (thūknā) | تھوکنا (thūknā) | |||
| 97 | to vomit | उल्टी करना (ulṭī karnā), उल्टी मारना (ulṭī mārnā) | الٹی کرنا (ulṭī karnā), الٹی مارنا (ulṭī mārnā), قے کرنا (qai karnā) | |||
| 98 | to blow | फूँकना (phū̃knā) | پھونکنا (phū̃knā) | |||
| 99 | to breathe | साँस लेना (sā̃s lenā) | سانس لینا (sā̃ns lenā) | |||
| 100 | to laugh | हँसना (hãsnā) | ہنسنا (hãsnā) | हँसब (hãsab) | ||
| 101 | to see | दिखना (dikhnā)*, देखना (dekhnā)* | دکھنا (dikhnā)*, دیکھنا (dekhnā)* | देखब (dekhab) | ||
| 102 | to hear | सुनना (sunnā) | سننا (sunnā) | सुनब (sunab) | ||
| 103 | to know | जानना (jānnā) | جاننا (jānnā) | जानब (jānab) | ||
| 104 | to think | सोचना (socnā) | سوچنا (socnā) | |||
| 105 | to smell | सूँघना (sūṅghnā) | سونگھنا (sū̃ghnā) | सूँघब (sūṅghab) | ||
| 106 | to fear | डरना (ḍarnā) | ڈرنا (ḍarnā) | |||
| 107 | to sleep | सोना (sonā) | سونا (sonā) | |||
| 108 | to live | जीना (jīnā) | جینا (jīnā) | |||
| 109 | to die | मरना (marnā) | مرنا (marnā) | मरब (marab) | ||
| 110 | to kill | मारना (mārnā) | مارنا (mārnā) | मारब (mārab) | ||
| 111 | to fight | लड़ना (laṛnā) | لڑنا (laṛnā) | |||
| 112 | to hunt | शिकार करना (śikār karnā)* | شکار کرنا (śikār karnā) | |||
| 113 | to hit | मारना (mārnā) | مارنا (mārnā) | मारब (mārab) | ||
| 114 | to cut | काटना (kāṭnā) | کاٹنا (kāṭnā) | काटब (kāṭab) | काटना (kāṭnā) | |
| 115 | to split | बांटना (bāṇṭnā) | بانٹنا (bā̃ṭnā)* | |||
| 116 | to stab | भोंकना (bhoṅknā) | بھونکنا (bhoṅknā) | |||
| 117 | to scratch | खरोंचना (kharoñcnā) | کھرچنا (khuracnā) | |||
| 118 | to dig | खोदना (khodnā) | کھودنا (khodnā) | |||
| 119 | to swim | तैरना (tairnā) | تیرنا (tairnā) | |||
| 120 | to fly | उड़ना (uṛnā) | اڑنا (uṛnā) | उड़ब (uṛab) | ||
| 121 | to walk | चलना (calnā) | چلنا (calnā) | |||
| 122 | to come | आना (ānā) | آنا (ānā) | |||
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | लेटना (leṭnā) | لیٹنا (leṭnā) | |||
| 124 | to sit | बैठना (baiṭhnā) | بیٹھنا (baiṭhnā) | बैठब (baiṭhab) | ||
| 125 | to stand | खड़ा होना (khaṛā honā) | کھڑا ہونا (khaṛā honā) | ठाढ़ होब (ṭhāṛh hob) | ||
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | मुड़ना (muṛnā) | مڑنا (muṛnā) | |||
| 127 | to fall | गिरना (girnā) | گرنا (girnā) | गिरब (girab) | ||
| 128 | to give | देना (denā) | دینا (denā) | देब (deb) | देणा (deṇā) | |
| 129 | to hold | पकड़ना (pakaṛnā) | پکڑنا (pakaṛnā) | |||
| 130 | to squeeze | दबाना (dabānā), निचोड़ना (nicoṛnā)* | دبانا (dabānā), نچوڑنا (nicoṛnā)* | |||
