Appendix:Southern Indo-Aryan Swadesh lists
This is a Swadesh list of Southern Indo-Aryan languages, specifically Konkani, Marathi and Old Marathi, compared with that of English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Konkani कोंकणी (koṅkṇī) edit (207) | Marathi मराठी (marāṭhī) edit (207) | Old Marathi 𑘦𑘮𑘰𑘨𑘰𑘬𑘿𑘘𑘿𑘨𑘲 (mahārāṣṭrī) edit (38) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | हांव (hā̃v) | मी (mī), आम्ही (āmhī)* | 𑘀𑘮𑘦 𑘿, 𑘦𑘿𑘧𑘰 (myā) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | तू (tū) | तू (tū)*, तुम्ही (tumhī)*, आपण (āpaṇ)* | 𑘝𑘳𑘦 𑘿 |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | व्हो (vho), व्ही (vhī), व्हे (vhe), ये (ye), तो (to), ती (tī), ते (te) | हा (hā), ही (hī), हे (he) | 𑘭𑘻 (so) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | आम्ही (āmhī) | आम्ही (āmhī)*, आपण (āpaṇ)* | 𑘁𑘦𑘲𑘽 (āmīṃ), 𑘁𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲 (āmhī) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | तुम्ही (tumhī) | तुम्ही (tumhī)*, आपण (āpaṇ)* | 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘹 (tumhe), 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲𑘽 (tumhīṃ) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | तान्ही (tānhī) | हे (he)*, ह्या (hyā)*, ते (te)*, त्या (tyā)* | 𑘭𑘼 (sau) |
| 7 | this | व्हो (vho), व्ही (vhī), व्हे (vhe), ये (ye) | हा (hā)*, ही (hī)*, हे (he)* | 𑘮𑘰 (hā)*, 𑘮𑘹 (he)*, 𑘮𑘹𑘽 (heṃ)* |
| 8 | that | तो (to), ती (tī), ते (te) | तो (to)*, ती (tī)*, ते (te)* | 𑘝𑘻 (to)*, 𑘝𑘲 (tī)*, 𑘝𑘹𑘽 (teṃ)* |
| 9 | here | हांगा (hāṅgā) | इथे (ithe), इकडे (ikḍe) | 𑘊𑘞 (etha) |
| 10 | there | थै (thai) | तिथे (tithe), तिकडे (tikḍe) | 𑘝𑘹𑘞 (tetha), 𑘝𑘹𑘎𑘚𑘹 (tekaḍe) |
| 11 | who | कोण (koṇ) | कोण (koṇ) | 𑘎𑘪𑘜 (kavaṇa), 𑘎𑘪𑘿𑘮𑘜 (kavhaṇa), 𑘎𑘻𑘜 (koṇa), 𑘎𑘻𑘜𑘿𑘮 (koṇha) |
| 12 | what | किदें (kidẽ), कसले (kasle) | काय (kāy) | 𑘎𑘰𑘃 (kāī), 𑘎𑘰𑘧 (kāya), 𑘎𑘰𑘧𑘹 (kāye) |
| 13 | where | खैं (kha͠i) | कुठे (kuṭhe) | 𑘎𑘻𑘙𑘹 (koṭhe) |
| 14 | when | केद्ना (kednā) | केव्हा (kevhā), कधी (kadhī) | 𑘎𑘃𑘽 (kaīṃ), 𑘎𑘹𑘽𑘪𑘿𑘮𑘰 (keṃvhā), 𑘎𑘺𑘽 (kaiṃ), 𑘎𑘹𑘠𑘪𑘰𑘽 (kedhavāṃ) |
| 15 | how | कशे (kaśe) | कसे (kase) | 𑘎𑘺𑘭 (kaisa), 𑘎𑘺𑘭𑘹𑘡𑘲 (kaisenī) |
| 16 | not | नू (nū) | नाही (nāhī) | 𑘡𑘰𑘮𑘲 (nāhī), 𑘡𑘰𑘮𑘲𑘽 (nāhīṃ) |
| 17 | all | सगळे (sagḷe) | सगळे (sagḷe) | 𑘭𑘪𑘿𑘪𑘹 (savve) |
