| Latin
|
direct borrowing or borrowing of a learned borrowing in a Romance language
|
borrowing of a natural French, Middle French, or Old French form
|
other
|
| acūtus
|
acute
|
ague
|
—
|
| advocō
|
advoke
|
avow, avouch
|
—
|
| antecessor
|
antecessor
|
ancestor
|
—
|
| antīquus
|
antique
|
—
|
antic (Italian)
|
| aquārius
|
Aquarius, aquarium
|
ewer
|
—
|
| arcus
|
arc
|
arch
|
arrow (Old English), arco (Italian)
|
| armārium
|
armarium
|
almery, ambry, armoire
|
almirah (Portuguese, through Hindi)
|
| armāta
|
—
|
army
|
armada (Spanish)
|
| armātūra
|
armature
|
armor
|
—
|
| asphodelus
|
asphodel
|
—
|
daffodil (Dutch)
|
| balsamum (from Greek)
|
balsam
|
balm
|
—
|
| benedictiō
|
benediction
|
benison
|
—
|
| blasphēmō
|
blaspheme
|
blame
|
—
|
| Bulgarus
|
Bulgar
|
bugger
|
—
|
| caballārius
|
—
|
chevalier
|
cavalier (Italian), caballero (Spanish)
|
| *cadentia
|
—
|
chance
|
cadence (Italian, through French), cadenza (Italian)
|
| Caesar
|
Caesar
|
—
|
czar and tsar (Russian), Kaiser (German)
|
| calamellus
|
—
|
chalumeau, shawm
|
—
|
| caldārium
|
caldarium
|
cauldron, chowder (perhaps)
|
caldera (Spanish)
|
| calumnia
|
calumny
|
challenge
|
—
|
| cambium
|
cambium
|
change
|
—
|
| camera
|
camera
|
chamber
|
—
|
| campus
|
campus
|
—
|
camp (Old English)
|
| canālis
|
canal
|
channel
|
—
|
| cancer
|
cancer
|
chancre
|
canker (Old English)
|
| candēlābrum
|
candelabrum
|
chandelier
|
—
|
| capitālis
|
capital
|
chattel, cattle
|
—
|
| capitāneus
|
captain
|
chieftain
|
—
|
| Capitolium
|
capitol
|
capitoul
|
—
|
| capitulum
|
capitulum
|
chapter, chapiter
|
—
|
| cappellānus
|
—
|
chaplain
|
capelin (Old Provençal, through French)
|
| captīvus
|
captive
|
caitiff
|
—
|
| caput
|
caput
|
chief, chef, cape
|
jefe (Spanish), capo (Italian), kaput (German)
|
| castellum
|
castle
|
château
|
—
|
| cathedra
|
cathedra
|
chair, chaise
|
—
|
| cauda
|
—
|
queue
|
coda (Italian)
|
| caulis
|
caulis
|
—
|
cole (Old English)
|
| centēnārius
|
centenary
|
—
|
kantar (Arabic)
|
| charta
|
—
|
card, chart, carte
|
—
|
| chorus
|
chorus
|
choir
|
—
|
| claustrum
|
claustrum
|
cloister
|
—
|
| clausūra
|
clausure
|
closure, cloture
|
—
|
| clāvis
|
clavis, claves
|
clef
|
—
|
| clēricus
|
cleric
|
clerk
|
—
|
| colōnia
|
colony
|
Cologne, cologne
|
—
|
| comes
|
comes
|
count (nobleman), comte
|
—
|
| comitātus
|
comitatus
|
county
|
—
|
| complēmentum
|
complement
|
—
|
compliment (Spanish, through French, through Italian)
|
| computō
|
compute
|
count (verb)
|
—
|
| cōnsuētūdō
|
consuetude
|
custom
|
costume (Italian, through French)
|
| cōpula
|
copula
|
couple
|
