Appendix:Proto-Nivkh reconstructions

The following list of reconstructed Proto-Nivkh forms is from Fortescue (2016: 182-194).

List

Gloss	Proto-Nivkh	Page
abdomen of fish	*daql	182
accompany	*k(ə)r-	182
acorn	*bulkr	182
acrid	*xa	182
(be) afraid	*klu-	182
again	*an’d’aj	182
agree	*doɣt-	182
aim at	*(n’ə)kra-	182
alder	*hewŋi	182
alive	*morqa-	182
all	*cik	182
almost	*ara	182
already	*ark	182
always	*aɣrciŋ	182
anchor	*cavʀ	182
angry	*um-	182
animal	*ŋa	182
ant	*ozr	182
appear	*boj-	182
appearance	*boc	182
apron	*qorqŋ	182
argue	*law(law)-	182
arm	*dot	182
armour	*pet	182
arrow	*ku	182
ashamed	*jacʀa-	182
ashes	*bləŋr, *hi(l)mr	182
ask	*ot-	182
ask for	*ek-	182
aspic	*mor	182
at last	*əkəkə	182
attach to belt	*ilk-	182
attack	*wez-	182
autumn	*d’ilv	182
axe	*duɣ, *kə	182
babble (stream)	*gurɣjo-	182
baby	*ojdam	182
back	*gadr	182
back or spine	*ŋarki	182
back of neck	*oɣri	182
bad	*əki-	182
bait	*am	182
bald	*ɢat-	182
bandage	*bar	182
bark	*oɣm	182
bark (dog)	*aɣ-	182
basket	*mulk	182
bay	*ŋalu	182
be (somewhere)	*pi-	182
be or do such	*ha-	182
be or do like this	*damci-	182
beach	*d’o	182
bear	*cɣəv	182
bear cub	*olp	182
beard	*av	182
become	*mu-	182
bed	*tuɣr	182
believe or hope	*aʀt-	182
bell	*ɢoŋ(ɢoŋ)	182
(sleeping) bench	*naɣŋ	182
bend over	*hətŋə-	182
bent	*berq(a)-	182
(get) better	*paj-	182
big	*bil-	182
bilberry	*cəmɣi	182
birch (bark)	*hiv	182
bird	*bəjŋa	182
(small) bird	*crat, *d’evrq	182
boat	*mu	182
body	*wut	182
bottom	*waj	182
bow	*bunt	182
bow (of boat)	*məɣ	182
bow or pray	*meɣra-	182
bowl	*ŋirŋ	182
box	*waqi	182
braid or weave	*no-	182
brain	*ŋawrk	182
brake	*qawr	182
branch	*d’er	182
break or be broken	*d’orq-	182
breast	*məc(ɣ)	182
breathe	*ta-	182
bridge	*turi	182
bright or light	*ɢalʀala-	182
brine	*giɣ	183
broom	*bucir	183
brother (of woman)	*kiwŋ	183
bullfinch	*gəvŋi	183
bullhead (fish)	*larq	183
bun of hair	*bop	183
bundle (of fish)	*ar	183
burn	*u-	183
burn oneself	*ge(j)zqo-	183
bury	*kəmz-	183
butterfly	*guɣl, *dap(i)	183
buttocks	*oŋ(q)ti	183
button	*uɣr	183
buy or trade	*jerki-	183
buzz or ring	*beŋjo-	183
cage	*ŋaɣ	183
call	*az-	183
capercaillie	*darkraʀ	183
careful	*azra-	183
carp	*pirŋər	183
carry in arms	*tik-	183
cartilage	*ŋak	183
cartilage (fish head)	*buk	183
carve or make cuts in	*dak-	183
catch up with	*al-	183
cedar thicket	*himŋ	183
chain	*walk(i)	183
change	*dakr-	183
chase	*tu-	183
chase away	*mraŋi-	183
cheap	*piŋr-	183
cheat	*d’al(qa)-	183
cheat or deceive	*walt-	183
chest	*ŋarɣər	183
chew	*wawu-	183
chicken	*peq	183
chief	*d’aŋki	183
child	*eʀlaŋ	183
(get) chilled	*lakr-	183
chimney pipe	*qol(a)	183
chin	*iti	183
choose	*duɣ-	183
chop	*ta-	183
chop up	*kəv-	183
claw or nail	*dakn’	183
clay	*ormi	183
clean	*avrk-	183
clean fish	*maɣ-	183
cliff or promontory	*krə	183