| 18 | many | खूब (khūb) | पुष्कळ (puṣkaḷ), बरेच (bareċ), खूप (khūp), लय (lay) | |
| 19 | some | थोडे (thoḍe) | काही (kāhī) | |
| 20 | few | माच्चे (mācce) | थोडे (thoḍe), कमी (kamī) | |
| 21 | other | दुस्रे (dusre) | इतर (itar), दुसरे (dusre) | |
| 22 | one | एक (ek) | एक (ek) | |
| 23 | two | दोन (don) | दोन (don) | |
| 24 | three | तीन (tīn) | तीन (tīn) | |
| 25 | four | चार (cār) | चार (cār) | |
| 26 | five | पाच (pāc) | पाच (pāċ) | |
| 27 | big | व्होड (vhoḍ) | मोठे (moṭhe) | |
| 28 | long | लांब (lāmba), दीघ (dīgh) | लांब (lāmba) | |
| 29 | wide | रूंद (rūnda) | रुंद (runda) | |
| 30 | thick | दाट (dāṭ) | जाड (j̈āḍ) | |
| 31 | heavy | जड (jaḍ) | जड (j̈aḍ) | |
| 32 | small | धाक्ले (dhākle), सान (sān) | लहान (lahān), छोटे (choṭe) | 𑘩𑘮𑘰𑘜𑘰 (lahāṇā), 𑘩𑘮𑘰𑘡𑘰 (lahānā), 𑘩𑘮𑘰𑘡𑘰𑘩 (lahānāla), 𑘩𑘰𑘡 (lāna) |
| 33 | short | गिड्डो (giḍḍo) | बुटके (buṭke) | |
| 34 | narrow | येडो (yeḍo) | निरुंद (nirunda), अरुंद (arunda) | |
| 35 | thin | बारीक (bārīk), सपूर (sapūr) | पातळ (pātaḷ), बारीक (bārīk) | 𑘢𑘰𑘝𑘯 (pātaḷa) |
| 36 | woman | बाइल (bāil) | बाई (bāī) | |
| 37 | man (adult male) | दिद्लो (didlo) | पुरुष (puruṣ) | |
| 38 | man (human being) | मनीस (manīs) | माणूस (māṇūs) | 𑘦𑘰𑘜𑘳𑘭𑘻 (māṇuso) |
| 39 | child | भुर्गो (bhurgo) | पिल्लू (pillū) | |
| 40 | wife | बाइल (bāil) | बायको (bāyko) | |
| 41 | husband | घोव (ghov) | नवरा (navrā) | |
| 42 | mother | आवइ (āvai) | आई (āī) | |
| 43 | father | बापुइ (bāpui) | वडील (vaḍīl), बाप (bāp), बाबा (bābā) | |
| 44 | animal | जनावर (janāvar) | प्राणी (prāṇī) | |
| 45 | fish | मासोळी (māsoḷī), मास्ळी (māsḷī), जळकै (jaḷkai) | मासा (māsā) | 𑘦𑘰𑘭𑘰 (māsā), 𑘦𑘔 (macha), 𑘦𑘓𑘿𑘔 (maccha) |
| 46 | bird | पक्षि (pakṣi) | पक्षी (pakṣī), पाखरू (pākhrū) | 𑘢𑘰𑘏𑘲𑘨𑘳𑘽 (pākhīruṃ), 𑘢𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘲 (pakṣī) |
| 47 | dog | कुत्रो (kutro), सुणो (suṇo) | कुत्रा (kutrā) | 𑘎𑘳𑘝𑘲𑘨𑘰 (kutīrā) |
| 48 | louse | ऊव (ūv), ऊय (ūy) | ऊ (ū) | |
| 49 | snake | सोरोप (sorop), जिवाणे (jivāṇe) | साप (sāp) | 𑘭𑘰𑘢 (sāpa) |
| 50 | worm | कीडो (kīḍo) | अळी (aḷī) | |
| 51 | tree | झाड (jhāḍ), रूक (rūk) | झाड (j̈hāḍ) | 𑘖𑘰𑘚 (jhāḍa) |
| 52 | forest | रान (rān) | वन (van) | |
| 53 | stick | दांडो (dāṇḍo) | काठी (kāṭhī) | |
| 54 | fruit | फळ (phaḷ) | फळ (phaḷ) | |
| 55 | seed | बी (bī) | बी (bī) | |
