User:Justinrleung/PSM
Additional Proto-Southern Min reconstructions based on the system of Kwok (2018).
*p-
[edit]PSM *pa⁵
Douglas (1873): XM pà [pa⁵]
QZ [pa⁵]; ZZ [pa⁵]; DT [pa⁵]; JY [pa⁵]; CY ?; LZ [pa⁵]; HK [ɓa⁵]; WC [ɓa⁵]
PSM *pan² ɡi²
Douglas (1873): XM pan-gî [pan¹ ɡi²]
QZ [pan² ɡi² ~ pian² ɡi²]; ZZ [pan² ɡi²]; DT ?; JY [piaŋ⁴ ŋi²]; CY ?; LZ [paŋ² zi²]; HK [ɓaŋ² zi²]; WC ?
The Quanzhou form [pian² ɡi²] and Jieyang form [piaŋ⁴ ŋi²] are of literary origin.
PSM *pan⁶
Douglas (1873): XM pān [pan⁶]
QZ [pan⁵]; ZZ [pan⁶]; DT ?; JY [paŋ⁶]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *paŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM pang [paŋ¹]
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY [paŋ¹]; CY [paŋ¹]; LZ ?; HK [ɓaŋ¹]; WC [ɓaŋ¹]
PSM *paŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM pàng [paŋ⁵]
QZ [paŋ⁵]; ZZ [paŋ⁵]; DT [paŋ⁵]; JY [paŋ⁵]; CY [paŋ⁵]; LZ [paŋ⁵]; HK [ɓaŋ⁵]; WC [ɓaŋ⁵]
PSM *piaʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM piah [piaʔ⁷]
QZ [piaʔ⁷]; ZZ [piaʔ⁷]; DT [piaʔ⁷]; JY [piaʔ⁷]; CY [piaʔ⁷]; LZ [pia⁷]; HK [ɓia⁸ᶫ]; WC [ɓiaʔ⁷]
Datian unexpectedly retains the glottal stop coda.
PSM *puaʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM poah [puaʔ⁷]
QZ [puaʔ⁷]; ZZ [puaʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [puaʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [pua⁷]; HK [ɓua⁸ᶫ]; WC ?
PSM *pak⁷
Douglas (1873): XM pak [pak⁷]
QZ [pak⁷]; ZZ [pak⁷]; DT [paʔ⁷]; JY [pak⁷]; CY ?; LZ [pak⁷]; HK [ɓak⁷]; WC [ɓak⁷]
In Leizhou and Hainanese, this word is only preserved in 腹寒 'malaria' (usually written as 北寒).
PSM *pak⁷
Douglas (1873): XM pak [pak⁷]
QZ [pak⁷]; ZZ [pak⁷]; DT ?; JY [pak⁷]; CY ?; LZ [pak⁷]; HK [ɓak⁷]; WC [ɓak⁷]
PSM *pak⁷
Douglas (1873): XM pak [pak⁷]
QZ [pak⁷]; ZZ [pak⁷]; DT [paʔ⁷]; JY [pak⁷]; CY [pak⁷]; LZ [pak⁷]; HK [ɓak⁷]; WC [ɓak⁷]
PSM *pueʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): TA puih [puiʔ⁷]
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY [pueʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [puɛ⁷]; HK [ɓui⁸ᶫ]; WC [ɓueʔ⁷]
In Jieyang (and Tong'an), it means "to scold". Compare Cantonese 屌 "to copulate > to scold".
PSM *pui⁵
Douglas (1873): XM pùi [pui⁵]
QZ [pui⁵]; ZZ [pui⁵]; DT [pui⁵]; JY [bui⁵]; CY ?; LZ [pui⁵]; HK [ɓui⁵]; WC [ɓui⁵]
The Jieyang form is voiced unexpectedly.
PSM *pou³
Douglas (1873): XM pɵ́ [pɔ³]
QZ [pɔ³]; ZZ [pɔ³]; DT [pu³]; JY [pou³]; CY ?; LZ [pɛu³]; HK [ɓɔu³]; WC [ɓou³]
Kwok (2018) mentions the reconstruction of this word on page 86, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.
PSM *pou³
Douglas (1873): XM pɵ́ [pɔ³]
QZ [pɔ³]; ZZ [pɔ³]; DT ?; JY [pou³]; CY ?; LZ [pɛu³]; HK [ɓɔu³]; WC [ɓou³]
PSM *pou⁶
Douglas (1873): XM pɵ̄ [pɔ⁶]
QZ [pɔ⁵]; ZZ [pɔ⁶]; DT ?; JY [pou⁶]; CY ?; LZ [pɛu¹]; HK [ɓɔu¹]; WC [ɓou¹]
PSM *põi¹
Douglas (1873): XM pan [pan¹]; QZ paiⁿ [pãi¹]
QZ [pan¹]; ZZ [pan¹]; DT ?; JY [pãi¹]; CY [pãi¹]; LZ [pai¹]; HK ?; WC ?
The modern Quanzhou form is from a literary stratum.
PSM *põi²
Douglas (1873): XM pêng [piŋ²]; QZ pûiⁿ [pũi²]; ZZ pân [pan²], pêng [piŋ²]; TA pâiⁿ [pãi²], pîn [pin²]
QZ [pũi²]; ZZ [piŋ²]; DT [piŋ²]; JY [pãi²]; CY [pãi²]; LZ [pai²]; HK [ɓai²]; WC [ɓai²]
PSM *puĩ¹
Douglas (1873): XM png [pŋ¹]; ZZ puiⁿ [puĩ¹]
QZ [pŋ¹]; ZZ [puĩ¹]; DT ?; JY [pɯŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [baŋ¹]; HK ?; WC ?
The Leizhou form is probably from a literary stratum (cf. 犯 [baŋ⁴], 法 [bak⁷]).
PSM *puĩ³ ~ *pun³
Douglas (1873): XM pún [pun³]; QZ pńg [pŋ³]
QZ [pŋ³ ~ pun³]; ZZ [pun³]; DT [pueŋ³]; JY [pɯŋ³]; CY [pɯŋ³]; LZ [pui³]; HK [ɓui³]; WC [ɓui³ ~ ɓun³]
PSM *pu²
Douglas (1873): XM pû [pu²]; TA (sometimes) bû [bu²]
QZ ---; ZZ [pu²]; DT ?; JY [pu²]; CY ?; LZ [pu²]; HK [ɓu²]; WC ?
PSM *pu²
Douglas (1873): XM pû [pu²]
QZ [pu²]; ZZ [pu²]; DT ?; JY [pu²]; CY ?; LZ [pu²]; HK [ɓu²]; WC ?
PSM *pun¹
Douglas (1873): XM pun [pun¹]
QZ [pun¹]; ZZ [pun¹]; DT [pueŋ¹]; JY [puŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [puŋ¹]; HK [ɓun¹]; WC [ɓun¹]
*pʰ-
[edit]PSM *pʰai³
Douglas (1873): XM pháiⁿ [pʰãi³]
QZ [pʰai³]; ZZ [pʰãi³]; DT [pʰɛ³]; JY [pʰai³]; CY ?; LZ [pʰai³]; HK ?; WC ?
This word has been unexpectedly nasalized in some varieties of Hokkien.
PSM *pʰaŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM phâng [pʰaŋ²]
QZ [pʰaŋ²]; ZZ [pʰaŋ²]; DT ?; JY [kʰaŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [pʰaŋ²]; HK [faŋ²]; WC [pʰaŋ²]
It is unclear whether the Jieyang form is derived from this etymon.
PSM *pʰe⁵
Douglas (1873): XM phè [pʰe⁵], ZZ phɛ̀ [pʰɛ⁵]
QZ [pʰe⁵]; ZZ [pʰɛ⁵]; DT ?; JY [pʰe⁵]; CY ?; LZ [pʰɛ⁵]; HK [fɛ⁵]; WC ?
PSM *pʰui⁵
Douglas (1873): XM phùi [pʰui⁵], ZZ phòe [pʰue⁵]
QZ [pʰui⁵]; ZZ [pʰui⁵]; DT ?; JY [pʰui⁵]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [fui¹]; WC [pʰui⁵]
The tone in Haikou is irregular; perhaps it is a reanalysis of tone 5, which is quite similar to tone 1.
PSM *pʰuʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ [pʰuʔ⁷]; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY [pʰu³]; CY ?; LZ [pʰu⁷]; HK [fu⁸ᶫ]; WC ?
In Jieyang, there seems to have been a deletion of the /ʔ/ coda.
In Haikou, it is used in the word fu⁸ᶫ tiau³ "to scold". Compare Cantonese 屌 "to copulate > to scold".
*b-
[edit]PSM *bai³
Douglas (1873): XM bái [bai³]
QZ [bai³]; ZZ [bai³]; DT ?; JY [bai³]; CY ?; LZ [bai³]; HK ?; WC ?
Unclear how this word relates to 否 'bad'.
PSM *bau³
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY [bau³]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [vau³]; WC [bau³]
PSM *bak⁸ (Kwok *mak⁸)
Douglas (1873): XM ba̍k [bak⁸]
QZ [bak⁸]; ZZ [bak⁸]; DT [baʔ⁸]; JY [bak⁸]; CY [bak⁸]; LZ [mɔk⁸]; HK [vak⁸]; WC [bak⁸]
Kwok (2018) reconstructs this word with *m- based on Haifeng [mak⁸], but it seems to be an irregular reflex in words like 木蝨／木虱 (mùshī) [mak⁸ sak⁷] 'bedbug'; the regular reflex [bak⁸] is attested in words like 木工 (mùgōng) [bak⁸ kaŋ¹]*. Also, the Hainanese forms are more reliable for determining *m- vs. *b-.
Kwok also lists [boʔ⁸] for Datian, but this seems to be literary. I have replaced it with [baʔ⁸], as in 木蝨／木虱 (mùshī) [baʔ⁸ saʔ⁷] 'bedbug'.
The Leizhou form is clearly literary and would thus not contribute to the reconstruction.
PSM *buø⁶
Douglas (1873): XM bē [be⁶]; QZ bȫ [bø⁶]; ZZ bōe [bue⁶]
QZ [bə⁵]; ZZ [bue⁶]; DT ?; JY [bue⁶]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *buøʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM beh [beʔ⁷]; QZ böh [bøʔ⁷], boh [boʔ⁷]; ZZ boeh [bueʔ⁷]
QZ [bəʔ⁷]; ZZ [bueʔ⁷ ~ beʔ⁷]; DT [boʔ⁷]; JY ---; CY ---; LZ [buɛ⁷]; HK [mo⁸ᶫ]; WC [beʔ⁷]
Zhangzhou [beʔ⁷] may be influenced by Xiamen.
The Datian form seems to be irregular. A borrowing from neighbouring counties in Quanzhou?
It is unclear whether the Haikou word is related.