| 131 | to rub | मलना (malnā) | ملنا (malnā) | |||
| 132 | to wash | धोना (dhonā) | دھونا (dhonā) | धोवब (dhovab) | ||
| 133 | to wipe | पोंछना (poñchnā) | پونچھنا (poñchnā) | पोंछब (põchab) | ||
| 134 | to pull | खींचना (khīñcnā) | کھینچنا (khīncnā) | |||
| 135 | to push | धक्का देना (dhakkā denā), धक्का मारना (dhakkā mārnā) | دھکا دینا (dhakkā denā), دھکا مارنا (dhakkā mārnā) | |||
| 136 | to throw | फेंकना (pheṅknā) | پھین٘کْنا (pheṅknā) | |||
| 137 | to tie | बाँधना (bāndhnā) | باندھنا (bā̃dhnā) | बाँधब (bāndhab) | ||
| 138 | to sew | सीना (sīnā) | سینا (sīnā) | सिंअब (sĩab) | ||
| 139 | to count | गिनना (ginnā) | گننا (ginnā) | गनब (ganab) | ||
| 140 | to say | कहना (kahnā), बोलना (bolnā)* | کہنا (kahnā), بولنا (bolnā)* | कहब (kahab) | ||
| 141 | to sing | गाना (gānā) | گانا (gānā) | |||
| 142 | to play | खेलना (khelnā) | کھیلنا (khelnā) | |||
| 143 | to float | तैरना (tairnā) | تیرنا (tairnā) | |||
| 144 | to flow | बहना (bahnā) | بہنا (bahnā) | |||
| 145 | to freeze | जमना (jamnā) | جمنا (jamnā) | |||
| 146 | to swell | सूजना (sūjnā) | سوجنا (sūjnā) | |||
| 147 | sun | सूरज (sūraj) | سورج (sūraj) | |||
| 148 | moon | चांद (cānd) | چاند (cānd) | |||
| 149 | star | तारा (tārā) | ستارہ (sitārā) | नखत (nakhat) | ||
| 150 | water | पानी (pānī) | پانی (pānī) | पानी (pānī) | ||
| 151 | rain | बारिश (bāriś)* | بارش (bāriś) | |||
| 152 | river | नदी (nadī) | ندی (nadī) | |||
| 153 | lake | झील (jhīl) | جھیل (jhīl) | |||
| 154 | sea | समन्दर (samandar) | سمندر (samundar) | |||
| 155 | salt | नमक (namak)* | نمک (namak) | लोन (lon), नोन (non) | ||
| 156 | stone | पत्थर (patthar) | پتھر (patthar) | पाथर (pāthar) | ||
| 157 | sand | रेत (ret) | ریت (ret) | |||
| 158 | dust | धूल (dhūl) | دھول (dhūl) | |||
| 159 | earth | धरती (dhartī) | زمین (zamīn) | भुइँ (bhuĩ) | धरती (dhartī) | |
| 160 | cloud | बादल (bādal) | بادل (bādal) | |||
| 161 | fog | धुंध (dhundh) | دھند (dhund) | |||
| 162 | sky | आसमान (āsmān)* | آسمان (āsmān) | |||
| 163 | wind | हवा (havā)* | ہوا (havā) | बजार (bajāri) | ||
| 164 | snow | बर्फ़ (barf)* | برف (barf) | |||
| 165 | ice | बर्फ़ (barf)* | برف (barf) | |||
| 166 | smoke | धुआँ (dhuā̃) | دھواں (dhūā̃) | |||
| 167 | fire | आग (āg) | آگ (āg) | आग (āgi), आगी (āgī) | ||
| 168 | ash | राख (rākh) | راکھ (rākh) | |||
| 169 | to burn | जलना (jalnā)*, जलाना (jalānā)* | جلنا (jalnā) | जरब (jarab)*, जारब (jārab)* | ||
| 170 | road | सड़क (saṛak) | سڑک (saṛak) | |||
| 171 | mountain | पहाड़ (pahāṛ) | پہاڑ (pahāṛ) | |||
