Appendix:Proto-Altaic reconstructions

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The following Proto-Altaic reconstructions, as well as Proto-Tungusic (or "Proto-Tungus-Manchu"), Proto-Mongolic, Proto-Turkic, Proto-Japanese, and Proto-Korean reconstructions, are from the Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages by Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, and Oleg Mudrak (2003).[1] The list includes Proto-Turkic, Proto-Mongolian, Proto-Tungus-Manchu, Proto-Korean, and Proto-Japanese reconstructions from the Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Each row corresponds to a purported cognate set.

The Proto-Altaic reconstructions below are listed only for reference, since the validity of Proto-Altaic is not universally accepted. In fact, Starostin's Proto-Altaic reconstructions are widely considered to be spurious. Altaic is a controversial language macrofamily proposal not accepted by many linguists. Nevertheless, Proto-Turkic, Proto-Mongolian (or Proto-Mongolic), Proto-Tungus-Manchu (or Proto-Tungusic), Proto-Korean, and Proto-Japanese are universally accepted as valid.

Note that Starostin et al. (2003) reconstructs Proto-Japanese, not Proto-Japonic, since the Ryukyuan languages are not included; and Proto-Korean, without Jeju or divergent Koreanic varieties.

Swadesh list

[edit]
English gloss Proto-Altaic Proto-Turkic Proto-Mongolian Proto-Tungusic Proto-Korean Proto-Japanese
all *mŭ́t῾ì *büt- *mòt-
all *kŏp῾V *Kop *kow *kupukte
ashes *p῾oĺńe *hüne-sü *pulńe- *papi
bark *k῾ā́p῾à *Kāpuk *kàph- *kapa
bark *k῾éŕà *Kaŕ *kajir(a)-
bark *k῾i̯ŭ̀rú *Kɨrtɨĺ *körü-sü *xura-kta
belly *kḗp῾V *keweli *kepel-
belly *p῾ḕjló *pắi *pàrá
bite *kĕ̀ma *kem- *kàm-
black *kàru *Kara *kara *kùruà-
blood *či̯ū́nu *či-su *tí
bone *p῾èjńé *ja-su *s-pjə́ *pə̀niá
breast *č῾ằjǯV *čeɣeǯi *ča(i)ǯan *čjə́č *tì(tí)
breast *kŏ̀k῾è *kökön *kuku-n
burn *dĕ́kà *jak- *deg-ǯe-gi- *thằ- *dák-
fingernail *k῾i̯uml[e] *kimul-su *kom(h)
fingernail *t῾i̯óp῾o *tòph *túmá-i
cloud *k῾òlmV *kúrùm *kùmua
cold *k῾i̯ójŋo *köji-ten *xiŋǖ-
cold *ši̯ogo *sogɨ-k *šig-
come *gĕ̀le *gẹl- *kə̀-
die *bŭri *bür-il- *bu(r)-
dog *ŋĭ̀ndó *ɨt *ŋinda *ìnú
drink *umV *um(i)- *mà-
dry *k῾i̯óbarV *Kūrɨ- *kawra- *káwá(ra)-k-
ear *k῾ū̀jlu *Kul-kak *kúi
earth *si̯ắŕi *siraɣu *hằrk
eat *ǯē *jē- *ǯe-p- *čā-
egg *úmu-tki *jumurtka *ömdege *umūkta
eye *ni̯ā̀ *ni-dü *ńia-sa *nú-n *mà-
fat *i̯ā́gi *jāg *eɣü-kü
fat *k῾i̯ắŕme *ximū- *kìrɨ́m
feather *d[é]gì *jüg *dekte-
feather *p῾úńe *hö-dün *pánái
fire *p῾ŏ̀re *pɨ́r *pə̀-i
fish *di̯ági *ǯiɣa- *(d)íwuá
fly *tēga *degde- *deg-
foot *pằlgà *palga-n *pár *pànkì
full *čā́lo *dōl- *ǯalu-
full *č῾áko (*čak) *čhắ-
full *mìlt῾e *milte- *mìt-
give *bi̯ṓr[é] *bēr- *bū-
give *i̯ā́tá *tā- *átá-pá-
go *ŋḗni *ŋene- *nàń- *ín-
good *di̯òge *tjōh- *də̀-
green *gȫk *köke
green *li̯ŏga *nogo-ɣan *ĺog-
hair *k῾íla *Kɨl(k) *xińŋa- *ká-i
hair *p῾úńe *hü-sü *puńe-
hand *ŋā̀li *el *ŋāla
head *mĕ́ĺǯu *baĺč *mə̀rí
hear *tū̀ĺdi *dōldī- *tɨ̀d-
heart *mi̯óńù *miańam *mằńằm
heart *ǯŭ̀r(V)k῾e *jürek *ǯirüke
horn *i̯op῾érV *eber *s-pɨ́r
I *bĭ̀ *bẹ- *bi *bi *bà-
I *ŋa *nà *a-
know *sā́ŕi *sā- *sir-
leaf *li̯àp῾[à] *japur-gak *labči *níph
lie *dḕ *jạ-t- *dē
lie *kejbe *keb- *kəjə-
lie *nḗ *nū-b- *ná-
liver *pi̯ā̀ki *biagɨr *pākin
long *ŋṑla *ŋōli- *nàn-kà-
long *i̯uŕo *uŕɨ-n *ur-tu
louse *si̯ằjrí *sirke *sìrám(u)i
man *ā́ri *ēr *ere
many *mana *mān(h) *manai-
meat *ši̯ằĺì *sắrh *sìsì
moon *t῾i̯òlgu *tắr *tùkùi
mouth *ắmo *ama-n *am-ŋa
name *nĕ́re *nere *(n)ìrh-
neck *mṓjno *bōjn *moŋa-n *mjə-k *nəmpV
new *nébì *nebi *nípí-
new *zèjńa *jaŋɨ *sine *sái
night *dŭ̀le *dolba *duà
nose *k῾i̯ŏŋa *ka[m]ar *xoŋa- *kóh
not *ā̀ni *ā(n)- *àn- *nà-
not *e *e-se *e-
one *bi̯uri *bir *pitə
rain *p῾i̯ằge *jag- *pí
red *puli *hula-ɣan *pula- *pɨ̀rk-
road *mi̯óri *mör- *mítí
root *ŋi̯ū̀ŋt῾è *ündü-sü *ŋǖŋte *mə̀tə̀
root *pi̯oǯi *hiǯa-ɣur (*puǯuri)
root *p῾ŭ́li *pule- *pɨ̀rhắi
round *múra *murV *márə́
round *t῾òŋké *toŋal- *toŋkor-
round *t῾òp῾ú *tob- *tùmpú-ra
round *tegá *deg- *tögörig
sand *mā́ro *mòr’a῾i *mana-n-kua
say *k῾i̯ăli *kele- *kằró-
seed *p῾ŭ̀ri *urug *hüre
sit *ši̯ábu *saɣu- *súwá-
skin *k῾ā́p῾à *kàph- *kapa
skin *nā́ne *jɨ̄n *nansa
sleep *ŋū́ju *ū- *ŋuja *úi-
small *ŋṓjču *öčü- *ŋüši-
small *ńĭ̀ŋči *ǯiǯig *nisi
stand *čŭ̀ra *dur- *tàt-
star *p῾i̯ŏ́ĺo *jul-duŕ *ho-dun *pjɨ̄r *pə́sí
stone *ti̯ṓĺì *diāĺ *čila-ɣu *ǯola *tōrh *(d)ísì
sun *si̯ŏ̀gu *sigū-n *hắi
swim *òje *oji-mu- *ə̀jə̀nk-
tail *k῾i̯údo *Kudruk *xürgü *s-kòrí
that *t῾a *Ti- *te-re *ta- *tjə́
that *č῾a *ča- *čā-
this *e-ne *e-
this *kō *gȫ *kɨ *kə́-
thou *si *sẹ- *si *si
thou *ná *nə̀ *ná
tongue *k῾i̯ăli *kele *xilŋü
tongue *si̯ṓjri *hjə́ *sìtá
tooth *pala *par *pa
tooth *sīĺa *sīĺ *si-dü
tree *mū́ro *mo-du *mō
two *ti̯ubu *ǯiw-rin *ǯube *tubu
warm *di̯ū̀lu *jɨlɨ-g *dula-ɣan
warm *ōt῾a *tằ- *àtà-
water *mi̯ū̀ri *mū *mɨ́r *mí-
water *ši̯uba *sɨb *u-su
we *bĭ̀- *bi-ŕ *ba *bue *ú-rí *bà-
what *ŋi̯V *nV *ja-ɣu- *nỼ
white *si̯ā̀jri *siarɨg *hắi- *sìruà-
white *šā̀k῾a *čaga-ɣan *šāk-
who *k῾a(j) *kem *ken *xia
who *ŋi̯V *ŋǖ *nú-
woman *ĕ̀me *eme *ámh *mía
far *p῾ìrá *ɨra- *pàrú-ka
heavy *ámbe *mɨ̀- *ə́m(p)ə́-
near *dắgá *jạgu- *daga
near *dằk῾ì *jAkɨ- *tìkà-
salt *či̯obeŕV *dūŕ *dabu-su
short *pi̯ŭ̀k῾ì *hokar *poKa-
snake *mi̯ūko *mogaji *mǖkǖ
snake *p῾[ò]jamV *pắjàm *pàim(p)V́
thin *k῾ĕ̀ńó *kắnắr- *kə̀má-
thin *nèra *nari-n *ner- *jɨ̄r-p-
thin *ni̯ombu *nim-gen *niambu-
wind *zăli *jẹl *sal-ki
worm *k῾i̯ṓro *Kūrt *koro-kai
year *ā́ńu *oj *ańŋa
year *dĭ̀lo *jɨl *ǯil *tə̀sì
year *zēra *sē *sɨ̄r

Full list

[edit]
Gloss Proto-Altaic Proto-Turkic Proto-Mongolic Proto-Tungusic Proto-Korean Proto-Japanese
interior of the mouth **ăbu *Ăburt *owči *(x)abu-ǯan-
elder relative, ancestor **ăčV *ăčaj / *ĕčej *asī *àčă-
to doubt **áč῾u *aču- *ə̄ču-b- *útákáp-
to fit, equal, similar **ădV *ădaĺ *adali *ada-
rain; air **agà *agaɣar *aga *ak-su *àkî
mouth, to open mouth **ágà (~ e-) *Agɨŕ *ag- *hà- *ákúp-
acid **ā́gi *ạ̄gu *eɣe-de- *(x)aK-
net; to spin, plait **àgŋa *āg *aɣoga *aŋ(g)a *àm-, *àmì
trade **ằgò *Agɨ *(h)ag-su-, *(h)aɣu-ra- *àkì
uninhabited place, wilderness **agu-la *aglak *aɣula *agulān
colostrum **aguŕV *ạguŕ *uɣurag
to go, walk **ā̀ja *Aj- *aja- *āj- *àjùm-
a kind of duck **ā̀jbi *Ebür(d)ek *ābu-
grass **ằjbo *ebe-sü *(x)abü- *àwə̀-
to reach, come close **aje (~ **ejo) *aji-su- *ə́jə́mp-
good, fitting **ăjV *ăja- *(h)aja *aja, *aju-
sour milk, melted fat **ăjVrV *ajran *ajirag *ajara-
a castrated animal **akt῾V *atan *akta
to open, opening **ák῾à *àk- *áká-
a kind of aquatic bird **ak῾a- *Akańa *(h)akawna *aKa
elder brother **ā́k῾a *(i)āka *aka *akā / *kakā
dirt, filth **ák῾à (~ -k-,-o) *(h)ag *(x)aK- *ákà
to advance gradually, slowly **ắk῾è *(i)akuru- *(h)aki- *ə́kúr(á)-
to dig, delve **ằk῾ú *uku- *axiri- *ùnkàt-
take, receive **ắla *ạl- *ali- *al(i)- *á-
hail, ice **ála *(x)al-dan *ə̀r- *árárái (~ -ría)
front side **ā́la (~ -ē-) *āl *àr-p
to walk, step **àlak῾u *alku- *àrùk-
fathom **alda *alda *alda-n *ară-m *ata
below, lower **ale *ăl *àrái *ə̀rə́-
weak, tired, confused **ā̀le *ăl- *al- *āli- *ə̀rí- *ərə-ka
net, sieve **ălgi *ĕlge- *alga *ərkəmi
to deceive, trick **ā́li *Āl *aliɣa *ali-, *alak- *ìrbə̀ń- *ira-p-
a kind of small animal **álikV *Ălaŋɨr *(h)alag- *(x)algi-n *írúká
unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms **ălpa *ălp *alba-n *alba- *àrphằ- *apar-
good, beautiful **àlu *(h)olig *(x)ala *àr- *ùrùpà-
to destroy, kill **ā̀lV *Alk- *ala- *āli-
variegated **ā́lV (~ **ē-) *āla *ala-g *ər-
to cross (a mountain) **ā́ĺa *(i)āĺ- *alu-s *ala- *asu
to know; to listen, hear **ăĺi *ẹĺit- *al-dar *ala- *ār-
sand **áĺi *Aĺu *ele-sü *al- *ísá-, *ísuá
fresh crops, germinated seeds **aĺV *(i)ăĺ- *(h)alir-su *alu-
heavy, big **ámbe *amban *amba- *mɨ̀- *ə́m(p)ə́-
plough **amča *amač *anǯi-sun *anǯa *anti
mouth; taste **ắmo (**amo-tʿa, **amo-sa) *um-, *um-sa- *ama-, *amsa-, *amta *amŋa, *amta- *más *ámá-, *ántí
river, valley **ā̀mú *ama-n *āmu- *omi *ùmí
quick, timely **ămV *(i)am- *(h)am- *am- *ām
to be quiet; sleep **ā̀mV *ăm- *amu-, *ami- *ām-
to do wrong; to accuse, tease **ā́nda *āt-aĺč- *anda- *(x)an(d)u- *áná-
very **ắni *eŋ *aŋ-ka *ana- *àńí
not, negative verb **ā̀ni *en *ā(n)- *àn- *nà-, *-(a)n-, *ìná
to hold, present **ā́ni *ēnčü *anǯu *anī- *ān-
oath; comrade, match **ā́nta *Ānt *anda *anda *ánta
hill, slope **ant῾a *antaga *əntək(h) *antuma
to be quiet, sit **ā̀ńe(-č῾V) *Enč *eje, *en- *āńi- *ànč- *ə̀ntà-
moon; (moon cycle), year **ā́ńu *āń *oj *ańŋa
hole, crack, gape **àŋa *aŋ- *aŋ, *aŋga- *aŋa- *ànà
a kind of duck **ăŋatV *Ăŋ(k)ɨt *aŋgir *andi *anti
right **ā̀ŋo *oŋ *eŋge- *āŋ(gi)-
a kind of fragrant plant **aŋt῾à *Aŋduŕ *(h)aǯVrgana *(x)an(d)ikta *àntùsà
wild game **ăŋu *Ăŋ *(h)oɣuna *aŋa-
separate, different **aŋV *aŋgi- *aŋa-
to enjoy, rest **ā̀pi *(i)abɨ- *abu-ra- *ā(b)- *ìpàt- *ìpà-p-
to wear out, be spoiled **àpo *obu-ra- / *obu-n- *ebe- *abu- *àpà-
elder in-law **apuči *Abuč-ka *(h)abisu-n *abusi
to take **apV *ạbuč *abi- *abgu-
father **áp῾a *apa *ab[u] *apa *àpí
a kind of foliage tree **àp῾akV (~ -k῾-) *apaka *(x)apkā- *àpàkì
wind, vapour **ap῾i *Ep- *aɣur *apka
back, behind **ằra *ărka *aru *arka- *àtuà
a kind of insect **ara *araɣalǯin *(x)arabgī *ari
man **ā́ri (~ **ḗra) *ēr *ere
barley, millet **àrp῾á *arpa *arbaj *arpa *àpá
witchcraft, craft **ărV *ar- *arga *ar-
open space **ā́rV *(i)āra *ar- *ara-
to change, sell **arV (~ e-) *Ar- *aralǯi-
small, scarce; recent **āŕa *Āŕ *araj *ara- *ārắi *àrà-(ta-)
thorn, fang **àŕì *aŕɨg *ariɣa *(x)ar- (?) *ìrà
or **aŕV *aŕu *ar-
to catch fire; hot **ase (~ p῾-) *ɨsɨg / *isig *(h)asa-
horse **ătV *ăt *aduɣu- *abdu-
son, young **at῾i *Atɨ *ači *àtắr *itua
a kind of salmon **aǯo *(h)iǯe *aǯi-n *àjû
younger relative **ā̀ǯV *aǯi-n *āǯi-
to bind **bā́ *b(i)ā- *ba- *pa *bə́
sister **bā́č῾V (~ **p-, -č-) *bāča- *bača-gan
face, colour **bā̀dì *bEd-le *bāda *pítápi (/ *pìtàpi)
a kind of bird (quail, dun-bird) **bădo *budur- *bödüne *badara
white, grey **bagu *buɣurul *bag- *pùhɨ́i-
happiness, joy **bắja *bAj-ra-m/k, bAj-ga *bajar *baj-li *bái-m-
place, to be located **baja (~ -i̯a-) *baji- *bia, -gun
rock **băjV *bAjɨr *baji-ča *baj-
to look, watch **bằka *bạk- *baKa- *pò- *bàkàr-
to divide **bằká (~ -o) *baK- *bàká-
pole, pillar **báku (~ -a) *bakna (~ -g-) *bagana *baksa *pò
small cattle **bāku (~ -k῾-) *bākana *bog
knucklebone **băkV *bakań *bagul- / *bugul- *baK-
to slide, sweep **bā̀k῾a (~ -k-) *bāKa- / *bāKu- *pàk-
a sharp instrument **bā̀k῾ù *bokursɨ *baki *bāgba *pukusi
child, young **bāla *bāla, *bāldɨŕ *balčir *baldi- *bàràpa(i)
sable **balu *bulagan *bali- *puruki
early, ancient **bằlu *baldɨr *bala- *pùrù-
to kick **băŋk῾i *böŋk- *baŋ-sala-
goods, to possess, earn **bā́ra *bār *bari- *bara- *pə̄r-
right, straight, direct **bā̀rì *bEr- *baraɣun *bāru *pàrằ- *pìtà
a kind of cloth **bā̀ri *bẹr *baraɣa *bārga- *pār
to rejoice, be proud **bāŕa (~ -o) *bAŕ- *bar-da- *bāra-či- *báráp-
wide, thick **bằŕ[i] *bAŕɨk *bar- *baru-n *pắr *pìrə̀-
opposite, inimical **baŕV *bAŕ *bar-lug *bargi-
payment, loan **bási *basɨg *basa- *pskūi’í-, pskú- *písák-
a kind of plant (for making ropes) **bằtò *buta- *batu-kin *bàtà
dirt **bằt῾í *bat- *bat-ga *batu-n *ptắi *pìntì
early **bằǯá *bAja *baǯi- *pàjá-
bait **bĕ́ *beŋ *be *bái (~ biá)
thick, large **bĕ̀dù *bEdü-k *bediɣün, *büdüɣün *burgu- *pɨ̀rɨ̀- *pùtuà-
a kind of ferment **begV *bEgni *beɣe- *bege
man; self, body **bĕ̀je *beje *beje *bə̀
an ungulate animal **béjo *bEje *baji-ta-su *bejū- *bí (~ *bə́i)
young, short time **bàka *baga *bekte- *bàkà-
a kind of fish **bek῾ú *bEkre *bekir *beKe *pok *punku
waist, lap **bēle (~ -i) *bẹ̄l(k) *belkeɣü *belge
to be acquainted, assist, employ **bèli *bil- *bele- *bele- *pɨ́rí-
pale **bĕ̀ló *balaj *beli *pằrk- *pàrá-
hysterics, panic, mourning **belV *bEliŋ *belbe- *beli(n)
red clay, dirt **beńa *bAńak *beŋ-ge- *pání
daughter-in-law **bĕ̀ré *beri- *bener *bə̀tə́-
peace **bĕŕa *bAŕ- / *bAr- *berele- *bere
sea, ford **bétà / **pédà *pedē- *pàtá-h, *pàdắr *bátá
numerous, great **bēǯu *bāj, -tak *buǯa- *beǯun *piji(n)ta- (~ pui-)
I, 1st person pronoun **bĭ̀ *bẹ- *bi, *min-; *ba, *man- *bi; *bue, *mü-n- *úrí *bà-
to be, sit **bíju *büji- (< *bijü-) *bi- *b(u)í-
to mix, knead **bilč῾i *biĺči- *bilča- *bilča- *pìč- *písípə́
wrist **bĭli *bilek *beɣelej *bile-n
a kind of predator **bī́re *bȫrü *ber- *birin
throat, to swallow **bi̯alge *balgu- *bilga
dirt, mud **bi̯ălu *bạl- *bul- *bul- *piro *pu-
harm, wound **bi̯ā́ĺča *biāĺč *bilčawu *bial- *bánsá-pápí
knee, ankle **bi̯ắĺmi *bAĺmak *belberkej *bialebki *parmak (~ -ă-) *pínsá
to build, construct **bi̯are *b(i)ar-k *bari- *biri-
penthouse, decking **bi̯ási *bAs-tɨrma *bi(a)sere- *písásí
place **bi̯ŏ̀ga *baɣu- *buga *pá *bà
to be cold, freeze **bi̯ŏ̀gi *beɣe-re- *bog(i)- / *begi- *pìja-, *pì
dirt, patina **bi̯ŏ́k῾à(rV) (~ **p-) *bakɨr *boki(r) *pə́kə́rí
end (of a branch etc.) **bi̯ŏla *bAldak *bol- / *bul- *bule
a kind of bush, spiraea **bi̯ŏla *bạl-gɨn *balčirgana, *baldargana *boloka *pùrò *bàrà(m)pì
arm muscles **bi̯ŏ́li *b(i)altɨr *bul-čiŋ, *bul-čir- *bola-n *pằrh *píntì
time, agree upon time **bi̯ólò *bolǯu- *bila- *bə́rì
all, completely **bi̯olo *bile (bula) *bul-tu *bil-
a kind of predator **bi̯ònV *bAnu *bońa
color, shape **bi̯or[a] *bArɨk (?) *baraɣa *borkan *púrí
give; take, collect **bi̯ṓr[é] *bēr- *bū- *pírí-p-
bank, rift **bi̯óro (~ -ŕ-) *borgija *bir[u]-kan *pìrə́
calf, lamb **bi̯ŏ́ŕu *buŕagu *biraɣu *biaru *puruk *pítú-nsí
field, mountain slope **bi̯òsá *basɨg *bosoga *bàsái
to cover **bi̯ŏ́t῾è *bạt- *büte-, *büteɣe- *pútá
a kind of weed, pigweed **bi̯udi *budurgana *pìrăm *pìjú
cold, fog **bi̯údò (~ p-) *bud- *budaŋ *pújù
gruel, paste; to swell in water **bi̯ùdo (~ -u) *botka *budaɣa *pɨ̄d-, *pɨ́dVh *pùjàkà-
down, feather, curly **bi̯udu *bɨdɨk (*bɨdńɨk) *buǯi- / *boǯi- *bodu- *pí-n-kai
wheel, pommel of a saddle **bi̯úga *büɣü-rge *pàhói *bà
rock, hill **bi̯ŭ́ge *bögür *böɣerüg *bug- *pàhói *bə
a kind of insect **bi̯ūgi *bȫg *böɣe-sü *bugu-tuna *pìwə̀-musi
joint **bi̯ugu *bogum *bog-tu *bog- *pu
blood **bi̯ùjlu (~ -i) *bülüŋ *boldu- *píh
well, spring **bi̯ujri *bürü-dü *bira *ù- *bì
side (of body), thigh **bi̯ū̀k῾a (~ -u) *bɨkɨn *bokaɣur *bōKan
vessel; gourd **bi̯uk῾e *buKu- *pàk *pùkù(m)pái (~ -ia)
to bow, bend **bi̯ŭ̀k῾í *bük- *bök- *buk- *pìnkàm-
wick **bi̯ule *bilik *bulin
to rub, whet **bi̯ŭ́le *bile- *büle- *bula *pjə̀ró
to soak, gush forth **bi̯ŭ̀lò *bulak *bul(ka)-, *bilka- *b[ü]lkü- *purɨ- (~ -ɨ-) *pùrə̀ (~ -ua)
to abandon, lose **bi̯ura *bɨrak- *burī- *pə̄ri- / *pằrí- *pàra-p- / *pára-p-
flea **bi̯ure *bürče / *bürge *bürge *pjə̀rók
one **bi̯uri *bir *büri *pìrɨ́- *pitə
to hide **bi̯ùsí (~ p-) *bus- *pskɨ́- *pìsə́-ka
body; intestines, belly **bòdà *bod *boda *bàtà
a kind of platform **bodi (~ -e) *böd *bedu- / *budu- *ptə́i (?)
pregnant (of animals); to bear a bastard or miscarry **bŏga (~ -u, -o) *bogaŕ *boɣo- *bogī- *pằi-
to paint, variegated **bŏ́gdu *bodo- *budu- *bugdi *púti
wizard, holy **bògé *bögü *bogda *bugu-ča *bə̀nkám-
empty, meagre **bojĺe *boĺ *bol- *pɨi-
to learn, be attentive **bójĺo *boĺgu- *bolgu-ɣa- *pằihó- *bə́sí-pa-
esteem **bóju *bujur- *boj *buje- *pằi-hắ- *úja / *bíjá
rib, breast bone **bŏ̀kà *bokana *bogoni *boka- *bàkì
to lie in ambush **bŏ́ke *buk- *büg- *bokan- *bə́ká-s-
to stop up **bṑki (~ -e) *bök- *bögle- *bōk-
throat, Adam’s apple **bŏ̀ku *boguŕ (/*bokuŕ) *bagalǯaɣur *bukse *pùkùm-
to be **bṓlo (~ -e) *bōl- *bol- *bə́r-
an indirect relative **boĺe *böĺük *büli *bulu-
a kind of cedar, pine **bŏĺi *böĺ *bujil- / *büjil- *bolgikta *pusi
to divide **bóra (~ -ŕ-) *borī- *pə̄rí- *bár-
to cover, cover **bṓrk῾i *bȫrk *bürkü- *púk-
badger **borso(k῾V) *borsuk, *borsmuk *borki *ùsɨ̀rk *bə̀sákí, *ùsákí
dust; smoke, whirlwind **bŏ́ru (~ -a,-o) *bur-uk *bur-gi- / *bür-gi- *bure-ki *pằrằ-m
grey **boŕV *boŕ *boro
to bind **bŏ̀t῾é *büči *botā- *pɨ̀th- *pə̀ntə̀k-
to dry on fire, under the sun **buč῾o (~ -o-) *bučal- *bučī- *pčōi- *pə̀tə̀-pər-
to attach, follow, accompany **buda *bodu- *boda- *pə̄t
heat, steam **bū́gà *būg *baɣa-gi- *bugar *bák-
wrong, bad **bùjre *buruɣu *ōi- *bàrə̀-
chain, rim **bŭ̀kà *bukagu *bugu- *boKi- *bàkù
pea, nut, cone **bŭkrV *burčak *buɣurčag *boKari, *boKa-kta *phắs
leg, thigh **bū́ktV *būt *begdi / *bugdi
hill, mound **bū̀k῾e (~ -i) *bük *buka *būKa *puk (~ -ɨ-)
to doubt, be stupid **buk῾V *bukinid- *buK- *puki
to stir, shake, smear **bŭ́li *bulga- *büli- *bul- *púr-
cloud **bŭlu (~ -a, -o) *bulut (*bulɨt) *bol-
to grab, find **bŭlV *bul- *buliɣa- *bule-
ice, jelly-like substance **bulV *bul- *belu / *bul-
confusion, fright **bū́ĺa *būĺ- *bala- *bolga- *básúr-
joint, sinew **bŭ̀ĺì (~ -o-) *büli-ken *bul- *pùsì
to pity, be sad **bŭ̀ĺo *bulī- *pɨ̀rə́- *bə̀sì-
to howl **bū̀ŋe *böŋre- *büŋsi-, *büɣüre- *būni- *bàmià-k- (~ -ai-)
beard **bŭrdV *burut *burǯi- *burgakta (/*gurgakta)
to cover, shade **bū̀ri (~ -i̯ū-, -e) *bürü- *bürü- *bū-
to die, perish **bŭri (~ -ŕ-, -o-, -e) *bür-il- *bu(r)-
to break, crush **bùro (~ -o-, -ŕ-) *burči- *bur- *bə̀r-
kidney, liver **bŭsi (~ -o-, -e) *bögse(k) < *bös-ge(k) *büse *bosa-kta
itch, scab **bŭ̀té *büt- *bodu(ɣa) *butu- *pàtákài
to beat, break **bŭ̀t῾ù (~ -o-) *buta- *bute-, *butekte- *putɨ’ič- *pùt-
sack **čằbà (~ -o) *ǯaPku *čar *tàpàra
helmet, headgear **čabV *daɣulga *ǯabuka
a kind of small predator **čágo *ToK- (?) *ǯeɣe-ken *ǯagari
pine, larch **čā́kte *Tɨ̄t *ǯagda
full, fill **čā́lo *dōl- *del- *ǯalu(-m) *čăra- *tár-
a kind of broad-leaved plant **čălù *dal *daldawu *ǯali-kta *čùr-kí *tùrù
to hesitate, argue **čā̀ma *dam- *ǯām- *tàmiàrap- (~ -ai-)
a kind of tree **čamu *dom *ǯamu *tum(u)i
gift, loan **čaŋgu *ǯaŋ(g)- *tu(n)ku-
a kind of foliage tree **čărikV *dẹrek *čirgaj *ǯarikta
to repeat, again, always **čĕk῾a *d(i)akɨ *daki- *ǯeki *təkə
a kind of small animal **čĕ́lV *ǯele-kī *čār *tái (~ -ia)
to split, hole, crack **čḕlV *dil- *čilüɣe *ǯēlge
firm, strong **čikŕo *Tɨgra- / *Tɨgɨŕ *čiɣirag *diktu (~ ǯ-) *čirk- *tíkàrà
power, ability **číńo *dɨŋ *čineɣe *ǯiŋ *čɨ̄ń- *tíná-m-
to listen, consider **čĭŋV *dɨŋla- / *diŋle- *čiŋla- *ǯiŋ-
slow, sluggish **čipV (~ -b-) *čibda- *ǯibge
a kind of ungulate animal **či̯adu (~ **či̯oda) *T(i)adun *dudura- *ǯudura
sweet, taste **či̯ā́tu (~ **t-) *dāt *dadu- *ǯutī
ten **či̯obe (~ **t-) *ǯuba-n *təwə
salt; bitter, acid **či̯obeŕV (~ -i̯abu-) *dūŕ *dabusu *ǯujar- *čjə̄r- *túrá-
to give, exchange **či̯ŏge *dẹg- *düji- *ǯugē- *čù- *tai (~ *tia)
a kind of small animal (squirrel, otter) **či̯oke *dEgiŋ *ǯuku-n *čúi
ice, hail **či̯òlú (~ t-) *dolu *ǯalka *tùrárá
thousand **či̯ùmi *Tümen *čɨ́mɨ́n *ti
blood; spirit, breath **či̯ū́nu *dɨ̄n *čisu *ǯun- *tí
to scratch **či̯ŭru (~ -a) *dɨrŋa-k *ǯurū-, *ǯura-n *čūr
even, straight **či̯uŕi *düŕ *čir- *čɨ̀rɨ̀-
string, to string **či̯úŕu *diŕ- *dürü- *čur- *túrá
front, front part **čŏĺe *döĺ *döli *ǯule *čɨrə
pulp, mushroom; lip **čṓtakV (~ -ukV) *dōtak *ǯudakta / *ǯedukte
to stand **čŭ̀ra *dur- *ǯur- *čàrí *tàt-
swift stream, current **čúrka (~ -i̯o-) *dargil *ǯurku *tákí, *tanki-t-
that, beyond, not very far **č῾a *ča- *čā- *čə̀
to pinch **č῾abo *čibka *čaba- *čūb-
army, war **č῾abu *čAbuĺ(č) *čaɣur *čabu-ka *tupa-
sound, fame **č῾ā́bu *č(i)āb *čuw *čab- *tuáp-
scorpion, viper **č῾adVbV *čAd(b)an *tatipi
a kind of plant (reed) and its bast **č῾[a]ge *čɨg (~ -ɨ̄-) *čaɣal-su *čjòhắi
resin, juice **č῾aju (~ -e-) *čAjɨr *čɨ̀r- *tuju
sand, sandbar **č῾ā́jV (~ -ē-) *čāj *čeɣel
breast **č῾ằjǯV *čičig (/*čɨčɨg) *čeɣeǯi *ča(i)ǯa-n *čjə́č *tì, *tìtí
a kind of coniferous tree **č῾ā̀ki *čEket *čigör- *čāK-
many; be full, enough **č῾áko *čok *čak *čhắ- *tákú-páp-
to wrap, tie **č῾ak῾a *čak- *čaK- *čhằ- *ta(n)k-
forearm **č῾ak῾e *čɨkan(ak) *čaxan *čjàkái-
a kind of insect **č῾ăk῾i *čekü-rtke *čoku *čaKu- (~ š-)
section, prop (in a building) **č῾ak῾V *čaku *čaKi- *čhái
membrane, bark **č῾ali *čEl(p)- *čalban
sharp, to cut **č῾àlù *čal- *čali *čal- *tùrù(n)kì
to suffer hardships **č῾amo *čAm *čima- *čamu-li- *čắmh- *tamar-
a kind of tree **č῾ámo (~ -e-) *čAm *čöme-sü ? *čămh *támú-kui
a kind of small animal **č῾ā́mro *čārba- (*čārma-) *čindaga *čamduk-
building **č῾àńè (~ **č-, -e-) *čáń *tə̀nə̀
people, gathering **č῾aŋo *čiɣul- *čaŋit *č(j)ōŋ *tami
to chop, hit **č῾ăp῾a (~ -u, -i) *čap- *čabči- *čapka *čak-
glue, clay **č῾ăp῾a (~ -u, -i) *čap- *čabaɣ(u) *čapa
a kind of horned animal **č῾ap῾i (~ **č῾ep῾a) *čepiĺ *čaɣa
bare, barefooted **č῾are (~ -ŕ-, -o) *čira-ma *čara-ku
to cut off, tear off **č῾àro *čar *čari- *čărɨ- *tàt-
cheek, cheekbone **č῾ăǯV *čAj-na- *ǯaǯi- *ǯaǯi-
branch, forked branch; staff **č῾ḗbV *čĀb- *čib- *čebu-(gan)
to press, squeeze **č῾éč῾í *čeče-re- *čìčɨ́r- *tíntí-
flower **č῾eč῾u *čeček *tutu(n)si
a kind of insect **č῾egV(nV) *čeɣV- / *čiɣV- *čegene- *čìnə́i
to strike fire **č῾ĕ́k῾à (~ -i̯a-) *č(i)ak- *čaki- *či(K)u- (~ -e-) *čhắ- *ták-
handle **č῾èk῾ù (~ **č῾i̯ok῾e, -k-) *čEkük / *čEküč *čhái *tùkà
part of shoulder close to neck **č῾ek῾V *čekn *čekerej
a kind of cloth **č῾ēk῾V *čĒk- *čegedeg *čeKe *čjə́k-
rag **č῾ep῾à *čepürek *čoɣu-da- *čapa- (~ -ă-) *tapai
ulcer, furuncle **č῾ḗp῾u *čɨ̄pgan *čijigan *čepe *čjūpók
snow, to freeze **č῾era (~ -o) *čar- *čar
to twist, turn **č῾ibe *čebir- *čüw *čib-
spout, prick, penis **č῾[i]č῾V *čiči- *čiču *čči
wet, moisture **č῾iju *čɨj-ɨk *čiɣig *čikpa- *čī-n, *čhuk- *tuju
to stamp, ram; stamped path **č῾ika (~ -u) *čɨgɨr *čig *čiKi-
bead, treasure **č῾ĭ̀k῾à *čEk- (~ -i-) *čiku- *tàkàrà
to cut, cutting instrument **č῾ĭ́k῾ā́ *čikā- *tánkání
to rise, sprout **č῾ĭk῾a (~ -o, -u) *čɨk- *čiki *čiK(i)- *čhi-
straw, chaff **č῾ik῾ò *čigit / *čɨgɨt (~ -k-) *čiɣire *čixe- *čùkɨ́r *təkusa
pivot, bolt **č῾ĭ̀k῾o (~ -k-) *čɨkanak *čigta *čiKi *čítóri *tikiri
to swell **č῾ī́ĺč῾u *sīĺč *čulčaji- / *čelčeji- / *čili- *čilču- *tu(n)si-m-
knuckle, cartilage **č῾ī̀me *čEmirčik *čimöge *čīme- (~ š-,-ǖ-) *čəŋk- (< *čəm-k- ?)