—
|
| corōna
|
corona
|
crown
|
koruna (Czech), krona (Swedish), krone (Danish and Norwegian)
|
| corpus
|
corpus
|
corpse, corps
|
—
|
| costa
|
costa
|
coast
|
cuesta (Spanish)
|
| crispus
|
crisp (through Old English)
|
crêpe
|
—
|
| cubiculum
|
cubiculum, cubicle
|
—
|
—
|
| cuneus
|
cuneus
|
coin
|
—
|
| cūrātiō
|
curation
|
—
|
curaçao (Portuguese)
|
| datus
|
datum, data
|
date, dice
|
—
|
| debitum
|
debit
|
debt
|
—
|
| decānus
|
decan
|
dean, doyen
|
—
|
| dēclīnātiō
|
declination
|
declension
|
—
|
| dēnārius
|
denarius
|
denier
|
denar (South Slavic), denary (Middle English), dinar (Arabic)
|
| dignitās
|
dignity
|
dainty
|
—
|
| dīluvium
|
diluvium
|
deluge
|
—
|
| dīrēctus
|
direct
|
—
|
derecho (Spanish)
|
| discus
|
discus, disc, disk
|
dais
|
dish (Old English), desk (Italian, through Medieval Latin)
|
| displicō
|
—
|
display, deploy
|
—
|
| districtus
|
district
|
Detroit
|
—
|
| diurnālis
|
diurnal
|
journal
|
—
|
| domina
|
domina
|
dame
|
donna (Italian), duenna (Old Spanish)
|
| dominus
|
dominus, domine, dominie, dom, don
|
—
|
dom (Portuguese)
|
| *domnicella
|
—
|
damsel, demoiselle, damoiselle
|
donzella (Italian), doncella (Spanish)
|
| *domnicellus
|
—
|
damoiseau
|
donzel (Italian)
|
| dormītōrium
|
dormitory
|
dorter
|
—
|
| dracō
|
Draco
|
dragon, dragoon
|
drake (Old English)
|
| ducātus
|
—
|
duchy
|
ducat (Italian, through Old and Middle French)
|
| dux
|
dux
|
duke
|
doge (Venetan, through Italian)
|
| ēlēctus
|
elect
|
elite
|
—
|
| erēmīta
|
hermit, eremite
|
—
|
—
|
| extrāneus
|
extraneous
|
strange
|
—
|
| fabrica
|
fabrica, fabric
|
forge
|
—
|
| factīcius
|
factitious
|
—
|
fetish (Portuguese, through French)
|
| factiō
|
faction
|
fashion
|
—
|
| factum
|
fact
|
feat
|
—
|
| factūra
|
facture (dated)
|
feature
|
—
|
| fascia
|
fascia
|
fess (heraldry)
|
—
|
| fātum
|
fate
|
fay
|
—
|
| flascō
|
—
|
flask, flagon
|
fiasco (Italian)
|
| folium
|
folio
|
foil
|
—
|
| fragilis
|
fragile
|
frail
|
—
|
| fūsiō
|
fusion
|
foison
|
—
|
| genus
|
genus
|
gender, genre
|
—
|
| gravis
|
grave
|
grief
|
—
|
| gravitās
|
gravitas, gravity
|
—
|
—
|
| hospitālis
|
hospital
|
hostel, hotel
|
—
|
| humilitās
|
humility
|
—
|
omertà (Italian)
|
| imperātrīx
|
imperatrix
|
empress
|
—
|
| influentia
|
—
|
influence
|
influenza (Italian)
|
| ingenium
|
ingenium
|
engine
|
—
|
| inodiō
|
—
|
annoy, ennui
|
—
|
| īnsignis
|
insignis, insignia, insigne
|
ensign
|
—
|
| īnsula
|
insula
|
isle
|
—
|
| integer
|
integer
|
entire
|
—
|
| invidiōsus
|
invidious
|
envious
|
—
|
| labium
|
labium, labia
|
—
|
la (solfège note, via clipping)
|
| lacertus