| 172 | red | लाल (lāl)* | سرخ (surx), لال (lāl) | लाल (lāl) | ||
| 173 | green | हरा (harā) | سبز (sabz) | |||
| 174 | yellow | पीला (pīlā) | پیلا (pīlā) | |||
| 175 | white | सफ़ेद (safed)* | سفید (safed) | सपेत (sapet), उजर (ujar) | ||
| 176 | black | काला (kālā)* | سیاہ (siyāh) | करिआ (kariā) | ||
| 177 | night | रात (rāt) | رات (rāt) | |||
| 178 | day | दिन (din) | دن (din) | दिन (din) | ||
| 179 | year | साल (sāl)* | سال (sāl) | |||
| 180 | warm | गर्म (garm)* | گرم (garm) | तात (tāt) | ताता (tātā) | |
| 181 | cold | ठंडा (ṭhaṇḍā)* | سرد (sard), ٹھنڈا (ṭhaṇḍā) | ठंढ (ṭhaṇḍh), जूड़ (jūṛ), सील (sīl) | शीला (śīlā) | |
| 182 | full | पूरा (pūrā) | پورا (pūrā) | |||
| 183 | new | नया (nayā) | نیا (nayā) | |||
| 184 | old | पुराना (purānā) | پرانا (purānā) | बूढ़ (būṛh)* | ||
| 185 | good | अच्छा (acchā) | اچھا (acchā) | नीक (nīk), आछा (āchā) | आच्या (ācyā) | |
| 186 | bad | बुरा (burā) | برا (burā), خراب (xarāb) | खराब (kharāb) | ||
| 187 | rotten | सड़ा (saṛā) | بوسيدہ (bosīdāh), سڑا (saṛā) | |||
| 188 | dirty | गंदा (gandā)* | گندا (gandā) | |||
| 189 | straight | सीधा (sīdhā) | سیدھا (sīdhā) | |||
| 190 | round | गोल (gol) | گول (gol) | |||
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | तीखा (tīkhā) | تیکھا (tīkhā) | पैन (pain) | ||
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | कुंद (kund)* | کند (kund) | |||
| 193 | smooth | चिकना (ciknā) | چکنا (ciknā), نرم (narm) | चीकन (cīkan) | ||
| 194 | wet | गीला (gīlā) | گیلا (gīlā) | गील (gīl) | ||
| 195 | dry | सूखा (sūkhā) | خشک (xuśk) | सूख (sūkh) | ||
| 196 | correct | सही (sahī)* | ٹھیک (ṭhīk), صحیح (sahī), درست (durust) | साँच (sā̃cu)* | ||
| 197 | near | पास (pās) | پاس (pās), قریب (qarīb), نزدیک (nazdīk) | नेरे (nere), नगीचे (nagīce), तीर (tīr) | ||
| 198 | far | दूर (dūr) | دور (dūr) | दूर (dūri) | ||
| 199 | right | दायाँ (dāyā̃), दाहिना (dāhinā) | دایاں (dāyā̃), داہنا (dāhinā) | |||
| 200 | left | बायाँ (bāyā̃) | بایاں (bāyā̃) | |||
| 201 | at | पे (pe), पर (par), में (mẽ)* | پہ (pe), پر (par), میں (mẽ)* | पे (pe), पर (par), परिहाँ (parihā̃) | ||
| 202 | in | में (mẽ), के अंदर (ke andar)* | میں (mẽ), کے اندر (ke andar)* | मे (me), मा (mā), मैहाँ (maihā̃) | ||
| 203 | with | के साथ (ke sāth) | کے ساتھ (ke sāth) | साथ (sāth) | ||
| 204 | and | और (aur) | اور (aur) | अउ (au), औ (au) | ||
| 205 | if | अगर (agar)* | اگر (agar) | |||
| 206 | because | क्योंकि (kyoṅki)* | کیونکہ (kyūṅki) | |||
| 207 | name | नाम (nām) | نام (nām) |