to pinch, pluck (with fingers) **č῾ĭ́mu *čɨm- *čim- *č[i]m- *čum *túm-
top, edge **č῾ī̀mu *čɨm- / *čum- *čimarkai *čīme
a kind of fish **č῾imV *čima *čime
sharp edge, peg **č῾ipV *čib *čibe *čibuke
branch, sharp branch **č῾ī́p῾a *čɨ̄p *čipa-
to press (with fingers), pinch **č῾íp῾ú *čip- *čìp- *túmpə́-m-
small bird **č῾ĭ̀p῾[ú] *čɨpčɨk *čuwčali *čipi- *čjə̄pì *tùmpá-mái (~ -ia)
to stink, be rotten **č῾ĭre *čẹr *čer *čiri- *čiri-
to cut, scrape **č῾ire *čert- *čire-
to drag, draw **č῾iŕV *čiŕ- *čir-
foam, bubble **č῾i̯abo (~ **č῾i̯obe) *čeɣer *čobī- (~ š-)
oyster, shell **č῾i̯abVk῾V *čiabikta *čjòkài
cold, frozen snow **č῾i̯aga *ča(g)-su *čiaga *čhằ-
time **č῾i̯āk῾e *čiāk *čag *čiK- *čək *tə̀kì
small **č῾i̯ā́k῾e (~ -u) *čĀka *čaka *čjāk-, *čjə̄k-
temple; ear **č῾[i̯a]k῾i *čẹke *čiki *čaKar *čăkami
to spread, open wide **č῾i̯ale *čala- *čildi-
to talk nonsense, babble **č῾i̯ālu (~ **č῾i̯ōla) *čAl- *čal- *čōlī-
a kind of thorny plant **č῾i̯álV *č(i)alɨ- *čulkir *čil- *tára
a sharp bone, sharp instrument **č῾i̯aŋu (~ **č῾i̯oŋe) *čeŋe *čoŋkī- *čə̄ŋ (~ *čjə̄ŋ)
groin, hip **č῾i̯apa *čabi *čiabu-
grass, weed **č῾i̯ṑk῾e (~ -k-) *čekin *čūKa *soksăi *tùkúsi
to agree, confirm **č῾i̯ŏ̀k῾ó *čok- *čoku- *čixa *tə̀nká-
grey, light **č῾i̯ṓli (~ -e, **č῾i̯ā́lo) *čĀl *čil- / *čel- *čolka
to hobble, tether **č῾i̯ŏl[m]i (~ -e, **č῾i̯ăl[m]o) *č(i)al-, *č(i)alma *čilbur *čulupkī-
crippled **č῾i̯olu *čol- *čile- *čial- *čə̄rk *tur-
a kind of clothing **č῾i̯op῾a (~ **č῾i̯ap῾u) *čAp *čuba *čop-
water container, vessel **č῾i̯op῾è *čap- *čöɣerüm *čup- / *čop- *č(j)apa- *tə̀pî (~ -ua-)
a kind of foliage tree **č῾[i̯o]ra *čar- *čara-su *čuru- *čori-
scarce, poor **č῾i̯ū́[g]a *čɨ̄gań *čukag *čuki
to tie up, bandage **č῾i̯ugu *čɨg- *čig *čuga-
a kind of insect **č῾i̯ū̀me (~ -i) *čümeli *čīme- (~ š-,-ǖ-) *čóm
round(ed) object **č῾i̯úmu *čɨmur *čom- *čumbu- *túmúnsí
seed, cone **č῾i̯umu *čɨm *čöme *čum- / *čim-
a kind of insect **č῾i̯ū́p῾a (~ -u) *čɨ̄pɨn *čubali *čope-
small, narrow **č῾i̯ŭ̀p῾ì *čüɣe-n *čip[u]- *čòp- *tìpì-sà-
ashes, glowing coals **č῾ṓga *čōg, -ak *čuguk (~ -b-)
to peck, gouge **č῾ṑk῾a *čok- *čoki- *čōk(i)- *čhắ-
cheek bone **č῾òk῾e (~ -i̯u-) *čügde *čoku *čjókái
to incline, sink **č῾ŏk῾i *čök- *čökü- *čoK[i]- *čùk- *tuku-(m)pap-
steppe **č῾ŏli (~ -e) *čöl *čolid *čulbi-
together, all **č῾óme *čöm *čuŋnu *tə́mə
stack, to stack **č῾omi (~ -e) *čömele *čomu- *čum-
to cram, stop up **č῾òmu (~ -i̯o-) *čắm-, *čằm- *tùm-
dregs, dirt **č῾op῾i (~ -e) *čöp *čöb *čupa
pike **č῾ṑrV *čortan *čurukai *čōr-
bundle **č῾ùgù *čug *čug- *čok *tùkà
to jump, trot **č῾ukV (~ -o-) *čogi- *čuKe-rē- *čhú-
a kind of fish **č῾úk῾i (~ -i̯u-) *čüke *čòkɨ́i
to grow less, shrink **č῾uli *čülik- *čölü- *čulbi- *čūr-
grey **č῾upa *čubar *čabidar *čub-rī-
through **č῾up῾V *čoɣu *čup-
near; to follow **dắgá *jạgu- *daɣa-ri- *daga *ta(h)- *dánká-
enemy, alien **dằgì *jagɨ *dajin *dagu-r *tōi *(d)ìkùsà
shoulder bone, back **dagV *jagɨr, *jagrɨn *dajira / *daɣari *daga-
coverlet **dáku *jogurgan *dakan- *dúká
follow, near **dằk῾ì *jAk-ɨn *daka-, *daga- *daxa- *tìkà-
a kind of building **dala (~ -e-) *dal *da
to roast, burn **dàli *dölü *dalga- *tàr- *(d)ìr-
glue; to glue, stick **dā̀li *jẹli-m *ǯil- *dāl-bu-
sweet, tasty **dalo *j[ɨ]l-ɨnčga *dal-di *tằr-
to shake, sway **dalp῾V (~ -e-, -p-) *jelpi- / *jalpɨ- *delbe- / *dalba-
nape, withers **dā́lV (~ -ē-) *jāl *dalaŋ *tər-mi
to close, hide **dằĺà (~ -o) *jaĺ- *dal- *dal(i)- *tjə́r *dàsìrə̀
only **dā̀mù *dāmu *dùmài
blame, guilt **dằŋk῾V (~ t-) *daŋ- *tə̀nká
to cross (a mountain) **dā̀pà *daba- *dāb- *dàmà
to freeze **dari (~ t-) *dereji- *dar- *(d)ita-
back, waist **dărV(mV) *jarɨn *dere(me) *darama
to regulate, govern **dasa *jAsa- *das- *dasa- *tàs-
a flat cover **dắsi *jAs- *dasinga *dasi- *tìsài
to lie **dḕ *jạt- *de-b- *dē- *dàntə̀-r-
young (of birds or animals) **debV *jabrɨ *deɣü *debere
feather, wing **d[é]gì *jüg *ǯiɣür *dekte- *(d)íká
needle, thorn, arrow **dḕgni *(j)igne *ǯeɣü-wün *dēŋgu *(d)inka
to burn **dĕ́kà *jak- *deg-ǯe-gi- *thằ- *dák-
a kind of reed or bamboo **dék῾à *jEken *dek- *deke- *tái *tákái
harness, hook **dek῾V (~ -k-) *jEk- *deken
mane; collar **dḗlì *jēl *del *delü-n *(d)iárì
flat, wide **dĕ̀lp῾à *jalpɨ *dalba- *delpi-n *tàpìra
to burst, break **dĕ̀lp῾i *deĺ- *delbe- *delpe- *timpə-
soft, fluffy **dĕp῾a (~ **t-) *dep- *tàpók-
to shake, sway **déru (~ -ŕ-) *derbe- *der(gi)- *dúr-
to flatten, flat **deŕa (~ -o) *jạŕ- *daru- *tàrì-
hem **dible *jEl(b)- *dewel *dilbi-
tar, to melt **dijV (~ **t-) *dī *tī- *(d)í-
udder **dile *jẹlin *deleŋ *dilba
year; sun, sun cycle **dĭ̀lo *jɨl *ǯil *dilačā *torč *tə̀sì
juice, resin **dilu *jülük / *juluk *ǯilij *dilgu
brain **dilu *julɨŋ / *jülüŋ *ǯiluɣa / *ǯulaj *dili
to win **diŋe *jẹŋ- *dejil- *diŋe-
to guard, preserve **dísa *ǯise- *disu- *jásí-nap-
fish **di̯ági (~ -i̯o-) *ǯiɣa- *thi *(d)íwuá
flat surface, land **di̯ā́no (~ **di̯ṓne) *jān *denǯi *dunse
a small animal (flying squirrel) **di̯ari *jar- / *jer- *ǯirke *ǯ(i)arami (~ d-) *tằràmí *(d)ìtàti
good, better **di̯òge *jẹg- *ǯaɣa *tjōh- *də̀-
socks, stockings **di̯okt῾V (~ t-) *degtej *dokta
a kind of predator **di̯úblu (~ -a) *jolbars *ǯilar *dolbi
a kind of foliage tree **di̯ŭlgu (~ -a) *jɨlgun *dolugana *dulgikta
warm **di̯ū̀lu *jɨlɨ-g *dulaɣan *dūl- *dù
wing, fin **di̯up῾ú *ǯiber *tumpasa
inside, middle **dṑ (~ t-) *do- / *du- *dō *tắi
withers, back **dṓn(e)k῾V *jōnak *döŋ(ge) *doŋka *tɨ̀ŋ
to go, walk, approach **dōre *jorɨ- / *jüri- *dürbe- *dūrē- *də́r-
rule, permission **dòru *jor- *dura- *dora(n) *dùrù-
weak, slack, emaciated **dòru *jor- *doru *duru- *dùrù-
a kind of badger **dorVkV *jorukan *dorugun *d[o]riken
skilled, accustomed **dubi (~ t-) *düj *dub-
night **dŭ̀le *düli- *dolba *duà, *duà-rû
mad, crazy **dū́li *jǖl- *dülei *dulbu- *tor
to burn, set fire **dure (~ t-, -ŕ-, -i) *dür- *dur-
ring **dŭŕi *jüŕ- *dörü *dur-
that (deictic root) **é *ạ(-n) *e-ne *e- *ā-mò *á-
not **e *e-se *e-
to join, meet **èbà *ab- *aɣu-lǯa- *ebu-re- *àbór- *àp-
to winnow, fan **ĕbà *ebis- *ebiri- *apu-
marshmallow, hollyhock **éba(-ku) *(h)abuga *ebke- *à’ók *ápúpi
to carry on the back **ĕ̀bè *eɣüre- *ebe- *ə̀p- *ə̀p-
to be weak, to wither **ebí *ebe- *ə̀bí- *impu-sia-
egg **èbla *o(bɨ)l-duruk *(h)eɣülde *(x)elū- *árh
enough, big **ebo *(h)öɣ- / *(h)öb- *ebi- *ò’ắ-
worm, snake **ebVrV *ebren *ūre *bə̀rə̀tì (~ -ua-)
to see, understand **ḗbǯo *ȫ(j)- *üǯe- *eǯe-
early, morning **éča *esī *àčhắm *àsâ
be weak, exhausted **ēč῾o *ạ̄č *eče- *ə́č- *ə̀tə̀r-
thing, goods **ĕda *ed *aǯi- / *ada- *idegē (/*e-)
silly, evil **ēda *Ada *ada *ēde- *ántá
host, husband **ĕdV *Edi *eǯen *edī-
to rise, lift **ḗga *(i)āg- *(h)ag-sa- *ek-se- *á(n)ká-
to bend **ĕgi (~ -e, -a) *eg- *eɣe- *ege- *ə̀i-
shoulder, collarbone **egmV *egin *eɣem *emu-ge
big, many **ḗgó *ẹ̄g-id- *aɣu- *egdi *ə̀’uí- *ənki-rə
to twist, spin **egVrV *egir- *eɣere- *ə̀rɨ̀
to be afraid **éjá (~ -o) *Ej-men- *aju- *ájá-
to hurry **ḗjba *ēb- *(h)abad *ebV- *áwá-tá-
bad, weak **ĕ̀ka (~ -o) *ek- *(h)egel *eke *àk-
to paw, hit with hooves **èk῾á *agsa- *(h)agsa- *ekte- *ànkà-k-
elder sister **ĕk῾à (~ -o) *eke *eke, *egeče *eKe / *keKe *kjə̄-čìp *kaka
sufficient **éli *el- *ele- *ər- *ír-
peace **ḗlV *ēl *el *elke
deer **ĕlV(-k῾V) *elik *ili *(x)elkēn
to cover **ḗĺpo *ēĺü- *(h)olbug *elbe-, *eldu- *ə́sə́p-
to scratch, rake, row **ḗĺV *ēĺ- *ele- *elbe-s-
donkey **ĕĺǯu *eĺgek *elǯigen *eji-ken
to come **ema (~ -o) *amada- *eme-
to stay, be left, leave **ĕ̀ma (~ -o) *emē-n- *àmà-
woman, female **ĕ̀me *eme *eme *emV *ámh *mía
to avoid, taboo **èmi (~ a-, **ime) *emge- *emiɣe- *ìm-
front **emo *ömgen *emü- *ume- / emu-
to suck **emV (~ **ami) *em- *em-kü-
saddle, belt **emV(ŋV) *ẹ̆dŋe-r *emeɣe-l *emu-l
middle, width **ḗna(kV) *ēn *eŋ *(x)ene-kǖ *ánh *nàká
young of an ungulate **ènŋù *ạnkaj *unagan *(x)enŋe- *ùmà
to beware, attention **enu (~ -o) *anu- *(h)an- *(x)en-te-
pain, sickness **ḗnV *ēn- *ene-ri, -l- *enū-
mother, elder sister **ĕ́ńa *ana / *eńe *eńi- *ə̀ńí *ánái
a kind of vessel **eńa *ańak *ajaga(n) *eńukē
chin, jaw **ēŋa(k῾V) *ēŋ *(x)eŋge *ánk-
shoulder, back part **eŋsV *eŋse *ə̀skə́i
to think, understand **ēŋV *āŋ, *āŋ-la- *aɣuda-la- *eŋē- *ə̀mə̀-p-
cloud, darkness **ḕŋV *eɣüle *ēŋ-
to hunt, kill **ḗpo *Āb *aba *wā- (= *ebā-) *ə́p-
breast, rib **ép῾á *eb- *əp- *ámpárá
bread, food **ep῾ò *Epej *aɣag / *haɣag *epe *páp *əpə-mənə
big **ĕ̀p῾o *Ap / *Ep *aba- *opɨ- *ə̀pə̀-
grandfather **ép῾V *ebü-gen *epu *ə̀p-
to be **ĕ̀ra *er- *ere- *eri- *àr-
rough **ḗra *Ērig *ar- *ar- *árá-
early **ḗre (~ -i) *ẹ̄r *er-te *erü-n *ìrɨ̀-
a kind of box, enclosure **érga (~ -u) *erge *(h)ergi-neg *(x)erge *ə̀rí
a kind of fruit **èrì *erük *üril *ɨrɨm *ìtàpi
to wrap, tie **erka *Arka- *arga- *ə̀rk-
clean **ĕ́ro *ạrɨ- *ariɣ- *áráp-
skin **ĕ̀rù (~ -ŕ-) *ar[a]-su *eruke- *ùrə̀kə̀ (/*i-; ~ -ua-)
to go astray, mistake **ḗŕa *āŕ- *ereɣü *er[e]- *ə̀rjə́-b- *árá-
a kind of grass, wormwood **eŕmu *eŕen *erme *òrmí
to take care of **ḕs[i] *es *asara- *ēske- *às-kàb-, *às-kí- *ìsàma-
unripe, sour **eso *ẹsür- *es- *esi-kin *àsì-
to take care of, to deal with **ḗt῾a *ēt- *ete- *àtáŋ *átúkáp-
elder relative **ĕ́t῾è *Ata / *Ete *ečige *(x)eti- *àtắ *tətə, *ti
thread, to quilt **èt῾i (~ -t-) *Etek *etu- / *ute- *ìtuá
to take; to put **ga *Ko- *ga- *kà-
branch, bough **gàč῾i (~ **gèč῾a) *gač- *káčí
one of a pair **gằgtà *Kat *gagča *gagda *kàtà
oar, boat pole **gằjá *K(i)aj-guk *ga(j)- *kàjí
sorrow **gằju *Kadgu *gaj *gaja- *kəi’əm *kùjà-
surprise **gajV *KAj- *gajika- *gaji-
to hate, wild **gắli *K(i)al *galǯaɣu *galu- *kíráp-
clear (of sky, weather) **gălV *K(i)alɨ- *galu-
to contest **gaĺi *gali- *kjəru- *kisuap- (~ *kisəp-)
concubine, co-wife **gămo *Koma *gama *kòmá
to explain, tell, say **găŋi (~ -i̯a-) *geŋe- *geɣe- *g(i)aŋna-
protection, care **gàp῾á *gabi- *kàmpà-
arm **gàrá (~ -e-) *Karɨ *gar *kàtá
light **gari (~ -ŕ-, -o) *gere-l *garpa
sharp edge **gằŕ[à] *geŕ *gara *kárh *kàtànà
wild goose **gā̀ŕV *Kāŕ *gār(u)a
crane, aquatic bird **gaso (~ -i) *geske *gasa
strong, very **găte *ged *küdür *gata- / *kada- *kətə
fur on animal’s paws **gàtù *godu / *gudu-, *gutu- *gata- *kùtù
berry, to gather berries **gằt῾a (~ -t-) *Kat- *gata- *kə̀t- *kàtai
shell, husk **gébó *Kạb- *gawr-su *gub- (~ *geb-) *kòbɨ̀i *kámpí
light, empty **gĕbo *geb- *güji- *gebu-
back (of head), behind **gĕ́dì *ged *gede *gedi-muk *kítà
to be angry **gĕ́gà (~ -o) *KAkɨ- *gaɣa- *geg- *kákúat-
hook, bend **gék῾á *Kek- / *Kak- *gek- *gek(u)- *kánkám-
to search, hunt **gĕ̀la *gele- *gelē- *kàr-
to come; to go **gĕ̀le *gẹl- *gel- *gel- *ká- *kə̀-
to screen (from light), disappear **gḕĺa *Köĺ- *gēl- *kɨ̀rɨ̀mə́i *kàsùm-
to complete, fill in **gèmo *gömür- *gemu *kăm- *kə̀m-
stern, boat **gḗmo *gẹ̄mi *gemu ? *kòmắr
to suppose; unexpected **gèná *gEne *gene- *kàná-
to bend **gḕnŋa *KAŋɨr- *gana- *gē(n)ŋe-
male, self **gentV (~ k-) *[g]ẹntü (-nd-) *gendü
to disappear, obscure **gep῾V *geɣe- *gepe-
many **gera (~ -o, -u) *garu- *gere-n
word, name, witness **gĕ̀rè(bV) *gẹr-tü *gere(-ɣe) *gerbǖ *kɨ́r, *kɨ́r-bə́r *kə̀tə̀, *kə̀tə̀-pà
a kind of pheasant **gérki *Kerke- *girgawl, *k- *kínkisí
house, house poles **gĕrV *gerekü *ger *gerbe-
to watch, look **get῾V *gete- *gete-
mare **gibe *KEbel *gewü-n *gibu-
notch, to cut aslant **gijo *Kɨj- *gia- *ki
to shine, glitter **gìlè (~ -i, -o) *gil(b)a- *gilta- *kìrà-
curved object **gilu (~ -o, -a) *Kɨlɨ *gil- *gil-
cold **gĭ̀ĺò *Kɨĺ *gil- *kìsàra-(n)ki
defect **gíme (~ **gemi) *Kem *gem *kìmɨ́i
bone **gire (~ -ŕ-) *gere *giram-ksa
shore; road **giru *Kɨrgak *giri *kírh
girl, mate **gī́ŕa (~ -o,-u) *Kɨ̄ŕ *girkī
goose, duck **gi̯ằlá *galaɣu(n) *gileŋē- *kàrí
to stay behind, be separated **gi̯ā́la *Kiāl- *gal- *giala- *kára-
thick, whole **gi̯ălu *Kalɨŋ *goli- *gulu-kun
ring, bracelet, precious stone **gi̯ā́ĺu *KĀĺ *goldi *kòrhói *kusirə
wild onion **gi̯aŋu *gEmürgen *guŋur *k(u)i
to stretch, spread **gi̯ări *ger- *girke- *kə̄r-
acacia **gi̯ắru *KArakan *gur- *kor- *kútí-
wave, stream **gi̯àru *goru-ka / *gori-ka *guru- *kjə́r
to walk, step **gi̯ằŕá *gEŕ- *gar- *giari- / *gira- *kàtí
to curse, horrify **gi̯aso *Kias- *ges- *gos- *kasi-
a kind of flower **gi̯óč῾e *gEč- *gečigene *kòč
belly, stomach **gi̯odV *gede-sün *gudige
? to butt, horn **gi̯oje *gujā-
bird of prey **g[i̯o]jk῾u *göjke *giax(ü-n)
dawn, daylight **gi̯òjńu *gün(eĺ) / *guńaĺ *gegeɣe < *geɣeɣe *giańam *kúi *ka(i)
to run, send **gi̯ŏ̀[k]ó *Kog- *güji- *gik- *kàká-
to burn, fire **gi̯ola (~ -ĺ-, **gi̯alo) *gal *gul-
to be unhappy, endure **gi̯òlo *Kol- *golu- *gil- *kə̀rápá- (~ -uo-)
edge; eyebrow **gi̯ṓĺV *K(i)āĺ *gula
to swell, form blisters **gi̯ṓp῾e *Kāp- *göb- / *güb- *kòpó-m- *kəp(u)i (~ -ua-)
a kind of reed **gi̯óra *KAr(a)gu *gurbi *kántúrá
to cut, carve, shear **gi̯óro (~ -ŕ-) *gur- *giri- *kár-
skin disease **gi̯ṑŕe (~ **gi̯ā̀ŕu) *KEŕi- *gōr-
stick, pole **gi̯ose (~ -i, **gi̯aso) *gesi-ɣün *gusa
to hit, pound **gi̯ube *Küb- *güb- *kuwa-
to smoke, roast **gi̯ūbe *gübeč *gǖb- *kūb- *káwə́r-
thin, short **gi̯ū̀la *Kɨl- *gulbi- *gōl- *kàrú-
to stretch **gi̯ŭldo *Kula- *gulda- *gülde-
male deer **gi̯uli *Külmüŕ *gil-
to strain liquid **g[i̯ú]ĺe *Köĺ-er- *gile- *kə̀rɨ̀- *kə́s- (~ -ua-)
to smoke, fume **gi̯ū̀ĺo (~ -e) *golu-mta *gǖl- *kər- *kùsù-(m)p-
to extinguish **gi̯ū̀p῾a (~ -u) *Kɨp- *gūp-
to search, hunt **gŏ̀bè (~ -o) *Kob- *guji- *gob- *kə̀p-
valley **goblu *Kōl *gowl *gola *kōr *kura
beautiful **gòbù (~ -u-) *gowa *kōb- *kùpà-
to be diligent, persistent, to endure **gòdè *Kodur- *güǯi- *kə̀tàpa-
down, to lower **gódú *Kodɨ *gudu- *kúntá-r-
a kind of ferment **gṑje *göjü- *gū (~ *gǖ) *kɨ̄i- *ki
different, other **gojV *gojar *goj / *gia *kía
a kind of reed or leek **gokV *Koga (~ -k-) *gogu-
high, peak **gók῾ì (**-dV) *gögde- *gugda *kòkái *kúkì
a kind of weapon for sea-hunting **gòlí *gölmi *goli *kùrúrí
log, wooden block **goli *göl- *göle- (~ -ü-) *gola *kura-i
female of an ungulate **goli (~ -e) *göle *gulu-
to bury, put bones **gṓli (~ -e) *gȫli- *gulī-
a kind of insect **goŋV(ŕV) *Koŋuŕ *guwur *guŋgu *kūm(p)-
stump **góp῾á (~ -u-) *gobur *kámpú
to beat, hit **gṓp῾i (~ -e) *gȫp- *göbi- *gupuj-
to starve, be empty **górà (~ -ŕ-) *guri- *gure- *kòrh- *kárà
to see; understand **gŏ̀re *göŕ (= *gör-s) / *gör- *gori *gur- *kɨ́rì-
to move, be irritated **gṓŕV *Kōŕ-ga- *gurba- *gori-
a kind of fish **got῾ò (~ -u-, -e) *gutaɣar *gutkē- *kəti (~ -ua-)
eagle **guči (~ -e) *güči- *gusi
straight, vertical **gudV (~ -o-) (?) *goda- *goda- *kòt-
to love, like **gŭjŕe *güŕel *goju *guǯej *kò’í- *kuà-p-
curve, hook; to cling to **gŭ̀k῾à (~ -o-) *gok- *guk- *kàk-
to tether, bind **gū́ldi *gǖl- *güldi- *gulde-
dwelling, cottage **gū̀lì *gül *gūle *kùrà
to rob, attack, torture **guna *Kun- *gani *gun-
to think **gū̀no *Kun- *guni- *gūn- *kɨ̀nɨ̀r- *kə̀nə̀-m-
empty, hollow **gúpu (~ -o-) *gobi- *gub- *kùp-
flour **gure *Kürüĺ *guril *kằrằ *kuà
palate **gurgi *Kurgak *güreɣe *gorgakta
wide, broad, thick **gŭri *gür *gür *gora *kūrk-
to slander, go mad **gùri *Kür *gör- *gori- *kɨ̀rɨ̀- *kùrùp-
deer, game **gúri (~ -o-, -ŕ-, -e) *görüɣe- *gurma- / *gurna- *kòrání
to unfasten, (un)tie **gŭ̀ŕi *güŕ- *görü- / *gürü- *gurē- *kɨ̀rɨ̀- *kùr-
elder male relative **gusa (~ -o-, -č-) *gusin *kasə
bitter, sour **guša *gasi-ɣun *goši-
to deteriorate **gū́t῾ù *Kūtuŕ *gutu- *gutu- *kutu-
a deictic root **i *ɨ-na- *i-nu- *i *i
door, yard **ìbè *eb *eɣüde *ib-le *íp *ìpùa
grain **ìbè (~ -p-) *ebin *ibi- *pjə́ *ìpì
a kind of vessel **ibk῾V *ükek *(h)ükeg *ibkē-n *ukupa
to go, reach, get ready to go **ĭ̀če *iču- *is- *ìsuà(n)k-
inside **ič῾u *ič *(h)iči- *utu
to hope, see **ič῾V *(h)iča- *iče-
to follow, lead, arrange **idV *Eder- *iǯi *idu-
soot, smoke **ijsV *ɨjs *(h)isu
to be insolent, angry, flamed up **ī́k῾è *ēke- (~ ī-) *(h)egde- *ikē- *ìkɨ́i- *íká-r-
to live, settle **ĭ̀k῾i (~ -o) *ix[ē]- *ìk-
evident, visible **ìla *iler- *ile *il- *àràp-ar-
to drive **ile *ẹl-t-, *ẹl-č- *ileɣe- *ilbe-
front, before **ílék῾a (~ **élík῾a, -k-) *il(i)k *(x)elekē-s *áráka-
third (or next after three), consisting of three objects **ìlù *ölöŋ *ilan *ùrùpu
to stand, become **ilV (~ -ĺ-) *ili- *īr-
to rub, smear **iĺa *ɨĺɨ- *(h)il(b)i- *ilba, *ile- *əru-
to fry, burn **īĺa *ɨ̄ĺ(č) *ila- *(x)ila-
fish bait **īĺbi *(h)ilbeɣe-sün *īlbī *i(n)sa-r-
work, craft **ī́ĺi *īĺč *üjile *(x)ilga- *īr *isa-bə, *ísá-m-
to hope, believe **iĺkV *ɨĺan- / *iĺen- *ilga- *ilkV-
now **ìmé *em- *(h)ima-gta *ime- *ima- *ìmá
a kind of vegetable **ìmè (~ -i) *máh *ìmə̀ (~ -ua)
younger sibling **ī̀na *ini *īnan *àńằ *ànî
to laugh **ińo *(h)inije- *ińe- *ūń-
to neigh **íŋo *ɨŋɨra- *iŋča- *iŋi- *íná-nak-
shallow place **iŋV *(x)iŋā *jə̄ (< *i’ə) *ía
shell **ipa (~ -b-) *(h)ibawu *ibu-kta (~ *igu-kta) *apampi
cold, winter **ipe (~ i̯a-) *ebül *ibaksa
mouth; to say **ip῾i (~ -p-,-e) *(x)ipke- *íp *íp-
to come, enter **ī́re *ẹ̄r- *ire- *ī- *ítá-r-