| 56 | leaf | पान (pān) | पान (pān) | 𑘢𑘰𑘡 (pāna) |
| 57 | root | मूळ (mūḷ) | मूळ (mūḷ) | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | (झाडाचे) साल ((jhāḍāce) sāl) | (झाडाची) साल ((j̈hāḍācī) sāl) | |
| 59 | flower | फूल (phūl) | फूल (phūl) | 𑘣𑘳𑘩 (phula) |
| 60 | grass | तण (taṇ) | गवत (gavat) | 𑘐𑘪𑘝 (gavata) |
| 61 | rope | दोरी (dorī) | दोरी (dorī), रस्सी (rassī) | |
| 62 | skin | कात (kāt) | त्वचा (tvacā) | |
| 63 | meat | मास (mās) | मास (mās) | 𑘦𑘼𑘽𑘭 (mauṃsa) |
| 64 | blood | रगत (ragat) | रक्त (rakta) | |
| 65 | bone | हाड (hāḍ) | हाड (hāḍ) | |
| 66 | fat (noun) | वोस (vos) | चरबी (carbī) | |
| 67 | egg | ताती (tātī), अंडें (aṇḍẽ) | अंडे (aṇḍe) | |
| 68 | horn | शींग (śīṅga) | शिंग (śiṅga) | 𑘭𑘱𑘽𑘐 (siṃga) |
| 69 | tail | शेंपडी (śempḍī) | शेपूट (śepūṭ) | |
| 70 | feather | पाक (pāk) | पीस (pīs) | |
| 71 | hair | केस (kes) | केस (kes) | |
| 72 | head | तक्ली (taklī), मात्ते (mātte) | डोके (ḍoke) | |
| 73 | ear | कान (kān) | कान (kān) | |
| 74 | eye | दोळो (doḷo) | डोळा (ḍoḷā) | |
| 75 | nose | नांक (nāṅka) | नाक (nāk) | |
| 76 | mouth | तोण्ड (toṇḍa) | तोण्ड (toṇḍa) | 𑘝𑘻𑘽𑘚 (toṃḍa) |
| 77 | tooth | दांत (dānta) | दात (dāt) | 𑘟𑘰𑘽𑘝 (dāṃta) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | जिब्लि (jibli), जीभ (jībh) | जीभ (jībh) | 𑘕𑘲𑘥 (jībha) |
| 79 | fingernail | नाखूट (nākhūṭ) | नख (nakh) | |
| 80 | foot | पाय (pāy) | पाऊल (pāūl) | 𑘢𑘰𑘄𑘩 (pāula) |
| 81 | leg | पाय (pāy) | पाय (pāy) | |
| 82 | knee | दोपोर (dopor) | गुडघा (guḍghā) | |
| 83 | hand | हात (hāt) | हात (hāt) | |
| 84 | wing | पंख (paṅkha), पांख (pāṅkha) | पंख (paṅkha) | |
| 85 | belly | पोट (poṭ) | पोट (poṭ) | 𑘢𑘻𑘘 (poṭa) |
| 86 | guts | नेट (neṭ) | आतडे (ātḍe) | |
| 87 | neck | गळो (gaḷo) | गळा (gaḷā) | 𑘐𑘯𑘰 (gaḷā) |
| 88 | back | पिछाडें (pichāḍẽ), पाठी (pāṭhī) | पाठ (pāṭh) | 𑘢𑘰𑘘 (pāṭa), 𑘢𑘰𑘙𑘲 (pāṭhī) |
| 89 | breast | छाती (chātī), थान (thān) | छाती (chātī), स्तन (stan) | |
| 90 | heart | हड्डें (haḍḍẽ) | हृदय (hruday) | |
| 91 | liver | यकृत (yakrut) | यकृत (yakrut), काळीज (kāḷīj̈) | |
| 92 | to drink | पियेव्चे (piyevce), पिव्चे (pivce) | पिणे (piṇe) | |
| 93 | to eat | खाव्चे (khāvce) | खाणे (khāṇe) | |
| 94 | to bite | चाव्चे (cāvce) | चावणे (ċāvṇe) | |
| 95 | to suck | चोख्चे (cokhce) | चोखणे (ċokhṇe) | |