|
lacertus
|
lizard
|
alligator (Spanish)
|
| lacūna
|
lacuna
|
lagoon
|
—
|
| Latīnitās
|
Latinity
|
—
|
latinidad (Spanish)
|
| lavātōrium
|
lavatorium, lavatory
|
—
|
—
|
| lēctiō
|
lection
|
lesson
|
—
|
| lēgālis
|
legal
|
loyal, leal
|
—
|
| legiō
|
legion
|
—
|
León (Spanish)
|
| leō
|
Leo
|
lion
|
leu (Romanian), lev (Bulgarian)
|
| lībra
|
libra
|
livre
|
—
|
| ligātiō
|
ligation
|
liaison
|
—
|
| macula
|
macula, mackle, macule
|
mail
|
macchia (Italian), maquis (French, from Corsican)
|
| magister
|
magister
|
master and mister (also through Old English)
|
maestro (Italian), meister (German)
|
| magistrālis
|
magistral
|
mistral
|
—
|
| maior
|
major
|
mayor
|
—
|
| malva
|
—
|
mauve
|
mallow (Old English)
|
| manēre
|
—
|
manor, manoir
|
—
|
| masculus
|
—
|
male
|
macho (Spanish)
|
| mediānus
|
median
|
mean, means
|
mizzen (Old Catalan through Middle French, with spelling influenced by Italian)
|
| medietās
|
mediety
|
moiety
|
—
|
| minor
|
minor, minus
|
—
|
—
|
| minūtus
|
minute
|
menu
|
menudo (Spanish)
|
| mixtus
|
—
|
metis
|
mestizo (Spanish)
|
| modulus
|
module, modulus, modulo
|
mold
|
—
|
| molīnum
|
—
|
moulin
|
mill (Old English)
|
| monēta
|
—
|
money
|
mint (Old English), manat (Russian through Azeri and Turkmen)
|
| mōns
|
mons
|
mount
|
—
|
| *montānius
|
—
|
mountain
|
Montana (Spanish)
|
| musculus
|
muscle, mussel
|
—
|
—
|
| nāta
|
—
|
née
|
nada (Spanish)
|
| nātālis
|
natal
|
Noel, Natalie
|
Natalya (Russian)
|
| nātīvus
|
native
|
naive, naif
|
—
|
| opus, opera
|
opus
|
ure, oeuvre
|
opera (Italian)
|
| ōrātiō
|
oration
|
orison
|
—
|
| pālus
|
palus, pale (heraldry)
|
peel
|
pole (Old English)
|
| papȳrus
|
papyrus
|
paper
|
—
|
| parabola
|
parabola, parable
|
parole
|
palaver (Portuguese), palabra (Spanish)
|
| pasta
|
paste
|
—
|
pasta (Italian)
|
| patella
|
patella
|
—
|
paella (Catalan, through Spanish), padelle (Italian)
|
| patrōnus
|
patron
|
pattern
|
—
|
| pax
|
pax, pace
|
peace
|
—
|
| paenitentia
|
penitence
|
penance
|
—
|
| persōna
|
persona, person, parson
|
—
|
—
|
| phantasia
|
fantasia, fantasy, fancy
|
—
|
—
|
| phrenēticus
|
frenetic, frantic
|
—
|
—
|
| pietās
|
piety
|
pity
|
pietà (Italian)
|
| pigmentum
|
pigment
|
—
|
pimento, pimiento (Spanish and Portuguese)
|
| pistillum
|
pistil
|
pestle
|
—
|
| planta
|
plant
|
—
|
clan (Scottish Gaelic, through Welsh and Irish)
|
| plānus
|
plan, plane
|
plain
|
piano (Italian)
|
| platēa
|
—
|
place
|
piazza (Italian), plaza (Spanish)
|
| podium
|
podium
|
pew
|
—
|
| pondus
|
—
|
—
|
pound (Old English), pood (Russian)
|
| pōtiō
|
potion
|
poison
|
—
|
| precārius