to rot, pus, be sick **ìri (~ **e-) *iri- *(h)ereke- *ìtà-
song **íru *ɨr *ira-ɣu *ir-ke- *ɨrp- *útà
omen, divination **ī̀rú *ɨr- / *ir- *irwa *īrme- *ùrá
to be ashamed, shy, hostile **ī́ru *īr- *(h)ir-ba- *ire(n)te- *ɨrɨ- *útúa-
trace, furrow **ī́ŕu *īŕ / *ɨ̄ŕ *(h)iraɣa- *iru-n *ìráŋ
to crush, grind; bite **ìsú *ɨsɨr- *(x)ise- *ɨsɨr- *ùsú
to pinch, pluck out **isV *iske- *is-
to eat **ite (~ **eti) *et-mek *ide-
board **ìtí *(h)ideɣür *(x)ite *ìtá
to rely, trust, take upon oneself **ĭ̀t῾á *itege- *(x)iti *àntùkàr-
to hit, push **ìt῾ù *it- *ete- *ùt-
a kind of (big) bird **it῾VKV *it- *itiknija
to fall over, shake **i̯ā́ga *iāg- *(h)egeji- *iaga-
a kind of disease **i̯ā́ga (~ -i) *īg *(x)iag- *ia ~ *ai
fat **i̯ā́gi *jāg *eɣükü, *öɣekü *iag-ǯakta
hips, space between hips **i̯agu (~ **i̯oga) *(i)ag *aɣarčak *oga
liquid, flow **i̯àk῾ì (~ -k-) *iak- *iaKu *ìkà-i
light, white **i̯ā́k῾V *Āk *jagaɣan *ixere *ikɨr- *áká-
female; to seduce, to frolic **i̯áĺa *eĺi *ə̀r’ù- *ásuámp-
hole, pit **i̯ámu *(i)am *(h)uma- *umu- *ùmúk- *úmá-
a kind of small predator **i̯ánti(-kV) *(i)anduk (~ -nt-) *iandaku *jə̀ń
line, furrow **i̯ańu *En *(h)oji-su *ońa- *ùnài
to bend, turn; hook **i̯ằpV *ebir- *eb- *oboka *àpùkuà
to break **i̯ap῾i (~ **i̯op῾u) *ebde- *iapu-
adze **i̯ap῾u *Apɨl *oɣuli *upa
to hide, conceal **i̯ăp῾u (~ **i̯ŏp῾a) *Apɨ- *(h)ob *op-
lower jaw, chin **i̯ằré *Erin *eriwü- *irki *ə̀tə́(n)kapi
wild beast of prey **i̯àrgi (~ -o) *iarga *írhì
young (of an animal) **i̯aru *Arkun (?) *(h)ori *ora- *ə̀rí-
to give, gift **i̯ā́tá (~ -t῾-) *(i)ātag *tā- *átápá-
near, come near **i̯obo (~ **i̯ubi) *ojira *ibē-
skin, to tan **i̯ŏ́de *ed- *(h)ideɣe *(x)odinsa
to hang on (smth.), hang on hook **i̯ṓle *īl- *elgü- *ol- *ori
food **i̯oĺe *(i)aĺ, *(i)aĺ-a- *öl *ulī-
to weave, bind **i̯ṓĺe *ēĺ- *(h)el-tü- *ul- *jə̄r-
to crawl, move **i̯òmke *Emgek- *ömkeri-, *önkeri- *ùnkə̀k-
weave (nets), net **i̯oŋo (~ **i̯uŋi) *(h)öɣesi *inŋi-
to cover; to wear **i̯òpe *ibeɣe- *upsi *psɨ́- *ə̀p-
horn **i̯op῾érV (~ **i̯ap῾órV, -ŕ-) *eber *opora *s-pɨ́r
male, young male **i̯òre *ẹr-kek *(h)üreɣe *ur *óràpí *ə̀tə
top of head, head **i̯ŏ̀t῾à(mu) (~ **i̯ằt῾ò-) *utumuk *utu *àtàmà
a kind of berry **i̯ṑt῾íkV *ōkta *òtắi *ìtí(n)kuà
to be hungry, exhausted **i̯ùbú *öje- *(x)ob- *īb-, *ìbúr- *ùwá-
to dig, hole **i̯úb[u] *oba *(x)ub-gā *úwa-
to become free, retire, disappear **i̯ū̀ču *ɨč- *ōs- *us-
ornament **i̯uda *udī- *aja
to imitate, to simulate **i̯ude *öd-kün- *əja(n)si
to choose **i̯udi(rV) *üdür- *ödü- *iàr- ~ *aìr-
wonder, supernatural **i̯ŭdu *ɨduk *id- *(x)odu *i / *ju
to lead, direct **i̯ū́du *ɨ̄d- *udu-
child, son **i̯uga *ogul *öɣele ~ *oɣala *àhắi
to knead, press, crush **i̯ū̀ge *ög- *uɣur *ǖ(g)-
enclosure for cattle **i̯ugerV *ögür *ugi(r)- *ur- *bəri
river, small river **i̯uge(ŕV) *ügüŕ (~ *ö-) *üjer *ugē(r)- / *ug-be(n) *jə̀hɨ́r *ùrà
up, above **i̯úgu *jüg- *öɣe-, *ög-se- *ug- *ùh *ú-pa-
to weep, howl **i̯ùjŋula *ɨjŋala- *ujila- *ùnàr-
to measure, compare **i̯úle *ül-, *öl-č- *üli- *ül(k)e- *ə̀rkùr
hollow, hole, intestine **i̯ùlò *oluk *(h)olugaj *ül- *ùruà
to tie, strap, belt **i̯ùme (~ -o) *(h)umaji- *(x)üm- *ùmɨ̀i- *ə̀mpí
a kind of clothing **i̯umi *(i)öm *emü- (*ömü-) *(x)im-
a kind of fruit or berry **i̯úmu *imiti (~ *ɨmɨt) *uma-kta *úmái
to help, gather **i̯umu *im- *öm- *umī- *umur-
notch (on arrow) **i̯ŭ́ne *oni *ün- *ònắi
to live, rest **i̯ŭ̀ni *ün-ǯi- *in- *nūi *ìnə̀-tí
cow **i̯unu *in-gek (/*ɨn-gak), *in-ken *üniɣen
to breathe, smell **i̯uńŋu (~ -a) *ɨn-tɨk *(h)oŋguli- *uńŋu-
to be ashamed, taken aback **i̯upo *ubut *ubaj *üb- *əpəpə-
a kind of foliage tree **i̯ure *ɨrgaj *ürē-kte *ori *utu-kui
joy **i̯ùru *ɨra *urma *uru- *ùrià-
to gather, crowd **i̯úrù *irk- *ir-, *irge- *urū- *ur *ú(n)tì
fat; brain **i̯ū́ŕgi (?) *ǖŕ *irg[ü]
long; late **i̯uŕo *uŕɨ-n, *uŕa-k *urtu, *uri-du *(x)ir- ~ (x)ür- *òrá-
to grow, sprout **i̯úse *ös- *ös- *üse- *ìsàk
thick liquid **i̯ū́t῾e *ȫt *öte- *üt-
oar **kabari *kajiɣur, -bu(r) *kabri-kī *kapiara
enclosure **kábó *keji-d *kaba- *kòbắr *kámpiá
a kind of ferment **kàbro *Kor *kowr *kabu-kta *kòr- *kàrà-
wish, intent **káče *Kɨča *kači *kasaga- *kə́sí-rápa-
to pass, go through **kăči *geč- *kas-
covering, skin **káč῾u *KAč-(g)ač *kuči- *kaču- *kàč
a kind of foliage tree **kắdaŋV (~ k῾-) *Kadɨŋ *kaduŋ *kání-pà
strong, oppressive **kádì(rV) *Kadɨr *keder *kadara-ku *kítú-
a kind of harness (bridle) **kádù *kada- *kadala / *kadara *kùr’ə́i *kútúwá
rock, mountain **kadV *K(i)aja (?) *kada *kada-
willow, elm **kagVlV (~ k῾-) *K(i)agɨl *kajila(r)-
crayfish, tick **kajamV *Kạm- *kiamk- *kàjàmí
to love, covet **kaje (~ k῾-) *Kɨj- *kaji-
animal **kaji *gejik *kaji-
clear, clean **kàji (~ k῾-, g-) *kāi- *kìjùa-
nail, bar; to stick into **kā́jta *Kāta- *kada- *kiata-kun *kìt *kiátá (~ *káitá)
tanned skin, leather **kaku (~ -k῾-) *KAkma *kaK-
bright, shine **kák῾á *kaka-rkaj (~ -g-) *kakta- *kánká-
angry **kā́k῾i *Kēk- *kek- *kaKi
to belch, choke **kā́k῾i *gēkir- *kekere- / *kakira- / *kaka- *kaxa- *kài’ò-
to smell (of burning) **kak῾o *Kok- *kaku- *kakti-
a kind of building, fence **kā́k῾ò *Kōk-uĺ *kaK(u) *kákì
family, gathering **kala *kal- *kara
heap, to pile up **kā́la (~ k῾-, -e-) *Kāla- *kali- *kari-
a kind of hat **kàla (~ **k῾-, -e-) *Kalpak *kalbaŋ *kár
knife, to cut **kằle *Kɨlɨ̄č *kaliki *kə̀r-
to change, borrow **kălo *Kalɨm *kala- *kalma-gda *kắr- *kár-
to split, divide **kalt῾o *Kolak *kalta-s, *kelte- *kalta *kằră-
a kind of fish **kalu *kul- *kali
near, to come near **kalV (~ -ĺ-) *kalu- *kal-
a kind of water plant **k[ā]ĺe *Kɨ̄ĺ-gun *kolim *kalčukta
a kind of vessel **kaĺpa *KAĺuk / *KAlgak *kalbuga *kala-n *kasipa
to unite, together **kàma *KAmug *kam- *kamur- *kàmà-p-
a kind of fish **kāma *kām- *kàmór-thi *kamasu
a kind of cloth **kami *KEmek *kemerlig *kam-
boiled substance, alcohol **kàmo *Kumɨŕ *kimur *kamnu- / *kamdu- *kàm-
to fold, close **kamp῾o *kamki- *kamp- *kắm-
wind, whirlwind **kámsa (~ k῾-) *Kasɨrku *kabsara- *kánsá-i
a kind of vessel, ladle **kắm[u]ča *Kamɨč *kumǯija *kamiču *kámású
be weak, oppress **kāmV *KĀma- *kama- *kama- *kam- *kə̀mà-r- (~ kuàmà-r-)
to be satisfied **kā́na *Kān- *kanu- *kan-dari- *kánáransu
dewlap, peritoneum **kanti *Kandɨr *kančir *kanda
to reach, attain **kā̀nt῾V *kan[t]u- *kānta-
swan **kā̀nu *kuna *kāŋgu *kón
helminth **kaŋne *Kɨna *kaŋa(r)
dog **káŋV *KAŋ-čɨk *kači-kān *kàŋ-
to break, fragile **kăpi *gebre- *kebere- *kab-
to cover, sack **k[ā]p῾á *Kāp *kab-t- *kup- *kàmpú-
to squeeze, press together **kăp῾è *Kɨp- *kajiči *kap-
opposite, enemy **kàra (~ k῾-) *Kar- *kar- *kàtà-
to look, observe **kara (~ -u) *Karak *kara- *kara- *kàrm-
thin stick, rod **kàra(ma) *Karmak *kar- *kármó *kàrimə̀
bow, to shoot from a bow **kare *Kɨrɨĺ / *kiriĺ *karbu- *kar-
a kind of aquatic bird **karmo *Kordaj (< *Korm-daj ?) *karmu- / *karbu- *kằrmjə́kí *kàmə́mái (~ -ia)
a kind of weed, cockle **kàrò(mV) (~ k῾-) *KAramuk *karaɣu, *karbaɣur *kara (~ *x-) *kắràč *kàràmùsì
fox, marten **kărsi *KArsak *kirsa *karsi
black **kàru (~ k῾-) *Kara *kara *kùruà-
a kind of bird **kărV *K(i)ar- *kar- *kara-
to prohibit, be in one’s way **kasa *kasi- *kas- *kə̀sɨ́r- *kasi-m-
young cow, heifer **kaserV (~ k῾-) *Kɨsɨr *kasirag
to tickle **kāšu(kV) *Kɨ̄čɨk, *gīči- *giǯige *kašaka- *kúsú(n)kúr-
to mix, join **kat῾[a] (~ -t-) *Kat- *kudku- *kata- *kata-
to knock (of hooves), trot **kā́t῾e *Kɨ̄tɨr- *katari- *kata- / *kete- *kə̀thí-
field, steppe **kébà(rV) *keɣere *keber- *kápí
slanting, oblique **kĕ̀č῾á *Kač- *keče *kečeri- *kjə́čh *kàntúa
side **kéč῾à *kə̀čh *kátà
to lie **kejbe *keb- *kebi- *kìbúr- *kəjə-
crab; tick **kḗjna (~ g-) *gĒne *kə̄i *kání
to boil **keju (~ k῾-) *Kạjɨn- *kajira- *kò’ɨ̀-
to pass beyond **kḕju *Kej- *kēj- *kúaja-
breast, chest, ribs **kekŋV *gEgrek *keŋgir- *keŋ-tire
palate, throat **kek῾V *gekir-dek *kekü- *kexere
to rise, jump up, soar **kela (~ k῾-, -o) *Kạl(ɨ)- *kali-
daughter-in-law, bride **kele (~ -i, -o) *gẹlin *keli
variegated, spotted **kelta(rV) *Kartal *kaltar *kelder
to scrape, rub **kèĺčo *Kạĺčɨ- *kalča- *keli- *kắr- *kàsù-r-
bald, bald spot **kèĺǯo *KAĺ(č)ga *kalǯa- *kór(čhí) *kàsìrà
stove, cauldron **kéma (~ k῾-, g-) *Kemeke *kàmá *kámá
to gnaw, bite **kĕ̀ma (~ -o) *gEmür- *kemeli- *kem-ki- *kàm-
shoulderblade **kemŕa *[k]Ebŕe *kemde- *kende
a kind of fruit with seeds inside **kemV *kemeke *kemu-kte *kām
a kind of ungulate animal **kḕnda *KAt *kandagaj *kēnde
a kind of coniferous tree **ke(n)da (~ -o) *Kạdɨ *kende-
threshold, gate **kenta *kende- *kántuà
late **kènǯé *gEnč *kenǯe *kə̀nsə́
front leg, armpit, angle **kēńa *Kājnat *ka(i) *keńe- / *kuńe- *kanai
distress, envy **kḕńu *köń- (~ -j-) *ken- / *kin- *kēńe- *kuna-
hollow, empty **kĕ̀ŋi *geŋiŕ *keŋ-, *köŋ- *keŋ- *kíń-
to bite, gnaw **keŋV *KEŋdi- *keŋi-
to chew **kēpu *gēb- *kebi- *keb- *kùp-
upper part of body (trunk) **kĕpV *gebde *keberdeg *keb-te
face, shape **kḗp῾à *gēp *keɣe *kepe *kápúa
belly **kḗp῾V *gēp- *keweli *kepel-
belly; body, ribs **kéra *Kạrɨn *kerimuk *kari *kárá-(n)tá
to bind, wind around **kèra (~ -ŕ-) *kere- *kerge- (*kergi-) *kàràm-
a kind of bird of prey **kḗrdu (~ k῾-) *Kạ̄rt- *kaǯir *kútí
paunch **kergV (~ **k῾-) *Kergük *kerken-
back, to return **kèro *gErü *kari- *kə̀tàpa-
to fight, kill **kéro *gEröĺ- *kere- *kere-, *kerbe- *kūr- *kə́r-
old, worn out **kĕ̀ru (~ **k῾-) *Kạrɨ *kari-, *kar-si- *kùtà-
a kind of predator **keru(ĺV) *KArɨĺ- *kereldüg *kelte- (< *kerelte-?) *kar- *kunturi
to suffer **késa *kes- *keseɣe- *kesē- *kjəs- *kásíká-
thing, sort, order **késu *küsü-nüg *kese *kə̀s / *kàs *kúsá
luck, joy **kesV (~ k῾-, -i-) *kesig *kìs-
mule, barren **kĕta (~ -t῾-, -o, -u) *KAtɨr *kači- *ketem
much, many, excessively **két῾ò *ketü *kete, *kēter *kằtằk- *kátù
to do, to make **ki (~ **k῾i) *Kɨl- *ki- *kì-túk-
a kind of foliage tree **kĭ̀ba (~ -p-) *Kɨbak / *Kabak *kibē *kàpài (~ -ia)
a kind of grass **kìjá *Kɨj(g)ak *kija- *kijo-kta *kójōm *kàjá
vapour, steam; anger **kijmV *Kɨjm- *kimura- *kīmu- *kīm
to bite; rub, scrape **kìkú *Kik- *kegǯe- *kik- *kùkúm-
to arrange, intend **kímo *Kɨm- *kima- *kim- *kímá-
bran, millet **kìp῾é *kẹpek *kibag *kipe *kìmpí
attentive, strict **kìp῾í (~ -e, -o) *kib(i)-si- *kib-ča- *kìmpì-si-
to cut, mince **kìro *Kɨr- *kira- *kire- *kìr-
a kind of big wild animal **kirsi (~ k῾-) *kirs *kisa
a kind of vessel, receptacle **kī́rsu *gīŕ *kɨ̀rɨ́s
a kind of bird of prey **kī̀ŕa *Kɨŕ-, *Kɨrguj *kīran
to press, squeeze, rub **kíso *Kɨs- *kisa- *kis-k- *kɨ̀s- *kə́sə́nká-
certainly, verily **kiso (~ **kose, k῾-, g-) *kɨ́s *kəsə
to wait, take time **kít῾u (~ k῾-) *kičiɣe- *kìtɨ́r’ó- *kútúrə(n)k- (~ -ua-)
to lose, disappear **kíǯV (?) *kiǯ- *kíjá-
hole; mouth **ki̯ā́č῾ù *KĒčir *kačir *kuči-n *kútí
to put on, wear **ki̯adi *ged- *kedü- / *keǯi- *kí-
seam, to sew, lace **ki̯àdi *K(i)adɨ- *kaǯi *kiade-le- *kjə̀d-
relative **ki̯ā́du (~ k῾-) *Kādɨn *kadum *kjərăi
to bake, boil **ki̯ằgru *KAgur- *kaɣur- *kurgi- *kɨ̀rh- *kùrì-dà
wind, air **ki̯àjú *KAj *kuj *kuje *kùrì- *kùjù-r-
shell **ki̯aka (~ -k῾-) *kiaK-ta / -ikta *kàkî
a kind of aquatic bird **k[i̯a]ma *kemerleg *k[ia]m- *kàmà’ótí *kàmuâ
ghost, spirit **ki̯ằmò *Kiam *keme- *kum- *kàmù-i
top, top of head **ki̯amp῾a *k(i)amak / *k(i)apak *kiama / *kiapa *kàmá *kàm(p)-
beaver; bear **ki̯ằmù *Kạma *kuma *kōm *kùmà
a kind of vessel **ki̯àntú *Kendük *kundaga *kondi
a kind of board **k[i̯a]ŋe *K(i)aŋ *kaŋga *küŋile
depth; edge **ki̯àpì *köb- *kiabu- *kìphí- *kìpà
turtle, crayfish **ki̯ap῾a *kab- *kiakp- / *kiapk- *kə̀púp *kap- / *kam-
hoof, heel **ki̯àp῾ù (~ k῾-, -e-u, -a-u) *kajir- *kúp *kupi-(mpi)su
crow, raven **ki̯ăro *KArga *kerije *kori *kằr- *kara-su
need, necessity **ki̯ăru *gẹrge- *kara *kor-pi- *kari- (?)
salmon, a kind of fish **ki̯áta *K(i)atɨr- *kadaraŋ *kiata
sharp tool; notch **ki̯ā́tu *gēt- *godoli *kota
stern, steering oar **ki̯á[t῾]ó *KAdɨk *kitüge *kude *kántí
sand, steppe, earth **ki̯aǯurV *Kạjɨr *kuǯir *kuǯur-
nasty **ki̯oči (~ -e, **ki̯ačo) *KAč- *kečeɣü *kus- *kùč-
to go, walk **ki̯ód[o] *ködel- *kiad- *kə̄d- *kájuáp-
pale **ki̯ójbu *Kuba / *Koba *kubakaj *kiaba- *kú-i
long; far **ki̯olo (~ k῾-, -ĺ-, -i̯u-) *kolo *kìr-
to steal, deceive **ki̯oĺa *K(i)aĺ- *kula-gai *kola *kasu-m-
quiver, ornaments for quiver **ki̯ŏ̀ĺe *Keĺ *kul-da- *kulmaki *kə̀nsìrì
a kind of grass **ki̯omga *KAmgak *kamkag, *kamgaɣul *kumga
dandruff, mould **ki̯onŋu (~ k῾-) *Koŋak *kine
a kind of weed **ki̯ońo (~ k῾-) *Konak *köɣene *kìńɨ́m *kə̀mài
a kind of vessel **ki̯opu *Kobga *kob- *kiaba-
a kind of aquatic bird **ki̯òpù *kiab- *kùpìnà
to roll, churn **ki̯ṓr[i] *Kiār- *kor- / *kör- *kur- *kurum-
pear, fruit **ki̯òrtème *gErtme *kedemen *kù(n)tàmə̀nə̀
rank, position, measure **ki̯óru *Kur *kiri *kiaru *kòrằ- *kúrá
to enclose, enclosure **ki̯osa *Kasɨ *kasi- *kosi-
to singe, heat **ki̯òt῾è *Kat- *kete *koto-ran- *kə̀tài (~ -ua-)
to cry, cough **ki̯uču *Kɨč-gɨr- *kuča- *kusi- *kìčhɨ́-m *kusam-
to slander, swear **ki̯ūč῾ú *Kɨ̄č- *koči *koči- *kùčíčh- *kùntə̀-k-
to attend, be respectful **ki̯ū́di *gǖd- *kidu- *kìrí-
shore, border **ki̯udu *Kɨdɨg *kiǯaɣar (< *kiǯi-ɣar) *kudē *kui (~ -ə-)
a kind of bird **ki̯ujilV *kojil- *kilu- *kɨ́irjə́kí (~ *kɨ́rjə́kí) *kiari (~ *kairi)
a kind of foliage tree **ki̯úli *kilde *koro- *kírí
a blood-sucking insect **ki̯uma (~ -i̯o-, -o) *Kumĺuj *küme (~ -i-) *kə̄mə̀rí
sand, dust **ki̯umo *Kum *kumaki *kime (~ -ü-)
person; people, country **ki̯úne *Kün *küɣün, *-m- *kün- *kúní
silk, mulberry **ki̯ùp῾u *Kɨp *kib *kupen *kīp *kùpá
thought, attention **ki̯ùp῾ù *Kɨpɨ- *kuji- *kob-ta *kùpà-
woodcock, woodpecker **ki̯ure *Körtük *kur *kürekte
to wink **ki̯urumV *kirm- / *Kɨrm- *korim- / *kirim-
a kind of vehicle **ki̯úŕu *Kɨŕak, *Kɨŕagu *kür-dün *kur- *kúrúmá
insufficiency, debt **ki̯ū̀ta (~ -t῾-) *Kɨt *kōta *kàta-
a kind of fox **ki̯ùtí *küderi *kitiri *kìtúnái
this **ko (~ **k῾-) *Kö *kü *kɨ *kə́-
cloth, clothing **kobe (~ -i) *Köbüŕ / *Kebiŕ *kubča- *kuberi
to freeze **kóbe (~ k῾-, -p-, -p῾-) *köbsi- *kə́pə́r-
hollow, cavity **kŏ́bú *Kobuk *koɣu-su *kobi / kebi(ŋe) *kōr- (?) *kúmpuá
to nomadize, transport **kóčè *göč- *köske *kuči- (~ -š-) *kə́sì
ram **koč῾V (~ k῾-, -č-) *Koč *kuča
pipe, chimney **kogĺu (~ -o, -a) *Koguĺ *koɣul-aj *kula-n
to be deficient, damaged **kṓk῾à *Kōk- *koki- *kuKe- *káká-
breast, to suck; heart **kŏ̀k῾è *göküŕ *kökön *xuku-n / *kuku-n *kokăi- *kə̀kə̀rə
blue, green **kṓk῾e (~ -i) *gȫk *köke *kuKu
rubbish, dirt **kŏ̀k῾ò *Kok *kokir *kuk-pun *kə̀k- (~ -ua-)
to be afraid, distressed **kŏ̀lé *Köl- *kulči- *kul- *kə̀rə́-
time **kólè (~ k῾-) *Kolu *küli- *kə́rə̀
to harness **kōli (~ -e) *gȫl- *köl-
hub, wheel hub **kòĺbèk῾V (~ -o-) *Koĺ-luk *kolkibči *kulbuka *kə̀sìki
to freeze **koĺi (~ k῾-, -i̯-, -e) *Köĺ- *köl-de-
young of animals **kṓĺi(kV) (~ g-, -e) *kȫĺek *gölige
mat, carpet **kṓme (~ -o) *Kōm *köm *kuma-lān *kə́mə́
fist, wrist **kòmpo *Kop- *kombo- *komba- *kə̀mpusi
neck, part of breast **kómp῾i *gömül-dürük *kömürge *kumpe(ke) *kúmpí
box, frame **kómtV *Komta *komta-n *kámátí
clothes **kòna(-kV) *kunar *kuŋge *kànkà-
leather, cloth **kṓńi (~ -e) *gȫn *kön-ǯile *kằńằm
brown, black **kòŋa *Koŋur *koŋ- *koŋna- *kắnắrh *kànkâ-i
bell **kōŋa *Koŋra- *koŋku *kōŋā- *káná-i
to tear out, uproot **kŏŋe *Koŋur- *koŋ- *kɨ̀ń- *kənsu-
deaf **koŋgV *koŋgor *koŋga
to break, break in halves **kòŋti (~ -e, **ki̯uŋtu) *könde-le *koŋda- *kùntàk-
to plane, whet **kopV *Kobuĺ, *Kobuĺa- *kobiki *kuba-
to bend; elevation, convexity **kŏp῾é *göpe(ne) *köb- / *küb- *kupe- *kòp-, *kùp- *kəmpu
navel **kṓp῾i (~ -e) *gȫpek *köj *kop
all **kŏp῾V *Kop *kow *kupukte
to freeze **kóre *Kört *kör *kuri- *kə́r-
a kind of vessel **kòrke *Körke *korgu *kurke *kúkì
a kind of big fish **koru *Kor(t)- *korbu *koru *kòrài *kùntírà
nut **kŏ̀ru (~ -ŕ-) *kuri *kắrái *kùrù-i
chain, ring **kósV (~ -u-) *kosa *kùsɨ́r *kúsárì
edge, protrusion **kŏše *Kösri *kosiɣu *koša *kìsɨ́rk *kùisì (~ -ə̀i-)
lever **kóšì *köse- *kösi- *kuši-pun (~ -č-) *kosak *kúsàpì
hole **kòt῾e *göt *kota-gar *kota- *kút
to lift, raise **kŏt῾i *göt- *kötü- *kutu- *kutu-
village, locality **kòt῾V (~ k῾-, -u-) *Kutu *koto *kót
to wish, hope, like **kúbé *güb- *köw-, *küw-, *köɣe-r *kub- / *keb- *kuámpə́- (~ -ú-)
drum **kubirgV (~ k῾-) *Kübrüg *keɣürge / *köɣürge
pole, shaft **kúbù (~ -o-, -p-) *Kubak (~ -p-) *kobil *kúpì
power **kūči *gǖč *küči-n *kusǖ- *kóčắk
to hold in arms **kū́či (~ k῾-, g-, -č῾-, -o, -u) *Kūč- *kòč-
to be submerged; to pour out **kùdá *Kud- *kodori- *kàntùk-
relative-in-law **kude *güde- *kuda
quilted clothes, trousers **kugi (~ -k-, -e) *küg-dü *kukču *kă’oi (~ *ko’ăi)
swan **kū̀gù *Kugu *kūku *kòhài *kùkùpí
a kind of aquatic bird **kúja *kajil- *kuju- *kə̀jú, kə̀ijú
a kind of nut **kúja *kuju-kta *kài’òm *kaja
thick, saturated **kujV (~ k῾-, g-) *Koju-g *kə̄-r- *kuá-
meat **kúk῾è *kuKu- *kòkí *kuaku-mi
a kind of ungulate **kúlme *Kulum *kulan *ku(l)ma- *kuáma
servant, slave **kū̀lV *Kul *kēlu-me (< *kūle-me ?)