| 96 | to spit | थुक्चे (thukce) | थुंकणे (thuṅkṇe) | |
| 97 | to vomit | वोंक्चे (voṅkce) | ओकणे (okṇe) | |
| 98 | to blow | फूक मार्चे (phūk mārce) | फुंकणे (phuṅkṇe) | |
| 99 | to breathe | श्वास घेव्चे (śvās ghevce) | श्वास घेणे (śvās gheṇe) | |
| 100 | to laugh | हास्चे (hāsce) | हसणे (hasṇe) | |
| 101 | to see | पव्चे (pavce), पळव्चे (paḷavce) | दिसणे (disṇe)*, पाहणे (pāhṇe), बघणे (baghṇe) | |
| 102 | to hear | ऐक्चे (aikce), ऐकुंचे (aikuñce) | ऐकणे (aikṇe) | |
| 103 | to know | जाण्चे (jāṇce), गोत्तु आस्चे (gottu āsce), कळ्चे (kaḷce) | माहीत असणे (māhīt asṇe), जाणणे (j̈āṇṇe), ओळखणे (oḷakhṇe)* | |
| 104 | to think | चित्चे (citce) | विचार करणे (vicār karṇe) | |
| 105 | to smell | वास घेव्चे (vās ghevce) | वास घेणे (vās gheṇe), हुंगणे (huṅgṇe) | |
| 106 | to fear | भिव्चे (bhivce) | घाबरणे (ghābarṇe), भिणे (bhiṇe) | |
| 107 | to sleep | न्हिदुंचे (nhiduñce) | झोपणे (j̈hopṇe), निजणे (nij̈ṇe) | |
| 108 | to live | जग्चे (jagce) | जगणे (j̈agṇe) | |
| 109 | to die | मर्चे (marce) | मरणे (marṇe) | |
| 110 | to kill | मार्चे (mārce) | मारणे (mārṇe) | |
| 111 | to fight | झगड्चे (jhagaḍce) | लढणे (laḍhṇe) | |
| 112 | to hunt | शिकार कर्चे (śikār karce) | शिकार करणे (śikār karṇe) | |
| 113 | to hit | मारप (mārap) | मारणे (mārṇe) | |
| 114 | to cut | कातरप (kātrap), कापप (kāpap), तासप (tāsap) | कापणे (kāpṇe) | |
| 115 | to split | भेसां जावप (bhesā̃ jāvap) | वाटणे (vāṭṇe)*, चिरणे (cirṇe)* | |
| 116 | to stab | सुरी रोमप (surī romap) | भोसकणे (bhosakṇe) | |
| 117 | to scratch | करपुंचे (karpuñce) | खाजवणे (khāj̈avṇe) | |
| 118 | to dig | खणप (khaṇap) | खोदणे (khodṇe), खणणे (khaṇṇe) | |
| 119 | to swim | फिरप (phirap) | पोहणे (pohṇe) | |
| 120 | to fly | उडप (uḍap) | उडणे (uḍṇe) | |
| 121 | to walk | चलप (calap), वचप (vacap), येवप (yevap) | चालणे (ċālṇe) | |
| 122 | to come | पावप (pāvap) | येणे (yeṇe) | |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | Southern Indo-Aryan Swadesh lists | आडवे होणे (āḍve hoṇe) | |
| 124 | to sit | बसप (basap) | बसणे (basṇe) | |
| 125 | to stand | सोंसप (sousap) | उभे राहणे (ubhe rāhṇe) | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | बदलप (badlap) | वळणे (vaḷṇe) | |
| 127 | to fall | पडप (paḍap), गळप (gaḷap) | पडणे (paḍṇe) | |