PSM *biʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM bih [biʔ⁷]
QZ [biʔ⁷]; ZZ [biʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [biʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *boʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM bo̍h [boʔ⁸]
QZ ---; ZZ [boʔ⁸]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [bɔ⁴]; HK [vo⁶]; WC [boʔ⁸]
PSM *but⁸
Douglas (1873): XM bu̍t [but⁸]
QZ [but⁸]; ZZ [but⁸]; DT ?; JY [buk⁸]; CY ?; LZ [buk⁸]; HK ?; WC [but⁸]
*mh-
[edit]*m-
[edit]PSM *muã¹
Douglas (1873): XM moaⁿ [muã¹]
QZ [muã¹]; ZZ [buã¹]; DT ?; JY [mua¹]; CY ?; LZ [mua¹]; HK [mua¹]; WC [mua¹]
PSM *muã²
Douglas (1873): XM moâⁿ [muã²]
QZ [muã²]; ZZ [buã²]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [mua²]; HK ?; WC [mua²]
PSM *muã²
Douglas (1873): XM moâⁿ [muã²]
QZ [muã²]; ZZ [buã²]; DT [muã²]; JY [mua²]; CY ?; LZ [mua²]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *muã³
Douglas (1873): XM moáⁿ [muã³]
QZ [muã³]; ZZ [buã³]; DT [muã³]; JY [mua³]; CY ?; LZ [mua³]; HK [mua³]; WC [mua³]
PSM *muã⁶
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [mua¹]; HK [mua⁵]; WC ?
In Xiamen and Taiwanese as [muã⁶], mostly preserved in the phrase [lan⁶ muã⁶], used as insult to describe someone who is shameless or useless.
The tone in Haikou is irregular; the expected tone is tone 1, which is a rising tone, like tone 5.
PSM *mak⁷
Douglas (1873): XM bak [bak⁷]
QZ [bak⁷]; ZZ [bak⁷]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [mak⁷]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *mẽ³
Douglas (1873): XM míⁿ [mĩ³], mɛ́ⁿ [mɛ̃³]
QZ ---; ZZ [mɛ̃³]; DT ?; JY [me³]; CY ?; LZ [mɛ³]; HK [mɛ³]; WC [me³]
PSM *muĩ³
Douglas (1873): XM mńg [mŋ³], ZZ múiⁿ [muĩ³]
QZ [bŋ³]; ZZ [buĩ³]; DT ?; JY [mɯŋ³]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *miʔ⁸ ~ *muøʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM mi̍hⁿ [mĩʔ⁸]; QZ/TA mn̍gh [mŋʔ⁸]
QZ [mŋʔ⁸]; ZZ [bĩʔ⁸]; DT [bue³ ~ muẽ⁵]; JY [muẽʔ⁸]; CY ?; LZ [mi⁴]; HK [mi⁶]; WC [miʔ⁸]
The Quanzhou form is possibly derived like this: *muøʔ⁸ > məʔ⁸ > mə̃ʔ⁸ > mŋʔ⁸.
The tone in the Datian form is unclear; different sources record different tones, and neither tone is expected.
PSM *mit⁸
Douglas (1873): XM bi̍t [bit⁸]
QZ [bit⁸]; ZZ [bit⁸]; DT ?; JY [bek⁸]; CY ?; LZ [biek⁸]; HK [mit⁸]; WC [mit⁸]
Reconstruction to *m- is solely based on the Hainanese members.
PSM *moŋ³
Douglas (1873): XM bóng [bɔŋ³]
QZ [lɔŋ³]; ZZ [bɔŋ³]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [moŋ³]; WC ?
It is unclear whether the Quanzhou form is related.
Fielde (1883) records mńg [mŋ³], meaning "for the time, just, merely", which may be related to this word.
PSM *moʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM mɵ̍hⁿ [mɔ̃ʔ⁸]
QZ [mɔ̃ʔ⁸ ~ boʔ⁸]; ZZ [mɔ̃ʔ⁸]; DT ?; JY [moʔ⁸]; CY ?; LZ [mɔ⁴]; HK ?; WC ?
*t-
[edit]PSM *ta¹ pou¹
Douglas (1873): XM ta-pɵ [ta¹ pɔ¹]; ZZ tsa-pɵ [tsa¹ pɔ¹]
QZ [ta¹ pɔ¹]; ZZ [tsa¹ pɔ¹]; DT [teŋ⁵ bu¹]; JY [ta¹ pou¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsa¹ pɛu¹]; HK [ta⁴ ɓɔu¹ ~ tɔu⁴ ɓɔu¹]; WC [ta¹ ɓou¹]
The Datian form may be influenced by Central Min (e.g., Shaxian [tiŋ⁴ pu¹]).
The Zhangzhou, Leizhou and Hainanese forms may be due to analogy with 查某 (cf. English male and female).
PSM *ta²
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY [ta²]; CY ?; LZ [ta²]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tai¹
Douglas (1873): XM tai [tai¹]
QZ ---; ZZ [tai¹]; DT ?; JY [tai¹]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tai²
Douglas (1873): XM tâi [tai²]
QZ [tai²]; ZZ [tai²]; DT ?; JY [tai²]; CY ?; LZ [tai²]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tai³
Douglas (1873): XM tái [tai³], ZZ tsái [tsai³]
QZ [tai³]; ZZ [tai³]; DT ?; JY [tai³]; CY ?; LZ [tai³]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tã³
Douglas (1873): XM táⁿ [tã³]
QZ [tã³]; ZZ [tã³]; DT [tã³]; JY [tã³]; CY ?; LZ [ta³]; HK [ɗa³]; WC [ɗa³]
PSM *tiã²
Douglas (1873): XM tiâⁿ [tiã²]
QZ [tiã²]; ZZ [tiã²]; DT ?; JY [tiã²]; CY ?; LZ [tia²]; HK [ɗia²]; WC [ɗia²]
PSM *tuã¹
Douglas (1873): XM toaⁿ [tuã¹]
QZ [tuã¹]; ZZ [tuã¹]; DT [tuã¹]; JY [tuã¹]; CY ?; LZ [tua¹]; HK ?; WC [ɗua¹]
PSM *tuã¹
Douglas (1873): XM toaⁿ [tuã¹]
QZ [tuã¹]; ZZ [tuã¹]; DT ?; JY [tuã¹]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tuã²
Douglas (1873): XM toâⁿ [tuã²]
QZ [tuã²]; ZZ [tuã²]; DT [tuã²]; JY [tuã²]; CY [tuã²]; LZ [tua²]; HK [ɗua²]; WC [ɗua²]
PSM *tiam⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tiām [tiam⁶]
QZ [tiam⁴]; ZZ [tiam⁶]; DT ?; JY [tiam⁶]; CY ?; LZ [tiam⁷]; HK ?; WC ?
The tone in Quanzhou may be a result of reanalysis. The tone in Leizhou is irregular.
PSM *tan¹ ~ *tiŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM teng [tiŋ¹], QZ tan [tan¹]
QZ [tan¹]; ZZ [tiŋ¹]; DT ?; JY [teŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [taŋ¹]; HK [ɗaŋ¹]; WC [ɗan¹]
Quanzhou, Leizhou, and Hainanese forms trace back to *tan¹, whereas Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Chaoshan forms trace back to *tiŋ¹.
PSM *tan⁵ ~ *tiŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tèng [tiŋ⁵], QZ tàn [tan⁵]
QZ [tan⁵]; ZZ [tiŋ⁵]; DT ?; JY [teŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [taŋ⁵]; HK [ɗaŋ⁵]; WC ?
Quanzhou, Leizhou, and Hainanese forms trace back to *tan⁵, whereas Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Chaoshan forms trace back to *tiŋ⁵.
PSM *taŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM tâng [taŋ²]
QZ [taŋ²]; ZZ [taŋ²]; DT [taŋ²]; JY [taŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [taŋ²]; HK [ɗaŋ²]; WC ?
PSM *taŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM tâng [taŋ²]
QZ [taŋ²]; ZZ [taŋ²]; DT ?; JY [taŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [taŋ²]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tauʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM tauh [tauʔ⁷]
QZ [tauʔ⁷]; ZZ [tioʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [tauʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
The Zhangzhou form is irregular.
PSM *tat⁸
Douglas (1873): XM ta̍t [tat⁸]
QZ [tat⁸]; ZZ [tat⁸]; DT ?; JY [tek⁸]; CY ?; LZ [tak⁸]; HK [ɗak⁸]; WC [ɗat⁸]
The Jieyang form is of literary origin.
PSM *tat⁸
Douglas (1873): XM ta̍t [tat⁸]
QZ [tat⁸]; ZZ [tat⁸]; DT ?; JY [tak⁸]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tẽ⁴
Douglas (1873): XM tīⁿ [tĩ⁶], ZZ tɛ̄ⁿ [tɛ̃⁶]
QZ ---; ZZ [tɛ̃¹]; DT ?; JY [tẽ⁴]; CY ?; LZ [tɛ⁴]; HK [ɗɛ⁶]; WC ?
PSM *tø⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tè [te⁵], QZ tö̀ [tø⁵]
QZ [tə⁵]; ZZ [te⁵]; DT ?; JY [to⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tai⁵]; HK ?; WC ?
The Leizhou form seems to come from a literary stratum.
PSM *tø⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tē [te⁶]
QZ [tə⁵]; ZZ [te⁶]; DT ?; JY [to⁶]; CY ?; LZ [tɛ¹]; HK [ɗe¹]; WC [ɗe¹]
PSM *tø⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tē [te⁶]
QZ [tə⁵]; ZZ [te⁶]; DT ?; JY [to⁶]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC [ɗe¹]
PSM *ti⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tì [ti⁵]
QZ [ti⁵]; ZZ [ti⁵]; DT ?; JY [ti⁵]; CY ?; LZ [ti⁵]; HK [ɗi⁵]; WC [ɗi⁵]
PSM *ti⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tī [ti⁶]
QZ [ti⁴]; ZZ [ti⁶]; DT [te⁵]; JY [ti⁶]; CY ?; LZ [ti¹]; HK [ɗi⁶]; WC [ɗi¹]
The Quanzhou tone may actually be tone 6 since this word is always sandhied (tone 6 sandhis to tone 4).
The Datian form is irregular (borrowed from Central Min?).
PSM *tuĩ⁴
Douglas (1873): XM tn̄g [tŋ⁶], ZZ tūiⁿ [tuĩ⁶]
QZ [tŋ⁴]; ZZ [tuĩ⁶]; DT ?; JY [tɯŋ⁴]; CY ?; LZ [tui⁴]; HK [ɗui⁶]; WC [ɗui⁶]
PSM *tuĩ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tǹg [tŋ⁵], ZZ tùiⁿ [tuĩ⁵]
QZ [tŋ⁵]; ZZ [tuĩ⁵]; DT ?; JY [tɯŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tui⁵]; HK [ɗui⁵]; WC [ɗui⁵]
PSM *tim⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tìm [tim⁵]
QZ [tim⁵]; ZZ [tim⁵]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [ɗim⁵]; WC [ɗim⁵]
PSM *tiʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM ti̍h [tiʔ⁸]
QZ [tiʔ⁸]; ZZ [tiʔ⁸]; DT [tiaʔ⁸]; JY [tiʔ⁸]; CY [tiʔ⁸]; LZ [tʰiap⁸]; HK [ɗi⁶]; WC [ɗiʔ⁸]
The Datian form is probably from a literary layer; compare Xiamen [tiap⁸].
The Leizhou form is probably borrowed from Hakka.