snake, worm **kulV (~ -o-, -ĺ-) *kulī-n *kùrjə̀ŋí
oak, oak-tree **kúĺap῾V *kolopo-kta *kàràp *kásípà
enclosure **kuĺV (~ -o-) *Koĺ *kuli-, *kuli-ti-
a musical instrument **kúma *Komuŕ *kumu-n *kə̀mɨ́nkó
a kind of vessel **kumba(ka) *Kumgan *kombuga *kōmba *kámá
hollow, cavity, inner angle **kúmi (~ -o-) *kömüg *kum- *kùm-k *kúma
eyebrows, hair on temples **kumi (~ -o-, -e) *kömü- *kum- *kùmìt
to wrap up, cover **kŭ̀mu *Kum- / *Kɨm- *kumi- *kum- *kàm- *kùm-
one of several wives **kune (~ g-) *güni *kuanami
to fold, twist **kunu (~ **k῾-) *Kun-da- *kuni- *kùniàr-
skin, leather **kúńà (~ k῾-) *Kuńak *kujag *kámì
moth, worm **kúńe *güńe / *guńa *kuńī-kta *kə̀ńúi *ká
heart, middle **kúŋe (**kújŋe) *göjŋ-il *kuŋ- *kà’ón-tắi
child **kŭŋi *güŋ *köw, *köw-ɣün, *kewken *kuŋā *kúa
rump, anus **kuŋt῾V (~ -o-) *Koŋ *koŋdu-, *koŋǯi- *kuŋdu- *kuŋtuŋ-
light (of weight), floating on the surface **kup῾e *köbü- *kepu- ~ *kopu- *kàpắi-
a musical instrument **kùp῾ŕó (~ k῾-) *Kopuŕ *kuɣur *kə̀tə́
part **kùp῾Ỻ (~ k῾-, -o-) *kubi *kùmpà-r-
sheath, basket **kúra(mV) *Kurman, *Kurug-luk *kor, *korum- *kor-, *kormaki *kátáma
to run, quick **kure *Küre- *kur(u)- *kora- *kɨrk-
wattle, fence, enclosure, building **kuri *Kur- *kürijen *kori *kuru-wa
a kind of clothes **kúro(mV) *Kur *kormaj *kurumV *korɨm *kə́rə́mə́
to cut out, sharp **kū̀rV *Kurč *kurča *kōri-
autumn; rain, storm **kū́ŕe (~ -i) *gǖŕ *kura *kure-
a kind of grass **kusu (~ k῾-, -o-) *kosi- *kòsàrí *kùsà
to rot **kùši (~ -o-) *kušu *kùsɨ̀- *kùsà-
nut **kušu *Kusɨk *kusiga *košikta *kusi
intestine **kušV *kos, *koskinag *kuči (~ -š-)
fortune **kùt῾á *Kut *kutug *kutu-ri *kàntuá
bog, marsh **kut῾i (~ -t-) *Küte(re) *kuta *kutai
neck, collar **kùǯi (~ **kòǯe) *küǯüɣün *kuǯu- / *kuǯi- *kíč
to deceive **k῾ăbo *Kob- *kaɣur- *xab- *kə̄-
to run, drive **k῾ăču *KAč- *kočur- *xasa-
kind, sort **k῾ač῾e *xačin *kàčí *kə̀tə̀
side, to turn **k῾ada *KAdɨr- *kadawra- *xadaga-
to scrape off, scraper, tool for processing skins **k῾ádí(-rV) *KEdir- *kederge *xargan *káintúr-
to be worn out, destroyed **k῾àd[ú] *KAdu- *kidu- *xadü- *kùntù-ra-
who, interrogative pronoun **k῾a(j) *kem, *Ka- *ken, *ka- *xia (*xai) *ka *ka
to break, tear off **k῾ắka *KAk- *kaka- / *kaga- *xak- *kák-
a large domestic animal **k῾akt῾o *Kotuŕ *xakta- *kə̀tə̀pì
doll **k῾ằkú *KAgur *xaku-kan (/*k-) *koāŋ *kùnkù-tú
wait, be late **k῾ala (~ -u) *Kal- *kala *xalā-
snow, snow-flakes **k῾ale *Kɨla-gu *kilaɣa *xalu-
girth, tug **k῾alo *Kolaŋ *xala- *koraŋ
wild garlic, leek **k῾alVbV *KAlba *kalijar
napless skin, membrane **k῾ăĺi *keĺ *kali-sun *xalukta
reed, a kind of grass **k῾ằĺo *KAĺak *kal- *xalī- *kắr
to help, easy **k῾àmo *kömek *kim-da *kòmá-b- *kàmàp-
dung, faeces **k῾amo *Kom- *komu- *[x]amū-
match, other side **k῾ā̀no *Kon- *kani *xān-gi- *kànàp-
hair, long hair **k῾aŋa *koŋgurčag *(x)aŋulī *kə̀’úč *kàmì
to buy, pay back **k῾ápa *xab- *kàphɨ́- *káp-
strong, power; to swell **k῾àpe *kab- *xabu-l- *kə̀pà-
to scrape, rasp, plane **k῾ăpra *K(i)arba- *kawra- *xarpu- / *xarpi-
fan, bellows **k῾ā́pri *kȫrü- *keɣürge *xarpu- *kūr-
to bring close, rub against **k῾apV *Kab- *kabi *xab-
a kind of vessel, box **k῾àp῾à *Kapɨrčak, *Kapsak *kaɣurčag, *kajirčag *xapsa *kàpì
bark, skin **k῾ā́p῾à *Kāpuk *kawda- *xabda(-nsa) *kàph- / *kə̀ph- *kapa
bladder, film **k῾āp῾a (~ -i, -u) *Kāp *kabičak *xap- *kapo
barrier **k῾ăp῾ù *Kap- *kaɣa- *xapki- *kupai
a stinging insect **k῾ap῾u *KApuŋ (?) *kubilǯagana *xapina(bu)
to press, grasp **k῾ap῾V *Kap- *kab- *xap-ki-
tide, ebb-tide, flood **k῾ăra *KAr- *kargi- *xarba *kátà
edge **k῾ā̀re *Kɨr *kira *xāri-
a kind of cloth **k῾áru *KArs *kormu-sun *xara-musa *kòró
to scrape, grind, bite **k῾aŕa (~ -u, -i) *Kaŕ- *karu- *xar-kü- *kār-
place between limbs **k῾ā́sa *Kạ̄sɨk *kasa *xasa-kī *kàsằm
to cut; piece **k῾ắsi *kes- *kasu- *(x)asu- *kàsk- / kə̀sk- *kínsú
leash, trap, net **k῾ăsi *kes- *xasu-
thorn, thorny tree **k῾ásV *xasī-kta *kàsắi
corpse **k῾ébá *gEbre *keɣür *(x)eburen *kámpánái
river, bay **k῾ébà *xebe *kái (< *kabi) *kápà
wind, fog **k῾ĕdò *Kad *küdeŋ *xedün *kəti (~ -ua-)
nine **k῾egVnV *xegün *kəkənə-
to slide, swim **k῾ḗja (~ -o) *Kāj- *kajiba- *xeje-
a kind of small animal **k῾ela (~ -o, -u) *Keleŋü *kaliɣun *xel-
mortar **k῾èlńí *kẹli *xelńi *kìnái
belt, waist **k῾éĺe *keĺč *xelgeńe *kə́sí
a small wild animal **k῾ĕ̀ĺú *Küĺül *kerelǯegene *xeldegde (-gǯe) *kùsá(m)pú
a kind of reed or leek **k῾éma *Kamɨĺ *kamgar *xeŋgukte *kámá
sharp, sharp tool **k῾èmá *xemer *kàmá
intestines; liver **k῾èmì *kim *xemu-gde *kìmuà
wide **k῾ḗmŋV *gēŋ *kem *xemŋe
wall, wall mat **k῾ḗnVt῾a *K(i)ā(j)nat *kana(n) *xondari
edge **k῾eńo *Kạń *kajaɣa *kā̆ń
light, thin **k῾ĕ̀ńó *Keŋe- *köŋgen *xeńü- *kắnắr- *kə̀má-
a kind of blade **k῾éńo *kaji- *xeńe *kằńắi *káná-i
spacious, free **k῾eŋa *kaŋka- *xeŋ-
to be burnt **k῾eŋV *keŋsi- *xeŋ(-gu-)
husk, shell **k῾èpà *kebü- *kebe *kàpì
side **k῾épà (~ -b-) *Kaptal *kabta-su *xebu-, *xebte *kápá
to change, price **k῾èpù *Kẹbi-ĺč- *kubil- *káps *kupua-
to dry out, become fragile; to break **k῾ĕ̀p῾è *kep(i)- *kewü- *xep- *kə̀pə̀-
to become wet, sprinkle, overflow **k῾ĕ̀p῾ó *kajila- *xep- *kə̀mpə̀ra-
curved bone **k῾ep῾orV *KApur- *kabir- *xebti- *kùpɨ̀rə̀ŋ *kə̀m(p)ùrá (~ -ua-)
frog, toad **k῾er[o] *Kɨr-bāka / *Kur- *xerekī *kòr’oàŋ’í
to shout, speak **k῾ēro *Kạrga- *kara/ija- *xērī- *kátár-
to go round, walk round **k῾erV (~ -ŕ-) *kere-, *kerü- *xerē-
bark **k῾éŕà *Kaŕ, *Kaŕ-dɨŕ *kajir(a)- *xerekte *kárà
to remunerate, repay **k῾ĕ̀ŕo *Kaŕgan- *kerig *xeri- *kə̀tə̀-pə̀k-
spool, spool string **k῾ĕsa (~ -o) *K(i)as- *xesi- *kasai
to overcome, contend **k῾ĕ̀ta *Katar- *kadagala- *xete- *kàt-
to tear apart, rip **k῾et[o] *Kotar- *kadu- *xetü-
hard **k῾ét῾ò *Kạt *kata- *(x)etu- *kùt- *kátá-
to rip, tear apart **k῾ĕǯa (~ -o) *Kajɨra- *kaǯa- *xeǯe-
ash tree **k῾íbà *Kebrüč *küjir- *xiba-gda *kápiàru(n)tai
handle **k῾ibù *Kiben-te *kiɣi- *xīb- *kúpá
small; young of animals **k῾ič῾V (~ -č-) *kičük /-g *kičig
to deviate, slant **k῾ī̀jĺu *Kɨjĺ- *kelbe-, *kilu- *xī(l)- *kùsù-
hair **k῾íla *Kɨl(k) *kilga-su *xiń-ŋa- (< *xil-ŋa-) *kār(h)- *kái
a kind of fish or lizard **k῾ile *keler / *keleŕ / *kelte *kilim *xilkun
stalk, stem **k῾ílo *Kɨl-ga- *kil-gana *xila- *kɨ̀rɨ̀h
fetters **k῾ìĺa *kiĺe- *kelbeɣür *xil- *kár *kàsi
cutting tool **k῾ĭ̀régV *kerki *kiröɣe *xirege *kìrí
dirt, dirty **k῾ìri *kir *kir *(x)ir- *kìtà-nà-
to scrape, file **k῾ĭ̀rka *Kɨrk- *kirga- *xigdi- *kɨrk- / *kắrk- *kàk-
snow, hoar-frost **k῾ĭrma (~ -u, -o) *Kɨr- *kirmag *xima-ŋsa
saddle **k῾írù *kürtün *kira *kìrɨ́má *kúrà
to peel, skin **k῾i̯ā̀bu *K(i)ab *kaɣul- *xū(be) *kjə[b]- / *kib-
ends of bow, brace **k῾i̯áčo *KAča-, *KAča-gu (?) *kičir *xusu- / *xuse- *kòčái *kasunkapi
itching, pungent **k῾i̯ằda *xidar *kằráb- *kàjù-
dry **k῾i̯ăk῾e (~ -k-, -a) *KAk *kagda- *(x)igǯa-
hot, ashes **k῾i̯āla (~ -ĺ-) *kala- *xial-
tongue **k῾i̯ăli *kele- *kele- *xilŋü *kằró-
dirt, unpleasant odour **k῾i̯aĺu (~ **k῾i̯oĺa) *KAĺan *kuluŋ- *xola-
blood; blood vessel **k῾i̯ā́no *Kiān *xuŋī-kta
a kind of young ungulate **k῾i̯ā́p῾a *KĀpan *kab- / *kobu- *xiap-
a kind of insect, butterfly **k῾i̯àp῾e *kepelek *kibe *kə̀pə̀rə́nkí (~ -ua-)
elbow, shoulder bone, cubit **k῾i̯ā́rà *K(i)arɨĺ *kari *(x)iarū-n *kárà
thin snow, hoar-frost **k῾i̯ā́ra (~ -i̯ō-) *Kiār- *karig
a kind of insect **k῾i̯ā̀re *K(i)arɨnč-ɣa *kürid *xīrükte *kằr-kə̀mɨ́i *kìrì(n)kíri-su
fat **k῾i̯ắŕme *Kiaŕɨ *karbin *ximū-ŋkse *kìrɨ́m *kuama
bladder, scrotum **k῾i̯ŏba(kV) (~ **k῾i̯ăbu(kV)) *KAbuk *kuwkan *xubgu
dry **k῾i̯óbarV (~ -i̯u-) *Kūrɨ-k,-gak *kawra- *(x)ur- *kobār- *káwá(ra)-k-
touchwood, tree fungus **k῾i̯ŏbe *Kiab *köbdü *xub(u)te *kua
milt, roe **k῾i̯oča (~ **k῾i̯ačo) *xusakta *koči *ka(n)su
poles in a frame **k῾i̯oge *kegej *keɣe-sün *xuge
spine, skeleton **k῾i̯ṑk῾ò *kokima- *xīKeri *kakurai
marrow **k῾i̯ome *kEmük *kemi *xumā-n,-kin, *xum-nu
to throw (upside down) **k῾i̯ṓme *Kām- *kömeri- *xumu-
a kind of fragrant and edible plant **k῾i̯omo(lV) *Kumlak *kömeli *ximŋe-kte *kamira
hemp **k῾i̯ŏ́nt῾[a] *kendir (*kentir) *xonta-kta *kántí
nose **k῾i̯ŏŋa *K(i)aŋ-(ɨr)- *ka[m]ar *xoŋa- *kóh *kan-k-
head of clan **k῾i̯óŋi *K(i)aŋ *(x)uŋ- *kù’ɨ̀i *kímí
soot, to catch fire **k῾i̯óp῾é *Kạp- *xupu-ŋksa *kúmpá-
worm; gad-fly **k῾i̯ṓro *Kūrt *koro-kai *xirga-
a kind of tree with red berries or red bark **k῾i̯óŕa *Kaŕɨlgan / *Karlɨgan *karg- *(x)or- *kátúrá
lamb, deer **k῾i̯ŏŕo (~ -u) *Koŕɨ *kurigan *xir-
a kind of foliage tree **k῾i̯ŏ̀sú *kusu- *xisi- *kùsú
to scrape, shave **k῾i̯òše *Kas *kisu- *xuši / *kuši *kùsà / *kə̀sà-i
a kind of stinging insect **k῾i̯ṑt῾ekV *Kạtku-č *kedgene *xūkte *kúitə́kí
side, direction **k῾i̯ŏ́ǯa *KAj- *kaǯiwu *xoǯa-n *kằč- *kajə-r-
voice, sound **k῾i̯ube *kü(b) *küw- *xǖ- (*xüb-) *kubɨi- *kə̀wâi
box, coffin **k῾i̯ubu *kob-du, *kob-tu *xobu-r / *xebu-r *kobVr *k(u)i
animal’s paw, skin from animal’s paw **k῾i̯ū̀ča (~ -u) *Kɨč *xōsa
to scrape; claw, sharp stick **k῾i̯ùčù *Kɨč- *kučil- *xosī-kta *koč *kùsì
a kind of cereal **k῾i̯ū́č῾i (~ -č-) *kȫče *küč- *kìčàŋ
tail **k῾i̯údo(rgV) *Kudruk *kudurga *xürgü *s-kòrí
palate, jaw **k῾i̯ū̀ge *Kögme *köɣemej *xǖkte *kə̀húm *k(ù)i
root, stem **k῾i̯ujk῾è *kök *xüj(k)e *kòkɨ̀rí, kòkòrí *kùkùi
cold wind, fog, North **k῾i̯ŭ́jŕo *Kuŕ *koji- *kúi-rí
to exchange, trade, hire **k῾i̯ū́le *kȫle *kölü-sü *xül-
to wind, plait **k῾i̯ŭli *kül-, *kült- *küli- *xil(i)-
sable, squirrel **k῾i̯ū́ĺa *kīĺ *kulgana *xulu-kī
person **k῾i̯uĺe *kiĺi *kulunča *(x)ile (~ -ü-)
navel **k῾i̯ū́ĺnu *kīn, *kīn-dük *köjil-sü *xulŋu-
nail, needle **k῾i̯uml[e] *kimul-su *xülme *kom(h)
sleeve, elbow; top of boot **k῾i̯ū̀nč῾o *Konč *kanču- *xǖnčē-n
heavy, load **k῾i̯une *kündü *(x)ünī-
to long for, covet (sexually) **k῾i̯ŭnu *Kɨn- *kina- *(x)on- *kunank-
punishment **k῾i̯ū́ńa *Kɨ̄jn *könüɣe- *xuńi- *káná-
thread, cloth **k῾i̯ùńí *köjŋe-lek *kejeŋ *kính *kìnú
sheath, scabbard **k῾i̯ū́ńu (~ -a) *Kɨ̄n *kuj *xunǯi-
to bend, bow **k῾i̯úŋu *Kɨŋ- *kiji- / *keje- *xuŋke- / *kuŋke- *kúnkúm-
worm, grub **k῾i̯uŋu *kiɣur- *xuŋVl- *kuà
to sew **k῾i̯up῾e *köpi- *köbe-
twenty **k῾i̯ura (~ -u) *Kɨrk *kori *xorin
guest, neighbour **k῾i̯ure *Kir-deĺ *kür- *(x)üremē- (~ -i-)
to reach, treat **k῾i̯ū́re *gīr- *kür- *xür- *kūr- *kúrá-
to feed, eat **k῾i̯úrge (~ -o) *KUr(g)- *korgan *xürgi- *kúrá-p-
young (animal, fish) **k῾i̯ŭrpe *körpe *körbe *xürbe
heavy; hard, difficult **k῾i̯ùru *Kɨr- *xur-ge *korắ- / *koro- *kùrù-sì-
bark, shell **k῾i̯ŭ̀rú *Kɨrtɨĺ *körü-sü *xura-kta *kúr *kùrí
ashes, soot **k῾i̯ŭ̀ru(mV) *Kurum (< *Kɨrum) *kirbu-su *xurum-sa *kur
to covet **k῾i̯uŕa (~ -u) *Kɨŕ *kuriča- *xur-
red, reddish; brown, dark **k῾i̯ū́ŕu *Kɨ̄ŕ- *küre- (*küri-) *xuri- *kùrí *kúrá-
bad behaviour **k῾i̯úsè *küs- *kosiŋ *kúsài
to wish **k῾i̯ū́se *kǖse- *küse- *xüse *kəs-
to vomit **k῾i̯ŭso *Kus- *xüse-
armpit **k῾òbàni *Kōjn *koŋ- *xobanī *kàpìná
to finish, abandon **k῾ŏda (~ -u) *Kod- *xod-
limb, extremity **k῾ŏjli *Kol *köl *xolda-n *kūi-mə̀rí *kuru-(n)-pusi
plenty **k῾òké *kök *kog-si- *xugdi *kɨh- *kə̀kə́-ta-
to bind, wrap **k῾ókì *kök *kugu-s- *xuku- *kúkúr-
hinge, hook **k῾ōkí *kök, *köken *kögene *kūkta *kunki
to dry, get stale **k῾óla (~ -u-, -i̯o-) *xolga *korh- *kárá-
lake, basin **k῾ṓli *[k]ȫl *küjil-sü *xule- *kằrắm
to row, boat **k῾òlke *kölge *xulki- *kə̀nk-
shadow, cloud **k῾òlmV *köl- *KVlm- *kúrùm *kùmua-N
oak-tree **k῾olV (~ -u-, -ĺ-) *xola- *kur
couple, to couple, combine **k῾ŏ́ĺba *Koĺ *kolbu- *xulbü- *krb- *kásá
to dig **k῾ŏ́mi *göm- *xumu-
to soak **k῾[ō]mo *Kōm *xum- *km- / *kắm- *kuam-
fungus **k῾ómp῾[e] *kömbe, *kömbe-lek *xum(p)- *kōmphúi- *kámp(u)í
offering, respect **k῾ṑmu *Kom- *kōmá *kuma
drought, hunger **k῾òmu (~ -o, -a) *Komɨĺ- *komu-kai *xomī- *kắmắr
ladle **k῾ōńi *kȫjnek *kunija *xuńa- *kùńí *kúm-
dirt **k῾oŋi (~ -e) *köŋ *xońi-
film, covering **k῾ŏ̀p῾e (~ -i) *köpe *köɣe *xup- *kóp
be complete, all **k῾óp῾ì *köp *köb-čin *xup- *kòp- *kúpá-pa-
foam **k῾óp῾i (~ -e) *köp- *köɣe- *xapu- ~ *xopu- *kə̀phúm
rift (in a river), bridge **k῾óp῾ìra *köpür, -üg *köɣürge *xupuru *kápárá
to protect, guard **k῾ṓra (~ -o, -u) *Kōrɨ- *kori- *xurā- *kằrí-
hill; embankment, boundary **k῾ori *Korum *küri *xurē *kòráŋ *kùrùa (~ -ruâ)
short; diminish, grow less **k῾oru *Kor(a)- *koru- *xurumü- *korh-
dung, excrements **k῾ṑrV (~ -ŕ-) *korgul *xōri-kta *kərɨm
to entangle, fetter **k῾ŏši (~ -e) *kös- *kösi- *xušī- (~ -č-)
joy, joke **k῾ubà (~ -p-) *Kɨb (*Kub) *xebī- / *kupī- / *xupī- *kapaju-
a kind of fish **k῾ube (~ -p-) *kobku *xuja (< *xubi-ja?) *kuàp(u)î
a kind of star **k῾ū̀čV *Kučɨk *xōsi-kta
affair, trade **k῾ude *küdü- *kuda-ldu- *xuda
a kind of skin working instrument; worked skin **k῾ùdì *kidiŕ *ködü-sü *xudekī *kùtùpìkì
ear; to hear **k῾ū̀jlu (~ -o) *Kul-kak *kul-ki *xūl- *kúi *kí-k-
to peel **k῾ùkè *Koguĺ (?-k-) *xuK- *kuàk-
a kind of big fish **k῾ùla *kalimu *xol-sa *kàra-
reed, rush **k῾ul(g)o *Kulga *kulu-su *xulgu- *kōr
yellow, brown, grey **k῾ŭli *Kula *küjilen
to heat, burn **k῾uli (~ -e) *kül- *kölči- *xuldü
to dig, cave **k῾úli (~ -o-, -ĺ-) *küle-mǯi *xulē- *kùrhə́ŋ
to roll, turn **k῾úlo *Kul- *kol-ki- *xol- / *xul- *kùbɨ̀r- *kə́rə́-mp-
bark, scales; scab **k῾úĺa *Kuĺ *kolta-su, *koli- *xolda-ksa *kásá
a kind of big bird **k῾ū̀ĺa (~ -o,-u) *Kuĺ *kuladu *xōlī
black; coal **k῾ume (~ -i̯u-) *kömür *kə̄m-
tent, temporary dwelling **k῾umi (~ -e) *küme *kömürge *xoma-
weak, lean **k῾umV (~ -o-) *komur, *komsa *xum-
to burn, get burnt **k῾ùńe *köń- *köɣe *kɨ̀ńɨ̀r- *kuànkàra-
knot, to tie knots **k῾ū̀ńi (~ -e) *küjir *xūńē-
to freeze, snow **k῾uŋgo (~ -o-) *kuŋgar- / *küŋger- *xuŋ-da- *kənkə(r)-
basket **k῾ùre *Küri- *xurid- *kórí *kuà
intestine, belly **k῾úrgo (~ -u) *Kurg-sak *kurkag *xurke- *kùrə̀i
to rake up **k῾[ŭ]ri *küre- *kura-, *kurija- *xeri- / *xeru- *kur-
pole; finger, toe **k῾[ú]ŕa *K[a]ŕguk *kuruɣu, *-gu *xurū *kàràk
a kind of fur animal **k῾uŕe (~ -i) *Küŕen *kürene *xur-
glowing coals **k῾ū́ŕkV *kȫŕ *xurk-
a kind of tree (cedar, oak) **k῾usa *kusi *xusikta *kasi
to itch, scab **k῾ut῾V (~ -o-, -t-) *Kotur *xutu-
trace, to follow **k῾uǯV *koǯi- *xuǯa
part of stomach, bladder **k῾uǯV *kuǯirkaj *xuǯük
hat, umbrella **k῾Ỽsá (~ k-, g-, -č-) *kás *kàsá
on this side, near **la- *naɣa- *la-kV, *la-ŋ *njək
moss, lichen **lā̀blè *lujilV *lālbi-kta / *lelu-kte *nə̀rì
more, better **làbò *jaba *lab / *naj *lab-du *năboi *nàpə́
rope, long hair, rags **labỼ / **lebỼ *job-lač (*jabu-lač) *lab- / *lob- *lab- / *leb- *nòh (< *nVbVh) *nàp-
a kind of plant with drooping branches **láčà (~ **ĺ-) *lasa- *nə̀čhúr *násì
to glue, stick to **làjp῾V *jạp-ɨĺč- *niɣa- *labgān-, *lipa- *nàimpà-r- (~ -ia-)
a kind of foliage tree **lako *jöke *nüger- (~ nigür-) *laKa-
dirt, dregs **làku (~ -k῾-) *lag *lakti- / *legdi- *núká-r-
a kind of bird **lak῾[a] *jakɨl- *lag *lakun *nokočiri
a kind of big fish **lak῾a (~ -k-) *laka *laka *nakatai
a kind of plant with edible root **lā̀k῾a (~ **ĺ-) *lāk- *nək- *nànkui
to bend, hang, hanger **làk῾ù *naki- *laxu- *náks *nuki
sticky substance **làlè *jilik *nila- *lala *nə̀rì
weak, exasperated **lalV *jalk- *nal-, *nalk- *lali-
convenient, helpful **lami *jAmak *limbaj *nam
a kind of bag **lā́mo *jĀmčɨk *nambuga *lam(b)a *nằmằčh
sea, wave **lā̀mò (~ -a) *namug *lāmu *nàmì
dirt, slime **lằŋi *laj *laŋga *nìnkə̀r-
flat, broad **láp῾ì *jap- *labta- *lapta- *nàp- / *nə̀p- *nípá
sloppy job **lā́ŕgu *jạ̄ŕ- *nargi- *largī *nòrắs *núká-r-
wave, storm **lā̀t῾á (~ ĺ-) *lāta *nàntá
heavy, clumsy **laǯV *noǯo- *laǯu
to eat greedily **lebV (~ -p-) *labsi- *lebge-
to go out, break forth **lḕja *niɣe- *lēj- (*lī-) *ná- *nà-r- / *nà-s-
to intend, demand **lèjk῾á *neke- *leKe- *njə̀kí- / *nə̀ikí- *niànkà-p-
kerchief, pendant **lélugV *jaglɨk *nolga *lelu(ke) *nòríkái
fresh, raw; vegetables **lēmo *jẹ̄miĺč *lamaɣa *nằmằrh *nàmâ
meat, fat (of animals) **lemV *jạm- *lami- *lemuk
to incline, sway, shake **leńa *jAń-ka- *naji-(gu)- *leŋgī-
swamp **lépù(-nV) (~ -b-) *labku, *lobku *lebē(n)- *nɨp(h) *númà
to rise, high **lép῾ó (~ **ĺ-) *lep- / *lupu- *nòph- *nə́mpə́r-
to weep, cry **lī́gà (~ **ĺ-) *jɨ̄g-(la-) *ligi- *nák-
sound, to sound **li̯ája *najita- *leje- / *ńiaja- (< *liaja-) *nái
a kind of big fish **li̯àmba (~ **ĺ-, -o) *liamba- *nàmà(n)tù
leaf **li̯àp῾[à] *japur-gak *labči *níph *nàpài
spleen **li̯ap῾V *japal *niɣalta *lipče
green, dark **li̯ŏga *jạgɨŕ *nogoɣan *ĺog- *nò-nắ- *nà
bow **li̯òmù *jüm- *lumu *liam- *dùmì
a kind of insect **li̯òŋè *newne, *neɣüne *loŋ- *nə̀mì (~ -ua-, -ui)
resin, clay, dirt **li̯ùbu (~ -i̯a-) *luw- *lū *nì (~ *nù-i)
thick, dense **li̯u[k]u *jigi / *jɨgɨ *nigta / *lüg / *lug *lōgdi, *luku(tu)
to swallow, drink **li̯ŭ̀mo (~ ĺ, -e) *lümŋe- *nəm-ku- *nə̀m-
a cutting instrument **lok῾o (~ -u-) *loxa *nə̀kə̂
chisel, drill **lòŋé (~ -u-) *luŋu *nə̀muí (~ -əi)
nest (of rodents) **lop῾V *nowkai *lopi(gi)
bridle **lŭge (~ -i) *jügen *luksi
to bow, bend **lúke *jükün- *nugu- *loka- *nə́kí (~ -ua-)
wild pig **luko *nogtu- *luke- / *lukte (*lekte) *nɨktai (?)