| 128 | to give | दान करप (dān karap) | देणे (deṇe) | |
| 129 | to hold | पकडप (pakḍap) | धरणे (dharṇe) | |
| 130 | to squeeze | पिळप (piḷap) | पिळणे (piḷṇe), चेपणे (cepṇe), दाबणे (dābṇe) | |
| 131 | to rub | घांसप (ghāusap) | घासणे (ghāsṇe)*, चोळणे (ċolṇe) | |
| 132 | to wash | Southern Indo-Aryan Swadesh lists | धुणे (dhuṇe) | |
| 133 | to wipe | फासप (phāsap), पुसप (pusap) | पुसणे (pusṇe) | |
| 134 | to pull | ओडप (oḍap), तोडप (toḍap) | खेचणे (kheċṇe), ओढणे (oḍhṇe) | |
| 135 | to push | Southern Indo-Aryan Swadesh lists | ढकलणे (ḍhakalṇe) | |
| 136 | to throw | उडोवप (uḍovap), [Term?] | फेकणे (phekṇe), टाकणे (ṭākṇe) | |
| 137 | to tie | बांधप (bāndhap) | बांधणे (bāndhṇe) | |
| 138 | to sew | शिंवप (śiuvap) | शिवणे (śivṇe) | |
| 139 | to count | गणना करप (gaṇnā karap) | मोजणे (moj̈ṇe) | |
| 140 | to say | म्हणप (mhaṇap) | बोलणे (bolṇe)*, म्हणणे (mhaṇṇe) | |
| 141 | to sing | गावप (gāvap) | गाणे (gāṇe) | |
| 142 | to play | Southern Indo-Aryan Swadesh lists | खेळणे (kheḷṇe) | |
| 143 | to float | पातळावप (pātḷāvap) | तरंगणे (taraṅgṇe) | |
| 144 | to flow | व्हांवप (vhāuvap) | वाहणे (vāhṇe) | |
| 145 | to freeze | गोठप (goṭhap) | गोठणे (goṭhṇe) | |
| 146 | to swell | वाडप (vāḍap), सुजप (sujap) | फुगणे (phugṇe)*, सुजणे (suj̈ṇe) | |
| 147 | sun | सूर्य (sūrya) | सूर्य (sūrya) | |
| 148 | moon | चंद्र (candra) | चंद्र (candra) | 𑘓𑘡𑘿𑘟𑘻 (cando) |
| 149 | star | तारो (tāro) | तारा (tārā) | |
| 150 | water | उदक (udak), तेज (tej), पाणी (pāṇī), जल (jal) | पाणी (pāṇī) | |
| 151 | rain | पावस (pāvas), शिंवर (śiuvar) | पाऊस (pāūs) | |
| 152 | river | न्हंय (nhaiya), नदी (nadī) | नदी (nadī) | |
| 153 | lake | तळी (taḷī) | सरोवर (sarovar) | |
| 154 | sea | दर्या (daryā), समुद्र (samudra) | समुद्र (samudra) | |
| 155 | salt | मीठ (mīṭh) | मीठ (mīṭh) | |
| 156 | stone | फातर (phātar) | दगड (dagaḍ) | |
| 157 | sand | रेंव (reuva) | वाळू (vāḷū) | |
| 158 | dust | पिठो (piṭho) | धूळ (dhūḷ) | |
| 159 | earth | जमीन (jamīn), भूंय (bhūiya) | पृथ्वी (pruthvī) | |
| 160 | cloud | कूप (kūp) | ढग (ḍhag) | |
| 161 | fog | धुकें (dhukẽ) | धुके (dhuke) | |
| 162 | sky | आकाश (ākāś) | आकाश (ākāś) | |
| 163 | wind | वायू (vāyū) | वारा (vārā) | |
| 164 | snow | झेल (jhel) | बर्फ (barpha) | |
| 165 | ice | झेल (jhel) | बर्फ (barpha) | |