PSM *tiʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM ti̍h [tiʔ⁸], ZZ ti̍hⁿ [tĩʔ⁸]
QZ [tiʔ⁸]; ZZ [tĩʔ⁸]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [ti⁴]; HK ?; WC ?
The Zhangzhou form is unexpectedly nasalized.
PSM *to²
Douglas (1873): XM tô [to²]
QZ [to²]; ZZ [to²]; DT [tɤ²]; JY [to²]; CY ?; LZ [tɔ²]; HK [ɗo²]; WC [ɗo²]
In Datian and Hainanese (and Leizhou?), this word has developed the meaning of 'to hide'.
PSM *tioi³
Douglas (1873): XM tóe [tue³], ZZ té [te³]
QZ [tue³]; ZZ [te³]; DT [tiɔ³]; JY [tiu³]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [ɗiu³]; WC [ɗiu³]
PSM *tõ²
Douglas (1873): XM tn̂g [tŋ²]
QZ [tŋ²]; ZZ [tŋ²]; DT ?; JY [tɯŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [tɔ²]; HK [ɗo²]; WC [ɗo²]
PSM *tõ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tǹg [tŋ⁵]
QZ [tŋ⁵]; ZZ [tŋ⁵]; DT [tŋ⁵]; JY [tɯŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tɔ⁵]; HK [ɗo⁵]; WC [ɗo⁵]
PSM *tiõ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tiùⁿ [tiũ⁵]
QZ [tiũ⁵]; ZZ [tiɔ̃⁵]; DT [tiŋ⁵]; JY [tiõ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tiɔ⁵]; HK [ɗio⁵]; WC ?
PSM *toʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): ZZ to̍h [toʔ⁸]
QZ ---; ZZ [toʔ⁸]; DT ?; JY [toʔ⁸]; CY ?; LZ [tɔ⁴]; HK [ɗo⁶]; WC [ɗoʔ⁸]
PSM *toʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM to̍h [toʔ⁸]
QZ [toʔ⁸]; ZZ [toʔ⁸]; DT ?; JY [toʔ⁸]; CY ?; LZ [tɔ⁴]; HK [ɗo⁶]; WC [ɗoʔ⁸]
PSM *tɯ⁴
Douglas (1873): XM tī [ti⁶]
QZ [tɯ⁴]; ZZ [ti⁶]; DT ?; JY ---; CY ---; LZ [tu⁴]; HK [ɗu⁶]; WC [ɗu⁶]
PSM *tɯŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM têng [tiŋ²], ZP tiông [tiɔŋ²]
QZ [tiŋ²]; ZZ [tiŋ²]; DT ?; JY [teŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [tiaŋ²]; HK [ɗiaŋ²]; WC [ɗiaŋ²]
PSM *tɯŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tèng [tiŋ⁵]
QZ [tiŋ⁵]; ZZ [tiŋ⁵]; DT ?; JY [teŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tiaŋ⁵]; HK [ɗiaŋ⁵]; WC ?
*tʰ-
[edit]PSM *tʰai¹
Douglas (1873): XM thai [tʰai¹]
QZ [tʰai¹]; ZZ [tʰai¹]; DT ---; JY [tʰai¹]; CY ?; LZ [tʰai¹]; HK [hai¹]; WC [xai¹]
Datian uses 颱風 [tɛ² hoŋ¹] instead.
PSM *tʰua⁶
Douglas (1873): XM thoā [tʰua⁶]
QZ [tʰua⁵]; ZZ [tʰua⁶]; DT ?; JY [tʰua⁶]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tʰiau² ~ *tʰiau⁴
Douglas (1873): XM thiâu [tʰiau²]
QZ [tʰiau²]; ZZ [tʰiau⁶]; DT ?; JY [tʰiau²]; CY ?; LZ [tʰiau²]; HK ?; WC [xiau⁶]
The Quanzhou, Jieyang and Leizhou forms point to tone 2, but the Zhangzhou and Wenchang forms point to tone 4.
PSM *tʰiã⁵
Douglas (1873): XM thiàⁿ [tʰiã⁵]
QZ [tʰiã⁵]; ZZ [tʰiã⁵]; DT ?; JY [tʰiã⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tʰia⁵]; HK [hia⁵]; WC [xia⁵]
PSM *tʰuã⁵
Douglas (1873): XM thoàⁿ [tʰuã⁵]
QZ [tʰuã⁵]; ZZ [tʰuã⁵]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [tʰua⁵]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tʰuã⁵
Douglas (1873): XM thoàⁿ [tʰuã⁵]
QZ [tʰuã⁵]; ZZ [tʰuã⁵]; DT [tʰuã⁵]; JY [tʰuã⁵]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [hua⁵]; WC [xua⁵]
PSM *tʰam⁶
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY [tʰam⁶]; CY ?; LZ [tʰam¹]; HK [ham¹]; WC ?
PSM *tʰuaʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM thoah [tʰuaʔ⁷]
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY [tʰuaʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [tʰua⁷]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tʰeʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM theh [tʰeʔ⁷], ZZ thɛh [tʰɛʔ⁷]
QZ [tʰeʔ⁷]; ZZ [tʰɛʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [tʰeʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [tʰɛ⁷]; HK [hɛ⁸ᶫ]; WC [xeʔ⁷]
PSM *tʰuø²
Douglas (1873): XM thê [tʰe²], QZ thö̂ [tʰe²], ZZ thôe [tʰue²]
QZ ?; ZZ [tʰue²]; DT ?; JY [tʰue²]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tʰo³
Douglas (1873): XM thó [tʰo³]
QZ [tʰo³]; ZZ [tʰo³]; DT [tʰɤ³]; JY [tʰo³]; CY ?; LZ [tʰɔ³]; HK [ho³]; WC [xo³]
PSM *tʰõ¹
Douglas (1873): XM thng [tʰŋ¹]
QZ [tʰŋ¹]; ZZ [tʰŋ¹]; DT [tʰŋ¹]; JY [tʰɯŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [tʰɔ¹]; HK [ho¹]; WC [xo¹]
PSM *tʰioŋ³
Douglas (1873): XM thióng [tʰiɔŋ³]
QZ [tʰiɔŋ³]; ZZ [tʰiɔŋ³]; DT ?; JY [tʰoŋ³]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
*d-
[edit]PSM *diu²
Douglas (1873): XM jiû [dziu²]
QZ [liu²]; ZZ [dziu²]; DT ?; JY [ziu²]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [ziu²]; WC [dziu²]
PSM *duø²
Douglas (1873): XM jê [dze²], ZZ jôe [dzue²]
QZ [lə²]; ZZ [dzue²]; DT ?; JY [zue²]; CY ?; LZ [zuɛ²]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *diok⁸
Douglas (1873): XM jio̍k [dziɔk⁸], QZ ge̍k [ɡik⁸]
QZ [liɔk⁸]; ZZ [dziɔk⁸]; DT [zioʔ⁷]; JY [zok⁸]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [zɔk⁸]; WC ?
The tone in Datian is irregular.
PSM *dɯ²
Douglas (1873): XM jû [dzu²], ZZ jî [dzi²]
QZ [lɯ²]; ZZ [dzi²]; DT ?; JY [zɯ²]; CY ?; LZ [zu²]; HK [ziu²]; WC [dziu²]
*nh-
[edit]*n-
[edit]PSM *nã⁴
Douglas (1873): XM nāⁿ [nã⁶]
QZ [nã⁴]; ZZ [nã⁶]; DT ?; JY [nã⁶]; CY ?; LZ [na⁴]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *nã⁶
Douglas (1873): XM nāⁿ [nã⁶]
QZ [nã⁵]; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY [nã⁶]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *nã⁶
Douglas (1873): XM nāⁿ [nã⁶]
QZ [nã⁴ ~ nã⁵]; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [na¹]; HK [na¹]; WC [na¹]
PSM *nuã³
Douglas (1873): XM noáⁿ [nuã³]
QZ [nuã³]; ZZ [luã³]; DT [nuã³]; JY [nua³]; CY ?; LZ [nua³]; HK [nua³]; WC [nua³]
PSM *nuã⁵
Douglas (1873): XM noàⁿ [nuã⁵]
QZ [nuã⁵]; ZZ [luã⁵]; DT ?; JY [nua⁵]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *nuã⁶
Douglas (1873): XM noāⁿ [nuã⁶]
QZ [nuã⁵]; ZZ [luã⁶]; DT [nuã¹]; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [nua¹]; HK [nua¹]; WC [nua¹]
PSM *naŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM lâng [laŋ²]
QZ [laŋ²]; ZZ [laŋ²]; DT ?; JY [naŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [naŋ²]; HK [naŋ²]; WC ?
Kwok (2018) mentions the reconstruction of this word on page 46, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.
PSM *nuĩ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM nǹg [nŋ⁵], ZZ nùiⁿ [nuĩ⁵]
QZ [lŋ⁵]; ZZ [luĩ⁵]; DT ?; JY [nɯŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [nui⁷]; HK [nui⁵]; WC ?
The tone in Leizhou is irregular.
PSM *nun²
Douglas (1873): XM lûn [lun²]
QZ [(la²) lun⁵]; ZZ [(la¹) lun²]; DT ?; JY [(na²) nuŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [(siɔ¹) luŋ²]; HK [nun²]; WC [nun²]
The reconstruction to *n- is mostly based on Hainanese.
The recorded tone for Quanzhou is compatible with the reconstructed tones after sandhi: QZ tone 2 and tone 5 both sandhi to tone 4.
*l-
[edit]PSM *la²
Douglas (1873): XM lâ [la²]
QZ [la²]; ZZ [la²]; DT ?; JY [la²]; CY ?; LZ [la²]; HK ?; WC [la²]
PSM *lau³
Douglas (1873): XM láu [lau³]
QZ [lau³]; ZZ [lau³]; DT ?; JY [lau³]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *lau³
Douglas (1873): XM láu [lau³]
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY [lau³] (?); CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
Fielde (1883) records láu [lau³].
PSM *lan²
Douglas (1873): XM lân [lan²]
QZ [lan²]; ZZ [lan²]; DT ?; JY [laŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [laŋ²]; HK [laŋ²]; WC ?
PSM *lan² li³ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM lâ-lí [la² li³]
QZ [la² li³]; ZZ [la² li²]; DT [la² li³]; JY [laʔ⁸ li³]; CY ?; LZ [lɔ² li³ (laŋ²)]; HK [laŋ² li³ (laŋ²)]; WC ?
The reconstruction of the first syllable is uncertain; it is mostly based on the evidence from Haikou. Assuming *lan² as the reconstruction, the *-n would have been deleted in Fujian varieties and reduced to [ʔ] in Chaoshan varieties, probably because of the following *l-. The rime in Leizhou is quite irregular; it may be due to reduction in a less prominent position.
The tone in the second syllable of the Zhangzhou form is irregular.
PSM *lan⁴
Douglas (1873): XM lān [lan⁶]
QZ [lan⁴]; ZZ [lan⁶]; DT [laŋ⁵]; JY [laŋ⁴]; CY [laŋ⁴]; LZ [laŋ⁴]; HK [lam⁶]; WC [lan⁶]
The tone reflex in Datian is irregular.