to take off (clothes) **lùku (~ **ĺ-, -o-, -k῾-) *luK- *nùk-
to break through **lúk῾ì (~ -o-) *nüke- *lokta- *núk-
lynx, wild cat **l[ù]k῾Ỽ (~ -k-) *nogu-ɣal *luKV *nɨk- *niàkua (~ *nàikua)
a kind of small wild animal **lumV *jumra- *lomun *nenme- (~ *l-)
a kind of fur animal **lúŋa *nagaj *loŋ-sa *nə̀ŋ’úrí *ná-i
morning or evening dawn **lúŋu (~ **ĺ-, -o-, -i) *luŋur *nò’ɨ̀r *núN- / *núiN- / *núaN-
to burn; warm **lŭ̀rkV (~ **ĺ-, -i̯u-,-i̯o-,-o-) *lurgi- *nòk- / *nuk- *nùkù-
a kind of plant **ĺábó *jaba *debeɣe *labikta / *lebukte *náimpú
bad, evil **ĺā̀k῾è *jek *ǯeke-j (< *ǯike-j) *lāK- *nək- *nəkə
fur clothes **ĺak῾V (~ -e-) *jaku *daku *leKu (/ *laKu)
string, strap **ĺā̀p῾o (~ -i) *deɣe-sü *lāpV-ki
bifurcated pole **ĺā́p῾V *jāpa(k) *daɣaga(n) *lap-
to hate, abhor **ĺḕgì *jigren- (~ -e-) *ǯig- *lēgī- *nìkù-
a kind of aquatic bird **ĺekleKV *[j]eglek *deglej *leg(l)ek-
to run, ride, hurry **ĺḗlV *jēl- *ǯilu- *lelu-
to be lazy, negligent **ĺèmo *dömü- *lemūk- *nàmàka-
a kind of predator **ĺeŋgV *ǯiŋger *leŋgur
feather, down, wool **ĺep῾a (~ -o, -u) *jAp *daɣaki *lepu-
dark red, violet **ĺip῾ú *(j)ip- *ǯibi *lipe- *numpa-
to run away **ĺi̯ŏ̀ki *ǯigutu- *luktu- *nìnká-
name; spell, divination **ĺi̯ŏ́mo(ŋa) *jom, *jom(ŋ)ak *dom, *domag *nim-ŋā- *ni’jaki *ná(N)
to ransom, ask **ĺi̯ul[o] *jul- *doli- *l[i]l- (~ -ü-) *nai (~ *nia)
to sew, pierce **ĺi̯ŭ̀p῾ù *jɨp / *jip *ǯeɣeg (< *ǯiɣeg) *lup- *nupi- *nùp-
to accuse, blame **ĺoŋgV *joŋ *doŋgud- *loŋ-si-
a kind of deer **ĺóre (?) *ǯüre *lor- (?) *nòrằ *nərə ~ *nuarua
snow **ĺū̀ńi (~ -e) *lūńe *nūn
a negative particle **ma *-ma- *-me *mō-t *-ma-
worm, insect **m[a]bči *meče *ma[b]ši- *músí
to fast, hunger **máč῾à *bAča- *mačag *maču- *mátúr-
target **máč῾Ỽ *màč- *mátua
to miss, fail, bad luck **maja *bAńɨ- *maɣu *maja-
protecting spirit **maji *baj (~ -ń) *maji-n *mi
temple, forehead, ear **màjŋì *bejŋi *maŋlai *mìmì
go-between **májŋV *maŋa *mjə̀nɨ́rí *mániák-
fat **majV *bań *majaɣa *majā
to be deceived, perplexed **mak῾é *mek(e)- *maka- *mə̀k- *mənka-r-
to wind, twist, bend **ma[k῾]o *makiji- *makti- *mằi-
far, rare **mála *mali- *mə̄r- *márá
honey, plant oil **male *bạl *milaɣa- *mala
stick, cudgel **màli *baltu *milaɣa *mala *már
disease, wound **mā̀li *bAlɨg *milan *māl-
to bend, twist **màlt῾e *möltür- / *multur- *maltu- *mə̀ntì-
to dig, bury **mált῾u *baĺtar (?) *malta- *malta- *mùt- *úntú-m- (< *múntú-m-)
room **màlù *malu *maru *mùruà
wild cat **máĺe *bɨńĺ(ɨk) *malur *mala- *músásà(m)pì
many, big **mana *bạnɨ- ~ *bonɨ- *mandu- / *mantu- *mani *mān(h)- *manai-
to learn, try **mána (~ -o) *man-dū- *máná(m)p-
swaddling-clothes **mànč῾u (~ -i̯a-) *mančuj *mùtù-kí
a kind of elk **măndo *botu *manǯi *manda-ksa
useless, insufficient **mā́n[u] *būn *mana- *múná-si-
paw, hand **mā́ńa *bĀń- *mańa
a kind of fish **mańu(k῾V) *bańak- *munig *māńgu / *mańma *mə̀ijùkí *mùná(n)kí
big, strong **maŋga (~ -o) *maŋga *manki-
cicada, a kind of insect **m[a]ŋi *bAŋɨŕ (~ -s) *mana- *mằijàmí *mìmìnsúkù
joy **maŋi (~ **meŋa) *beŋi *maɣa-
to refuse, quarrel **màra (~ -ŕ-) *margu- *mari- *mār- *màtuàp-
sand, stony earth, marsh **mā́ro *bōr *mara- *mar- *mòr’ái *mana-n-kua
to roll, bend **máro (~ -ŕ-) *marija-, mirija- *mari- *mằr- *mát(u)áp-
heap, crowd, many **maru (~ -ŕ-) *mar(b)u *muri, *múr *mə́rə́, *múrà
more, stronger **mása *bAsa *masi *masi *más-
to shamanize, dance **mébo (~ -p-) *mebu- *máp-
monkey **mḗča *bĒčin *mečin *masi
to shake, sway **meju *bań- *maji- *mej- *mūi- / *mùi’ú-
to pull out **mĕ̀ko *meK(u)- *mắi- *mə̀k-
to be in a bad position **mék῾à *mak- *meK- *màk- *máká-
meat; part of body **mék῾ù *mikan *meKile *múkúrua
a kind of fish **melo *bẹl *melu
a kind of berry **mĕlu *bẹleĺ *mojil- *m[e]likte
to become stale, overripe, wither **mèl[ú] *mel-me- ? *mằrằ- *mùrá-
to stir up **mĕ̀ĺba (~ -p-) *melbi- *mànsì-(p)-
head **mĕ́ĺǯu (~ -a) *baĺč *malǯa-, *melǯe- *meli-mu *mə̀rí
female breast; foster-mother **mḗmV *mēme (*bēme) *mömü *meme
first of all **ménč῾o (~ **mi̯ónč῾a, -nč-) *mònčjə́(i) *mántù
self, body **mḕnò *bu(-n) (?) *mön *mēn *móm *mə̀nə̀
garlic, onion **ménrV *maŋgir, *maŋgina *meŋgu- *mànắr *mìrà
dwelling place, village **meń[o] *maji-kan *mēne- *mằńằrh *múrà
shape, face **méŋa *bEŋiŕ *maji-kaj *mána-i
to run, trot **mĕŋa *baŋ *meŋde- *meŋ-
mole, scar **meŋe (~ -i, -a) *beŋ *meŋge *məŋ
whole **méŋu *men-dü *meŋde- *mú-i
a kind of berry **méra *bürü-lgen *maril *m[e]rVŋV *mə̀r’úi
spot **méru (~ -ŕ-) *merije- / *marija- *merī- *múrá
wild apple, grape **mésV *mes(k)u- *mə̀s
to ask **mèto *möči- *mete- *mūd- *mə̀tə̀-ma-
bird’s crop or navel; pudenda **mét῾i(-rkV) *böteke *motoka *mə̀rtə̀kə́n *mitua
most **mét῾ò *-med *mằt *mə́tə̀-mə̀
full, fill **mìlt῾e (~ -i) *melteji- *milte- *mìt-
a kind of grass **mińa (~ -o, -u) *bɨńan *mìnàrí
large number, thousand **míŋa (~ -o, -u) *bɨŋ *miŋgan
arrow **m[ī́]ro *bǖri *merge-n *m[i]rV
to move, climb **mi̯ač῾e *mača- *miči- *mìčhɨ́-
glory, praise **mi̯àga *bAgatur *magta- *m[ia]g- *mār *màwə̀-s-
illness, stomach sickness **mi̯ăk῾ó *b(i)ăk *mekeji- *muxa- *manka
frog **mi̯ā́k῾o *b(i)āka *mekelej, *melekej *moKo(lV)- *mə̀kùrí
neck **mi̯ák῾ù *bAkan *muKa *mòk *múk-
fur **mi̯ak῾u *makalaj *muKa *muku
bright, to shine **mi̯ali(-k῾V) *bAlk- *mel- *mia(l)- *mằrk-
a kind of evergreen tree **mi̯alu *bAla- (?) *majila-su *molari *murua
to measure, measure **mi̯àĺà *malu *miali- *már *màsù
to be confused, hesitate **mi̯ā́ni *bȫn *men- *mian- *mɨ̀ńɨ́i-
male, mature **mi̯àrà (~ -ŕ-) *miare- *màrà
a cutting or grinding tool **mi̯ā̀sò *mese *mōsa *màsà-
to bend **mi̯at῾è *mata- *mita- *mətər-
head skin, face **mi̯at῾i *bĕt *metü *miata
to hate, dislike **mi̯oje *mejeɣe- *mujē- *mùi-
to become overripe, rot **mi̯ójńi (~ -n-) *bAńɨl *munī- *mằi-b- *mínə́-r-
to be mislead, mad **mi̯ŏjo *boj- *mija- *mì-čhi- *maju(a)-
to bow **mi̯ók῾[ú] *bok- *meküji- *miaxu- *mánká-
to present, gift **mi̯óle *bẹlek *melǯe- *mula- *mūr- *mə́ráp-, *mər-
to creep, slide **mi̯olk῾o *mölki- *milkü- / *mirkü- *məkə-jəp- (~ -ua-)
full, to fill, thick **mi̯ólo *bol *mel- / *möl- *mila- *mīr- *mə́r-
hare **mi̯óńde *bAńɨ- *möndele *mundu-kān *mə́m-
heart; breast **mi̯óńù *miańam *mằńằm *múnà-i
red, blood-red **mi̯oŋe *min-či- / *men-te- (?) *muŋsi *məmi (~ -ua-)
to hurt, damage, wound **mi̯ore *bert- *mer *mur-dul- *miar- (~ *mair-)
to long, show affection **mi̯óre (~ -ŕ-) *mereji- *mur- *mútú-m-
road, track; to follow **mi̯óri *bar- *mör *mōr- *mítí
joint **mi̯ót῾i *möči *mằtằi
land **mi̯ot῾ì (~ -u-) *mut *mita (~ -u-)
dragon **mi̯údu *muduri *mìrɨ́ *múi (~ *mə́i)
shoulder **mi̯ū̀jre *mörü *mǖre *mə̄i- *mə̀t-
a kind of hammer **mi̯úkč῾[à] *mukča *màčhí *mútì
snake **mi̯ūko *böke *mogaji *mǖkǖ *múkátai
stump, horn foundation **mi̯uktu (~ -i) *mugǯi- *mugde-ke *mìth
ignorant **mi̯uĺi *mulgu- *mul-(di-) *mòrắ- *misu-
ice, hail **mi̯ū́ĺi *bū(n)ŕ *möl-sü, *möl-dür *múrúi *mínsə́-rá-
a kind of skin or cloth **mi̯ùní (~ -o-) *mune- *mìnə́
a kind of of badger **mi̯ū̀nǯù *minǯi *mō[nǯ]ika *mùnsìnà
suffering **mi̯uŋo *buŋ *muŋ *miŋnī- (~ -ü-) *munkua-
wheat **mi̯urgu *murgi *mírh *mùnkí
water **mi̯ū̀ri *mören *mū *mɨ́r *mí(-n-tú)
to press, damage **mi̯uŕu *buŕ- / *boŕ- *muru- *mīr-
a kind of flour **mi̯usi *musi *musi *mìsí *mìsə́
to bind, strand **mi̯úsu *musgi- *mɨsk- *músú(m)p-
to smile **mi̯usu (~ -a, **mi̯osi) *misije- *musim-
to know, believe **m[i̯u]ti *büt- *mede- *mute- *mìt-
edge, end **mṓč῾a (~ -u, -o) *būč-gak, -mak *muč- *mằčh-
bend, circle **módè (~ -u-, -o) *moda- *mùd-Vph > *mùrVph *mə́tə́-pər-
neck **mṓjńo *bōjn *mundaɣa *moń-ga-n, *moń-pen *mjə-k *nəmpV
all, whole **móju *muja- *măin *múina
to sow, scatter **mŏ̀k῾a (~ -u-, -k-) *moK- *màk-
old, aged **mók῾ì *bük-tel- (~ ö) (?) *mökü- *muxu- *muk- *múkási
dirt **mŏk῾V *bok *moki- *muK- *muk
blunt, short **mola (~ -u-) *moli- *melu- ~ *mulu- *marV- (?)
sick, weak **mòle *bül- *mul- *mɨră- *mə̀rə̀-
to cut into pieces **mṓli *bȫl- *möli- *m[o]l- *mằrằ-
ridge, corner **mólu *bul- *mulu *mằrằ *múná-i
to bite, gnaw **móĺe *mölǯi- *mul- *mɨ̀r- *músír-
to knead, press, stroke **mónŋo *boŋ *mun- *monŋi- *mằn-čí- *mə́m- (~ -uá-)
a kind of fruit **mṓńe (~ -o) *bōń- *mono-su *moja- (-ń-?) *mə́mə́ (~ -ua-)
round **mṓŋi (~ -e) *bōn-čok *möɣer *muŋu-, *muŋbu- *mūŋ-
a kind of weed **mṑro *mōr- *mắr *mə̀ (~ *muà)
horse **mórV *bura (?) *mori *murin *mằr
blunt, hornless, hairless **múbè *müjide *mub-(up)- *mə̄bi- / mɨ̀bi- *mápí-rə(n)ka-
branch (of a pine, conifer) **mùč῾e *möčir *muči-kta *màtú
soon, finally **mude *mödü *mudan
bonfire **mūga *maj *mōgdi *mákí
bank, earth **múgdà *bodun *muǯi *megdī / *mugdī *màt(h) *mátì
to coil, turn round **mùgdó (~ **mògdé) *muǯi-, *moǯi- *mugdi- *mɨ̀rɨ̀- *mə̀ntə̀r-
horn; cartilage, tendon **mújŋi *bujŋuŕ (*büjŋüŕ) *möɣer-sü (-ŋ-) *muŋi *mɨ̀i’ìm
a bird of prey **mujre *bürküt *muri *māi
to cut, tear **mū̀jV *mǖ- (*mūj-) *mɨ́i-
to wrap, tie up **múk῾è *muku- *muK- *moka- *mák-
to suck **m[ù]k῾è *bök- *meke *muKu- *mə̀k- *màkà-nàp-
a kind of fish **mū̀k῾é *mök- *mōk- *mànkúrúa
male **mūk῾o (~ -u) *būka *mok- *muxa- / *muxe-
mole **mŭ̀k῾Ỻ (~ -o-) *muktu- *mənkura / *munkura
a kind of deer **mula *bulan *maral *mul-
a kind of small wild animal **muma (~ **mema) *mamu-wna *mume- / *meme- *mami
defect, lack **mùne *bün *mun-du- *màntù-
wrong, mad, uneasy **múnu *bun- *mun- *moŋ-nV- (*mon-ŋV-) *múntú-ká-
to guard, graze **mùńa *mana- *mun-di- *mòńí- *màmuà-r-
a kind of deer **mūńa(kV) *buńgak *mōń(i)ka- *manaka
angle **muŋĺe *büŋüĺ *moŋla *masu-
mist, rain **múŋna *bunar *maŋ- *meŋ- / *muŋ- *mah
round; turn, return **múra *bur(a)- *murui *murV- *muri *márə́
tree, forest **mū́ro *mo-du (< *mor-du) *mō *mōi(h), *mòró *mə́rí
steam, spirit **mùsi *bus *mösü(n) *musun *mùs-
swamp, pond **mū̀sV (~ -ō-, -i̯ō-) *mūsa *mós
to complete, gather together **mŭ́t῾ì *büt- *möči- *mute- *mòt- *muta
an interrogative root **mỺ *-mi *-mu, -mi *mɨ̀ *mə́-si
thou **ná *-ŋ *nə̀ *ná
net, fish-trap **nable *jɨlɨm *nalba
seven **nad[i] *jẹt(t)i *nada-n *nìr-kúp *nana-
to envy, wish **naja *najida- *nadi- *nàità-m- (~ -ia-)
pole, shaft **nàje *najü *nə̀
age **nàjĺV (~ -e-) *jāĺ *na-su *náh
lake, river **najV(rV) *naɣur *niāru *nāih
a kind of skin **nak῾i (~ -o) *nekej *naKita
earth, land **nālV *jalaŋ *nala- *nā *nàráh
testicle **nā̀mo *jum- *(n)im *nāma / *māna (*māŋa)
skin **nā́ne *jɨ̄n *nansa
grief, pity **nàsà *nasa- *nàsàkài
a kind of plant, cereal **nát῾a (~ l-, -t-) *jAt- *nāt *nátúmái
summer, midday **nāǯV *jāj *naǯir *náč
to lie, put **nḗ *niɣu- *nē- *nū-b- *ná-
new **nébì *jub-ga *niɣu-n *nebi *nə̄- *nípí-
to scrape, scrape off (skin); to fade **nĕ̀č῾á *ničügen *neču- *nàntá-
late **neč῾è (~ l-) *jEče *nɨ̀č- *nə̀tì
snag, root **negle (~ -a) *newle *nelge *nə̄r *nài (~ nìa)
a kind of deer **negre (~ -i) *jẹgre-n *ne(r)gdi *nɨrə-
louse, nit **neji *ni-sa- *nej(l)e- *ní
even, equal **néji *nej *neje- *ní-
to leave, put aside **nĕ̀ko *nögü-ɣe *neku- *nòh- *nə̀k-
lowland, water meadow **neku *nigu *nekte
to weave **nek῾u *neke- *nuki
friend, relative **nek῾V *nökör *neku-
new-born; spring **nelk῾V *nilka *nelki
fringe **nèĺbù (~ -p-) *nelbi *nùsà
a kind of cloth, coat **nelmu *jAlma *nolom *nelme-
to add, exceed **nema *jem- *neme- *nə̄m-
to patch **nĕ́mè *jama- *nem- *neme- / *nama- *nə́mì
female relative (sister or brother’s wife) **nĕ́ŋu *jeŋe *nagaču *neŋu- *nù’ɨ̀i
to spread, cover **nĕ̀p῾é *jap- *nebseji- *nep-te- *nìp- *nə̀mpú- (~ -ua-)
a kind of insect, butterfly **nep῾V(ĺV) *japɨĺgak *naɣalinkaj *nelbige (?) *nàpắi
thin, flat **nèra *jAr- *nari-n *ner- / *nar- *jə̄rp- (< *njə̄r-p- ?) *nàràs-
a kind of big tree **nèra (~ -ŕ-) *nara-su *ner- (~ ń-) *nàrà
name; announcement, order **nĕ́re *jạr- *nere *(n)ìr(h)- *nə́r-
to fly; to rise **néro *jAr-man- *narba- *nere- *nằr- *nə́r-
flat, to flatten **nèse (~ -o) *nese- *nə̀s-
to smoke, to smell **nìbi (~ -e) *neɣü- *nibu(p)- *nắi *nìpə̀-p-
clay, to smear **nibĺa *joĺa *ńiblü- *nasur-
face, resemblance **nī́bŕo *jǖŕ *niɣur *nər-
duck **nī̀kV (~ -i̯ā-) *nigu-sun *nīKǖ
to become sour, ripen **nìk῾é *negsi- *ńeK- ~ *niK- *nìk- *nìnkà-
to grind, crunch; knead **nĭ̀k῾ú *jɨk- *niku- *ń[i]Ki- *nìkì- *nə̀nkə̀-p- / *nùnkù-p-
old, grown-up **nilko (~ -u) *jɨlkɨ *nɨ̀rk-
fat in the intestines, fat food, roe **nĭmči(-k῾V) *(j)inčgek *nimǯi-ge, *nümǯi-ge *nim(u)kse
top of head **nīme *jem-kek *nīme-kte *nìmáh *mínái
burden, load **nìŋi *niŋu- *ni(ŋ)- *nì
spine **nĭ̀ra *jɨr- *niruɣu *niri- *nà(n)tùki
a kind of foliage tree, elm **níre (~ -ŕ-, -o) *nir- *nɨ̀rɨ́p *nírai
weak, quiet **nìt῾á *jit- *nete- *nita- *njə̀th- *nàntà- / *nə̀ntə́-
sharp weapon, a kind of knife **nìt῾à *jiti *nitula- *nát *nátá
eye **ni̯ā̀ *jāĺ ‘tear’ *nidü *ńia-sa *nún *mài, *mì-
storm, natural disaster **ni̯ā̀bo (~ -o-) *jubug (~ *jabug) *nöɣe-le- *ńō[be]-kte *nàw(u)í
to forget, refuse **ni̯ač῾i *niča- *ńaču- *nìč-
to suffer, pine, tarry **ni̯ā̀da (~ -i̯o-) *jAdna- *naǯa- (< *naǯi-) *ńāda *nàjàm-
pus, snot **ni̯ā̀ji *nij- *ńā-
neck, vertebra **ni̯ăke *jaka *nigur-su *nikimna
mild, soft **ni̯ák῾ì *ńaKa *nə̀k *níkuá- / *níkí-
shallow, shallow place **ni̯ála *jAl-kɨ-,-pak *naliɣur *niala- *nằrằ
blade, sharp **ni̯ā̀lo *nüjile- *ńūl(u)- *nắrh *na
tin, lead **ni̯ā̀lpá *ńālban *nàmári
raw, fresh **ni̯ā́ĺi *jāĺ *nilaɣu *ń(i)ali- *năr
a kind of vessel **ni̯áme *jAm *namaɣa *nim(b)a *nìmắr
to ride, mount **ni̯amńa *namna- *ńamńa-
to arrange, steer **ni̯ańa *jań- *ńiani- *nama-
calm, quiet **ni̯áŋa *ńaŋa *nánkì
to curse, swear **ni̯ắŋe *jAŋɨl *niɣül-, -g- *niŋī- *nə́nə́sír-
field, grazing place, hunting place **ni̯àŋu / **ŋi̯àŋu *ŋuŋi / *ŋoŋi(-
young; spring, summer **ni̯ā́ŕ[à] *jāŕ *nirai *ńar-gu- *njə̀rɨ́-m *nátù
thin **ni̯ombu *nimgen *nem(i)- / *niambu-
one, single **ni̯ŏŋe *jaŋɨŕ *nige(n) *noŋ- ~ *non- *njə̀nɨ̀(k) *nəmi
to heat **ni̯ṑri *nurma *ńūre- *nìrà(n)k-
to untie, unwrap **ni̯òru (~ -ŕ-) *ner- (?*niar-) *nắrí- *nura-
heavy, clumsy **ni̯oso (~ **ni̯usi) *nüser *nis-
to burn, boil **ni̯údi *nidu- *nùd- *ní-
fist **ni̯údurgi *jɨdruk / *judruk *nidurga *nurga *nínkír-
to put in **ni̯ugu (~ l-) *jɨg- *nöɣe- *njə̀h-
warm; soft, mild **ni̯ùmà *jɨm-ĺčak *nomu- /*neme- / *nima- *ńume-/ *ńama / *ńem- *nàmià
hair **ni̯ū̀ra(-k῾V) (~ -ŕ-) *norakai *ńūrikte *narot
song and dance **ni̯uru *jɨr *nürgi- *ńur(g)a- *nòr-
to become wet, soak **ni̯úŕe *jüŕ- *nor- *ń[ü]r- *núrá-
to pound, pestle **ni̯utu (~ -a) *nidü- *nutiku
to seize, steal **nòču *noču- *nùsùm-
lovely **nṑdà (~ -ū-) *nōdi *nàtùkà-
to burn, flame **nóle *jula *nöl- *nul- *nuri- *nə́rə́-sí
to pass **nŭ̀k῾é *nögči- *nuK- *nuànkà-
to rob, oppress **nuli *julɨ- *nölüɣe *nùrɨ́-
task, important affair **numu (~ l-, -i) *jumuĺ *nume *numa
a kind of grass **n[u]ńa *jon-ɨrčka *nimniɣa *ńuńV *nàńí *nàntúna
wool, down **nŭ́ŋu *juŋ *nowur- *nuŋari *núnuá
chief, master **nuŋu *jɨŋak *nuŋ- *nùsí (?)