close	*arp-	183
clothes	*haɣ(ar)	183
cloud	*laɣ	183
cloudberry	*erŋi	183
coal	*wezvaʀ	183
cod	*ɢaŋi	183
cold	*tiv-	183
(freezing) cold	*hoʀ-	183
(a bad) cold	*χana	183
collar	*halŋ, *ozi	183
colour	*wal	183
comb	*e	183
come	*prə-	183
come ashore	*maʀ-	183
come or go out	*pu-	183
come out	*guz-	183
congeal	*liɣr-	183
(bark) container	*dək	183
contract	*lo-	183
cook	*he-	183
cool	*bur(bur)-	183
cool (down)	*duz-	183
copulate	*dav-	183
corner	*d’on’ʀ	183
cotton	*joχan	183
cough	*eʀ(j)eʀ-	183
count or read	*uru-	183
cover	*atu-	183
cow	*eχaŋ	183
crab	*davʀəj	183
cradle	*d’aq	183
cranberry	*dam	183
crane	*loʀaj	183
crawl	*pul(pul)-	183
cross river	*orqo-	183
crow	*ɢar(ŋ)	183
crown of head	*ta	183
crumb	*gukur	183
crush	*ban’-	183
cry	*do-	183
cry (animal) or sing	*ce-	183
cry or yelp	*ɢaʀju-	183
cuckoo	*buk(u)	183
custom	*dor	184
cut	*haq-	184
cut or mow	*ku-	184
cut hair	*moʀ-	184
cut into pieces	*moq-	184
cut off	*wal-	184
cut out	*gul-	184
dance	*plisi-	184
dance (women’s)	*d’iɣ-	184
dark	*ŋə-	184
dark	*wukwuk-	184
daughter-in-law	*joʀ	184
dawn	*kru-	184
day	*muɣv	184
day (24 hours)	*gu	184
decide	*nəjnə-	184
deep	*wew-	184
dense	*lətlət(ʀar)-	184
devil	*ginr, *milk	184
die	*mu-	184
dig	*kəz-	184
dip or soak	*hupu-	184
direction from shore onto water	*ta-	184
direction from shore to interior	*he-	184
dirt	*ger	184
dirty	*ŋalzqo-	184
disappear	*ujɣi-	184
dish	*un’r	184
divide	*doz-	184
do	*aj-	184
do (what)	*nu-	184
dog	*ɢanŋ	184
dog team	*ikr	184
dolphin	*bomi	184
don’t	*ta	184
door	*tə	184
down	*ɢo-	184
downriver	*a-	184
dream	*təj-	184
dress	*huɣt	184
dried fish	*ma	184
drill	*luŋ	184
drink	*da-	184
drip	*cal-	184
drum	*qar	184
drunk	*coxt(o)-	184
dry	*ce-	184
dry	*qaw-	184
drying rack	*halŋr	184
duck	*awŋq, *kəŋri	184
dust(y)	*duj-	184
eagle	*camŋ	184
ear	*nor, *mla	184
ear ring	*mezq	184
ear wax	*toʀ	184
earlier	*an(ə)k(i)	184
earth or land	*miv	184
eat	*n’i-	184
edge	*d’ər, *or	184
egg	*ŋojeq	184
eight	*minr	184
elbow	*domʀ	184
elder (tree)	*qoŋəj	184
elk	*toʀ(ŋa)	184
emaciated	*ke-	184
empty	*hon’ʀa-	184
enough	*naw-	184
enough or much	*ler	184
equal in quantity	*ara-	184
equipment	*aʀaʀr	184
estuary or bay	*twaʀ	184
evening	*barv	184
excellent	*hekila-	184
excrement	*otɣ	184
explain	*azkəm-	184
eye	*n’(ə)ŋaɣ	184
eyebrow	*binr	184
eyelashes	*n’evrqəj	184
face	*ŋən’k	184
fail to reach	*amt(r)er-	184
fall (precipitation)	*gə-	184
fall (leaves)	*guku-	184
fall down	*gut-	184
fall over	*bol-	184
far	*təl(v)	184
fast	*eɣ-	184
fat	*tom	184
(get) fat	*ŋar-	184
father	*ətək	184
father or uncle	*er	184
father-in-law	*aɣmalk	185
feathers or down	*dupr	185
fed up	*lazŋu-	185
feed	*ar-	185
female	*an’aʀ	185
female genitals	*malʀ	185
fight	*uɣmu-, *wa-	185
file	*mrar	185
filter	*gez-	185
fin	*mark	185
finger	*dun’	185
finish	*tvi-	185