| 166 | smoke | धुंवर (dhuuvar) | धूर (dhūr) | |
| 167 | fire | उजो (ujo) | आग (āg) | |
| 168 | ash | राख (rākh) | राख (rākh) | |
| 169 | to burn | जळप (jaḷap) | जळणे (j̈aḷṇe) | |
| 170 | road | रस्तो (rasto) | रस्ता (rastā) | |
| 171 | mountain | दोंगर (doṅgar) | डोंगर (ḍoṅgar) | |
| 172 | red | लाल (lāl) | लाल (lāl) | |
| 173 | green | पाच्वौं (pācva͠u) | हिरवे (hirve) | |
| 174 | yellow | हळदुवो (haḷduvo) | पिवळे (pivḷe) | |
| 175 | white | धवो (dhavo) | पांढरे (pāṇḍhre) | |
| 176 | black | काळो (kāḷo) | काळे (kāḷe) | |
| 177 | night | रात (rāt) | रात्र (rātra) | |
| 178 | day | दीस (dīs) | दिवस (divas) | |
| 179 | year | वर्स (varsa) | वर्ष (varṣa) | |
| 180 | warm | गरम (garam) | गरम (garam), उबदार (ubdār) | |
| 181 | cold | थंड (thaṇḍa) | गार (gār), थंड (thaṇḍa) | |
| 182 | full | पुराय (purāy) | संपूर्ण (sampūrṇa) | |
| 183 | new | नवें (navẽ) | नवे (nave), नवीन (navīn) | |
| 184 | old | पुरातन (purātan) | जुने (j̈une) | |
| 185 | good | बरें (barẽ) | चांगले (cāṅgle) | |
| 186 | bad | कुशिल्लें (kuśillẽ) | वाईट (vāīṭ) | |
| 187 | rotten | कुशिल (kuśil) | कुजके (kuj̈ke) | |
| 188 | dirty | म्हेळें (mheḷẽ) | घाण (ghāṇ) | |
| 189 | straight | सरळ (saraḷ) | सरळ (saraḷ) | |
| 190 | round | गोलाकार (golākār) | गोल (gol) | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | तिखट (tikhaṭ) | तीक्ष्ण (tīkṣṇa) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | Southern Indo-Aryan Swadesh lists | बोथट (bothaṭ) | |
| 193 | smooth | लाघवी (lāghvī) | गुळगुळीत (guḷguḷīt) | |
| 194 | wet | ओलें (olẽ) | ओले (ole) | |
| 195 | dry | सुकें (sukẽ) | कोरडे (korḍe), सुके (suke) | |
| 196 | correct | सत (sat) | बरोबर (barobar) | |
| 197 | near | समीप (samīp) | जवळ (j̈avaḷ) | |
| 198 | far | पयशिल्लें (payśillẽ) | दूर (dūr), लांब (lāmba) | |
| 199 | right | उजवो (ujvo ) | उजवे (uj̈ve) | |
| 200 | left | दावो (dāvo ) | डावे (ḍāve) | |
| 201 | at | चेर (cer) | locative and dative cases, ʻinʼ, deictic pronouns, कडे (kaḍe) | |
| 202 | in | भितर (bhitar) | मध्ये (madhye), आत (āt) | |
| 203 | with | लागीं (lāgī̃) | बरोबर (barobar), सह (sah) | |
| 204 | and | आनी (ānī) | आणि (āṇi) | |
| 205 | if | जर (jar) | जर (j̈ar) | |
| 206 | because | लागून (lāgūn) | कारण (की) (kāraṇ (kī))* | |
| 207 | name | नांव (nāuva) | नाव (nāv) |