The form in Haikou is only found in [lam⁶ fa¹] 'scrotum', where there is regressive place assimilation. Compare Wenchang [lan⁶ pʰa¹ ~ lam⁶ pʰa¹].
PSM *lian³ ~ *lin³
Douglas (1873): XM lién [lian³]
QZ [lian³]; ZZ [lian³]; DT ?; JY [leŋ³]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou forms can only be derived from *lian³, and the Jieyang form can only be derived from *lin³.
PSM *laŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM lâng [laŋ²]
QZ [laŋ²]; ZZ [laŋ²]; DT ?; JY [laŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [laŋ²]; HK [laŋ²]; WC ?
PSM *laŋ³
Douglas (1873): XM láng [laŋ³]
QZ [laŋ³]; ZZ [laŋ³]; DT ?; JY [laŋ³]; CY ?; LZ [laŋ³]; HK [laŋ³]; WC ?
PSM *lat⁸
Douglas (1873): XM la̍t [lat⁸]
QZ [lat⁸]; ZZ [lat⁸]; DT ?; JY [lak⁸]; CY [lak⁸]; LZ [lak⁸]; HK [lak⁸]; WC [lat⁸]
Kwok (2018) does briefly mention the reconstruction of this word on page 152, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.
PSM *lak⁷
Douglas (1873): XM lak [lak⁷]
QZ [lak⁷]; ZZ [lak⁷]; DT ?; JY [lak⁷]; CY ?; LZ [lak⁷]; HK [lak⁷]; WC ?
PSM *lẽ³
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY [ne³]; CY ?; LZ [lɛ³]; HK [lɛ³]; WC ?
PSM *leʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM le̍h [leʔ⁸], ZZ lɛ̍h [lɛʔ⁸]
QZ [leʔ⁸]; ZZ [lɛʔ⁸]; DT ?; JY [leʔ⁸]; CY ?; LZ [lɛ⁴]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *lio²
Douglas (1873): XM liô [lio²]
QZ [lio²]; ZZ [lio²]; DT ?; JY [lio²]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *lio⁵ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM lò [lo⁵], QZ liò [lio⁵]
QZ [lio⁵]; ZZ [lo⁵]; DT ?; JY [lo⁵]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *lõ²
Douglas (1873): XM nn̂g [nŋ²]
QZ [nŋ²]; ZZ [nŋ²]; DT [nŋ²]; JY [nɯŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [lɔ²]; HK [lo²]; WC [lo²]
PSM *liõ²
Douglas (1873): XM niûⁿ [niũ²]
QZ [niũ²]; ZZ [liɔ̃²]; DT ?; JY [niõ²]; CY [niõ²]; LZ ?; HK [lio²]; WC [lio²]
PSM *lioʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM lioh [lioʔ⁷], lió [lio³]
QZ [lio³]; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY [lioʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [liɔ⁷]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *lioʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM lio̍h [lioʔ⁸]
QZ [lioʔ⁸]; ZZ [lioʔ⁸]; DT ?; JY [lioʔ⁸]; CY ?; LZ [liɔ⁴]; HK [lio⁶]; WC [lioʔ⁸]
PSM *liu⁶
Douglas (1873): XM liū [liu⁶]
QZ [liu⁵]; ZZ [liu⁶]; DT ?; JY [liu⁶]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
*ts-
[edit]PSM *tsa¹ bou³
Douglas (1873): XM tsa-bɵ́ [tsa¹ bɔ³]
QZ [tsa¹ bɔ³]; ZZ [tsa¹ bɔ³]; DT [tso¹ bu³ ~ tsoʔ⁸ bu³]; JY [tsa¹ bou³]; CY ?; LZ [tsa¹ bɛu³]; HK [ta⁴ vɔu³ ~ tɔu⁴ vɔu³]; WC [ta¹ bou³]
The Datian form has an irregular reflex on the first syllable. Note that [tso¹] and [tsoʔ⁸] are almost identical ([tso˧] and [tsoʔ˧], respectively) after tone sandhi. Assuming that the glottal stop is epenthetic, the only irregularity is the vowel [o], which may be due to regressive rounding assimilation with the [b], similar to Haikou [tɔu⁴].
PSM *tsai²
Douglas (1873): XM tsâi [tsai²]
QZ [tsai²]; ZZ [tsai²]; DT [tse²]; JY [tsai²]; CY [tsãi²]; LZ ?; HK [tsi²]; WC [tsi²]
The Chaoyang form is unexpectedly nasalized.
The Datian and Hainanese forms seem to be from a literary layer.
PSM *tsia⁶
Douglas (1873): XM siā [sia⁶], ZZ chiā [tsia⁶]
QZ [sia⁵]; ZZ [tsia⁶]; DT ?; JY [tsia⁶]; CY [tsia⁶]; LZ [tsia¹]; HK ?; WC ?
The Xiamen and Quanzhou forms are from *sia⁶, the same reading as for “to thank”.
PSM *tsua⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tsoā [tsua⁶]
QZ [tsua⁵]; ZZ [tsua⁶]; DT ?; JY [tsua⁶]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [tua¹]; WC ?
PSM *tsiau² ~ *tsau²
Douglas (1873): XM chiâu [tsiau²], QZ tsâu [tsau²]
QZ [tsau²]; ZZ [tsiau²]; DT [tsɔ²]; JY [tsau²]; CY ?; LZ [tsiau²]; HK [tsiau²]; WC [tsiau²]
PSM *tsiã¹
Douglas (1873): XM chiaⁿ [tsiã¹]
QZ [tsiã¹]; ZZ [tsiã¹]; DT [tsã¹]; JY [tsiã¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsia¹]; HK [tsia¹]; WC [tsia¹]
PSM *tsuã¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsoaⁿ [tsuã¹]
QZ [tsuã¹]; ZZ [tsuã¹]; DT ?; JY [tsuã¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsua¹]; HK ?; WC [tua¹]
PSM *tsuã²
Douglas (1873): XM tsoâⁿ [tsuã²]
QZ [tsuã²]; ZZ [tsuã²]; DT ?; JY [tsuã²]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [tua²]; WC [tua²]
PSM *tsuã²
Douglas (1873): XM tsoâⁿ [tsuã²]
QZ [tsuã²]; ZZ [tsuã²]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [tua²]; WC ?
PSM *tsiam¹
Douglas (1873): XM chiam [tsiam¹]
QZ [tsiam¹]; ZZ [tsiam¹]; DT ?; JY [tsiam¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsiam¹]; HK [tsiam¹]; WC ?
PSM *tsan¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsan [tsan¹]
QZ [tsan¹]; ZZ [tsan¹]; DT ?; JY [tsaŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsaŋ¹]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tsan¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsan [tsan¹]
QZ ---; ZZ [tsan¹]; DT ?; JY [tsaŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsaŋ¹]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tsaŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsang [tsaŋ¹]
QZ [tsaŋ¹]; ZZ [tsaŋ¹]; DT ?; JY [tsaŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsɔŋ¹]; HK [taŋ¹]; WC [toŋ¹]
The Leizhou and Wenchang forms seem to be from a literary stratum.
PSM *tsaŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsang [tsaŋ¹]
QZ [tsaŋ¹]; ZZ [tsaŋ¹]; DT ?; JY [tsaŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsaŋ¹]; HK [taŋ¹]; WC [taŋ¹]
PSM *tsaŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tsàng [tsaŋ⁵]
QZ [tsaŋ⁵]; ZZ [tsaŋ⁵]; DT [tsaŋ⁵]; JY [tsaŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tsaŋ⁵]; HK [taŋ⁵]; WC [taŋ⁵]
PSM *tsiaʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM chiah [tsiaʔ⁷], jiah [dziaʔ⁷]
QZ [tsiaʔ⁷ ~ liaʔ⁷]; ZZ [tsiaʔ⁷]; DT [tsia⁵]; JY [tsiaʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [tsia⁷]; HK [tsia⁸ᶫ]; WC [tsiaʔ⁷]
PSM *tsuaʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM tsoa̍h [tsuaʔ⁸]
QZ [tsuaʔ⁸]; ZZ [tsuaʔ⁸]; DT ?; JY [tsuaʔ⁸]; CY ?; LZ [tsua⁴]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tse¹
Douglas (1873): XM che [tse¹]; ZZ chɛ [tsɛ¹]
QZ [tse¹]; ZZ [tse¹]; DT [tsa¹]; JY [tse¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsɛ¹]; HK [tsɛ¹]; WC [tse¹]
The modern Zhangzhou form is irregular.
PSM *tse²
Douglas (1873): XM am-pɵ̂-chê [am¹ pɔ² tse²]; QZ ka-chê [ka¹ tse²]; ZZ am-pó-chɛ̂ [am¹ po³ tsɛ²]
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ---; JY ---; CY ---; LZ ---; HK ---; WC ---
No reflexes in the modern varieties above, but it appears in many varieties of Hokkien.
PSM *tsuø⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tsē [tse⁶], ZZ tsōe [tsue⁶], TA tsȫ [tsø⁶]
QZ ---; ZZ [tsue⁶]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [tsuɛ¹]; HK [tue¹]; WC ?
PSM *tsi¹
Douglas (1873): XM chi [tɕi¹]
QZ [tsi¹]; ZZ [tsi¹]; DT [tsi¹]; JY [tsi¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsi¹]; HK [tsi⁵ ~ tsi³]; WC [tsi¹]
The tone in Haikou is irregular.
PSM *tsuĩ¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsng [tsŋ¹], ZZ tsuiⁿ [tsuĩ¹]
QZ [tsŋ¹]; ZZ [tsuĩ¹]; DT [tsuŋ¹]; JY [tsɯŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsui¹]; HK [tui¹]; WC [tui¹]
PSM *tsuĩ⁴
Douglas (1873): XM tsn̄g [tsŋ⁶], ZZ tsūiⁿ [tsuĩ⁶]
QZ [tsŋ⁴]; ZZ [tsuĩ⁶]; DT ?; JY [tsɯŋ⁴]; CY ?; LZ [tsui⁴]; HK ?; WC [tui⁶]
PSM *tsuĩ⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tsn̄g [tsŋ⁶], ZZ tsūiⁿ [tsuĩ⁶]
QZ [tsŋ⁵]; ZZ [tsuĩ⁶]; DT ?; JY [tsɯŋ⁶]; CY ?; LZ [tsui¹]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tsim²
Douglas (1873): XM jîm [dzim²], ZZ, TA chîm [tɕim²]
QZ ---; ZZ [dzim²]; DT ?; JY [tsim²]; CY ?; LZ [tsim²]; HK [tsim²]; WC [tsim²]
The Zhangzhou form has an unexpectedly voiced initial.
PSM *tsim³ ~ *sim³
Douglas (1873): XM chím [tɕim³], ZZ sím [sim³]
QZ [tsim³]; ZZ [tsim³]; DT [tseŋ³]; JY [sim³]; CY ?; LZ [tsim³]; HK [tim³]; WC ?
Kwok (2018) mentions this word on page 163, only reconstructing its final.
Most modern reflexes point to *tsim³, except Chaoshan and Haikou forms.