fir	*ŋarŋi	185
fire	*tuɣ(u)r	185
firm	*d’eqa-	185
fish	*co	185
fish (kaluga)	*parq	185
fish guts	*oɣr	185
fish skin	*mand’	185
fish with line	*kerqo-	185
fishing tackle	*gitŋ	185
fishing vessel	*guŋkas	185
fist	*cvəɣ	185
five	*to(r)	185
fix into the earth	*buɣu-	185
fix net	*ov-	185
flame or blaze up	*hil-	185
flap wings	*par(par)-	185
flatfish	*loq	185
flea	*ŋarqi	185
flense	*ci-	185
flense (bear)	*lark-	185
flesh or meat	*dur	185
float	*lark-	185
float (fishing)	*waŋ	185
floor	*pal(ŋ)	185
floor	*lawr	185
flour	*ofaŋ	185
flow	*ajɣ-	185
flower (verb)	*eŋv-	185
fly	*bəj-	185
fly (insect)	*coŋi	185
foam	*bovtr	185
follow or go behind	*ari-	185
foot or sole	*ŋazl	185
footwear	*gi	185
forehead	*taɣ	185
forest	*cɣaɣ	185
forget	*tɣarp-	185
four	*nə(r)	185
fox	*keq	185
(black-grey) fox	*herv	185
(cross) fox	*blajrəv	185
fox hole	*hu	185
freeze	*gəŋ-	185
fresh	*loqr-	185
friend	*ŋavq	185
(be) frightened	*laʀo-	185
frog	*ralŋ	185
front	*ozk	185
(in) front	*nuɣi-	185
front of body	*ul	185
frown	*n’olju-	185
fruit or berry	*alr	185
full	*car-	185
full or satiated	*krəz-	185
fur coat	*oq	185
gadfly	*lavŋi	185
gall (bladder)	*tvirk	185
gather	*opu-	185
gather (berries)	*pe-	185
get or hold	*bo-	185
gift	*azmur	185
gills	*azŋi	185
give	*kim-	185
give water to	*aɣ-	185
glove	*wamp(a)q	185
gnash teeth	*keqrju-	185
gnaw	*q(ə)r-	185
go	*wi-	185
go along shore	*lark-	185
go down	*maɣ(v)-	185
go down or sink	*dujuɣ-	185
go downstream	*ɢa-	185
go for	*ŋa-	185
go into	*juɣ-	185
go out (fire)	*d’oz-	185
go over	*tmə-	185
go side by side	*lav-	185
go up	*mar(ev)-	185
go up (from shore)	*teɣ-	185
go upstream	*du-	185
gold	*ajz(ŋ)	186
good	*ur-	186
good or diligent	*nama-	186
gossip	*irvtɣop-	186
gouge out	*k(ə)r-	186
grandfather or father-in-law	*atak	186
grandmother or mother-in-law	*acik	186
grass	*c(ə)ŋər	186
grey	*cavr-	186
groats	*raq	186
ground squirrel	*taɣr	186
(hazel) grouse	*haŋ	186
grow or produce	*ban(t)-	186
guest	*antʀ	186
gum	*ŋən’ŋər	186
gun	*meuci(ŋ)	186
hail	*a(ra)qm	186
hair or fur	*ŋamrki	186
half	*barq	186
hammer	*cvəvr	186
hand	*damk	186
hand span	*ɢovr	186
handle	*gep-	186
hang	*kro-	186
happiness	*kər	186
hare	*həjk	186
harness	*d’və-	186
harpoon (dolphin)	*weɣl	186
harpoon (shaft)	*dla	186
hat	*haq	186
hate	*cqa-	186
have or exist	*iv-	186
hawk	*ŋaj-	186
he or she	*ivŋ	186
head	*d’oŋkr	186
heal	*cu-	186
hear or listen	*mə-	186
heart	*ŋiv	186
hearth	*tut	186
heavy	*ber(la)-	186
heel	*anɣi	186
help	*do-	186
heron	*wazaʀ	186
hide	*ep-, *piŋ-	186
high	*ul-	186
hill	*ulav	186
(bare) hill	*cir	186
hit	*d’a-	186
hold back	*garu-	186
hole	*kuti	186
(make) hole	*porloʀ-	186
hole in ice	*tə	186
hollow	*hurki-	186
hoof	*qarp	186
hook	*tav-	186
hook or catch on	*jakz-	186
hoop	*kuvr	186
hoop or ring	*dutəɣ	186
hoot	*wuwu-	186