to pile, stack **núra *norum *nora- *nar- (~ -ă-) *nárá(m)p-
slow **nure (~ -ŕ-) *nör- *nur- *nàrhó- *nərə- (~ -ua-)
dwelling place **nū́ru (~ -o) *jūrt *niruɣu *nora- *nùrí
a kind of berry, grape **núŕi (~ -e) *jüŕüm *nüre *nure *nùrúk
young, child **ńabĺu(-ǯV) *ǯulǯa-gan *ńab[l]ǯa- *mus-
shoot, sprout; teeth, gills **ńằjla (~ -o) *ǯal-magaj *ńal- *ní *mài
young **ńā́ĺba *jāĺ *ǯalaɣu *ńalba- *masa-
goat, deer **ńàme *jɨmga *ńamī- *jə́m-sjó
a kind of tree **ńam(ń)ekt῾V *jɨmurt *ǯimuɣu-su *ńamńikta *nàmòk *mə̀mìti
turf, moss **ńamo *jom (?/*joŋ) *ǯim *ńamulsa
to turn back; again **ńā̀na *jAn- *ńān *mani-ma
a kind of small bird **ńanŋa *ǯana *ńa(n)ŋa- *mami-
dirt, to smear **ńáŋa *ńaŋ- *mámíra-
nut **ńaŋo *jAŋgak *ǯiɣag *ńaŋu- *mamai
a young male deer (elk) **ńargu *jargun *ǯorgul *ńargu-
to be annoyed **ńéč῾ù *jačan- *ńeču- *mútúkár-
place on the back of an animal **ńĕka (~ -o, -u) *jAgɨr *ǯagal *ńegde
East or South (wind), warm season **ńéŋńi *ǯeɣü-n *ńeŋńe *mínámí
earth, floor **ńĕra *jẹr *ǯir- *ńerke
luck, fortune **ńésa *ńes- *mású-rá-
a kind of thorny tree **ńíkrV *ǯeɣergene *ńikri-kta *míkúri
to polish, scrape **ńiĺu (~ -o) *jɨĺ- *ǯilgü- *nili- *(n)īr-
host, guest **ńĭ̀mi (~ -e) *ńime- *nīm *mìmà-p-
thin, narrow; short **ńĭ̀ŋči *jiŋč-ge *ǯiǯig *nisi- *mìnsìkà-
a kind of weed, bush **ńipV *ǯiba *nibēkte
a kind of big fish **ńiro (~ -ŕ-) *ǯirga *ńiru- / *ńeri- *mərəkə (~ -ua)
low, level; side of the mountain **ńi̯ama *jAmač *nam *niama *mama
to curse, harm **ńi̯áme *jem-ür- *ǯime *ńim- / *ńum- *namɨra- *mə́má-
trace **ńi̯àmi *jam *ǯim *ńiam-
to pinch (hair) **ńi̯ằrke *jarkak *ǯirge- *nirku- *mə̀(n)k-
to draw **ńi̯ăŕe (?**ĺ-) *jạŕ- *ǯiru- *ńiru- *nìrk-
man, young man **ńi̯àŕì *jeŕne *ǯer-me- *ń(i)ari *nắr-ná- *mì(n)tù
to walk, to go out **ń[i̯ō]ba *ńē(b)- ~ *ńū(b)- *ní- *màwə- (~ -u)
son-in-law, nephew **ńi̯ṑgè *jEgin *ǯeɣe *ńōg- *mùkuâ
green, vegetable **ńi̯ṓĺe (~ -i) *jāĺ-ɨl *ǯöl(ü)ge *ńoli-
cold **ńi̯oŋe *jEŋ *ǯiŋ-de- *ńeŋde- / *ńuŋde-
front, in front, front side **ńi̯ṑpo *ǯöb *ńōb- (/ *ńāb-) *njə̀p *màpiâ
strap, rag **ńi̯oru *jur- *ǯur- *ń(i)ara-, *ńiarma-
to close (eyes, mouth) **ńi̯ŭmi *jüm- / *jum- *ǯimüji- *ńim-
to adze, scrape off **ńi̯ūno *jōn- *ǯoma-gul *ńüŋ-
direction, sign **ńi̯ūŋne *jȫn *ǯöŋ *ńuŋ- *muna-i
liquid faeces **ńi̯ū̀ŋńù *jin (/*jɨn) *ǯuŋgag *ńōŋńa *nú(ŋ)- *ùmì
a kind of weed **ńi̯uŕge *jiŕ *ǯürgij *nirge- (~ -ü-) *mərəkəsi
to pluck, pick out **ńŏ̀lo (~ -u-) *jol- *ǯul- *ń[u]l- *mə̀r-
arrow, harpoon **ńóro (~ -u-, -e) *ǯoruɣa *ńuru (~ -i) *mə́rí (~ -ua-)
six **ńu- *ǯirgu-ɣa- *ńu-ŋu- *mu-
entertainment **ńū̀bV *juba- *ǯuɣa *ńōba
water bird, goose **ńugńa *jugak *ńuŋńakī *nə̄ńí
warm, to burn **ńūje *ǯöɣe- *ńē- *muája-
gum, juice **ńuk῾V (~ -k-) *juk / *jok *ńuK-
thigh **ńuŋe *ǯoɣa *ńuŋī *muàmuâ
plant glue **ńū̀t῾Ỽ *ǯutaŋ *ńūte *mə̀ti (~ -ua-)
gland **ńỺjVrV (~ -g-, -ŕ-) *nojir *ńeru / *ńiru *múrá-ua
1st person pronoun (oblique stem?) **ŋa *na-m- *nà *a-
hand **ŋā̀li *el, -ig *ŋāla
a biting insect **ŋalma *ŋalma- *àmû
debt **ŋā̀nsa *asɨg *nāŋsa *nàs-
clear sky **ŋăńa *ańaŕ *ńaŋńa *àmâi
to take smb. with (oneself) **ŋā̀ńì *naji- *ŋāni- *nīń- *ìmuà
fright, be afraid **ŋḕlu *jAl- *ŋēle- *nōr-ra- *ùrà-m-
to go (down, away) **ŋḗni *ēn- *neɣü- *ŋene- *nàń(ắ-) *ín-
to attack, tease **ŋḗnu *jān(u)- *naŋ-si- *ŋen- *una-kas-
day, sun, light **ŋḕrá *jạr-ɨn *naran *ŋēr(i)- *nár *àrí-
dog **ŋĭ̀ndó *ɨt / *it *ŋinda- *ìnú
deceased, funeral **ŋi̯àbi *jẹbe- *ŋiabi *mə̀ (~ *muà)
lower side **ŋi̯aji (~ -e) *ej- *ŋia- *nằrí-
nose, part of nose **ŋi̯àkča *nagčar-kaji *ŋiaksa, *ŋiaksi-n *nằčh
dog, wolf **ŋi̯ā̀k῾u *eker *nokaj *ŋōKe *nəkori
fir-tree **ŋi̯ā̀ŋe *ŋiāŋ-ta *mə̀mì (~ -ua-)
to pour **ŋi̯ŏbu *ju(b)- *jeɣü-le- *ńiabe- *nūb-
to rise, elevation **ŋi̯ṑk῾è (~ -k-) *jok- *ŋōKe ~ *ŋēKu *ə̀kə̀-
red, pink; yellow **ŋi̯ōle *Āl *öle *ŋule- *nùrɨ́- *mùrà-sákì
three, thirty **ŋ[i̯u] *otuŕ *gu- *mi-
smell **ŋi̯ūja *jɨd (?) *ŋō- *nái
root **ŋi̯ū̀ŋt῾è *ündü-sü *ŋǖŋte *mə̀tə̀
what, who (interrog. pronoun) **ŋ[i̯V] *nē *jaɣu-n-, *jaɣuma *ŋǖ *nú- *nỼ
thin, small **ŋṓjču *ōču- *öčü- *ŋüši- (*ŋujši-) *nằč- *úsú-
long; extend **ŋṑla *ula- *nolig *ŋōli- *nắr- *nàn-kà-
straight **ŋònŋi *öŋ-ed- *üne- *ŋunŋe *ùmà-
to surpass, win, contest **ŋṑŕa *oŕ- *ŋōr-ča- *àràsuap-
to be able **ŋūja *u(j)- *ŋū- *a-
long hair **ŋū̀je *öjek *öjekeji *ŋūjelse *bə̀
to sleep **ŋū́ju *ū-dɨ-, *ū-dɨ-k-la- *nojir *ŋu(j)a *úi-
a kind of clamp **ŋúpu (~ -o-) *gub- *ŋubi *úpái
young male **ŋurV *urɨ *gura *ŋur
heel **ŋŭ̀sí (~ -o-) *ösügeji *ŋusē- *ùsírə
this, that (deictic particle) **ó *o(-l) *on- *u- *ə́-
dawn **obri (~ -e) *ürüŋ (*örüŋ) *öwr *(x)oru-
late, evening **óče *öčüge *ə̀čə́i *ə́sə́-
bad, anger **ṓč῾é *ȫč *öče- *(x)uč- (~ -š-) *ə́ntə́-
day, time **odi (~ -e) *öd *üd-
lonely, orphan **ŏ̀ge *ög- *ügej *ugī *ói
to swim **òje *üji- / *oji-mu- *ujV- *ə̀jə̀nk-
life, age **ŏ̀je *öj (?) *üje *uju- *ə̀jə̀-
small fruit **ójle (~ -i) *ölir *ulīn-kta *òijə́s
to sew, pierce **ṓjV *ōj- *oja- *uji-
to sing, recite **oki *okɨ- *üge *(x)og- ~ *(x)ok- *o’ăi- *uka-ip-
to belch, nauseate **ṓki (~ -e) *ȫk- *ogi-, *ogsi- *oKor-
sharp point, notch **ŏ̀k῾à *ok *oki *ok- *àkuàjaì
to grieve, be angry **òk῾è *ökün- *uki-la- *(x)ukt- *ə̀kə̀-r-
wife, female **ò[k῾]è *ög (*ök) *oki-n / *öki-n *uKu- *ə̀ku
to put, heap; to give **ṓk῾è *ȫk- *ök-, *ög- *oK- *ukɨr *ə́k-
deep place, place far from the shore **ōk῾e (~ -k-) *ȫkü *(x)uK- *əki
coire **ok῾V *(h)ok- *oxa-
to die; to be hungry, exhausted **ŏli (~ -e) *öl- *öl- *(x)olbu-
female (of animals), pig **óligV (~ u-) *Vlagŕɨn *ölögčin *uligan
to be startled, annoyed **olu *ol- *(h)ul-, *(h)ül- *ola- *uru-sa-
to be, become; to come **ṑlu *ol-ur-, *ol(u)-tur- *ol- *ō- *ó-
a kind of grass **oĺa *oĺ- *(h)ulalǯi *asi
ford, shallow place **óĺa (~ u-, i̯-) *(h)olam *ola- *ásá-
chest bone, collar bone **oĺi (~ -e) *öĺün *(x)uli-n
hip; back part, buttocks **ŏ́mu *omV- *(h)omu- *omga *òmìnòi
shoulder, collar bone **omuŕV *omuŕ *omur-
high **ṓni *ȫn- *öndü- *un-tu *untu
angle **ṑni (~ -e) *önčüg *ōn-
to fall, lie **ṑnV (~ ū-) *una- *ōn-
shaman, spirit **ṑńè (~ **ū-, -o) *oŋgo-n *ūńi- *ə̀nì
a kind of small wild animal **óŋdu *utɨŕ *oŋda *òńắrí *uni
exterior, front **òŋè *öŋ / *oŋ *öŋge *ə̀mə̀
windpipe, part of neck **òŋi(čV) *öŋüč *öŋgül- *uŋ-se, *uŋnu- *ùnà(-nsi)
food, pasture **ŏ́ŋke (abundant) *(h)öŋ *oŋka *ə́nkə́-r-
same, self; lonely **oŋne *öŋ *önü- *ənə
to drink, inhale **ṓp῾à *ōp- *uw(u)- *apa-ik-
to wear out, be wasted, have a bad appearance **op῾á(rV) *op-ra- *(h)obur *(x)upara- *ampu-
lung(s) **ŏ̀p῾ìkV *öpke *owuski ~ *awuski *upVkte *púhóa *pùkùpùkùsi
powder **op῾V *opa *(h)ow *upa
hill, heap of stones **ṓp῾V *ōpuŕ *obuɣa
clan, family **ṓp῾V *ōpa *obug
to plait, weave **ṓre *ȫr- *ör- *ōr *ə́r-
to be frightened, startled **ṑr(e)kV *ürk- *ürgü- *(x)ūrkan- *ə̀ntə̀rə̀k-
to cover **ŏ́ri (~ -e) *ört- *örü- *ura- / *ur-ke *òrái
to dig **ŏri (~ -e) *or- *örüm *urī-
to cry, shout **óru *orɨ *ori- / *uri- *or- *úru-tápa-
inner side **ŏ̀rù *or- *oro- *(x)urī- *ùrà
river, to flow **orusi *örs, *örsen *urus-
deer, antelope **orV *orga *(h)oroŋgo *oran
to mow, hay **ŏrV *or- *orā-kta
other, one of two **ŏŕe (~ -i) *öŕ-ge *öre- *urē-
middle, inside **ṓŕì *ȫŕ *örü *uri *útì
to rise, up **ṓŕi *ǖŕ (/*ȫŕ) *ergü- (*örgü-) *òrắ- *ura(i)
to be bad, guilty **ŏ̀se *osa- *ös *us(a) *ə̀sə̀r-
to move, change place **ŏ̀ti (~ -t῾-) *öt- *oči- *(x)utur- *tɨ- *ùtù-r-
fire; hot, warm **ōt῾a (~ -t-) *ōt *(h)očki-n *(x)utinŋe *tằ- *àtà- / *àtù-
old **ṓt῾è *ȫtü- *öte- *(x)ut- *ə́tə́-nà
sound **ŏ́t῾è (~ -t-) *öt- *öči- *(x)ot- *ə́tə̀
grass **ŏt῾k῾V *ot *(h)otul *okta
bushes, low trees **ót῾ó(rV) *otrug *utu-n / -r *ə́ntə́rə́
tent, house **ŏ̀t῾ù (~ -t-, -i) *otag *utē-n *ùtàina (~ -ia-)
to play **òǯa *oj- *oǯu- *(x)oǯu *àjà-
to swim, flow **pábVrV (~ p῾-, -p-, -ŕ-) *pabri- *pápúr-
to spread; flag, standard **pắdà *bAd-rak / *bAd-ruk *bad- *pad- *pátà
to moisten, dip **pằgdì (~ p῾-) *pagda- *ptɨ́- *pìtà-
to shine, glitter **pàjá (~ p῾-) *paja- *pàjá-
to add, increase **pā̀jbu (~ p῾-) *pāb- *phó *pùjà- (~ -w-)
a kind of grass **pàje (~ p῾-) *pajī-kta *pə̀ (~ *puà)
owl **pā̀jkù *bĀjk- *beg- *pige (~ *piage) *púhuə̀ŋ *pùkù-
spring or autumn wind **pàjò (~ p῾-) *pajī- *pàjàtì
rock, cliff **pā̀ko (~ p῾-, -k῾-, -e) *pākta *pəki
to insert, shut in, sew in **pák῾à (~ **p῾-) *paKū- *pàk- *pák-
a kind of fish or sea animal **pák῾[ò] *buka (= *boka) *paxan *pòk *púká
tooth **pala (~ **p῾-) *palV *par *pa
to be ashamed **pā̀lčà *balči- *pālǯe- *pàntù-i
foot **pằlgà *bAlak *palga-n *pár *pànkì
a kind of fish **pā́li *bālɨk *bilaɣu *palu *pírámái
to be separated, divided **pā̀li *bẹldir *belčir *pālan *pə̄r- *pìràk-
hammer **pằluk῾V *bAlka *haluka *paluka
shadow **pàńé (~ p῾-) *pańa- *pám *pə̀nə́ (~ -ua-)
ornament, attire **pańi (~ p῾-) *pani- *pìń- *pìnâ
work, order **pap῾ó (~ p῾-, -b-) *(h)eb *paba (~ -p-) *pampi-
mighty, brave **parki *berk *berke *parga
to buy, sell **pā̀ró (~ p῾-, -ŕ-) *pār- *pắrh- *pàrá-p-
to press, pinch **pằsi *bas- *pasu- *ps-kí- *pìsà- / *pə̀sə̀-
to run, hurry **pasi (~ p῾-) *hesüre- *pasi- *pàs- / *pàč-
to get, get into **pàt῾á *bat- *pàt- *pàtàr-
louse, biting insect **pā̀t῾e *bɨt *batagana *pānta- / *pēnte- *pátắrí
loom, detail of a loom **pát῾ò (~ **p῾-) *pata-n *pằtằi *pátà
to be ashamed **peč῾i (~ p῾-) *hiče- *pečke- *pɨ̀skɨ́rì-
spot, ornament **pédá *bEdiŕ *beder *pede- *pantara
wart **pegò (~ p῾-, -e) *heɣü *pegu(-ŋkte) (~ -b-) *pəkurə (~ -ua-)
to be embarrassed **pek῾a *bakar-da- *peku-
big, solid, firm **pĕ̀k῾i *bek *hike *pegdi *phək (< *pəkh) / *pak
to wish, plan **pḗk῾ò (~ b-) *bẹ̄ken- *baka- *pàkàr-
hot, warm **pek῾V (~ p῾-) *peku- *pukh (~ -ɨ-)
a figure made of stone or clay **pélaba(nV) *bAlbal *barimal *pelbu *páníwá, *panipai, *panima
lip; to munch, eat **pĕ̀ma (~ p῾-) *pemu- *pàm-
flame, light **peńo (~ **b-, **p῾-, -o-) *pằńắ- *pənə
dust, ashes **pép῾à *baɣa-su *pepke- *pap *páp(u)í
gland, callus **pĕ́rV *ber *ber-seɣü *peri
to feel discomfort, trouble **pĕ́ŕe (~ -i) *bẹŕ- *berbeji- *peru-
handle **pĕ̀sá (~ -o) *basu- *hesi *pesin *pàsú-i
to drop, fall **pètá (~ **p῾-, -t῾-) *pet-ke- *ptə̀rə́- *pàtá-
to dance **pḕǯo *böǯi- *pēǯe- *pàjà-s-
to rub, plaster **píla *bila- *pilki- *pằrằ- *pár-
a kind of hawk **pĭ̀le *bElin *heliɣe *pilakta
to become overripe, pickled **pĭ̀ĺǯi *biĺč- *(h)ilǯi- *pil(b)- *pìrí- *pìsì-kuá
scar, pimple **píńŋe *bẹńŕ *beɣere *pinŋa *pɨ̀ńɨ̀rɨ̀m
needle **píńŕa *bińŕ (*biŋŕ) *birim *pi[ńr]a *pànắr (/-r-) *pàrí
to separate, emit **pĭ̀ŋa (~ **p῾-) *piŋta- *pànà-
beak, nose **pĭ́rò (~ b-) *burun (*burɨn) *pūrì *kútí-(n)-pírù
to insert, press between **pĭ̀sa (~ p῾-) *pisa- *ps-kì’ú- *pàsàm-
seed, grain **pisV (~ p῾-, -i̯a-) *pise- *psí
a kind of weed, panicum **pi̯áge (~ p῾-) *pig- *phí *píjái
liver **pi̯ā̀ki *biagɨr *pākin
fortress, group of houses **pi̯ắlagV *bialɨk *balaga-sun *palVga *pái
face (colour), colour **pi̯ànà (~ **p῾-) *pian- *s-pám
a kind of small bird **pi̯api (~ **p῾-) *piabi *pjə̄p-sāi *pipa
finger, finger width (measure) **pi̯àri *biarŋak *pargan *pắr *pia
to suffer **pi̯ằt῾è *b(i)at *hataɣa- *pita- *pə̀tə̀p- / *pùtùk-
tough; swift **pi̯ā́t῾e *biāt *bat- *pit(a) *patɨk / *potɨk
a kind of weed **pi̯ŏ̀ka *bakɨr *(h)agi *puka *phá (~ *páh) *pàkuá-
buttock **pi̯óko *bögse *pika
a kind of small bird **pi̯ŏ́ltorV (/-ld-) *bɨldur- (*buldɨr-) *bolǯir- / *boldur- *pilti- *pìtùrí *pàtuâ
a kind of plant **pi̯ṓro *bōr- *burga- *piregde
wrinkle, callosity **pi̯óro(-k῾V) (~ -i̯u-) *burkɨ *boruɣa *pirki- (~ -ü-)
stairway, step (of stairs) **pi̯ósò *bAs-kɨč *bosuga *pise- *pásì
root **pi̯oǯi (~ p῾-, -i̯u-) *hiǯaɣur *puǯuri
to mince, saw **pi̯ŭ̀bi *bij- *(h)üji- *pubu- *pjàpắi- *piwa-
to tear, split, cut **pi̯ŭ̀č῾à *bɨč- *biči- *puče- (~ -š-) *pčɨ́č- *pàtùr-
a kind of insect **pi̯ŭ́k῾í *bökelek *böküne *peKe (< *puKe ?) *pínkúrásí
short **pi̯ŭ̀k῾ì (~ p῾-) *hokar *poKa- *pìkù-
a kind of fish **pi̯úŋu *bɨŋɨt *boŋčiliki *poŋdV
to tie up, strangle **pŏ́ga *bog- *boɣo- *poga-
kidneys, testicles **pŏ́gí(-rV) *bögür, *bögrek *böɣere *pugi- / *puki- *pɨr / *pur *púnkúri
deer (male) **pŏ́gV (~ -u-) *bugu, -ra *bojir *pegu(le)-
vessel; boat **pòjńỺ (~ p῾-) *haji-ǯagan *pắi *pùná-i
child, young (of animals) **póju (~ **p῾-) *puj(u)-, *puj-kte *pùthjə̀ *pítə̀
to run, run away **póki (~ -k῾-, -e) *bög-si- *pukti-
deep **pōki (~ p῾-) (?) *(hü)gün *pùkà-
to dig, cut off; a cutting instrument **pŏ̀k῾è (~ -k-) *bügde (~ -ö-) *hoktal-, *(h)okčira- *poK- *pə̀kə̀
smoke **póńe (~ p῾-) *huni- *puń- *pɨ̀ńə̀k
bud **pòŋa (~ **p῾-) *poŋga *poŋ’ori *pànà
to snow, rain **pŏ̀ru *bora- *boruɣa *pur- *pora *pùr-
breast, breast bone **pótirkV *büdürkei *putukā *pútúkə́rə́
to think, intend **pōto (~ -ū-, -i̯ū-) *bodu- *pōt[e]- *ptɨ́-t *pə́tua
two, pair; half **puč῾ù (~ b-,-i̯u-o,-i̯a-u) *buč-uk *pča-k *puta-
distressed, restive **pū̀gò *bug *pūg- *pə̀k(a)-
craw, crop **pŭ́k῾a *bokak *bakawu, *bakalaɣur *pukēn
all, complete **púk῾V *bük- *puK- *pukh
to swell **púla (~ -o-) *bul- *pul- *párá-
red **puli (~ p῾-,-ĺ-, -o-e) *hulaɣan *pula- *pɨ̀rk-
last year; to become old, wear out **pŭ́lo *bɨldur (/*buldɨr) *boli- *polo-kta *pə́rə́-(m)pə-
to ride **pū́ne *bǖn- *hunu- (/ *unu-) *punŋe-
year, spring / summer **pùnV (~ p῾-, -o-) *hon *pune- *póm
musk smell, bad smell **puŋga (~ p῾-, -i̯u-) *huŋga-su *poŋga *pāŋkui
leaf, bud **púre *bür *bor- *pá
pipe **pure *burgu *bürije-n *patiku
to wink, wrinkle **pŭ̀ŕi (~ -e) *büŕ- / *bür- *hür- *puri-
outside, exterior **pūsa *busu- *pūski- *pàsk *pásí
a kind of fish **púsa (~ -i̯o-) *basiŋga *puse- *pansai
to break through, break out **puse *bös- *pos- *pansa-
to quilt, weave **pŭ̀ti (~ -i̯u-, -e) *büt- *hüde-
a kind of berry **put῾i[m]uk῾V *putumukte *ptárkì
poplar, branch, stick **pū́t῾ò *būta- *buta *pota *pə̀tɨ́r *pəta
cuckoo **pỼt῾ok῾V (~ p῾-, b-) *pə́kúk- *pə̀tə̀tə̀kí-su
to open, split up **p῾ač῾V *ač- *(h)ača *pač-
blessing, favour **p῾ač῾V (~ -č-) *ačɨ- *hači
to separate, some, other **p῾āda *adɨ- *pādi *ptắ-n *pá(n)tú-
wall **p῾ádo *(h)adar *padira- *pằrằm
sober, attentive **p῾ā́dV *ād- *hada- / *haǯi-
foot, foot sole **p῾ágdi *adak *(h)adag *pagdi(-kī) *pí(n)túmai (~ -ia)
to dig, cave **p῾àgò (~ -e-, -a, **p῾ùgà) *haɣur *phằ- *pàkà
box, vessel **p῾ágò (~ p-) *paga, -ča, -kī *phắkái *pákúa
part **p῾āji *hejil- *pā *pia
to rub off, wipe off, cut off **p῾ajo *ajɨt- *haɣu- *pajū- *pūi- *pajas-
field, level ground **p῾ā̀là *ala-n / *ala-ŋ *pāla-n *pə́r(h)- *pàrà
relationship, friendship **p῾aĺi *ẹ̄ĺ *pal- (~ -ā-)
palm (of hand) **p῾ā́ĺŋa (~ -e) *āja *haliga(n) *palŋa
to trace, investigate **p῾ā́nŋi *ēŋe- *hana- *panŋū- *pima-
shaman, sorcery **p῾ăp῾a *apačɨ, *apakɨ *hab *pap- *papur-
to attack **p῾ap῾o *op- *hawl-
cross-beam, constructing piece **p῾árà *ara-n *(h)aran-ga *para(n) *párì
to be tired **p῾ā́ra *ạ̄r- *(h)ari- *paru- *parh- *pátá-
man, people **p῾are (~ -e-) *Eren *haran
excrement **p῾arkV *ark *hargal *parga- (~ -rk-)
thill **p῾ărV *arɨĺ *(h)aral *para *parko
to hang **p῾ắsi *as- *(h)asa- *pasi- *písà(n)k-
fish fin; gills **p῾átà(kV) (~ -t῾-) *atkak *pati(ke) *pátá
uncultivated land, field **p῾át῾à *Atɨŕ *(h)atar *pàt(h) *pátà / *pàtá
to strike, hit **p῾ā̀t῾à *ạt- *(h)atalga *pāt(i)- *pat- *pàtà-k-
bottom, lower side **p῾ắt῾à(-kV) *ạt(kɨ-) *hatku *pata, *pataka *pàtók *pátá
trousers, boots **p῾ā́t῾i *ētük *pati *pàtì
to be unable **p῾ē *jada- *pē- *piá-r- (~ -ai-)
to be tired, defeated **p῾ḗč῾V *ēč- (~ ī-) *heče- *peče-
energetic **p῾edí *ide (/*ede) *(h)ide *pede *pintua-
brain, head **p῾ḕjk῾V *heki *pējKe *pákì
belly, liver **p῾ḕjló *helige *pēlbu- *pắi *pàrà
bone **p῾èjńé *(j)ẹ̄n-čik *ja-su *peń-ŋen *s-pjə́ *pə̀nià
to emit, throw **p῾èk῾à *ek- *haka-la- *peK- *phɨ́- *pàk-
acid, astringent **p῾ĕk῾V *ek-ĺči- *(h)ekeɣü *pekču-
to mock; to feel mocked at, be shy, distracted **p῾éle (~ -o) *elük *hel- *pel- *pə́rá-
to walk, to run **p῾ĕ̀ĺo *ẹĺ- *hülde- *peli- (/*puli-) *prb- *pàsìr-
thread, twist a thread **p῾émi *himer- *pem- / *pim- *pímə́
a kind of edible root **p῾eńu *Ań *(h)ojimu *peńe-kte
to gape, hole **p῾éŋi *eŋ- *peŋ- *pə̀ŋ- *pímá
a kind of insect **p῾ép῾a *apa- *haba-kai *pep- *pápái
bee **p῾ḗra *ārɨ *herbekei *perē- *pə̄r- *pátí
edge **p῾èrì *Erneg *hir- *pere *piàrì
to tie round, surround **p῾erkV *hergi- *perke-
to wish, desire **p῾ĕ̀ro *er- *(h)eɣe-re- (< *here-re-?) *per- *pắrá- *pər-
thumb **p῾erV *erŋek *herekei *peru-
old, former **p῾èsì (~ -a-) *es-(kü) *(h)esi *ps-kɨ́i, *ps-tái *pìsà-si
to step, walk **p῾ḗta *āt- *(h)ada- *pete-
meat; skin **p῾ḕtá *et *(h)adaska *pētē *pàntá
name, to call **p῾ḗt[e] *āt *pete- *pɨ̀rɨ̀- / *pɨ́rɨ́- *pəta-ja-
to pinch **p῾et῾V (~ p-, -t-) *pet- *ptɨ́-t-, *ptằ-
to drink, pour **p῾ĭč῾i *ič- *(h)ečüg-le- *piče-
rib, breast bone **p῾ĭjk῾e *ejekü *piKen
spindle, part of loom or cross-bow **p῾íjo *ijik *pia-la- *pu- *pí
to file, polish, rub **p῾ī́k῾è (~ -k-) *ẹ̄ke- *piKi- *pík-
to fly, soar, flap **p῾ī̀le (~ -i) *hele- *pīlu- *pìrù(n)kap-
to dry, heat **p῾ìlo *hil- *pile- *pə̀-
a kind of nut or berry **p῾ĭ̀mà *pimi-kte *pām *pàmì
sign **p῾ĭ́mù *ɨm *(h)im *pim- *púmì
far **p῾ìrá *ɨra- *hiri-če- *pàrú-kà-
bank, steep bank **p῾ire (~ -ŕ-) *her-gi *piri *pi(n)tipa
to pray, bless **p῾ĭru *ɨr- *hiruɣe- *pirugē- *pīr-
acid, salty **p῾i̯ā́č῾o *iāčɨ-g *pč- *pčắ-
rain **p῾i̯ằge *jag- *(h)aɣa- *pigi-n *pí
stripes, rope ornaments **p῾i̯agu *hoɣu-sur *p[u]g- *poh *pu
hot; sun, day **p῾i̯agV *heɣe- *pigi- *pài *pí
mighty, heavy **p῾i̯àká *iagɨr *piaKa *pànkiá-
a kind of small bird **p῾i̯àlbí *jelbe *pialakī *pìmpárí
strap **p῾i̯ā̀le *jelö *hila-su *pīl(a)- *pírái (~ -ia)
lightning, thunder **p῾i̯àlk῾i *jAlkɨ- *pialki- *pə́nkái *pìkàr-
to crush **p῾i̯ắnč῾i *jạnč- / *jenč- *niča- / *niǯa- *pianči- *pínták-
hen, chicken, hazel-hen **p῾i̯ani *jaŋgali *pinukī *pjəŋ- *pina
a kind of worm **p῾i̯ári *(h)irukai *piaru *pə̀r- *pìrû
to spin, plait, wrap **p῾i̯áru *ar- *horiɣa-, *horči- *por- *pòròkí
to split, crack **p῾i̯ā́rV *jār- *jara- *p[ia]ri-
nest **p῾[i̯o]bu *uja *heɣür *pubi / *pebi
pair, couple **p῾i̯òk῾e *ẹk(k)i *(h)ekire *pə̀kɨ́- *pə̀ká
blanket, skin (as covering) **p῾i̯ole *Eltiri *hel-de- *pul-sa *pərə
to pray, sacrifice **p῾i̯ŏlge *ạlkɨ- *(h)ergül *pulga- *pə(n)k- (~ -ua-)
fly, midge **p῾i̯oli (~ -ĺ-) *hilaɣa-n *pulmi-kte *pắrh
way, path; patch, precipice **p῾i̯ṓlo *jōl *pile- *pjər-
star **p῾i̯ŏ́ĺo *jul-duŕ (*-dɨŕ) *hodu *pjə̄r *pə́sí
to cut through, grind **p῾i̯ṑpo (**p῾ṑjpo) *ob- *(h)öb- *pībē- *pìpɨ́i- *pə̀pur-