PSM *tsiʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM chih [tsiʔ⁷]
QZ [tsiʔ⁷]; ZZ [tsiʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [tsiʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [tsi⁸ᶫ]; WC [tsiʔ⁷]
PSM *tsoi²
Douglas (1873): XM tsôe [tsue²], QZ tsö̂e [tsøe²], ZZ chê [tse²]
QZ [tsue²]; ZZ [tse²]; DT [tse²]; JY [tsoi²]; CY [tsoi²]; LZ [tsɔi²]; HK [tɔi²]; WC [toi²]
Kwok (2018) briefly mentions this word on page 171 but does not provide a reconstruction.
PSM *tsio¹
Douglas (1873): XM chio [tɕio¹]
QZ [tsio¹]; ZZ [tsio¹]; DT [tsiɤ¹]; JY [tsio¹]; CY [tsio¹]; LZ ?; HK [tsio¹]; WC [tsio¹]
PSM *tsoʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM tsoh [tsoʔ⁷]
QZ [tsoʔ⁷]; ZZ [tsoʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [tsoʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [tsɔ⁷]; HK [to⁸ᶫ]; WC [toʔ⁷]
PSM *tsoiʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM tso̍eh [tsueʔ⁸], QZ tsö̍eh [tsøeʔ⁸], ZZ che̍h [tseʔ⁸]
QZ [tsueʔ⁸]; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY [tsoiʔ⁸]; CY ?; LZ [tsɔi⁴]; HK [tse⁶]; WC [toiʔ⁸]
PSM *tsioʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM chioh [tsioʔ⁷]
QZ [tsioʔ⁷]; ZZ [tsioʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [tsioʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [tsiɔ⁷]; HK [tsio⁸ᶫ]; WC ?
PSM *tsɯ¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsu [tsu¹]; QZ tsü [tsɯ¹]
QZ [tsɯ¹]; ZZ [si¹]; DT [tsi¹]; JY [tsɯ¹]; CY [tsu¹]; LZ [tsu¹]; HK [tu¹]; WC [tu¹]
The Zhangzhou form is literary.
PSM *tsɯ²
Douglas (1873): XM tsû [tsu²]; QZ tsü̂ [tsɯ²], ZZ chî [tɕi²]
QZ [tsɯ²]; ZZ [tsi²]; DT [tsi²]; JY [tsɯ²]; CY [tsu²]; LZ [tsu²]; HK [tu²]; WC [tu²]
PSM *tsɯŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM cheng [tsiŋ¹]
QZ [tsiŋ¹]; ZZ [tsiŋ¹]; DT [tsoŋ¹]; JY [tseŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [tsiaŋ¹]; WC [tsiaŋ¹]
PSM *tsɯŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM cheng [tsiŋ¹]
QZ [tsiŋ¹]; ZZ [tsiŋ¹]; DT ?; JY [tseŋ¹]; CY [tseŋ¹]; LZ [tsiaŋ¹]; HK [tsiaŋ¹]; WC [tsiaŋ¹]
Kwok (2018) mentions the reconstruction of this word on pages 129 and 148, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.
PSM *tsɯŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM cheng [tsiŋ¹], ZP chiong [tsiɔŋ¹]
QZ [tsiŋ¹]; ZZ [tsiŋ¹]; DT ?; JY [tseŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsiaŋ¹]; HK [tsiaŋ¹]; WC [tsiaŋ¹]
PSM *tsɯŋ³
Douglas (1873): XM chéng [tsiŋ³], ZP chióng [tsiɔŋ³]
QZ [tsiŋ³]; ZZ [tsiŋ³]; DT ?; JY [tseŋ³]; CY ?; LZ [tsiaŋ³]; HK [tsiaŋ³]; WC [tsiaŋ³]
PSM *tsɯŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chèng [tsiŋ⁵], ZZ chiòng [tsiɔŋ⁵]
QZ [tsiŋ⁵]; ZZ [tsiŋ⁵]; DT ?; JY [tseŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tsiaŋ⁵]; HK [tsiaŋ⁵]; WC [tsiaŋ⁵]
PSM *tsɯŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chèng [tsiŋ⁵], ZZ chiòng [tsiɔŋ⁵]
QZ [tsiŋ⁵]; ZZ [tsiŋ⁵]; DT ?; JY [tseŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tsiaŋ⁵]; HK ?; WC [tsiaŋ⁵]
PSM *tsu?
Douglas (1873): XM tsû [tsu²]
QZ [tsu²]; ZZ [tsu¹]; DT [tsu²]; JY [tsu⁶]; CY ?; LZ [tsu⁷]; HK [tsu⁸ᶫ]; WC ?
PSM *tsun²
Douglas (1873): XM tsûn [tsun²]
QZ [tsun²]; ZZ [tsun²]; DT [tsiŋ²]; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [tsuŋ²]; HK [tun²]; WC [tun²]
The Datian form comes from *tsõi².
PSM *tsuʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY [tsuʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [tu⁸ᶫ]; WC ?
PSM *tsut⁸
Douglas (1873): XM tsu̍t [tsut⁸]
QZ [tsut⁸]; ZZ [tsut⁸]; DT ?; JY [tsuk⁸]; CY ?; LZ [tsuk⁸]; HK [tut⁸]; WC [tut⁸]
*tsʰ-
[edit]PSM *tsʰai³
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY [tsʰãi³]; CY ?; LZ [tsʰai³]; HK [sai³]; WC [sai³]
The nasalization in Jieyang in unexpected. Fielde (1883) records chái [tsʰai³].
PSM *tsʰiau² ~ *tsʰau²
Douglas (1873): XM chhiâu [tsʰiau²]
QZ [tsʰau²]; ZZ [tsʰiau²]; DT ?; JY [tsʰau²]; CY ?; LZ [tsʰiau²]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tsʰuã⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chhoàⁿ [tsʰuã⁵]
QZ [tsʰuã⁵]; ZZ [tsʰuã⁵]; DT ?; JY [tsʰuã⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tsʰua⁵]; HK [sua¹]; WC ?
The Haikou tone seems to be irregular, but it could be an error in the Haikou dictionary since tone 1 and tone 5 are both rising.
PSM *tsʰiaŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM chhiâng [tsʰiaŋ²]
QZ [tsʰiaŋ²]; ZZ [tsʰiaŋ²]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [siaŋ²]; WC ?
PSM *tsʰat⁷
Douglas (1873): XM chhat [tsʰat⁷]
QZ [tsʰat⁷]; ZZ [tsʰat⁷]; DT [tsʰaʔ⁷]; JY [tsʰak⁷]; CY ?; LZ [tsʰak⁷]; HK [sak⁷]; WC [sat⁷]
PSM *tsʰak⁸
Douglas (1873): XM chha̍k [tsʰak⁸]
QZ [tsʰak⁸]; ZZ [tsʰak⁸ ~ tsak⁸]; DT ?; JY [tsʰak⁸]; CY ?; LZ [tsʰak⁸]; HK [sak⁸]; WC [sak⁸]
PSM *tsʰuaʔ⁸ ~ *tsʰua³
Douglas (1873): XM chhoa̍h [tsʰuaʔ⁸]
QZ [tsʰuaʔ⁸]; ZZ [tsʰuaʔ⁸]; DT ?; JY [tsʰua³]; CY ?; LZ [tsʰua³]; HK [sua⁶]; WC [sua³]
The Chaoshan, Leizhou and Wenchang forms suggest *tsʰua³, but other varieties point to *tsʰuaʔ⁸.
PSM *tsʰẽ¹
Douglas (1873): XM chhiⁿ [tsʰĩ¹], ZZ chhɛⁿ [tsʰɛ̃¹]
QZ [tsʰĩ¹]; ZZ [tsʰɛ̃¹]; DT [tsʰã¹]; JY [tsʰẽ¹]; CY ?; LZ [tsʰɛ¹]; HK [sɛ¹]; WC [se¹]
PSM *tsʰuøʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM chheh [tsʰeʔ⁷]; QZ chhöh [tsʰøʔ⁷]; ZZ chhoeh [tsʰueʔ⁷]
QZ [tsʰəʔ⁷]; ZZ [tsʰueʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [tsʰuɛ⁷]; HK [sue⁸ᶫ]; WC [sueʔ⁷]
This meaning of this word has extended to 'to drink' in Leizhou and Hainan.
PSM *tsʰi²
Douglas (1873): XM chhî [tsʰi²]
QZ [tsʰi²]; ZZ [tsʰi²]; DT [tsʰi²]; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tsʰi⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chhì [tsʰi⁵]
QZ [tsʰi⁵]; ZZ [tsʰi⁵]; DT ?; JY [tsʰi⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tsʰi⁵]; HK [si⁵]; WC [si⁵]
PSM *tsʰin⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chhìn [tsʰin⁵]
QZ [tsʰin⁵]; ZZ [tsʰin⁵]; DT ?; JY [tsʰeŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tsʰieŋ⁵]; HK [sin⁵]; WC [sin⁵]
PSM *tsʰin⁵ tsʰai³
Douglas (1873): XM chhìn-chhái [tsʰin⁵ tsʰai³]
QZ [tsʰin⁵ tsʰai³]; ZZ [tsʰin⁵ tsʰai³ ~ kʰin⁵ tsʰai³]; DT ?; JY [tsʰeŋ⁵ tsʰai³]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [sin⁵ sai³]; WC ?
PSM *tsʰiʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM chhi̍h [tsʰiʔ⁸]
QZ [tsʰiʔ⁸]; ZZ [tsʰiʔ⁸]; DT ?; JY [tsʰiʔ⁸]; CY ?; LZ [tsʰi⁴]; HK [si⁶]; WC [siʔ⁸]
PSM *tsʰoi⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chhòe [tsʰue⁵]
QZ [tsʰue⁵]; ZZ [tsʰe⁵]; DT ?; JY [tsʰoi⁵]; CY ?; LZ [tsʰɔi⁵]; HK [sɔi⁵]; WC [soi⁵]
PSM *tsʰio¹
Douglas (1873): XM chhio [tsʰio¹]
QZ [tsʰio¹]; ZZ [tsʰio¹]; DT ?; JY [tsʰio¹]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *tsʰioi⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chhòe [tsʰue⁵]; ZZ chhè [tsʰe⁵]
QZ [tsʰue⁵]; ZZ [tsʰe⁵]; DT ?; JY [tsʰiu⁵]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
Credits to KaraageTimer for mentioning this correspondence set.
PSM *tsʰõi³
Douglas (1873): XM chhéng [tsʰiŋ³], TA chháiⁿ [tsʰãi³], QZ chhǘiⁿ [tsʰɯ̃i³], ZZ chhán [tsʰan³]
QZ [tsʰũi³]; ZZ [tsʰiŋ³]; DT ?; JY [tsʰãi³]; CY [tsʰãi³]; LZ ?; HK [sai³]; WC [sai³]
PSM *tsʰiõ²
Douglas (1873): XM chhiûⁿ [tsʰiũ²]
QZ [tsʰiũ²]; ZZ [tsʰiɔ̃²]; DT ?; JY [tsʰiõ²]; CY ?; LZ [tsʰiɔ²]; HK [sio²]; WC [sio²]
PSM *tsʰoiʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM chhoeh [tsʰueʔ⁷]; ZZ chheh [tsʰeʔ⁷]
QZ [tsʰueʔ⁷]; ZZ [tsʰeʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [tsʰoiʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
In some varieties of Hokkien, the meaning has become more metaphorical: 'to hate' and 'to repent'.