horn	*murki	186
horse	*murŋ	186
hot	*qav-	186
house	*dav	186
how	*janəŋ	186
how much	*taŋz	186
human being	*n’iɣvŋ	186
hunchback	*boku	186
hundred	*n’taŋk	186
hungry	*kər-	186
hunt	*ŋanɣ-	186
hunt on sea ice	*joz-	186
hurt	*ɢo-	186
husband	*ivn	186
(storage) hut	*prə	186
I	*n’i	186
ice	*lur	186
(wooden) idol	*məjk	186
ill	*mujn-	186
image or amulet	*cŋaj	186
imitate	*hiɣr-	186
influenza (epidemic)	*daʀ	186
(turn) inside out	*duŋv-	186
(straw) insole	*giwr	186
intend or direct oneself towards	*tʀa-	186
interrogative particle	*i	186
intestines	*k(ə)vər	186
intestines or guts	*ŋawr	186
intestines of bird	*kuŋ(t)r	186
iron	*wat	186
island	*ur	187
jealous	*an’-	187
join	*baru-	187
joint	*du	187
jump	*d’aq(a)r-	187
keep or guard	*tu-	187
kick	*d’ic(v)-, *t(ə)kuj-	187
kidney	*ŋalr	187
kill	*ku-	187
kill a bear	*hiw-	187
kind or sort	*qacŋ	187
kingdom of the dead	*mləwo	187
kiss	*moc-	187
knee	*biɣtə	187
knife	*d’aqo	187
knit	*juli-	187
know or understand	*hajm-	187
ladder	*n’(ə)ŋar	187
lake	*du	187
lame	*hokl(a)-	187
lamp	*dəŋr	187
language or word	*div	187
larch	*ɢoj	187
laugh	*haʀa-	187
laugh at	*qe(ŋa)v-	187
lazy	*mraŋi-	187
leaf	*blaŋ(q), *d’omr	187
leak	*bun’-	187
(chamois) leather	*ilɣŋ	187
leave (provisions)	*hunci-	187
left	*tajrəŋ	187
left over	*pund’i-	187
leg	*ŋacɣ	187
leggings	*pan’	187
lick	*helel-	187
lie or be located	*ku-	187
lie down	*bor-	187
light (weight)	*hin’gi-	187
light or dawn	*kunu-	187
light fire	*tuv-	187
lightning	*barbaru-	187
(be) like	*ŋala-	187
lip	*avləɣ	187
(a) little	*n’in’ik	187
(too) little	*hark(u)-	187
live or be	*hunv-	187
liver	*divr	187
lizard	*memqaj	187
loach	*hoj	187
loach	*lojmŋ	187
load	*ɢond’i-	187
lock	*anaq	187
loins	*ewr	187
lonely	*dərmu-	187
long	*gəl-	187
long ago	*aɣrəlu	187
(a) long time	*d’ək	187
look around	*tər-	187
look back	*alɣa-	187
loon	*aɣn’(iŋ), *uɣn’	187
lose	*bək(ə)z-	187
lose one’s way	*ler(wi)-	187
louse	*dar, *hirk	187
(head) louse	*amrak	187
love	*cmo-	187
low	*hərk-	187
lung	*havav	187
lynx	*tləɣi	187
make	*lat-	187
male	*ar	187
man	*arməc	187
man or husband	*utkun	187
(be) many	*dam-	187
marry	*av-	187
mast	*d’inkŋ	187
master	*əzŋ	187
measure or mark	*ŋatr	187
medicine	*oχt	187
meet	*(w)or-	187
melt	*coʀ-	187
mesh	*kju	187
middle or inside	*hutə	187
midge	*pudm	187
milt	*ŋar(qaj)	187
mind or soul	*qoʀla	187
miss	*dor-	187
mist or fog	*calu	187
mix	*bəlk-	187
mix up	*bəzɣ-	187
molar	*emr	187
mold	*bondal-	188
money	*cχa	188
moon	*loŋ	188
moor	*lav-	188
mooring place	*murpi	188
more (than before)	*paki	188
morning	*tatŋ	188
mosquito	*n’emɣ	188
moss	*waʀ	188
mother	*əmək, *irŋ	188
mountain	*bal	188
mouse	*muɣtuk	188
mouth	*amɣ	188
mouth cavity	*al	188
move	*cŋaw-, *lirku-	188
move aside	*ɢon’i-	188
much or many	*malɣo-	188
musk deer	*meq	188