|
precarious
|
prayer
|
—
|
| prehensiō
|
prehension
|
prison
|
—
|
| presbyter
|
presbyter
|
priest, prester
|
—
|
| prīmārius
|
primary
|
premier, primer
|
—
|
| prīvātus
|
private
|
privy
|
—
|
| prōprietās
|
—
|
propriety, property
|
—
|
| prōvideō
|
provide
|
purvey
|
—
|
| prūnum
|
—
|
prune
|
plum (Old English)
|
| quiētus
|
quiet, quit, quietus
|
coy
|
—
|
| radius
|
radio, radius
|
ray
|
—
|
| rādīx
|
radix
|
radish
|
—
|
| ratiō
|
ratio, ration
|
reason
|
—
|
| reālitās
|
reality
|
realty
|
—
|
| regālitās
|
regality
|
royalty
|
—
|
| redemptiō
|
redemption
|
ransom
|
—
|
| rēgālis
|
regal
|
royal
|
real (Spanish; the currency)
|
| rēgnum
|
regnum
|
reign (noun)
|
—
|
| regula
|
—
|
rule
|
rail (Old English)
|
| respectus
|
respect
|
respite
|
—
|
| rotundus
|
rotund, rotunda
|
round
|
—
|
| salsus
|
—
|
sauce
|
salsa (Spanish)
|
| sēcūrus
|
secure
|
sure
|
sicker (through Old English, dialectal)
|
| senātus
|
senate
|
—
|
Senedd (Welsh)
|
| scūtum
|
scutum
|
scute
|
escudo (Portuguese)
|
| senior
|
senior
|
sire and sir (Old French nominative), seignior and seigneur (Old French oblique)
|
signor (Italian), señor (Spanish), senhor (Portuguese)
|
| serēnus
|
serene
|
serein
|
—
|
| sextus
|
sexto, sext
|
—
|
siesta (Spanish)
|
| sigillum
|
sigil
|
seal
|
—
|
| solidus
|
solidus, solid
|
sou, sol
|
soldo (Italian), sold (Italian, through French)
|
| solus
|
—
|
sole
|
solo (Italian)
|
| solvō
|
solve
|
—
|
sol (solfège note, via clipping)
|
| spatula
|
spatula
|
epaule
|
—
|
| status
|
status, estate, state
|
—
|
—
|
| strātus
|
stratum, stratus (cloud)
|
—
|
street (Old English), estrade (Spanish, through French)
|
| strictus
|
strict
|
strait
|
—
|
| studium
|
study
|
étude
|
studio (Italian)
|
| subtīlitās
|
subtility
|
subtlety
|
—
|
| *superānus
|
—
|
sovereign
|
soprano (Italian)
|
| tēgula
|
tegula
|
tuile
|
tile (Old English)
|
| territōrium
|
territory
|
terroir
|
—
|
| thesaurus
|
thesaurus
|
treasure
|
—
|
| tinctus
|
tinct, tint
|
taint, teint
|
—
|
| titulus
|
title, tittle, titulus
|
titre
|
tilde (Spanish)
|
| tractus
|
tract
|
trait
|
—
|
| trāditiō
|
tradition
|
treason
|
—
|
| triplus
|
triple
|
treble
|
—
|
| viāticum
|
viaticum
|
voyage
|
—
|
| vīnum
|
vine
|
—
|
wine (Old English)
|
| vīpera
|
—
|
viper, weever (fish), wyvern
|
—
|
| viridis
|
virid
|
vert
|
—
|
| vocālis
|
vocal
|
vowel
|
—
|
| volūta
|
—
|
vault
|
volute (Italian, through French)
|
| vōtum
|
vote
|
vow
|
—
|
| Latin
|
direct borrowing or borrowing of a learned borrowing in a Romance language
|
borrowing of a natural French, Middle French, or Old French form
|
other
|