Perhaps 'to cherish; to kiss' in Leizhou [tsʰɔi⁷], Haikou [se⁸ᶫ] and Wenchang [soiʔ⁷] is the same word?
PSM *tsʰɯŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chhèng [tsʰiŋ⁵], ZZ chhiòng [tsʰiɔŋ⁵]
QZ ---; ZZ [tsʰiŋ⁵]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [tsʰiaŋ⁵]; HK [siaŋ⁵]; WC [siaŋ⁵]
*s-
[edit]PSM *sai¹
Douglas (1873): XM sai [sai¹]
QZ [sai¹]; ZZ [sai¹]; DT [sɛ¹]; JY [sai¹]; CY [sai¹]; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
Kwok (2018) mentions this word on page 170, but he does not provide a reconstruction.
PSM *sai¹
Douglas (1873): XM sai [sai¹]
QZ [sai¹]; ZZ [sai¹]; DT ?; JY [sai¹]; CY ?; LZ [sai¹]; HK [tai¹]; WC [tai¹]
PSM *sai¹
Douglas (1873): XM sai [sai¹]
QZ [sai¹]; ZZ [sai¹]; DT ?; JY [sai¹]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [si¹]; WC [se¹]
The Hainanese forms seem to be from a literary stratum.
PSM *sai¹
Douglas (1873): XM sai [sai¹]
QZ [sai¹]; ZZ [sai¹]; DT ?; JY [sai¹]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *sai⁶
Douglas (1873): XM sāi [sai⁶]
QZ [sai⁵]; ZZ [sai⁶]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [sai¹]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *sai⁶
Douglas (1873): XM sāi [sai⁶]
QZ [sai⁵]; ZZ [sai⁶]; DT ?; JY [sai⁶]; CY ?; LZ [sai¹]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *sai⁶
Douglas (1873): XM sāi [sai⁶]
QZ [sai⁵]; ZZ [sai⁶]; DT [sɛ⁵]; JY [sai⁶]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *siau²
Douglas (1873): XM siâu [siau²]
QZ [siau²]; ZZ [siau²]; DT [siɔ²]; JY [siau²]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ---; WC ---
PSM *san¹ ~ *sian¹
Douglas (1873): XM sien [sian¹], ZZ/TA san [san¹]
QZ [san¹]; ZZ [sian¹]; DT ?; JY [saŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [saŋ¹]; HK [taŋ¹]; WC [tan¹]
PSM *saŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM sang [saŋ¹]
QZ [saŋ¹]; ZZ [saŋ¹]; DT ?; JY [saŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [saŋ¹]; HK [taŋ¹]; WC ?
PSM *siaʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM siah [siaʔ⁷]
QZ [siaʔ⁷]; ZZ [siaʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [siaʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [sia⁷]; HK [tia⁸ᶫ]; WC [tiaʔ⁷]
PSM *sap⁴ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM sap [sap⁴]
QZ [sap⁸ ~ sap⁴]; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY [sap⁴]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *sian⁴
Douglas (1873): XM siēn [sian⁶]
QZ [sian⁴]; ZZ [sian⁶]; DT ?; JY [siaŋ⁴]; CY [siaŋ⁴]; LZ [sieŋ⁵]; HK [tin⁵]; WC [tin⁵]
This word has an unexpected tone 5 reflex in Leizhou and Hainan.
PSM *sẽ¹
Douglas (1873): XM siⁿ [sĩ¹], ZZ sɛⁿ [sɛ̃¹]
QZ [sĩ¹]; ZZ [sɛ̃¹]; DT ?; JY [sẽ¹]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC [te¹]
PSM *sui¹
Douglas (1873): XM sui [sui¹]
QZ [sui¹]; ZZ [sui¹]; DT ?; JY [sui¹]; CY ?; LZ [sui¹]; HK [tui¹]; WC [tui¹]
PSM *siʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM sih [siʔ⁷]
QZ ?; ZZ [sĩʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [siʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [si⁷]; HK [ti⁸ᶫ]; WC [tiʔ⁷]
This word has been unexpectedly nasalized in some varieties of Hokkien.
PSM *sioi³
Douglas (1873): XM sóe [sue³]; QZ sö́e [søe³]; ZZ sé [se³]
QZ [sue³]; ZZ [se³]; DT [se³]; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [sɔi³]; HK ?; WC ?
In Chaozhou, this is pronounced as [siu³].
PSM *sio¹
Douglas (1873): XM saⁿ ~ sio [sã¹ ~ sio¹]; QZ saⁿ [sã¹]; ZZ sio [sio¹]
QZ [sa¹ ~ sã¹]; ZZ [sio¹]; DT [siɤ¹]; JY [sio¹]; CY ?; LZ [siaŋ¹]; HK [tio¹]; WC [tio¹]
The Quanzhou form seems to be irregular. The Leizhou form is from a literary layer.
PSM *siõ²
Douglas (1873): XM siûⁿ [siũ²]
QZ [siũ²]; ZZ [siɔ̃²]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [tio²]; WC ?
PSM *som² (?)
Douglas (1873): XM sông [sɔŋ²]
QZ [sɔŋ²]; ZZ [sɔm²]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [sɔŋ²]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *suʔ⁷ (~ *soʔ⁷?)
Douglas (1873): XM suh [suʔ⁷], ZP soh [soʔ⁷]
QZ [suʔ⁷]; ZZ [soʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [suʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [sɔ⁷]; HK [tu⁸ᶫ]; WC [tuʔ⁷]
PSM *sut⁷
Douglas (1873): XM sut [sut⁷]
QZ [sut⁷]; ZZ [sut⁷]; DT ?; JY [suk⁷]; CY ?; LZ [suk⁷]; HK ?; WC ?
*k-
[edit]PSM *kai²
Douglas (1873): XM ê [e²], QZ gê [ɡe²]
QZ [ɡe²]; ZZ [e²]; DT [ze² ~ ɡe²]; JY [kai²]; CY ?; LZ [kai²]; HK [kai² ~ ke²]; WC [kai²]
There is significant reduction in Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Datian, where [ai] reduces by coalescence to [e], and [k] is lenited to [ɡ] or deleted.
PSM *kau³ koiʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM káu-koeh-sien [kau³ kueʔ⁷ sian¹], ZZ káu-koeh-san [kau³ kueʔ⁷ san¹]
QZ [kau³ kueʔ⁷]; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY [kau³ koiʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [kau⁴ kɔi⁷]; HK [kau¹ ke⁸ᶫ]; WC ?
The tone of the first syllable in Leizhou and Haikou are irregular.
PSM *kua¹
Douglas (1873): XM koa [kua¹]
QZ [kua¹]; ZZ [kua¹]; DT ?; JY [kua¹]; CY ?; LZ [kʰɔ¹]; HK ?; WC ?
The Leizhou form is from a literary stratum.
PSM *kua⁵
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY [kua⁵]; CY ?; LZ [kua⁵]; HK [kua⁵]; WC ?
PSM *kuai¹ ~ *kui¹ (Kwok *kuai¹)
Douglas (1873): XM kui [kui¹]
QZ [kui¹]; ZZ [kuai¹]; DT ---; JY [kuai¹]; CY ---; LZ [kui¹]; HK ---; WC ---
The Quanzhou and Leizhou forms derive from *kui¹, while the Zhangzhou and Jieyang forms derive from *kuai¹.
PSM *kuã¹
Douglas (1873): XM koaⁿ [kuã¹]
QZ [kuã¹]; ZZ [kuã¹]; DT ?; JY [kuã¹]; CY ?; LZ [kua¹]; HK [kua¹]; WC [kua¹]
PSM *kuã²
Douglas (1873): XM koâⁿ [kuã²]
QZ [kuã²]; ZZ [kuã²]; DT ?; JY [kuã²]; CY ?; LZ [kua²]; HK [kua²]; WC [kua²]
PSM *kuã³
Douglas (1873): XM koáⁿ [kuã³]
QZ [kuã³]; ZZ [kuã³]; DT ?; JY [kuã³]; CY ?; LZ [kua³]; HK [kua³]; WC [kua³]
PSM *kan³
Douglas (1873): XM kán [kan³]
QZ [kan³]; ZZ [kan³]; DT ?; JY [kaŋ³]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *kaŋ⁶
Douglas (1873): XM kāng [kaŋ⁶], kā [ka⁶]
QZ [kaŋ⁵]; ZZ [kaŋ⁶ ~ ka⁶]; DT ?; JY [kaŋ⁶]; CY ?; LZ [kaŋ¹]; HK [kaŋ¹]; WC [kaŋ¹]
PSM *kauʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM kauh [kauʔ⁷]
QZ [kauʔ⁷]; ZZ [kauʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [kauʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *kauʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM kauh [kauʔ⁷]
QZ [kauʔ⁷]; ZZ [kauʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [kauʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [kau⁷]; HK [kau⁸ᶫ]; WC ?
PSM *kak⁸
Douglas (1873): XM ka̍k [kak⁸]
QZ [kak⁸] (as in [kʰioʔ⁷ kak⁸]); ZZ [kak⁸]; DT ?; JY [kak⁸]; CY ?; LZ [kak⁸] (as in [kau⁷ kak⁸]); HK [kak⁸]; WC [kak⁸]
PSM *ke⁵
Douglas (1873): XM kè [ke⁵], ZZ kɛ̀ [kɛ⁵]
QZ [ke⁵]; ZZ [kɛ⁵]; DT [ka⁵]; JY [ke⁵]; CY ?; LZ [kɛ⁵]; HK [kɛ⁵]; WC [ke⁵]
PSM *kueʔ⁸
Douglas (Barclay's supplement, 1923): XM koe̍h [kueʔ⁸]
QZ ---; ZZ [kueʔ⁸]; DT ?; JY [kueʔ⁸]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [kue⁶]; WC [kueʔ⁸]
PSM *kui¹
Douglas (1873): XM kui [kui¹]
QZ [kui¹]; ZZ [kui¹]; DT ?; JY [kui¹]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *kui¹
Douglas (1873): XM kui [kui¹]
QZ [kui¹]; ZZ [kui¹]; DT ?; JY [kui¹]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *kui¹
Douglas (1873): XM kui [kui¹]
QZ [kui¹]; ZZ [kui¹]; DT ?; JY [kui¹]; CY ?; LZ [kui¹]; HK [kui¹]; WC ?
PSM *koi²
Douglas (1873): XM kôe [kue²], QZ kö̂e [køe²], ZZ kê [ke²]
QZ [kue²]; ZZ [ke²]; DT ?; JY [koi²]; CY ?; LZ [kɔi²]; HK [kɔi²]; WC ?