mussel	*bupk	188
must	*nənə	188
nail	*crovr	188
naked	*wela(ɣ)-	188
name	*qa(-)	188
narrow	*nork(əl)-	188
navel	*kəlm(ə)r	188
near	*ma(la)-	188
neck	*qor	188
needle	*nuɣ	188
nest	*ŋavi	188
net	*ke	188
new	*cur-	188
news	*ker	188
night	*urk	188
nine	*n’an-	188
nit	*hirkr	188
nomadize	*nuɣt-	188
north (wind)	*ari	188
nose	*wiɣ	188
not be able to	*akzu-	188
not (exist)	*qaw-	188
not manage	*ali-	188
not want	*aɣi	188
now	*nav	188
numb	*polu(dur)-	188
nut	*toɣr	188
oak	*gməj	188
oar	*kikr, *əvn’	188
old	*hajm-, *mrolv-	188
old man	*əcɣ	188
old woman	*mam	188
older brother	*akan	188
older sister	*nanak	188
once	*n’rak	188
one	*n’ə-	188
one of a pair	*n’(ə)lami	188
oneself or only	*bark	188
(wild) onion	*haɣi	188
open	*alɣ-	188
open one’s heart	*(w)alɣ-	188
open or release	*amzq-	188
order (goods)	*ŋawcu-	188
other or stranger	*ena-	188
otter	*pɣəŋk	188
outside	*glə	188
over there	*a-	188
owl	*ajka	188
padding round ski	*it	188
paint	*givu-	188
palm	*calm	188
paper	*χawzul	188
pass	*lazi-	188
pattern	*daɣr	188
pay	*urki-	188
pea or bean	*tur	188
peel or skin	*hat-	188
penetrate or pull on (clothing)	*dulku-	188
penis	*ŋoj	188
(try to) persuade	*qolv-	188
pestle	*kəl(vavr)	188
phlegm or slime	*lil(r)-	188
pig	*olɣoŋ	188
pigeon	*qoj(rq)	188
pillow	*mot	188
pincers	*capŋ	188
pine needles	*d’evr	188
pit	*dulk(r)	188
pith	*ŋur	188
plane or hew	*baʀ-	188
platform for bear ceremony	*lezŋ	188
play	*ler-	189
play around	*dəɣt-	189
point	*dun’ɣu-	189
pole	*məzr, *qwer	189
pool	*lavŋi	189
poor	*cola-	189
post	*qar	189
pot	*wan’	189
pound	*bav-	189
pour	*mark-	189
prepare fish	*bota-	189
prepare food for journey	*lum-	189
press down on	*toʀ-	189
pull or drag	*tlə-	189
pull net from water	*het-	189
pump	*ŋurur	189
punch	*loɣv-	189
puppy	*ŋajq	189
pustule	*wəri	189
put	*ci-	189
put in	*uci-	189
put on (clothing)	*ke-	189
put on footwear	*ilvi-	189
put on head or shoulders	*n’e-	189
put on one’s legs	*pa-	189
quarrel or scold	*ŋe-	189
quietly	*bata-	189
race (on dog sleds)	*war-	189
raft	*d’omŋ	189
rag or scrap	*or(ə)r	189
rain	*ləɣ	189
rainbow	*memŋ	189
raise	*kici-	189
raspberry	*gel(ʀam)	189
rat	*n’aɣr	189
rattle or drumstick	*d’ar	189
raven	*wez	189
raw	*dal(va)-	189
reach	*ak-	189
recently	*n’ik	189
red	*baɣla-	189
reed	*olʀ	189
refuse	*ger-	189
reindeer	*c(o)laŋi	189
relative	*dan(t)	189
relative of same generation	*duvŋ	189
remain	*gar-	189
remember	*hujv-	189
residue of heated seal blubber	*daɣ	189
return	*p(ə)ɣ-	189
return home	*eɣ-	189
rib	*ŋajrəm	189
rich	*qor-	189
right (side)	*ŋəjrəŋ	189
ring	*gujvaŋ	189
rip up or unstitch	*doq-	189
ripen	*bu-	189
ritual staff	*inaw	189
river	*(er)i	189
river mouth	*ərŋ	189
roar (sea)	*kuju-	189
roast or bake	*ta-	189
rock (baby)	*bəpə-	189
roll or fold up	*qov-	189
roof	*əlvr	189
roof or ceiling	*tɣəvr	189