to walk, go away **p῾i̯ṓp῾[á] *(j)ēp- *jabu- *pupē- *pápúr-
back, West **p῾i̯ṑrí *ār-t *hörö-ne *perki-n / *purki-n *pìntárí
to screw, carve, scratch **p῾i̯ŏ̀ŕe (~ **p῾ĕ̀ŕo) *ẹŕ- *(h)erü- *pur- / *per- *pə̀r-
light **p῾i̯ŏt῾e (~ -t-, **p῾i̯ăt῾u) *ạt- *puta- *pjə̀t
to wake, cause **p῾i̯udo (~ p῾i̯odo) *od- *(h)uda- *pidu- (~ -ü-)
to flay, cut **p῾i̯ùgV *eg-dü *(h)öɣe-le- *püg- *púi-, *pó *pà
a kind of tree **p῾[i̯ū̀]ju *ɨ, *ɨ-(ń)gač *hoj *pōj-, *pōj-ki- (> *piā-kī-) *pə- *pí
a kind of rope, embroidery **p῾i̯ukò *oka *(h)ugulǯa *püKV- *puki
ash tree **p῾i̯ula *hulija-sun *pula *pari
a small wild animal **p῾i̯un[e] *enük (~ *ünek) *hünegen *püń-
other **p῾i̯ŭŋi *öŋi *puŋtu *pina
to twist, twirl **p῾i̯ùŋi *eŋir- *puŋ- *pìniàr-
to be afraid, angry **p῾i̯ŭ̀ri *hurin *purkē- *pìrù-m-
to take off, scrape off **p῾i̯úsa *hisuge *pusi- *pàs- *pásám-
to sprinkle **p῾i̯ŭsi *üskür- *hösür- *pisu- / *pusu- *pòsòi- / *pusɨi-
carving, sign **p῾i̯ū̀so *pǖsi-ke- *psɨ́-
to crawl, squat **p῾ŏ̀ba *(h)oji-či- *pebi- *pàp-
spark; to extinguish **p῾ṑči (~ -e) *öč- *pōsi-
to be proud, rejoice **p῾ŏ́gè *ög- *(h)öɣegsi- *pə́kə́r-
snake **p῾[ò]jamV *uman *jamu *püjmur *pắjàm *pàim(p)V̂
pain, sore **p῾oje (~ -i̯u-,-i̯o-, -i) *höɣe *puje
trousers, stockings **p῾ojme (~ -o) *ojma *hojimu-su *pe(j)m- *pəmuta
a kind of fruit **p῾ójV *puju- *pằi
environs **p῾okt῾o(-rV) *otar *hogtorgui *pokta *pàthàŋ *pətəri (~ -ua-)
to swell **p῾ó[k]u *okra *puk- / *pok- *pak- (~ -ă-) *púkúrà-
a kind of clothing **p῾òk῾à (~ -u-, -k-) *uk *pokta *pàkàmà
to fall, lie **p῾ok῾e *ök- *(h)öke- *pukelē-
to trample, kick **p῾ŏk῾i (~ -k-, -e) *ökče *peK- / *poK-
ox, cow **p῾ŏk῾i (-ŕV) (~ -e) *öküŕ *hüker *puKur / *puKun
wet, succulent; grass, plant **p῾ṓle *ȫl *pul- *pɨ̀rh-
ashes; grey **p῾oĺńe *oń (~ -j) *hüne-sü *pulńe-
breast, part of breast **p῾òme *ömül-dürük *(h)ün-Külčig *pum-te *púmh
to walk (in a substance) **p῾ŏ́mu *omač- *homba- *pom- *púm-
wrinkle, to wrinkle **p῾ońa (~ -e-) *hani- *pońi- / *peńi-
to crush, break, tear off **p῾ṑńŋa *oŋur-, *oŋ- *pōnŋa- / *pēnŋa- *pằńằ- *pànà-
mildew, slime **p῾ŏŋe (~ -i) *öŋeŕ *(h)öŋgür *puŋ-
fire; to burn **p῾ŏ̀re *ört *(h)örde- *puri- / *piri- *pɨ́r *pə̀-i
top **p῾ṓre *ȫr- *horaj, *horgil *pora-n *pərə
feather, wing **p῾ore (~ -i̯-, -ŕ-) *(h)örbelge *purakī *pərə
trace **p῾ṑrV *oruk *horum /-im *pōr-da- *pórám
to burn, singe **p῾ŏ̀t῾è *üt- *hutuɣa *put- *pɨ̀th-, *ptɨ́-, *ptí-
hole **p῾ṓt῾è *ǖt *hütü- *putē *pot *pətə
broom, stick **p῾ùb(a)gV *ubɨg *pebgure (/*pu-) *púi *pàpákí
sack, bellows **p῾ubá-ktV *huwta *putakān *pampuki
wart, pimple, excrescence **p῾uču *uč- *pusi(-kV) *pə̀čɨ́m *pùsù-mpái
to blow **p῾ùčV (~ **p-, -o-) *pus- *pùčhə́i *pùsù-(m)pur-
a kind of willow, blossoming bush **p῾úč῾í (~ -o-) *hüčije- *puči- *púntí
willow, maple **p῾ude (~ -i̯u-) *öd(r)eŋi *huda *pode- *ptə́rkí
to follow **p῾ŭdi *ud- *hüde- *pude- *ptɨ-
tinder; excrescence **p῾ugu (~ -o) *ugu- *huɣula *pug(i)ju-
to attack, rob **p῾ŭgV (~ -k-) *ogrɨ *pukču-
to whirl, boil **p῾uje *üjük *hujil- *puju-
to stiffen **p῾ūji *ujɨ- *(h)öje- *pū-
to mix **p῾ujme *hüjime- *pume- (~ -ü-) *pə̀mɨ́r-
to nauseate **p῾ujV *hoji- *puji- *pə- (~ -u-)
thigh, rump **p῾ukǯi *(h)ögǯeg *pogǯV
to rub, wipe off **p῾ū́k῾ŋi *ǖk- *hüŋgü- *puŋku *púk-
to be left, surplus **p῾ŭle (~ -i) *üle- *hüle- *pule-
root, foundation **p῾ŭ́li *(h)ölmej *pule- *pɨ̀rhắi *pú-
cheek **p῾ŭ̀lo *hurul *pul- *pór- *pə̀-pə́ (~ -ua-)
possessions, estate **p῾ulu (~ -o) (?) *ulu-ĺ *pùrɨ̀r
to open up **p῾ŭ̀ĺi *üĺ- *pule- *pɨ́rh-
a kind of big predator **p῾uma (~ p-, -i̯u-, -e) *pomā- / *pume- *pə̄m
a kind of insect **p῾ŭ̀nte *hötün *pundimi *pántó *pə̀taru (~ -ua-)
to hit the target **p῾ŭnV *una- *honu- *penū- / *punū-
nose; smell, to smell **p῾úńe *hünir *puń- *páná
hair; feather **p῾úńe *hü-sü *puńe- *pánái
fade, exuviate **p῾ùŋké *oŋ- / *öŋ- *(h)oŋgu- *puŋk- / *peŋk- *pə̀ŋkɨ́r- *pànká-
seed **p῾ŭ̀ri *urug (~ *or-) *hüre *pur- *pòrì *pú
to shake **p῾ŭ́ri *ur- *(h)üre- *por- *púrú-p-
to blow **p῾ū̀ri (~ -e) *ür- *(h)uri- *pū-
forest **p῾ŭrV *orman *pure
rope, lasso **p῾ŭrVk῾V *uruk *huraka *purka
to crush **p῾ŭŕi (~ -e) *üŕ- *hürü- *puru-, *purgu- *pɨr-
to kick, knock **p῾ŭ̀ske *(h)öskil- *poske- *pànsìk-
rope; woof, yarn **p῾út῾à (~ -o-) *otgun *huta *put- *patak (~ -ă-) *pátà
many, ten / hundred (an auxiliary stem) **p῾VbV *ōn *ha- *poba *-pə ~ *-pua
to buy, sell **sa *sat- *sà- *sirə
to hinder, obstruct **sábà *sab- *saɣa- *sápár-
sign **sāba *sāb- *saɣam *sab(i)- *sàmpàk-
a kind of big fish **sắbí *sEbrük *sabu- *símpí
service **sábó *sab- *sibe-gčin *sab- *sámpúrap-
wise, careful **sā̀č῾i *sEč- *seče-n *sāče- *sita-ta-
to cry, shout **sagè *sɨgɨt- *siɣu-g- *sag- *sakai(m)p-
old, age **sago (~ z-) *seɣü-der *sag-d- *sằ-n
a kind of coniferous tree **ságú *sagɨr, *sagrɨ *sak-si- *súnkúi
a kind of vessel **sagu *sAgut *sag-su *sòth
clear, dawn **sằja (~ z-) *saj- *sāi- *sàjà-
to filter, ooze **săjgo *sag- *saɣa- *saji-ǯa (~ -g-) *sắi- *sú
to notch, pierce **saji *sAj- *seji- *saji-
knucklebone **sajk῾V *siaka *sajKa
interval, space between **sajo *saja- *söɣem *saja *sai (~ sia)
to stick out, protrude, stand **sajri *ser- *sar(b)aji- *sara- *sjə́-
heap, pile, hill **sằkà *saka *saK- *sàh- *sàkà
to jump, shake **sā́ki *sēk- *sege- *saka-
magpie **sakosako *sagɨsgan *siɣaǯigaj *saksa(ki) *kàsàsákì
edge, end (of a stick, pole) **sák῾a (~ -k-) *sakanak *saku- *sákí
luck in hunting **sák῾a (~ -k-, -o) *saKa *sáki
sharp instrument, to cut, split **sàk῾a (~ z-) *sak-pi *sàkí- *sàk-
a kind of fish **sàk῾ò (~ z-) *sakan- *sòkóarí *sàkâi (~ -ia)
salt **sak῾o (~ z-, -u) *saKV *sòkòm
a kind of stinging insect **sak῾u(rV) *sakɨrtka *sag *su(n)karu
to ferment **săk῾V *sakɨŕ / *sagɨŕ *saga- / *saka- *saku *sàk- / sə̀k-
to dislike, neglect **sali *sal- *sali- / *sel- *sirh- *sira-
a kind of board, frame **salkV *sāl *salga *salk-
to be separated **sálo (~ **z-) *sal(u)- *salga- *sằr- *sár-
loose **saĺ(b)i *seĺ- *sel(b)-, *salb- *sala- *sər-
to love **sáĺo (~ z-) *sali- *sằràŋ *sású-p-
shape, appearance **sāmo *som *sāma *sámà
quick, short time **sằmpi *sAp (~ -b) *samba-ga(n) *sampa- *spằrằ- *sìmpà-raku
tar, soot, fumigation **sằmù *samala ? *samŋī-n *sùmì
shaman **sám[u] *süme *samā-n *súmiá-
a kind of fish **sámV *sam- *sámpá
to hang down, lower **sanǯV (~ z-) *sanǯi- *sanǯika
hole, interval **sáńo (~ z-) *saŋa- *sằńí
bird dung **sańV(-k῾V) *saŋk *saŋga- *sańa
to envy **saŋe (~ z-) *saŋgu- *sài’ó- *sənia-m-
cold, cool **sằŋo (~ **z-) *seɣü- *saŋu-n, *saŋu-ksa *sàmù-
smoke **saŋu(ńV) (~ z-) *suwnag *saŋńan
brace, vice **sápa *sabak *sabsalga *sabga *sàpók
to hit, throw **sapV (~ -e-) *saba- *saba-
stick, pole **sắp῾í *sibeɣe *sap-kun *sə̀p *sìmpá ~ *símpá
long hair **sằp῾í *sapak *sabaga *sap- *sap- *sìmpái
to sprinkle, scatter **săp῾í *sep- *sabir- / *sibere- *sabda- *sp- *simpuki
shore **sàp῾ì *sEp *sapsV *sìpə̀
monkey **sara (~ **sero, **sura, **si̯ora, **z-) *sar-magčin, *sar-bačin *sàrû
locust, dragon-fly **sarču (~ **š-) *sarɨnčga *čarča- *čačaraku *čằnčárí *sunsu-musi
to drip, splatter **sark῾V *sark- *sark- *sargi-
a kind of blossoming plant **sáro *sarga- *sere- / *serke- *sara-ča *sátúkí
weak, exhausted **sàrpa (~ -p῾-) *sarp *sarba-ɣa *sàmpù-
a kind of tool **sàrp῾a *sa(r)pan *sorbi *sarpukī *sárp *sàpí
colt, foal **sarp῾e *sɨp *sarbaɣa
a kind of needle **sarp῾i (~ -e) *sạp- *sarpu-
to be worn out, torn **saru *saran *sar-ni- *sutar-
a bird of prey **sàru (~ -e-) *sar(ɨ) *sar *súrí
eyelash, eyebrow **sarumV (~ z-, -ŕ-) *sormu- *sarimi- *sə̀m
song, feast **sarV *sarɨn *sari
to be rare, thinned out **sā̀rV *sAr- *sar- *sār-
to get cold, freeze **saŕi *sAŕak / *sArk- *ser-
to know; beware, feel **sā́ŕi *sEŕ- (~ -ē-) *seri- *sā- *sari- *sír-
fence, village **sáŕo *soŕak *siröge *saru *sátuá
a kind of big fish **sā́ŕo(-gV) *sāŕV-gan *siröge *sarga-
to slander, condemn **sàǯV *saj- *seǯig *saǯī- *sài-r- (~ *sià-r-)
to love, have fun **sebe *seb- *sebki- *sebǯe- *sipɨ- *sua(m)pa-p-
strange, supernatural **sebV(nV) (~ z-) *sebe-ɣün *seben *sòn (< *sVbVn)
to think, determine **sèdá (~ z-) *sede-, *sed-ki- *sàntàmà-
nose bone **sedurk῾V (~ z-) *sadurkaj *serge-
to litter, mat **ségì (~ z-) *seg-l- *seg- *skắr- *sík-
nape, back of head **segsV *sügsün *segseji- / *sogsoji- *sekse-
a kind of small fur animal **segu *sogur (~ -a-) *sowsar *segep(ke)
healthy; blood **sḕgù *sạg *saji(n) *sēgV- *sà’ó-náb- *sùkù-jaka
relative by marriage **sejŋi *siŋil *seŋgi *sjā’òŋ *sai (~ sia)
three, a three-part object **séjra (~ z-) *sereɣe *sə̄ih *sárápí
thin, rare **sèjV *sedre- (< *sej-re-) *seji- *sēr *sə́ri *sài- (~ *sià-)
bolt, hinge **sela (~ -o) *salma / *salŋu *silbi- *selu-(mi)- *saru
mutually **séle (~ z-) *selü- *sə̀rɨ̀ *sə́rə́-p-
oar, spoon **sèĺbò (~ z-) *selbi-ɣür *súr *sànsì
to get lost, deviate **sēma *sAm- *samur- *sēm- *sámá-
fat **sĕme (-a) *semiŕ *semǯi *semesik *sam
caution, attention **sḕmi (~ z-) *sēme- *sàm- *símìas-
rust **sèmpa (~ z-, -o) *septu / * semtu *sàmp(u)ì
heel, ankle **sĕ̀ni *sinčök (~ -e-) *seńu- *sín
hole **sḕnV *sen- *sēn
fringe, hair lock **seŋa (~ -o, -u) *sAŋak / -at *saŋ- *seŋne
to throw, scatter **sĕpo *sabur- *sib- *sebu- *supuk-
inner fat, entrails **sepV *sebe-sü *sebe
to grip **sép῾à *siɣü(re)- *sepe- *sápár-
to wave, sway **sep῾a (~ -o) *sapɨ- *sebe- *sep-
side, inner side **sèp῾ó *saba *sōp *sə̀mpá
stick, rod **sèp῾ù (~ š-) *sạp *sibsi-rga *sùpà-dai
a kind of garlic **sera (~ -u, -o) *sarɨmsak *sar- *sergu- (~ -ǯ-)
table, prop **seri *serü *sireɣe *seri *sìr’ə́i *sì(n)tí
thread, embroidery **sēri (~ z-, -ŕ-) *serē- *sīr
a kind of blossoming bush **s[é]rko *surgar *seŋkürē *sằrkó *sákúra
to be curved, coiled **sero *sạr- *sariwu *sàrí- / *sə̀rí- *sər- (~ -ua-)
a kind of box or bag **seru(k῾V) (~ z-) *sarku *seruk *sə̀rk *sùr(u)ì
buttock, to defecate **sèrỼ *sɨrɨ- ~ *sarɨ- *sari- *seri(gi) *sìrì
to order, threaten, incite **sése *ses *sesu- *sìskú- *sə́sə́-
deer, wild animal **sési *sạs-na- (?) *sesi-n *sàsắm *sisi
thou **si *sẹ- *si *si
bitter, bitter plant **sìbi *sibüt *sibag *sipa (~ -b-) *psɨ́- *sìmpù- / *sìpə̀-
to tuck up, tie up **sĭ̀bi *sib- (*süb-) *siɣu- *sib- *sìmpàr-
wedge, to wedge **sibo (~ z-) *sibaga *siba- *sobija-ki
to suspend **sidí (~ š-) *südre- *sidur- *sīd- *sinta-r-
tassel, string **sido (~ -u, **si̯udu, š-) *sɨd- *siǯim, *sidem- *stɨ́i
to rub off, peel off **sidu (~ -o, -a) *sɨdɨr- *sidur- *sidu-
young boy or girl **sidV (~ z-, -i̯a-) *sida- *stắr
border, interval **sĭ̀gà *sɨgra *sig- *sàkàpì
sigh, holding breath **sĭ̀gà (~ z-) *seɣüre-sü *sigu- *sàkùrì
to look, search **sígá (~ z-) *sigiɣa- *sig- *čhắč- *sánk-
rain, (snow) storm **sigí (~ z-, -e, -o) *siɣurga *sig- *sinkúrai
thick growth **sĭ̀gó *siguj *sigǖ *sìnkài-
deer, horned animal **sĭgò *sɨg- *seɣenek (~ -i-) *sig- / *seg- *sika
to insert **sĭ́gú (~ **š-) *sɨg- *siɣa- *súnká-
gift, offer **sĭ̀jŋò *sɨjŋ *süj *siŋu- *sə̀nàpà-
to press, knead **sìjp῾ó *sɨjpa- *sibka(r)- *sip- *spù-pɨ́i- *sìmpò-r-
ear-ring **siju *sɨrga *süji-ken *sia-kan
to bite, break **sī́ju (~ -o) *sɨ̄- *süji- *sia-
a detail of the house entrance **sík῾e (~ -k-) *sekü *seg *siK- *síkímí
a plant with specific smell or taste **sík῾è (~ š-, **sék῾ì) *sikür *síkími
to press **sĭ́k῾ù (~ š-) *sɨk- *sika- *skằ- *súkú-má-
evening, dream **sik῾V (~ z-, -k-) *sikse *skú-m
completely, additionally **sìlá (almost) *sil ? *sila *sila *sàrá
dew, liquid; hoar-frost **sila *sil- *sil- *sile- *sə̀rí
to rub, clean **sī́la *sīl- / *sɨ̄la- *silu- *silkü- *sə̀r- *sárá-
to tremble, quiver, be benumbed **sĭ́lgù *silk- *silgeɣe- *silgü- *sir- *súkúm-
strap, yoke, dewlap **silV (~ z-, -ĺ-) *silaŋ *sil-
a kind of vessel **sílV (~ z-, -ĺ-) *silV *sìrɨ̀
sharp stick; tooth **sīĺa *sīĺ / *sɨ̄ĺ *sidü *sila(-bun) *sár *sàs-, *sàsì
a kind of bird **sìmò *sɨm *similǯen *sim- *sìmài
to be silent, whisper **simo (~ -u) *sɨm- *sim-
to meet an obstacle **símta *sɨmta- *simda- *sámáta-
to suffer, endure **sĭ̀ni (~ -e, -o) *sinal- *sinŋi- *sìnə̀-(m)p-, *sìnuà-(n)k-
double bone (of animals) **siŋra *sɨŋɨr- *siɣira *sire-
sinew **síŋri *siŋir *sinda-su *sire- *sì’úr
bone; shin bone **sìŋù *siŋök / *sɨŋok *siɣa *siŋa- *sɨ̀in *sùnài
clay, to smear **sípa *sɨba- *siba- *siba- *sápá
worm, insect **sipa (~ š-, -u, -o) *sɨbuĺgan *sibaǯi
swamped ground, swamp vegetation **sī̀pe *seb- *siber *sībe *símpà / *sìmpá
to whisper, cough **sĭ̀pi (~ z-, -o) *sibi- *sibu- *sìpa-
a kind of tree **sìpò (~ **z-) *sibür *sibu- *súp(h), *sùphɨ́r *sìpì
a kind of small bird **sipV (~ z-, -b-) *sibawu *sibi
a kind of pipe **sī́p῾í *sīpek *sib- *simpai
to spy; slander **sĭ̀p῾i (~ z-, -p-) *sibsi- *sipki- *sìpù-
hill, high mountain **sira (~ -u) *sɨrt *siru- / *siro- *sirk-
to quilt, sew together **sĭra (~ -u, -o) *sɨrɨ- *siri- *sira-
a measure of length or width **sire *sere *siru *sirə
thick hair, bristle **sirp῾a (~ -o,-u) *sɨrt *ser- / *sir- *sirpa-kta
pain **siŕu (~ -o) *sɨŕ- *sir- *sir *sìrɨ́m
to baste, cloth **sísu (~ z-) *sisegej *sise- *sɨs- *súsuá
to think, worry, be anxious **sít῾ì (~ z-) *sitü- *sita- *sìtɨ́rə́p- *sítáp-
ladder, framed wall **sìt῾ò *sita *sitkī *satări *sìtə̀mi
bands tied to sacrifices **sit῾Ỻ (~ z-, š-) *seter *sintai (~ -ia)
to sew, perforate, awl **si̯ăbi *siböge *sibi- *hō-
a kind of stick **si̯ā̀bo *seɣül *sōba *sàwùa
a kind of foliage tree **si̯ā̀gi *següt *siɣer *siakta
nit, louse **si̯ằjrí *sirke *sirke *sire- *hjə̀ *sìrám(u)i
white **si̯ā̀jri *siarɨg *sira *siarū- *hắi- *sìruà-
chaff, husks **si̯aku (~ z-) *saga- *suK- *skór *suku-mə
to think, worry **si̯ā́k῾à *siāk- *sege-, *seke- *siaK- *skắi- *sákà-
a kind of small fur animal **si̯alo(-kV) *sialɨk *sileɣü-sü *solüki *sɨra-
wound, pain **si̯ame (~ -i, -i̯o-) *sim-si- *hə̀mɨ́r
to be distressed, think with sadness **si̯ā́ńi *siāń- *sinu-
a kind of big fish **si̯āŋa *siaŋa- *sama-i
yellowish, greyish **si̯ăŋe(rV) (~ z-) *saɣar- *siŋa(r)-
to wither, rot **si̯ā́p῾í (~ z-) *sebesüre- *siaba- (~ -p-) *símpə́m-
to add, addition **si̯ắp῾ú *sep- *sup- *súmpa-
scar, wound **si̯arpu *sorbi *surba-kta *hə̄r-
earth, sand; marsh **si̯ắŕi *siaŕ *siraɣu *siru- *hằrk *situ
noise, sound **si̯ā̀sa *ses *siasi-n *sàsà-
to ill-treat, betray **si̯ata *siat-ga- *sadur
freckles, pimples **si̯obe (~ -p-) *seb- *seb *subgu
to flee; to pursue **s[i̯ó]č῾i *suč- *soči- *suča- *čòčh- *sítá-(n)kap-
cross-bow, arrow **si̯oga *sAg[u]n *saɣali *sug- *hoàr *sa
back, back skin **si̯óga *sagrɨ *sajir / *saɣari *sogda-nsa *hə̀- *sá- / *sə́-
vein, sinew **si̯ŏ̀gdú (~ z-) *sudal *sigde *sùntí
wart; pock-mark **si̯òge *s[e]göl (/ *sögil) *söɣel *sogi- *hók
shallow, shallow place **si̯ŏ́gu *sɨg *siɣa-r *sigi- *sú
sun; sky **si̯ŏ̀gu *sigūn *hắi *suà-rá
to consider, count **si̯ōje *sā(j)- *siɣü- *sū- *hjə̄i-
to suck, to lick **si̯ṓjri *sōr- *soru- *hjə́, *hàr-hắ- *sìtá
pole, tent made of poles **si̯ṓjru *sɨ̄ruk / *sūrɨk *surgaɣag *siaraŋ *hjə
loop, lace **si̯ōku (~ z-) *segel-dereg *siaKu *suki
small, few **si̯ŏ́k῾ù *siKe- *hòk- *sùkù- / *sùkuà-
to be hollow, crack **si̯ŏ́k῾ù *suk- *sekeɣe / *segeɣe *six- *skɨ́-m, *skí- *súk-
to make, put **si̯óle *sal- *hằ- *sỺ-
some internal organ **si̯ŏlo *solak *söl- *silu-kta
easy, quick, smart **si̯ōlu *sila-magai *siali- *húrí- *sura-
to mock, slander **si̯ṓĺe *siāĺ- *sila- *sulu *hār- *sə́sír- (~ *suásír-)
wet snow, hoar-frost **si̯òmì (~ z-) *simarga *sumu *sìmə̀
to close, bind tight **si̯ṑmi (~ z-) *sima- *sōm- *sìmà-r-
one, single **si̯óna *s[ɨ]ŋar (< *s(i)an-gar) *sondu- *soni *hằnàh *sa-, *sane
night **si̯ono (~ z-) *söni *siŋkē
vertebra, spine ramification **si̯oŋre *sEŋir *seɣer *soro-ptun
rib **si̯ŏ̀pe (~ -i) *sabar *sübe- *subi-
sideway, to follow by sideway **si̯ŏ́p῾è *sap- *supti- *sə́p-
thorn, thorny bush **si̯ṓp῾ì *siāpan *süje *sup- *sípína
oval-shaped, conus-shaped **si̯ŏp῾u *supɨ *sibo- *sip-
female or gelded ungulate animal **si̯orek῾V (~ -i-) *sarɨk *serke *surki
to flow, be soaked **si̯òri *sora- *hɨ̀rɨ̀- *sìtà-t-
sinew **si̯ŏ̀rme *sirmö- / *sirbö- *sumu- *hím
to scoop; to wash **si̯ŏ́su *sus- *sisa- *sìs-, *sɨ́s- *súsú-k-
behind, bottom **si̯óti (~ **z-) *sido *soti *stá(h) *sítá
thigh, hip **si̯ót῾e (~ **si̯at῾u) *satan *hə̀túi(h)
sharp stick **s[i̯o]ǯe *söje- *seǯi- *suǯa-ku
water **si̯uba (~ -u) *sɨb *usu
to be hoarse (of voice) **si̯ū̀bi (~ **z-) *söɣe- *sīb- *sùb- *siwa-(n)kara- (~ -p-)
end **si̯ū́bu *sīb-ri *seɣül *sube- *sìbúr *súwá-i
diarrhoea **si̯uču *sɨč- *čiča-ga *sosa- *čɨ̀čhɨ́i-
a hoof deformation **si̯udu (~ -a) *sɨdɨr-gak *södürge *sudu *sia (~ *sai)
yellowish, light **si̯ū́jro *sūr *sirga *sür- *sjə̄i-
a kind of bird **si̯ŭ̀[k]i (~ **š-) *süglin *skuə̀ŋ *sìnkî
to copulate, insert **si̯ū̀ku (~ -a) *sik- *sige-d- *sōKān
a kind of worm **si̯ŭli *sül- *silV-
gall **si̯ūli (~ z-, -ĺ-) *söl-sü *sī, *sīl-se
conifer, pine tree **si̯ulu (~ **z-, -ĺ-) *silmeɣü-sü *sol- *sór
dark, obscure **si̯umi *süm *süme- *sim-
cough **s[i̯ù]mk῾i *simük, *simki- *simki- *sàik- ~ siàk-
a kind of grass, flower **si̯ùmu *sim- *sum- *sùm-
to hear, observe **si̯ū́na *sɨ̄n *sonos- *s(j)ən-
fade, extinguish **si̯ū́ni *sȫn- *sönü- *sī- (~ -ǖ-) *sín-
a kind of knife or lance **si̯únŋi *süŋgü *sumun *siŋńa- *sòní
island, shallow place **si̯únŋu (~ z-) *sinaɣa- *suŋnī- *súná
form, shape **si̯ùnu *sɨ(j)n *süne-sü *sùn-kata
hoar-frost **si̯ùŋe *seŋ *söŋ *süŋü- *sə́ŋ- / *sə́n- / *sán- *sùnsù-
fight, wrestling **si̯úŋe *söŋü-ĺ / *süŋü-ĺ *süŋkē- *súmápú
to sink **s[i̯ú]ŋu *siŋ- *siŋge- *suŋta *síntúm-
to whine, weep **si̯ùŋu *siŋ- (~ -ɨ-) *soŋa- *sùná-
a kind of flying insect **si̯ŭ́ŋV(-kV) *siŋek *simaɣul *süŋke *sáimì (~ -ia-)
arrow; fight, battle, success in battle **si̯ū́ra *sɨ̄r- *sur *sori *sàră- *satu-i
ant, insect eggs **si̯uru (~ z-, -ŕ-) *sirgolǯi *sura *sɨr-
sound **si̯ŭ́ŕe *söŕ *sür- / *sur- *sür- *sòrắi
to flow, drip **si̯ŭ̀ŕi *süŕ- *sür- *sir-
to drag; sleigh **si̯uŕo *soŕ- *siru- *sùr’úi *sə́rì (~ *-ui, -əi)
a kind of bamboo **si̯úsa *sɨs *susē-gde *sàsắr *sásá
to throw out, push out **si̯útu (~ **z-) *side- *sut- *sòt- *súta-
milk, a kind of liquid **si̯ū́t῾i (~ -t-) *sǖt *ü-sü-n *site- *stɨ́-
a kind of small animal **si̯uǯakV *sɨčgan *čičaguli *suǯakī
to scoop **sōdV (~ z-, -ū-) *sōda *stɨ́-
drunken, alcoholic drink **sógà (~ -u-) *sUg- *sogta- *sù’ɨ̀r *sáká-i
to breathe, breath **soge *soglɨ- *süji- *sug- *sūi-
a kind of meat dish **sogì *sögül- *suɣumaj *sugulē-n *suki-jaki
a kind of onion **sogŋV *soŋgina *seŋKule (< *soŋKule?)