PSM *koi³
Douglas (1873): XM kóe [kue³], QZ kö́e [køe³], ZZ ké [ke³]
QZ [kue³]; ZZ [ke³]; DT ?; JY [koi³]; CY ?; LZ [kɔi³]; HK [kɔi³]; WC [koi³]
PSM *koi⁵
Douglas (1873): XM kòe [kue⁵], QZ kö̀e [køe⁵], ZZ kè [ke⁵]
QZ [kue⁵]; ZZ [ke⁵]; DT ?; JY [koi⁵]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [kɔi⁵]; WC [koi⁵]
PSM *koi⁵
Douglas (1873): XM kòe [kue⁵], QZ kö̀e [køe⁵], ZZ kè [ke⁵]
QZ [kue⁵]; ZZ [ke⁵]; DT ?; JY [koi⁵]; CY ?; LZ [kɔi⁵]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *kou³
Douglas (1873): XM kɵ́ [kɔ³]
QZ [kɔ³]; ZZ [kɔ³]; DT [ku³]; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
Fielde (1883) records kó [kou³].
PSM *kio²
Douglas (1873): XM kiô [kio²]
QZ [kio²]; ZZ [kio²]; DT [kiɤ²]; JY [kio²]; CY [kio²]; LZ [kiɔ²]; HK [kio²]; WC [kio²]
PSM *kio⁶
Douglas (1873): XM kiō [kio⁶]
QZ [kio⁵]; ZZ [kio⁶]; DT ?; JY [kio⁶]; CY ?; LZ [kiɔ¹]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *kõi³
Douglas (1873): XM kéng [kiŋ³], QZ kǘiⁿ [kɯi³]
QZ [kuĩ³]; ZZ [kan³]; DT ?; JY [kãi³]; CY ?; LZ [kai³]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *kioʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM kioh [kioʔ⁷]
QZ [kioʔ⁷]; ZZ [kioʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [kioʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [kiɔ⁷]; HK [kio⁸ᶫ]; WC ?
PSM *kɯn² ~ *kian² (?)
Douglas (1873): XM kiên [kian²]
QZ [kian²]; ZZ [kian² (?)]; DT ?; JY [keŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [kieŋ²]; HK ?; WC ?
Reconstruction to *kɯn² is supported by Chaozhou /kɯŋ²/. The Jieyang form can only be derived from *kɯn², and the Quanzhou form can only be derived from *kian². The Leizhou form can be reflexes of either.
PSM *kɯn⁴ ~ *kian⁴ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM kiēn [kian⁶], ZZ kīn [kin⁶]
QZ [kian⁴]; ZZ [kin⁶]; DT ?; JY [keŋ⁴]; CY [kiŋ⁴]; LZ [kieŋ⁴]; HK [kin⁶]; WC [kin⁶]
Reconstruction to *kɯn⁴ is supported by Chaozhou /kɯŋ⁴/*. The Zhangzhou and Chaoshan forms can only be derived from *kɯn⁴, and the Quanzhou form can only be derived from *kian⁴. The Leizhou and Hainan forms can be reflexes of either.
PSM *kɯk⁷ ~ kak⁷ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM kek [kik⁷], QZ kak [kak⁷], ZZ kiok [kiɔk⁷]
QZ [kak⁷]; ZZ [kiɔk⁷]; DT [koʔ⁷]; JY [kek⁷]; CY [kek⁷]; LZ [kʰuk⁷]; HK [kiak⁷]; WC [kiak⁷]
All the reflexes except Quanzhou can be derived from *kɯk⁷. For Zhangzhou, it may alternatively be literary. The Leizhou form is probably borrowed from a neighbouring Yue variety, such as Zhanjiang [kʰok⁷].
PSM *kuʔ⁷ (?)
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ?; ZZ [ku³] (?); DT ?; JY [kuʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [ku⁸ᶫ]; WC [kuʔ⁷]
*kʰ-
[edit]PSM *kʰuã¹
Douglas (1873): XM khoaⁿ [kʰuã¹]
QZ [kʰuã¹]; ZZ [kʰuã¹]; DT [kʰuã¹]; JY [kʰuã¹]; CY ?; LZ [kʰua¹]; HK [xua¹]; WC [xua¹]
PSM *kʰam⁴
Douglas (1873): XM khâm [kʰam²]
QZ [kʰam⁴]; ZZ [kʰam⁶]; DT ?; JY [kʰam⁴]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
The tone recorded in Douglas (1873) is unexpected based on the modern reflexes. Fielde (1883) records khăm-sàu [kʰam⁴ sau⁵] (under the entry sàu) as expected.
PSM *kʰaŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM khàng [kʰaŋ⁵]
QZ [kʰaŋ⁵]; ZZ [kʰaŋ⁵]; DT ?; JY [kʰaŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [kʰaŋ⁷]; HK [xaŋ⁵]; WC ?
The tone in the Leizhou form is irregular.
PSM *kʰiaŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM khiàng [kʰiaŋ⁵]
QZ [kʰiaŋ⁵]; ZZ [kʰiaŋ⁵]; DT ?; JY [kʰiaŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [kʰiaŋ⁵]; HK [xiaŋ⁵]; WC ?
PSM *kʰiap⁷
Douglas (1873): XM khiap [kʰiap⁷]
QZ [kʰiap⁷]; ZZ [kʰiap⁷]; DT ?; JY [kʰiap⁷]; CY ?; LZ [kʰiap⁷]; HK [xiap⁷]; WC [xiap⁷]
PSM *kʰui⁵
Douglas (1873): XM khùi [kʰui⁵]
QZ [kʰui⁵]; ZZ [kʰui⁵]; DT ?; JY [kʰui⁵]; CY ?; LZ [kʰui⁵]; HK [xui⁵]; WC ?
Kwok (2018) mentions this word on page 168, but he does not provide a reconstruction.
PSM *kʰoi⁵
Douglas (1873): XM khòe [kʰue⁵]; QZ khö̀e [kʰøe⁵]; ZZ khè [kʰe⁵]
QZ [kʰue⁵]; ZZ [kʰe⁵ ~ kʰeʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [kʰoi⁵]; CY ?; LZ [kʰɔi⁵]; HK [xɔi⁵]; WC ?
PSM *kʰou³
Douglas (1873): XM khɵ́ [kʰɔ³]
QZ [kʰɔ³]; ZZ [kʰɔ³]; DT ?; JY [kʰou³]; CY ?; LZ [kʰɛu³]; HK ?; WC [xou³]
PSM *kʰoiʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM khoeh [kʰueʔ⁷]; QZ khöeh [kʰøeʔ⁷]; ZZ kheh [kʰeʔ⁷]
QZ [kʰueʔ⁷]; ZZ [kʰeʔ⁷]; DT [kʰe⁵]; JY [kʰoiʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [kʰɔi⁷]; HK [xɔi⁸ᶫ ~ xe⁸ᶫ]; WC [xoi⁶′]
The meaning of this word has extended to 'to sleep' in Leizhou and Hainan.
PSM *kʰok⁸ ~ *kʰok⁷
Douglas (1873): XM kho̍k [kʰɔk⁸], QZ khok [kʰɔk⁷] ~ kho̍k [kʰɔk⁸]
QZ [kʰɔk⁸]; ZZ [kʰɔk⁸]; DT ?; JY [kʰok⁸]; CY ?; LZ [kʰɔk⁷]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *kʰɯk⁷
Douglas (1873): XM khek [kʰik⁷]
QZ [kʰiak⁷]; ZZ [kʰik⁷]; DT ?; JY [kʰek⁷]; CY ?; LZ [kʰiak⁷]; HK [xiak⁷]; WC [xiak⁷]
Kwok (2018) mentions the reconstruction of this word on page 143, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.
PSM *kʰut⁷
Douglas (1873): XM khut [kʰut⁷]
QZ [kʰut⁷]; ZZ [kʰut⁷]; DT [kʰoʔ⁷]; JY [kʰuk⁷]; CY ?; LZ [kʰuk⁷]; HK [xut⁷]; WC ?
PSM *kʰut⁷
Douglas (1873): XM khut [kʰut⁷]
QZ [kʰut⁷]; ZZ [kʰut⁷]; DT ?; JY [kʰuk⁷]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [xut⁷]; WC ?
PSM *kʰut⁸
Douglas (1873): XM khu̍t [kʰut⁸]
QZ [kʰut⁸]; ZZ [kʰut⁸]; DT ?; JY [kʰuk⁸]; CY ?; LZ [kʰuk⁸]; HK [xut⁸]; WC ?
*ɡ-
[edit]PSM *ɡut⁸
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY [uk⁸]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC [ɡut⁸]
The deletion of the initial in Jieyang and other Chaoshan dialects seems to be relatively recent. Fielde (1883) records both ût [ut⁸] and gût [ɡut⁸], which suggests two competing forms in the late 19th century.
*ŋh-
[edit]PSM *ŋhõi³
Douglas (1873): XM géng [ɡiŋ³], TA gáiⁿ [ɡãi³], QZ gǘi [ɡɯ̃i³], ZZ kán [kan³] ~ kéng [kiŋ³]
QZ [(ŋũi³) ŋũi³]; ZZ [(liɔŋ²) kan³]; DT [(loŋ²) ɡaŋ³]; JY [(nek⁸) ãi³]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [(liaŋ²) hai³]; WC [(liaŋ²) ɦai³]
The Datian form seems to be from a literary layer.
The /k-/ form in Zhangzhou is possibly a fortition due to dissimilation with the preceding /ŋ/ (thanks Shiro for the idea!).
The Jieyang form may also be derived from a form with the fortition to /k-/, and it may have further undergone rebracketing to be the coda of the first syllable.
*ŋ-
[edit]PSM *ŋia² kaŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM giâ-kang [ɡia² kaŋ¹]
QZ [ɡia² kaŋ¹]; ZZ [ɡia² kaŋ¹]; DT [ia² kaŋ¹]; JY [ɡe² kaŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [ŋɛ² kaŋ¹]; HK [ŋɛ² kaŋ¹]; WC [ɡou² koŋ¹]
In Datian, the initial in the first syllable has been deleted irregularly.
In Guangdong and Hainan, the vowel in the first syllable has become [e] or [ɛ] by coalescence.
The Wenchang form is literary.
PSM *ŋan²
Douglas (1873): XM gân [ɡan²]
QZ [ɡan²]; ZZ [ɡan²]; DT ?; JY [ŋaŋ²]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *ŋan⁵
Douglas (1873): XM gàn [ɡan⁵]
QZ [ɡan⁵]; ZZ [ɡan⁵]; DT ?; JY [ŋaŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [ŋaŋ⁵]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *ŋian⁵
Douglas (1873): XM gièn [ɡian⁵]
QZ [ɡian⁵]; ZZ [ɡian⁵]; DT ?; JY [ŋiaŋ⁵]; CY [ŋiaŋ⁵]; LZ [zieŋ⁵]; HK [zin⁵] (?); WC [dzin⁵]
PSM *ŋaŋ⁶
Douglas (1873): XM gāng [ɡaŋ⁶]
QZ ---; ZZ [ɡaŋ⁶]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [ŋaŋ¹]; HK [ŋaŋ¹]; WC [ŋaŋ¹]
PSM *ŋiat⁷ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM giet [ɡiat⁷]
QZ [ɡiat⁷]; ZZ [tsiat⁷ ~ dziat⁷]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [ŋiek⁷]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *ŋẽ⁴
Douglas (1873): XM ngīⁿ [ŋĩ⁶], ZZ ngɛ̄ⁿ [ŋɛ̃⁶]
QZ [ŋĩ⁴]; ZZ [ɡɛ̃⁶]; DT ?; JY [ŋẽ⁴]; CY ?; LZ [ŋɛ⁴]; HK [ŋɛ⁶]; WC [ŋe⁶]
PSM *ŋoŋ⁶
Douglas (1873): XM gōng [ɡoŋ⁶]
QZ [ɡoŋ⁵]; ZZ [ɡoŋ⁶]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [ŋɔŋ¹]; HK ?; WC ?