root	*oz	189
root (of bush)	*mirləɣ	189
rope for tying sail	*orvukr	189
(dog) rose	*kmirŋ	189
rot	*gruŋz-	189
rot	*wərk-	189
rotten stump	*mruŋzk	189
round	*bulk-	189
rowan	*mezlaŋ	189
rowlock	*miziɣ(a)r	189
rub on or grate	*kedr-	189
rubbish	*bur	189
rudder	*men’	189
run	*tloj-	189
run (animal)	*we-	189
run away	*kit-	189
run away	*pim-	189
rust	*jo-	189
sable	*lumr, *oɣrov	189
sack or bag	*hontq	189
sad	*ŋawzork-	189
sail	*gaj	189
saliva	*aɣri	190
salmon (autumn)	*laɣi	190
(Siberian) salmon	*hiwco, *weck(co)	190
salmon (summer)	*wel	190
(humpback) salmon	*deŋi	190
salmon trout	*n’alɣ	190
salt	*davc(iŋ)	190
same age as	*ŋatu-	190
sand	*maʀ, *qomr	190
sandy spit	*dor	190
sap or juice	*cor	190
saucer	*pləcir	190
save	*ɢon’i-	190
saw	*puv-	190
scabbard	*qalŋ	190
scissors	*χazaŋ	190
scold	*ajru-	190
scoop or ladle	*muɣr(ə)r	190
scoop up	*ɢov-	190
scrape	*dat-	190
scraper (for hides)	*qarpr	190
scratch	*qarp(qav)-	190
scurry or creep (insect)	*gmə-	190
sea	*gerqŋ	190
sea lion	*duŋ	190
seagull	*geʀ	190
seal	*laŋr	190
(speckled) seal	*alʀ	190
(kind of) seal	*ba(w)ɣi	190
(young) seal	*amzp	190
seaweed	*lar, *lər	190
sediment	*oɣŋəj	190
see	*n(ə)tə-	190
semi-subterranean house	*to	190
send	*oɣ(ə)rke-	190
separate	*baɣzu-	190
servant or slave	*weraɣ	190
serve	*krəγrə-	190
set trap	*da-, *ŋarʀo-	190
seven	*ŋamk	190
sew	*ot-	190
shake or tremble	*gurju-	190
shake off	*guku-	190
shallow	*ŋaz-	190
shaman	*sam	190
shape	*durŋ	190
sharp	*akn’u-	190
sharpen	*tu-	190
shavings	*d’aʀ	190
sheep	*χon’	190
shell	*hatʀ	190
(kind of) shellfish	*welɣ	190
shelter	*karvr	190
shin	*cin’ɣ	190
shine or glitter	*plav(la)-	190
shirt or dress	*larq	190
shoot	*qa-	190
shore or bank	*ərkə(r)	190
short	*b(ə)ʀaql-	190
shoulder	*ŋaɣri	190
shoulder blade	*dəvrk	190
side	*qomi	190
side of body	*ŋalt(ə)r	190
side or direction	*herqŋ	190
silent	*dam(a)-	190
silver	*toto	190
sin or crime	*mraŋ	190
sinew	*toŋr	190
sinful	*ujɣ-	190
sing	*lu-	190
sister (of man)	*danr	190
sit	*tiv-	190
six	*ŋaʀ	190
ski	*laq	190
(fur-covered) skis	*en’	190
ski pole (ring)	*cʀopŋ	190
ski tracks	*et	190
skin (of animal)	*ŋaɣr	190
(seal) skin	*ŋamad’	190
skin or body	*hal	190
sky	*dlə	190
slander	*calqa-	190
slave	*alc	190
sled	*tu	190
sleep	*qo-	190
sleep together with	*wajʀo-	190
sleeve	*ujɣir	190
slip	*leʀ(leʀ)-	190
slope	*qoriv	190
slow	*derter-	191
small	*mack(əl)-	191
small of the back	*ŋamd’(i)	191
smear	*k(ə)n-	191
smell	*noʀ-	191
smell	*ŋavrqi	191
smelt	*arqe, *proŋ	191
smirk or smile	*ŋuli-	191
smoke	*tawlaŋ	191
smokehole	*tomr	191
smooth	*laq(laq)-	191
snake	*gələŋa	191
snap	*prarq-	191
snare	*hirkur	191
sneeze	*hac(hac)-	191
snore	*ŋətrjo-	191
snot	*mim	191
snow	*ŋaqr	191
snow	*qavi	191
soft	*ham-	191
son-in-law	*əmɣi	191
(feel) sorry for	*oŋar-	191
sound	*d’iw	191
soup	*ban’ɣ	191
spade	*qar	191
span between fingers	*ma, *ɢovr	191
speak or say	*it-	191
spear	*qaʀ	191
spear(head)	*ormor	191
spend	*daw-	191
spend the night	*huŋgu-	191
spider	*kəvɣəv	191
spill	*huk-	191
spill or overflow	*belvel-	191
spin (thread)	*ce-	191
spirit	*taŋ	191
spit	*tvaj-	191
splash	*pov-	191
split	*pət-	191
spoon	*luvr	191
spotted or colourful	*alʀa-	191
spread	*bur-, *lat-	191
spring	*honv	191
spruce	*twərk	191
squat	*amlukz-	191
squeeze or crush	*mam-	191
squeeze out	*ɢav-	191
squinting	*wozk(t)	191
squirrel	*laqr	191
stab or pierce	*cev-	191
stale or hard	*kavkav-	191
stalk	*kitnəɣ	191
stammer	*jilk-	191
stand	*gəpr-	191
stand in a row	*war(w)i-	191
stand up	*oz-	191
star	*un’(i)ɣr	191
starfish	*cɣajv	191
starve	*urŋu-	191
steal	*n’(ə)qŋar-	191
step over	*alm-	191
stem	*mra	191
stick (n.)	*kant	191
stick	*avɣ-, *getv-	191
stick hand through an opening	*gəm-	191
stick in throat or vomit	*d’aʀa-	191
stomach	*ɢor	191
stomach of animal	*hiɣr	191
stone	*baʀ	191
stop or wait	*nuk-	191
storehouse	*n’o	191
storm	*lavr(ə)r	191
story or tale	*ŋaztunt	191
straight	*məkər-	191
strap	*dnoɣ, *ŋaz	191
strength or energy	*dəŋ	191
string or rope	*poti	191
stroke or pat	*d’elm-	191
stroll	*blew-	191
strong	*maŋɢ-, *werqar-	191
stump	*ŋavn’	191
such	*duŋra-	191
suckle	*mo(mo)-	191
sufficient	*urd	191
sugar	*setaŋ	191
summer	*dolv	191
summit	*tadm	191
sun	*keŋ	191
surprised	*jaŋr-	191
surround	*dakv-	191
swallow (n.)	*lezŋ	192
swallow	*ɢaw-	192
swan	*gəɣ(gəɣ)	192
swamp	*cacv	192
sway	*lar((lar)-	192
sweat	*buɣ	192
sweet	*n’en’e-	192
sweetbrier	*d’evi	192
swell	*təw-	192
swim or bathe	*mrə-	192
sword	*wa	192
table	*dər	192
table for eating on	*bər(ə)r	192
tail	*ŋaki	192
take (somewhere)	*to-	192
take away	*azqam-	192
take or get	*ge-	192
take off	*cəw(u)-	192
tale	*təlgu(r)	192
talk or discuss	*ɢlaj-	192
tallow or blubber	*ŋoʀ	192
taste	*amta(ŋ)	192
tasty	*hor-	192
teach	*daw-	192
tear	*n’iɣzaʀ	192
tease	*hitru-	192
tell	*pur-	192
temple bone (fish)	*hemi	192
ten	*mɣo-	192
tent	*d’ampa	192
tent flap	*gajrə	192
textile	*bos	192
thankful	*n’iɣ-	192
that	*hunt	192
that (absent)	*gunt	192
that (distant)	*eɣ-	192
then	*haŋa(n)	192
thick	*dol-, *wirkər-	192
thicket	*uzu	192
thigh	*ŋav	192
thimble	*tlə	192
thin	*hirki-	192
think	*kəmlə-	192
this	*dunt	192
thread (v.)	*ɢo-	192
thread	*kuvaŋ, *hirk	192
three	*d’e-	192
throat	*ɢorqr, *her(qr)	192
throw	*baɣz-	192
thunder (v.)	*d’i-	192
thunder (storm)	*ləj	192
tickle	*ɢom-	192
tidy up	*prə-	192
tie	*buk-	192
tie or bind	*hup-	192
tie belt	*biɣv-	192
tiger	*at	192
tight	*otom-	192
tighten	*ol-	192
time	*ərŋ	192
tin	*tac	192
tinder	*evrq	192
tinder pouch	*mlə	192
tip or end	*aɣ	192
tired	*per-	192
toad	*miri	192
tobacco	*damx	192
tomorrow	*bat	192
tomtit	*zaq	192
tongue	*hilɣ	192