*h-
[edit]PSM *ha²
Douglas (1873): XM hâ [ha²]
QZ [ha²]; ZZ [haʔ⁸]; DT ?; JY [ha²]; CY ?; LZ [ha²]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *hau⁶
Douglas (1873): XM hāu [hau⁶]
QZ [hau⁵]; ZZ [hau⁶]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [hau¹]; HK ?; WC [ɦau¹]
PSM *hau⁶
Douglas (1873): XM hāu [hau⁶]
QZ [hau⁴]; ZZ [hau⁶]; DT [hɔ¹]; JY [hau⁴]; CY ?; LZ [hau¹]; HK [hau⁶]; WC [au⁶]
The Quanzhou and Jieyang tones may actually be tone 6 since this word is always sandhied (both tone 4 and tone 6 sandhi to the same tone).
The form in Wenchang is from PSM *au⁴.
PSM *huã²
Douglas (1873): XM hoâⁿ [huã²]
QZ [huã²]; ZZ [huã²]; DT ?; JY [huã²]; CY ?; LZ [hua²]; HK [hua²]; WC [ɦua²]
PSM *huã⁶
Douglas (1873): XM hoāⁿ [huã⁶]
QZ [huã⁵]; ZZ [huã⁶]; DT ?; JY [huã⁶]; CY ?; LZ [hua¹]; HK [hua¹]; WC ?
PSM *hiam¹
Douglas (1873): XM hiam [hiam¹]
QZ [hiam¹]; ZZ [hiam¹]; DT ?; JY [hiam¹]; CY ?; LZ [hiam¹]; HK [hiam¹]; WC ?
PSM *hian¹
Douglas (1873): XM hien [hian¹]
QZ [hian¹]; ZZ [hian¹]; DT ?; JY [hiaŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC [ɦin¹]
PSM *hian⁵
Douglas (1873): XM hièn [hian⁵]
QZ [hian⁵]; ZZ [hian⁵]; DT ?; JY [hiaŋ⁵ ~ heŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [hieŋ⁷]; HK [hin⁵]; WC [ɦin⁴]
The tone in Leizhou is irregular.
PSM *hian⁶ ~ *hin⁶
Douglas (1873): XM hiēn [hian⁶]
QZ [hian⁵]; ZZ [hian⁶]; DT ?; JY [heŋ⁶]; CY [hiaŋ⁶]; LZ [hieŋ¹]; HK [hin¹]; WC [ɦin¹]
The Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Chaoyang forms can only be derived from *hian⁶, and the Jieyang form can only be derived from *hin⁶. The Leizhou and Hainan forms can be reflexes of either.
PSM *huaʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM hoah [huaʔ⁷]
QZ [huaʔ⁷]; ZZ [huaʔ⁷]; DT ?; JY [huaʔ⁷]; CY ?; LZ [hua⁷]; HK [hua⁸ᶫ]; WC [ɦuaʔ⁷]
PSM *hak⁸
Douglas (1873): XM ha̍k [hak⁸]
QZ [hak⁸]; ZZ [hak⁸]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [hak⁸]; HK [hak⁸]; WC ?
PSM *he¹
Douglas (1873): XM he [he¹], ZZ hɛ [hɛ¹]
QZ [he¹]; ZZ [hɛ¹]; DT ?; JY [he¹]; CY ?; LZ [hɛ¹]; HK [hɛ¹]; WC ?
PSM *hĩ²
Douglas (1873): XM hîⁿ [hĩ²]
QZ [hian²]; ZZ [hian²]; DT ?; JY [hĩ²]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [i²]; WC [i²]
The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou forms are of literary origin. The Haikou and Wenchang forms have an irregular initial.
PSM *hĩ⁵ (Kwok *hiu⁵ (?) ~ *hĩ⁵ 'to sprinkle')
Douglas (1873): XM hìⁿ [hĩ⁵]
QZ [hĩ⁵]; ZZ [hĩ⁵]; DT ?; JY [hĩ⁵]; CY [hĩ⁵]; LZ [hi⁵]; HK ?; WC ?
Kwok reconstructs *hiu⁵ (?) ~ *hĩ⁵ seemingly without knowing of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou [hĩ⁵]. With this new information, it is unclear how the Datian form [huŋ⁵] cited in Kwok is related.
PSM *huĩ¹
Douglas (1873): XM hng [hŋ¹], ZZ huiⁿ [huĩ¹]
QZ [hŋ¹]; ZZ [huĩ¹]; DT [hiŋ¹]; JY [hŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [hui¹]; HK [hui¹]; WC [ɦui¹]
The rhyme in the Datian form is irregular.
PSM *huĩ²
Douglas (1873): XM hn̂g [hŋ²], ZZ hûiⁿ [huĩ²]
QZ [hŋ²]; ZZ [huĩ²]; DT ?; JY [hŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [hui²]; HK [hui²]; WC [ɦui²]
PSM *hõ¹
Douglas (1873): XM hng [hŋ¹]
QZ [hŋ¹]; ZZ [hŋ¹]; DT ?; JY [hɯŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *hõi³
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ [hian³]; ZZ [hian³]; DT ?; JY [hãi³]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [hai³]; WC [ɦai³]
The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou forms are literary.
PSM *hɯŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM hêng [hiŋ²]
QZ [hiŋ²]; ZZ [hiŋ²]; DT [heŋ²]; JY [heŋ²]; CY ?; LZ [hiaŋ²]; HK [hiaŋ²]; WC [ɦiaŋ²]
*∅-
[edit]PSM *au¹
Douglas (1873): XM au [au¹]
QZ [au¹]; ZZ [au¹]; DT [ɤ¹]; JY [au¹]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
The Datian form seems to be irregular.
PSM *uã⁶
Douglas (1873): XM oāⁿ [uã⁶]
QZ [uã⁵]; ZZ [uã⁶]; DT [muã¹]; JY [uã⁶]; CY ?; LZ [ua¹]; HK [ua¹]; WC [ua¹]
𧌄蜅 'cicada (modifier?)'
[edit]PSM *iõ² pou¹ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM am-pɵ̂-chê [am¹ pɔ² tse²] (some say pɵ [pɔ¹]); ZZ am-pó-chɛ̂ [am¹ po³ tsɛ²], am-kóng-chûn [am¹ kɔŋ³ tsun²]
QZ [iũ² pə¹ (sai¹)]; ZZ [iam¹ kɔŋ³ (tsun²)]; DT ---; JY [io⁶ pou¹ (suŋ²) ~ ham² pou¹ (suŋ²)]; CY ?; LZ ---; HK ---; WC ---
Modern Xiamen [am¹ pɔ³ tse²], Lukang [ham³ kɔ¹ tsʰe²], Kinmen [ham¹ kɔ¹ tsʰə²], Magong [iam¹ ko¹ tse²], Zhao'an [ham¹ pou¹ tsuŋ² ɛ³].
PSM *ian¹ ~ *in¹
Douglas (1873): XM ien [ian¹]
QZ [ian¹]; ZZ [ian¹]; DT ?; JY [eŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [ieŋ¹]; HK [in¹]; WC [in¹]
PSM *ian² ~ *in²
Douglas (1873): XM iên [ian²]
QZ ?; ZZ [ian²]; DT ?; JY [eŋ²]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [in²]; WC ?
PSM *ẽ¹
Douglas (1873): XM ɛⁿ [ɛ̃¹], TA iⁿ [ĩ¹]
QZ [ĩ¹]; ZZ [ɛ̃¹]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?
Duffus (1883) records gû-eⁿ [ɡu² ẽ¹] "heifer".
PSM *ẽ²
Douglas (1873): XM îⁿ [ĩ²], ZZ ɛ̂ⁿ [ɛ̃²]
QZ [ĩ²]; ZZ [ɛ̃²]; DT ?; JY [ẽ²]; CY ?; LZ [ɛ²]; HK [ɛ²]; WC [e²]
PSM *ĩ⁶
Douglas (1873): XM īⁿ [ĩ⁶]
QZ [ĩ⁵]; ZZ [ĩ⁶]; DT ?; JY [ĩ⁶]; CY ?; LZ [zieŋ²]; HK [zuaŋ⁶]; WC [zuan⁶]
The Leizhou and Hainanese forms are literary.
PSM *it⁷
Douglas (1873): XM it [it⁷]
QZ [it⁷]; ZZ [it⁷]; DT ?; JY [ek⁷]; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [it⁷]; WC [it⁷]
PSM *o¹ lo³
Douglas (1873): XM o-ló [o¹ lo³]
QZ [o¹ lo³]; ZZ [o¹ lo³]; DT ?; JY [o¹ lo³]; CY ?; LZ [ua¹ lɔ³]; HK ?; WC ?
The Leizhou form has an irregular reflex [ua¹]. This ua ~ o alternation is reminiscent of the colloquial-literary alternation in 歌 (gē), 何.
PSM *oi¹
Douglas (1873): XM oe [ue¹]; QZ öe [øe¹]; ZZ e [e¹]
QZ [ue¹]; ZZ [e¹]; DT ?; JY [oi¹]; CY ?; LZ [ɔi¹]; HK [ɔi¹]; WC ?
PSM *õ¹
Douglas (1873): XM ng [ŋ¹]
QZ [ŋ¹]; ZZ [ŋ¹]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK [o¹]; WC [o¹]
PSM *õ³
Douglas (1873): XM ńg [ŋ³]
QZ [ŋ³]; ZZ [ŋ³]; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ [ɔ³]; HK [o³]; WC [o³]
PSM *õ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM ǹg [ŋ⁵]
QZ [ŋ⁵]; ZZ [ŋ⁵]; DT [ŋ⁵]; JY [ŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [ɔ⁵]; HK [o⁵]; WC [o⁵]
PSM *un⁵
Douglas (1873): XM ùn [un⁵]
QZ [un⁵]; ZZ [un⁵]; DT ?; JY [uŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [uŋ⁵]; HK [un⁵]; WC ?
PSM *ɯŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM eng [iŋ¹]
QZ [iŋ¹]; ZZ [iŋ¹]; DT [ioŋ¹]; JY [eŋ¹]; CY ?; LZ [iaŋ¹]; HK ?; WC ?
PSM *ɯŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM èng [iŋ⁵], ZZ iòng [iɔŋ⁵]
QZ [iŋ⁵]; ZZ [iŋ⁵]; DT [ioŋ⁵]; JY [eŋ⁵]; CY ?; LZ [ieŋ⁵]; HK [iaŋ⁵]; WC [iaŋ⁵]
The Leizhou form seems to be irregular.
PSM *m³
Douglas (1873): XM ḿ [m³]
QZ [m³]; ZZ [m³]; DT [bu³]; JY [m³]; CY ?; LZ [m³]; HK ---; WC ---
The Datian form is irregular.