tooth	*ŋaɣzər	192
top of boot	*gizŋa	192
top of tree	*d’a(ŋ)ɣ	192
torment	*siŋru-	192
(be) torn	*waʀc-	192
touch or agitate	*tʀop-	192
tow along shore	*mɣəl-	192
town	*χotaŋ	192
toy	*laqr	192
trail or road	*d’iv	192
trap	*av(i)ŋ	192
(fox) trap	*qarm(l)	192
tread on	*kiru-	192
tree or wood	*d’iɣar	192
(thorny) tree	*kəzm	192
tribe	*qalŋ	192
trough	*orŋ	192
trousers	*war	192
trout	*loŋr	192
true or right	*maɣ(tur)	192
tundra	*dəj	192
Tungus	*gilŋ	193
turn	*pirk-	193
turn or spin	*məw-	193
turn over	*bəlŋ-	193
twenty	*meʀ	193
twig or stick	*ŋakr	193
twin	*doŋr	193
twine	*matawz	193
twist or weave	*gev-	193
two	*me-	193
unchain	*comru-	193
uncle	*apak	193
undress	*par-	193
unripe	*ɢala-	193
unsuitable	*tarɣi-	193
untie	*dəru-	193
until now	*napə	193
up	*ki-, *taga	193
upriver	*ke-	193
urine	*ki	193
use or wear	*kir-	193
(be) used to	*daw-	193
(stream) valley	*ŋaju	193
very	*maɣn	193
very or especially	*lele	193
vicious	*bari(vari)-	193
village	*wo	193
visit	*laɣ-	193
visit (as guest)	*cma-	193
voice	*aw	193
waist	*un’	193
wait	*ŋarma-	193
walk or go	*amam-	193
wall	*ŋaɣr	193
walrus	*cuɣnəɣ	193
want	*aɣn’(i)-	193
warm	*dak-	193
wart	*jarq	193
wash	*ɢaqv-	193
wash or clean	*d’u-	193
wash clothes	*cʀoj-	193
wasp or bee	*χar	193
watch	*n’u-, *ama-	193
watch or observe	*daʀr-	193
watch over	*atŋu-	193
watchful	*taŋra-	193
water	*caʀ	193
(expanse of) water	*dol	193
wave	*lar	193
we (inclusive)	*mirn	193
we two	*mengin	193
well or hole in ice	*catə	193
well then	*hala	193
wet	*cav(cav)-	193
whale	*geŋ	193
what	*tunt	193
what kind	*tamci-	193
wheel	*gulɣu(l)r	193
when	*aɣr	193
where	*ta-	193
whetstone	*cav	193
which	*tant	193
whine or growl	*oŋju-	193
whirlpool	*pol(vol)ʀ	193
whistle	*pevr	193
white	*ɢon-	193
white or light	*dovla-	193
white (animal skin)	*cagd’a(la)	193
whitefish	*waɣr	193
who	*nar	193
whole	*data-	193
wide	*wer-	193
willow	*gujŋi	193
win or beat	*kə-	193
wind	*la	193
(east or side) wind	*claŋi	193
(east or north) wind	*lamr	193
(southeast) wind	*ŋalɣəvr	193
wind (up)	*davʀ-	193
window or glass	*paχ	193
wing	*ŋajɣəř	193
winter	*tul(u)v	193
wipe or rub	*pez(pez)-	193
wolf	*liɣr	193
woman	*taŋq	193
woodpecker	*olr	193
work	*orbot-	193
work on or exploit	*tɣop-	193
world or universe	*gurŋ	193
worm	*cɣevr	193
worm or (crawling) insect	*perŋ	193
(intestinal) worm	*ɢorŋi	194
worry	*gəɣcu-	194
wound	*təv	194
wrap	*ŋav-	194
wrist	*dorpaŋ	194
write	*daju-	194
yawn	*tav-	194
year	*an’(i)	194
yellow	*evrqwala-	194
yesterday	*namr	194
yoke (for carrying)	*d’amraŋ	194
you	*ci	194
you (pl.)	*cin(ɣun)	194
young	*pŋaʀ-	194
young animal	*noŋq	194
younger sibling	*ac(i)k(ant)	194

See also

• Appendix:Paleosiberian Swadesh lists

References

• Fortescue, Michael. 2016. Comparative Nivkh Dictionary. Munich: Lincom Europa.