to search, choose **sogú *soŋgu- *sugele- (/ *segule-)
to curse **sṓjk῾ì *sȫk- *sögeɣe- / -k- *sujKu- *sikar-
to kneel, be inclined **soke *sök- *sögüd- *suku-
to split **soke (~ -i̯u-, -k῾-) *sök- *sə̀nk-
stuffed guts **sokV *sogut / *soktu *sugu- *sokta
to be harmed, deceived **sṑk῾e *sökel *sögüɣe *sōk- *sòk-
to be lax, loose **sṓlo *sōl *sula *sula- *săr- *səra- (~ -ua-)
yellow, bleak **sṑlV *sol- *sō-
gore, gusset **sòmú (~ z-) *sumu *soma *sắmái *sùmí
trace, back, behind **sònŋu *soŋ *sun-du- *soŋka (~ *sonŋV-ka) *sùm-
dog hunt, dog rope **sŏ̀nu *sonar *suna *sànhằiŋ *sùnà-tər-
to ask, inform **sṓra *sōr(a)- *sori- *sure *sátə́-
a kind of dish, basket **sóra (~ z-, -u-, -ŕ-) *sora *sòr- *sárá
well, very, extremely **sū *su *sō *su *su
steam, odour **suba (~ -bg-) *sogul- *sabsa- *subgi-
to tie, bind **suba (~ -o, -u) *sub-luk *soji- *sub-
a 1-year-old animal **subV (~ z-, -p-) *subaj *sube
soot, coal **súču (~ **si̯účo, **z-) *čučal(i) / *čičula *sùsk *sùsû
sweet **sūč῾i *sǖči- *čöčügej
to spit out, spurt **suda *sud- *sadara-
a kind of water-bird **sugá *sugen (~ -b-) *sói *sankí
inside, deep inside **súgò (~ -o-) *soglɨ- *suɣu(wu) *sug- *so’ok *sə́kə́
a kind of weed **sugú (~ -o-) *suji-ka *suga-kta *sɨŋ’a *sunkai, *suKaN-
sour **suji (~ z-, si̯uju) *suje- *sɨ̀i-, *sūi- *sù-
green plants, edible plants **sùjli *suli / *süli *söl *sol-gi *súi
to scoop, bucket **sŭ́ku *sogur- *sugu- *soKa- *sok-kori *súkúp-
deer, female deer **sūku *sūkak *sogu(ɣa) *sog-ǯe- *su(n)karu
a kind of fish **suku (~ z-, -o-) *sogoču *sugǯansa *sukai
branches, tamarisk **suk῾e *süksük *sukaj *suK- *sak-
village **suk῾ì (~ **š-, **z-, **sik῾u) *sɨ́k- *suki
nose, part of nose **suma *sum- *samsaɣa *soŋgi-
a kind of weed, hemp **súme *süm- ? *sömü-sü *sum- *sàm *sua
piece of wood **sume (~ z-) *sumun *suama
seed, grain **sùnà *sunu *sànài
crest, hair lock **sū̀na (~ z-, -i̯ō-) *sančig *sōna
to stretch **sūnu (~ -o) *sūn- *sunu- *sūn-
sour, acid, stinking **sū̀re *sirke *sori- *sūr- *sə̄r- *suarasi
to go away, drive away **sū́ri *sǖr- *suru- *sɨ́r-
root (of tooth), fang **surV (~ z-, -ŕ-) *surbalǯi *surka
this, that (3d pers. pronoun) **sỺ (~ **š-) *-sɨ/-si *sə́-
a kind of soup **šàčú *šasi-kan (~ -i-, -ü-) *čə́s *sùsí
small finger, index finger **šā̀ke (~ **č῾-) *čɨka-ń *sige- / *čige- *čāgdi (~ *š-)
white **šā̀k῾a *čakɨr *čagaɣan *šāk-
a celestial body **šálpu *čolbun *čalbaka (~ š-) *súmpárú
a kind of berry **šaŋku *čaŋɨĺ *čaŋgis *sunkuri
clear, light **šā̀ŋu *čAŋ *čaŋ *šā(ŋ)- *sùm-
upper part of throat **šek῾a *sakak *sakaɣu *čeKe- (~ š-)
sparrow **šĕ̀rčú *serče *š[i]ču-kān *sùnsúmaí
to bake, boil **šero *sira- *čere- (~ *š-) *sằr-m-
lattice, cross-bars **šèru *sar- *sara- *šerin *sár *sùntare
urine, to urinate **šī́k῾i / **šī́k῾-di *sīk *siɣe- *šiKē-n *stòŋ *sitə (~ -ua)
to suck, soak **šĭ́mi *simü- *sime *šime- *sɨ́mɨ́i- *sím-
small finger **šimuč῾V *čɨmɨč- *šimučken
to sweep **šĭp῾V *sipür- *siɣür- *čipi- (~ š-,-ü-) *psɨ́r-
to melt **šī̀rV (~ -ŕ-) *siri- *šīri-
to sit; be seated, implanted **ši̯ábu *saɣu- *sà’ò-rí *súwá-
small, narrow **ši̯ábu *sEb-re- *saɣa- *šoba- (~ -p-) *súmp-
a kind of rope, fabric **ši̯àč῾í *sačuk *čeče *sắčh *sì(n)tú
to see badly, have bad eyesight **ši̯ā́k῾ù *sĀkɨ- *sokar *šoKa- *sjōkjə́ŋ *súk-
piece of meat, flesh **ši̯ằĺì *silbi *čilki (~ š-) *sắrh *sìsì
island; forest **š[i̯à]mì *simek *šumi (~ č-) *sjə̄m *sìmà
sack **ši̯ā̀mu *sAmar *sumal *šūm- *sjə́m
to set fire, burn **ši̯ā̀t῾ì *sita- *šāta (~ č-) *stāi- *sitə-ki
wrinkle, gills **ši̯óbi *šoba- (~ -p-) *síwá
a kind of metal **ši̯ṓča *siāč *čas *šušu
hair (of head), feather **ši̯òče *s(i)ač *šoša- *číčh
young of domestic animals **ši̯ṓč῾ko *čōčka *šičukta *sàskí
cold **ši̯ogo *sogɨ-k *šig- *sik- *səjə
juice **ši̯ṑgV *siɣü-sü *šūkse *skúr
to skin, peel **ši̯ŏju *soj- *siɣal- *čī- (~ *šī-) (< *šij-)
juice, fluid **ši̯ṑlí *söl *silö *šōla *sìrú
scoop, vessel **ši̯ṑŋe *seŋek *sinaga *šōŋ-
claw, to claw **ši̯op῾a *sabur *šopa-
stake, pole **ši̯ṑri (~ **ši̯ā̀ro) *s(i)ar-ča *siro *šōra
bucket **ši̯uga(lV) *sugu *saɣulga *šugle-
thorn, (pine) needle **ši̯ū̀jò *sojagu *sojuɣa *šǖje *sāi *sə̀jà
sharp instrument **ši̯ŭk῾u *süke *šuK- *súkí
to twist, twisted threads **ši̯ū̀po *sub-luk (?) *subu- *šǖba
to suck, hold in mouth **ši̯úp῾ù *sɨp- *siɣü- *šupa- (~ č-) *sp-ắr- *súp-
to rub, polish **ši̯ŭ́r[e] *sür(-t)- *sürči- *šürü- (/*šurü-) *sɨ̀rh- *súr-
beads **ši̯ŭru *sɨrɨčga *sirü *čuri- / *čurē- (~ š-)
to leak, ooze **ši̯ŭŕu *sɨŕ- *sir- *čurgī- (~ š-)
to dive, submerge, scoop **šŏ́mo *čom- / čöm- *čomu *šom- *sằm- *sə́má-
deep, hollow **šŏŋe (~ -i) *čöŋ- *čoŋg- / *čöŋk- *šoŋ-
a kind of fish **tằbà (~ -p-) *dabka *dabā *tàpì
bad wind, infectious disease **tā̀bi *dabul *düjiren *dā(b)-
trade, barter **tabu *dab- *daɣ- *tòbɨ́i *tùpìjái
to endure, obey **tā̀bú *daɣa- *dābu- *tùmpúnai
trap, to obstruct **tā́de *dɨ̄d- *čidör *dad- *tət
complete **tagi *degül *deɣüren *dagu- ~ -b-
sharp, to cut **tago *dogra- *daɣa- *da(ga)-
root, grass root **tagù *TAgna *degne- / *dagna- *daga *tuku-nai
to lean on **taja *daja- *daji- (?) *daja- *tajə-r- (~ -ua-)
big, good **tā̀jV *daja-gu *daja- *dāji
elder in-law, elder relative **tā́jV *dāj- *dā *dia (~ *dai)
snake, lizard **táke (~ d-) *dakV (?) *tòirjòŋ *tə́ká-
to attach, touch, reach **tàk῾u *dAk- *duku- *dak-sa- *tàh- *tùk-
wing, shoulderblade **talo *dalu, *dali *tằr’ái *tà-i
to be together **tál[u] *delim *dali- *dali- *tằrí-, *tăr-m- *túrá-
to lick **tā́lV *dāla- *dol[u]ɣa- *dala-
other side, outer side **tắĺbà *daĺ *dalba *tàră- *də́sə̀
harness **tàĺbe *duĺa- *delbeg *də̀sə̀p-
mat, mattress **tā̀ĺ[o] *döĺe- *dāli
to bind, rope **tằnŋù *daŋ- *daŋ- *tan *tùnà
to love, long for **tàńo *dańa-la- *tń- *tànuà-
shelf **tāŋa *dāŋsa *táná
pig **tā̀ŋo *doŋuŕ *dāŋu- *to’a-
to hurry, gallop **tapV *dabra- *dab- *dab-
to stamp, press **tā́p῾V *dāp- *dabta- *dap-
swelling, hardening, tumour **tara *dar- *darga *tari
a kind of plant, reed **tăra *dạrɨ-g *darki *daragan *tār
to stretch, spread **tā̀ro *dar- *dar- *dār- *tăr-
follow, follow in a row **tā́rV *dārɨ- *daraɣa *dā-, *dara-n
to say, sound **tḗ *dē- *dawu- *de(b)-
pelvis, lower part of body **tèbú *debu(kī) *tùmpì
high; top, mountain **tēga *dāg *deɣe- *deg- *tə- *tàkà-
mushroom **tègà (~ -o) *degunŋēkte *tàkài
round **tegá (/**t῾egá) *deg- / *dög- / *dog- *tög/körig *thɨ- / *thə- *tánka
to make knots, tie to a hook **teg[u] *düg- *degeɣe *deg-
to become loose, faint, tire **tḗla *dāl- *del(u)- *tarh- *tar(a)-
decking, duck-boards **télki *Tel *deleg *delkē- *tɨ̀rkuə̀r *(d)íká(n)ta
wild, mad, dumb **tēlo *dẹ̄l(b)ü- *dele-
to split, strike **telV *del- *dele- *del-
? female **teĺV *diĺi *delku-
in vain, (scarcely) sufficient **tḗma *dēmin *demej, *dömü- *dem- *tāmắi-n *támá
to drip, soak **tĕ́mo *dam *tằm- *támár-
root; strength, soul **tèmò (~ -a) *dạmor *daŋ-gi (< *dam-gi) *tàmà
axle, spindle **téŋgu *deŋgil *thòŋ
to wave, flap; fly **tĕ́p῾é *depre- *debi- *dep(-si)- / *dapsi- *tə́mp-
phlegm, secretion **tĕ́re (~ -o) *dẹr *derbe- *də́ntá-ri, -rai
surface, skin; color **tḕrì *dẹri *čiraj *dēre *(d)ìrə̀
to pull **tert῾a *dart- *tata- *derde-
to gather, collect **tēru (~ č-) *dēr- *dar-ta- *tùtuàp-
respect, care **tḕtu *det- *čida- *dēdu- *tùtù-
swamp, water pool **tèt῾o (~ -a, -u) *TAdgun *detu
a kind of blossoming bush **tī̀búlka *d(i)abɨlku *čibaga *dībekte *tùmpákì
elevation **tī̀du *dīdü (~ ǯ-) *tùtə́n *tùtùmí
to plant vertically **tī̀k῾i *dik- *čike *dīKē-
tongue; voice **tilV *dɨl / *dil *dilga-
to sink, enter **tire *deriŋ *diri- *tɨ́r- *(d)ír-
thick, plenty **tī́ri *dīri- *čirgaɣu *dir- *(d)ita-
narrow; short **ti̯ā́re *d(i)ār *ǯir- *tjə̀r-
to touch, reach **ti̯ok῾e *dẹg- *dökü-
spleen **ti̯ṓle *d(i)ālak *deliɣün *ǯō(l) *tira (~ č-) *(d)í (~ *(d)ə́-i)
stone **ti̯ṓĺì *diāĺ *čilaɣu *ǯola *tōrh *(d)ísì
two **ti̯ubu *TVbVr- *ǯiwrin ~ *ǯuirin *ǯube- *tubu, *tuburh
to pour **ti̯ùke *dök- *tahi- *tùk-
wedge, peg **ti̯ū́ĺu (~ **č-) *dīĺ *ǯul-
to be full (of stomach, belly) **todV *dod- *tude-
wild, ferocious **tògà (~ č-, -k-, -u-) *dog-si- *tàkià-
falcon **tógà (~ č-, -u-) *dogan *táká
mound, dam **tógì (~ -u-, -u) *dug[i]- *tuk *túkà
a kind of fish **togV *Tog *dogdur *dukčā
four **tṓj- *dȫrt *dör-ben, *dö-čin *dügin *də-
base of a horn, callosity **tok῾à *Tok *duku *dokta- *takua
to plait, weave **tok῾V (~ -k-) *doku- *duKu- *tàh-, *th-ɨ̀r-
quiet, languid **tole *döle- *döli-gen / *dölü-gen *dulu-
progeny, generation **tóle (~ -i̯o-, -i̯a-) *döl *də́
to spin, turn round **tòlu (~ ti̯ùlo) *dolga- *tòr- / *tùr- *də̀r-
birch bark, vessel made of birch bark **tṓŕu *Tōŕ *duru-sun *duri *turəi *túrú(m)pài
end, edge **túbù (~ -o-) *daɣus- *dubē *tūih *túpí
to sound, howl **tùdì (~ -o-) *düdüne- *dudu- *tùtù-
to pound **tŭ̀gì *düg- *tügsi- *dug- *tìh- *tùk-
to make a sign **tū́jk῾ú *Tūkrag *doki- *duKū- *tjək- *túnká-
hill, top **tújpè (~ d-) *dobu / *döbe *dǖ- (~ *düb-) *(d)ípà
to listen, perceive **tuju *duj- *duɣul- *duja *tua-p-
barren **tū̀lu (~ -o) *dul(k) *dūla- *tur-
to hear **tū̀ĺdi *düĺ-ün- *dōldī- *tɨ̀d-
clear sky, noon **tū̀ĺe *düĺ *düli *dōlā
to bend down, fall **tū̀ĺe (~ -i) *düĺ- *döli- *dōl-
drum **tumi *düm- *düŋgür *tuntumi
cold, snot **túmu (~ č-, -i, i̯u-o, i̯a-u) *dum *túm-
cold, frost **tuŋa *doŋ *daɣara- *doŋota
relative by marriage **túŋì *düŋür *duŋ- *túmà
bottom **tū́p῾e (~ **ti̯ūp῾i, **č-) *dǖp *dow-
face **turi *dür *düri *duru-n *tura
to wrap, fold **tūri *dǖr- *dörseji- *tùtùm-
tube, round vessel **tū́ti *dǖtük *doda-ka(n) *tútú
that **t῾à (**t῾è) *ti-(kü) *te-re *ta- *tjə́ *tə̀-
foot, footwear **t῾ā́bá *dāpan *tabag *tabu- *tàmp(u)î
to pick up, collect **t῾abi (~ -o) *teɣü- *tab-
to unfasten, disentangle **t῾ằgè *tajila- *taga- *tə̀k-
dirt (dust, clay) **t῾ā̀go *Tog *tāksa
to float, slide **t῾ā́ja *tāj- *taji-tu- *tia- (*taj-) *taju-
a kind of vessel **t῾àjrá *TAr *torku *tājá *tàrápì
to scatter, disperse **t῾ájri *tara-, *tarka- *tí- *tír-
a kind of (foliage) tree **t῾aklu *togli *talgīg *tunkai
to be angry, swear **t῾ắkta *Tata- *tagda- *tátár-
to repair **t῾ằkù *Tagra- *taku- *tùkùr-
completely **t῾akV *tag *taKa- *tà’ằ-
ceremony, sacrifice **t῾ắk῾ì *toku *taki- *taKu- *tíká-p-
knee bow, knee cap **t῾ak῾i (~ -u) *TaK(ɨ) *takim *taxi
a kind of aquatic animal **t῾ā̀k῾ò *tāxVr *tàkuà
a kind of tree **t῾ák῾ù *takti-kān *tàk *túkúi
to use **t῾ák῾ù *toki *taKura- *thắ- *túkáp-
salt, to pickle **t῾ák῾ù (~ -k-) (?) *taK(V) *túká-
to plunder, seduce **t῾ā́la *tāla- *tala- *tàr’ái- *tárá-s-
open place, open sea **t῾ā̀lV (~ -ĺ-) *tala, *tal-b- *tālgi-
thigh, hip **t῾aĺp῾V *taĺak *talbag *talpi
to taste, munch **t῾àma *tamsija- *tami- *tàmiàs-
wall, roof **t῾āma *Tām *tama *tamV- *tám *tàmùruá
to bestow, pay **t῾ằma (~ -o) *tama- *tàmàp-
to put into, gather **t῾ámu *tama- / *tem- *tama- *tām- *túm-
to plunder **t῾ànŋú *tonu- *tanŋa- *tùmí
to count, recite **t῾ănŋV *tạnu- *taŋna- *taŋ-
to stretch, pull **t῾āno *teneji- *tān- *tằŋ-kắi- *tana-pik-
nose, part of face round nose **t῾ā́nV (~ -ē-) (?) *T(i)āna *tanaɣa
a big number **t῾aŋa *taŋgu *tamura
admiration; condolence **t῾ā́ŋe *tāŋ *taŋ- *tə́mú-ráp-
oath, God **t῾aŋgiri *teŋri / *taŋrɨ *taŋgarag *taŋgura- *tinkir-
shell, pearl **t῾aŋnà *tana *taŋa *tàŋ’àrí *tàmà
a kind of black bird **t῾ằŋu *taɣu *taŋu- *tùnkúm(u)í
to trick, caper **t῾ápỼ *Teb *tebede- *tabsa- *tápá-
to worship **t῾áp῾à *tap- *taji- *tap- *tápútuá-
to go through **t῾ằp῾è *Top- *tawul- *tap *tə̀pə̀r-
earth, dust **t῾ăp῾o(rV) *topra-k *toɣur- *tap-
a kind of small animal **t῾ằrba *Tabɨrga *tarbagan *targa *tàtàkaí
a kind of water bird **t῾ari *tArakaj *čirökej *tarmī
wild, wild animal **t῾aso *tosun *tosi- *tasaka
to hit, fight **t῾at῾àk῾V *tatki- *tằthó- *tatak-
to reach, arrive at, stay at **t῾ằt῾e *tata- *tàtằ-d- *tə̀ntùk-
rash, scabs **t῾ā́t῾u *tāt (/*tōt) *tačir *tuta-ril- *tə̀tə́i *tútú-(n)ká
to cut, chop **t῾at῾V *tata- *tagdī- *tàtắm-
time **t῾éba *Teb *tew-ke *támpì
to run **t῾ḕbà *tabɨĺgan *tawlai *tēb- *tapasir-
to help, assist, serve **t῾ébo *tab *teb- *tōb- *tá(m)pa-p-
to put **t῾ebV *debir- *teɣe- *teb- *tú-
to transmit **t῾édù *teǯije- *tedē- *tútáp-
to sit; bed **t῾égè (~ -o) *tege- *thắ- *tə́kə́
edge, border **t῾égè(-rV) *Tegre *teg *tegē-r (/-n) *tə́h *tə́kə́rə́
calm, quiet **t῾ĕ̀ja *tajibu- *teje- *tàjá-, *tàjù-
to put, set **t῾ḕjbo *tabi- *tēb- *tằbi-
piece, tear into pieces **t῾ĕ̀kí *tikö *teke- *tàhí- *tìnkìr-
to become thick (of liquids) **t῾ékù *tekti *tùthə̀-b-, *tōi- *túka-
kind, equal, level **t῾èk῾á (~ -k-) *tekiŕ *teg-si *tànk-
separate, solitary **t῾ḗk῾í (~ -k-) *tēk *čig *tínkáp-
bottom, foundation **t῾ḗk῾o *TĒk *taka *texēn
dirt **t῾elbu *TAlagu *tolbu *telbe *tə̄rə̀b-
string, spreader, to spread **t῾ḗlù *tēl *tele- *tel- *túrù
to sober up **t῾ḕlV (~ -ĺ-) *telere- *tēl-
net string, net needle **t῾ĕma (~ -o) *temen *tamasu *teme- *tamua
scarce, rare **t῾ème (~ -o-) *temu- *tɨ́mɨ́r- *tə̀mə̀-
to burn, kindle **t῾èmo (~ t-) *Tạm- *tə̀mə̀-s-
boat, raft **t῾ḕmu *tamara- *tēmu *tumu
to grope, search **t῾emV *temteri- *temi-
to kick, shake **t῾eŋa *TEŋ- *taŋga- *teŋ-
lowland **t῾ḕŋà *tEŋ *tēŋ- *tànì
a kind of flying insect **t῾èŋo *teŋer- / *toŋor- *toŋ’ăi *tə̀m-
to catch, embrace, armful **t῾ḕpá *teberi- *tēbe- *tə̀pɨ́r- *tàmpá
tuft (of hair) **t῾ĕp῾á *tepö (-ü) *tab, *tebeg *teb- *tapar *tampua
to cover, obstruct **t῾ep῾à *tepku *tə̀ph- / *tùph- *tapa-
to hit, tip over **t῾ĕ̀p῾a *Tap-la- *taɣ- / *tuji- *tep- *tàpú-
to endure, abstain **t῾èp῾à *TEpiŕ *tebči- *tàpà-
warm, to burn **t῾ep῾V *tẹpi- *tepe- *tə̀b-
pair, to compare **t῾ḕra *tērī *tàtùap-
hair, wool, thread **t῾éra (~ -u) *TAram *terge- *tə̀rh(í)
a big cutting instrument **t῾ĕ̀rbò *törpi-gü *tarbagaj *terin *tàtì
to think **t῾erk῾o (**t῾erVk῾o) *TẹrKe- *tariki *terge-
eagle, vulture **t῾ĕ́ŕa (~ -o) *dAŕ *tarbalǯi *ter- *tátú
bald **t῾eŕo *daŕ (~ -ā-) *tar- *tăi- / tắrk
dirt, dung **t῾ḕŕù *tEŕek *tērgēn *tə̄r- *tùtì
thou **t῾i *či
camel, elk **t῾ĭbŋe *debe *teme-ɣen *tibŋa
louse **t῾ijV *Ti- *ti-kte
to stuff into, press into **t῾ĭ́[k῾]ù *tɨkɨ- *čiki- *tiki- *tìk- *túk-
to fear, hate **t῾ik῾V *tik- *čikul *tiKun-, *tiKul-
noise, sound, to make noise **t῾ĭ̀má (low) *Tiŋ(mi) *čimeɣe *tim- *tamɨr- *tàmár-
to search **t῾ìnt῾a *tint- *tàntùna-
far **t῾íp῾ò (~ t-, -e-, -b-, t῾ap῾e, t῾i̯op῾e, t῾i̯ap῾e) *ptɨ́- *tə́pə́-
straw **t῾i̯op῾o *topon *tìp
head **t῾ire (~ -ŕ-, -i) *teriɣün *tiru-
to press, make a support **t῾ī́ri *dīre- *tirē- *tìrɨ̀-
to take, snatch **t῾ī̀ro *tī- *tɨ̀r- *tə̀r- (~ -ua-)
morning **t῾iru (~ -i̯u-) *tirga (~ -ü-) *tutə (~ -ua)
to run, flee **t῾ī́ŕge *tēŕ- *terge- *tirgī-
a kind of vessel **t῾i̯age *t(i)agar(a) *toguɣa(n) *tige (~ -ü-)
a kind of vessel **t῾i̯ákù *tekne *tagsi *tuku- ~ *taku- *tói *túkì
a horned animal **t῾i̯ā̀ku *teke *togij *tōKī
hen; duck **t῾i̯àk῾à *tiakɨgu (/ -ŋu) *takija *tiaku *tàkà(m)pái
shelf **t῾i̯ā́k῾ù *tĀkan *tuK- *túkú-wái
to hang, strap **t῾i̯ā̀lo *TAlk- *telej *tōli *tắr- *tàr-
to splash, overflow **t῾i̯ā́ĺke *d(i)āĺ(ɨ)- *čilga- *tilka-
ball, round, curved **t῾i̯àma *tiam- *tàma
to crush, pound, knead **t῾i̯ame (?) *Tam- *čimar *timre
a kind of carriage **t῾i̯árko *terge *turki *tằrkó
to curse **t῾i̯ăru *Tẹrk- *tarki- *turē-
to melt **t῾i̯árV (~ -ŕ-) *tiar- *tə́rə́-
very **t῾i̯àsá *tAs *tasu *tias- *tàsí *tàsí-
a kind of vehicle **t῾i̯olge *Tilgen (~ -e-) *telegen *tolga
moon **t῾i̯òlgu *tergel *tắr *tùkùi
to shine, reflect **t῾i̯ṑlo *tolui *tī- *tàir- (~ tìar-)
air or water space **t῾i̯oŋe *töŋk- *tuŋ- *taŋh / *təŋh
to search **t῾i̯op῾è *tăp- *taɣa- *toph- *təp-
to trample **t῾i̯ŏ́p῾é *tep- / *dēp- *teɣe- / *teji- / *tübü- *tubu- (~ -p-) *tjap- (?) *túmpú-
limit, completely **t῾i̯op῾u *top *tujil *tiap
to cultivate (earth) **t῾i̯òra *TArɨ- *tarija-n *tà
hired labour **t῾i̯ṑre *ter *türije-sü *tōrī- *tùtuà-ma-
support, beam **t῾i̯ór(g)e *Terki *terki- *turga- *tòrí *túrí-(n)kə́i
help, benefit **t῾i̯ŏ̀so *Tus- *tüsi- *tisū- *thas *tàsùka-
stick, staff **t῾i̯ùbu *tìp(h)- *tùwái
a period of time **t῾i̯udu *Tɨdɨn *tuǯi *tùnâi
quay, harbour **t῾i̯ŭ̀ge (~ -o) *tuguj *tügde- *tù
cover **t῾i̯úgo *Tugur *tuɣurga *tüksa *tù’ə́i *tu-i
to fall, drop **t῾i̯ukV *tüK-, *tügde *tɨ̄d-
hair (on body) **t῾i̯ū́k῾e (~ -i) *tǖk *tokum *tiKi (~ -ü-)
to intend, reason **t῾i̯ula (~ -u) *Tɨlda- *tula *tul-
to weaken, be exhausted **t῾i̯ule (~ -o) *tul- *tüla-
night, yesterday, dark **t῾i̯ū̀ni *tün *tüne *tīnu-
staff **t῾i̯ùŋo (~ -e) *tujiban *tüjŋe(-pun) *tùmìpá
dust, smoke; to rise (dust, smoke) **t῾i̯up῾i *tüpi *tip-
nail; hoof **t῾i̯ŭ́p῾o *tubńa-k *tuwra, *turuɣu *tüpa, *tüp-ken *tòph *túmá-i
straps for hanging **t῾i̯ŭ́re *terkü (~ -i-) *türü *tɨ̀rí- *túr-
fish roe **t῾i̯uri (~ **t῾i̯oro, -ŕ-) *türi-sü *tiru-kse
to hold, obstruct **t῾i̯ū̀ru *tɨrɨ-k *tor- *tūrī- *tùtu-m-
leg; knee **t῾i̯ū́ŕe *dīŕ *türej *türē-kse *tàrí
to suffer, endure **t῾i̯ūŕi *döŕ- *türü-
quick, swift **t῾i̯uŕ(k)u *dɨŕ- *tür(ge-n) *tur-ku-
a kind of ungulate **t῾i̯ū̀t῾u *Titir (~ -ɨ-) *tūte- *tot(h)
net, network **t῾ŏ́bru *tor *towr *turku- *tằràčhí *túrí
fruit, cone **t῾obú (~ -p-,-i) *Tobur- *toɣur- *tube- *tumpu
to see, beware **t῾ògà (~ -u-) *toɣa- *tuga- (~ -b-) *tàkù-
fire **t῾oge (~ -i) *Tögen *tüɣi- *toga
span **t῾ògì *töɣe *togar *tùkà
to run; hare **t῾ŏ̀gsu *togus- (?) *togsi- *tuksa- *thóskí
to sound, noise **t῾oje (~ t῾i̯ajo, t῾i̯ujo) *tōj- *tüji- *təjə-
root, edible root **t῾ŏ̀kè *Tök *tögüčeg *tuKala / -ra *tə̀kərə
to lie, deceive **t῾ṓk῾i (~ -k-, -e) *Tȫkün *togla-
buckle, button **t῾ŏk῾ù *toku *toxan *tuku
to hit, knock, beat **t῾ók῾ù (~ -k-) *tokɨ- *togsi- *tokta- *thí- *túk-
curved **t῾ŏk῾V *Tok- *tokir *tox-
to pierce, skewer **t῾olu *tule- *tằr(b)- *tura-nuk-
head **t῾ṑlu *tul(g)uŋ *tolugai *tōl-po- *tằikòr
to prop, push **t῾ṑlV *Tol- *tula- *tōlga-
bridge, crossing **t῾ólV (~ -ĺ-) *tul- *tằrì
breast **t῾ōĺi (~ -e) *dȫĺ *tulu
a kind of board **t῾ome *Tomar *tomka-n *tòmá *tə̀mə̀ (~ -muà)
to spin, round **t῾ŏ̀mù *tom- *tomu- *tomka- *tùmù
a kind of foliage tree **t῾oŋerV *To(ŋ)gurak *towrai *tuŋde (~ -r-) *təniari-
round **t῾òŋké *tüŋke- / *tüŋge- *toŋal- *tonkor- *tə̀nkúrə́
straight **t῾ŏ̀ŋta (~ -u-) *toda- *toŋda *tàntà-
knee, knee cap **t῾op῾u *topɨk *tojig, *tuwkai *top(V)g- *tu(m)pu-
round **t῾òp῾ú *top *tob- *tup- *tùmpú-ra
a kind of vessel **t῾óp῾ú (~ -i̯u-) *Topal *tobid *tupi (~ -ü-) *tú(m)púa
post, pole, tower **t῾ṓr[e] *tȫr *turu *tàràk
to be born, copulate **t῾ŏ̀ri *töre- *töre- *tur- *tùrù-(m)p-
to be weak, hungry, unable **t῾ṓro *Tōr- *tura- *turku- / *turke- *tərə- (~ ua)
a kind of black berry **t῾oru *Tor- *turi- *tắrái *tuta
young animal **t῾ṓrV *tōrum *toruj *toro-kī
law, regulation **t῾ŏ̀ŕe *töŕ *töre *turgun *tə̀tə̀-nə̀p-
soil, dust **t῾ṓŕe *tōŕ *tor- *turV *tɨ̀rɨ́
face, shape, spot on forehead **t῾ṑsi (~ -e) *tösü *tōsa-
to run **t῾otá *tut[a]- *tằd- *tanta-juap-
five **t῾u *ta-bu- *tu-ńga *tà- *ì-tù-
a kind of bird of prey **t῾úbé *tojigun *tuba *tàbàkí *tə́mpí (~ -ua-)
axe, hammer **t῾uč῾Ỻ (~ -o-) *čüče *tuču-n / *čuču-n *tōčhắi *tùtí
to give, give a feast **t῾ŭja *toj *taɣu- *tuju-
to carve, engrave, whet **t῾ujbu (~ -o-) *tobi- *tujba- *tuà
thick **t῾ùji *Tujug *tüɣüd- / *tüjit- *tùjə̀-
to gleam, shine **t῾úju (~ -o-) *tuja- *tújá
to come to an end, be exhausted **t῾ukì *tüke- *tögüs- *tuku-
to transmit, continue **t῾ukí (~ -o-) *tüge- *túnk-
calf, lamb **t῾ukV *toklɨ *tugul *tuKu-
dam, fishing net **t῾ukV (~ -k῾-) *Tug *togsija- *tuki-
to grasp, seize **t῾ŭ̀k῾ù (~ -o-) *tux- *thắ- *tùkàm-
clavicle, elbow **t῾ū̀k῾V *tokaj *tūkre
fox; wolf **t῾ule(kV) *tülki / tilkü *tulge *tuárá
torn and scraped skin **t῾ulu (~ -o) *tul- (*tol-) *tulum *tul- *turumaki
to burn **t῾ulV (~ -o-, -ĺ-) *tüle- *tola-
external side **t῾ū́ĺi *dūĺ *tölöb *tulī-
seed, eggs **t῾uĺi (~ -e) *Tüĺ *tola
dream, divination **t῾ūĺke (~ -i) *dǖĺ *tölge *tolki-n
base of tree trunk or grass stalk **t῾umgi (~ -e) *Tömgek *tüŋge *tuŋ-
a kind of edible root **t῾ū̀mi *tum-gu- *tömü-sün *tōma
head, top of head **t῾ŭmu *tum- *tom- *tumŋu- *tum-
clever, to plan, understand **t῾úmu (~ -o-) *tomi- *tum- *túmə́r-
spittle **t῾ŭ̀mV (~ -o-) *tumin *tù
window in roof, funnel, door **t῾ŭ́ŋe *tüŋ- *toɣuna *tuŋke *túa
to inform **t῾uŋe *Tüŋ- *tuŋ- *tuŋ- *tuanap-
rope, to bind **t῾úŋi (~ -o-) *tüŋge *toŋ- *túnk-
spit, spittle **t῾ŭ̀p῾i *tüpkür- *tupi- *tù(m)pàk-
a kind of vegetable **t῾ùrmV *turup / *turum *torum(a) *terbe (~ *turbe)
to grasp, close, detain **t῾[u]tỺ *tut- *todka-, *tödüge- *tuta- *tàt- *tə̀ntə-, *tə́ntə́-má-
to beat, strike **t῾ut῾ì *tüt- *tute- *tùtɨ́rí- *tutuk-
smoke **t῾út῾i (~ -t-) *tüt-ün, *tüt-süg *tɨ̀tkɨ̀r / *tɨ̀thɨ̀r
a kind of tree (Aesculus turbinata) **t῾ut῾Ỽ (~ -o-) *tòthórí *təti (~ *tuati)
behind, rump, fish fin **ubč῾V *ūča *(h)uwča *oči(ka)
truth **ùbre (~ -ŕ-) *(h)uwr *uru *órh- *bə̀tu
reason **ùč῾e *üč-ün *učir *uč- *áčh
end, edge **ū́č῾i *ūč *üǯüɣür *učuk
beautiful, ornamented **ùč῾ìk῾V (~ -k-) *üčük- (?) *učik(te) *skú-mí- *ùtùkù-
to fly, fall **ŭ̀č῾o *uč- *(x)uča- *ə̀tə́-
spray, urine **úč῾u (~ -o) *uč- *uče- *òčóm
arm, thigh **udu (~ -i, ŋ-) *ud-luk *ùntài
ox, buffalo **udV (~ i̯u-, i̯o-) *ud *odu-s
rain **udV (~ o-, i̯u-, i̯o-) *udu-n *òrán-
a kind of ferment **úgà *ugut *(h)aɣag *ug- *ákú
owl **uge *ügi *uɣuli *oksari
birch or larch bark **ugi (~ o-, -e, i̯u-) *üji(l)-su *ug-da-
foam **ū̀jbà *ibil- *(x)ōb- *àwà
a kind of horned animal **ujkV *ograk *ugalǯa *ujKam
relation **ùjò *uja *oji- *ə̀jà
melon **ùjrỺ (~ o-, -jl-, e-u,a-u) *ōi *ùrí
sad, ashamed **uju *uja- *uj *oji- *u-
stockings, trousers **ujV(k῾V) *ujuk *oji(ki)
to take, grasp, meet **ùkú *ug-ra- *ugtu- *oKa- *ùhɨ́i- *ùká-
wet, wash **úku (~ o-) *ug- *uK- *hə̀i- (< *uhəi-) *úk-
a kind of bucket, fish-trap **uk῾e *ukī *oku *bə̀kaî
hill **úk῾è *(h)ukaɣa *(x)uKu- *bə́ká
stupid, arrogant **uk῾è *ökte- *(h)üki *(x)uKu- *bəkə
to die, be hungry **uk῾i (~ -e) *ükü- *(x)uk-ti-
to understand, look into **úk῾u *uk- *uka- *oksa- *úká-(n)káp-
kin, clan **úk῾u (~ -k-) *uk *(h)ug *uK- *úkárà
rope, lasso **ŭk῾urkV (~ -o-) *ukruk *uɣurga *oKurga *ork-
inner part of knee, armpit **uk῾V (~ **o-) *(h)ogo-da-su *(x)oKi- *òkóm
sole, footwear **ŭla *ul *ula *olā-či
-o) to change **ulbo (~ -ĺ-, -u, -o-, i̯u- *(h)olbari- *olbi-n- *ōrm-
negative particle **ule (~ -i) *ülü
to cry, howl **ū́lo *ūlɨ- *uli- *ūr- *ə́rá-mp-
big, many; good **ulu (~ -o) *ulug *olon *ule- *ōr-
to soak, wet **ŭ̀lu (~ **o-) *(h)ulum *ula- *ùrí- *ùrù-p-
a kind of bird (partridge / duck) **ùlV *ular *ulgumV *órhì
meat; deer **úlV (~ o-, i̯o-, -ĺ-) *(h)ulaj *ul-(k)se
hemp **ŭ̀ĺà (~ o-, i̯u-) *olo-sun *ula *àsà
to scrape, row **uĺe (~ -i) *üĺe- *ulī-
to crush, mince **uĺi *uĺa- *(h)ülte- *ulē- *ori-
to freeze **ŭĺi (~ -e) *üĺi- / *üli- *ula-n
ground game **ū́ĺpe *ǖĺ *olbo / olbi *ulgu-kī *bəsə (~ -ua)
lie **uĺu(-kV, -gV) *uĺak *ulig *ulēk *ùsuâ
to bear, give birth **úmu *umaj *(h)umaj *omu- / *umu- *ūm *úm-
to forget **umuŋ(t)o *umnɨ-t- (~ -mŋ-) *umta-, *umarta- *omŋa-
egg **úmu-tki *jumurtka *ömdege, *emdüge *umūkta
to drink **umV (~ **o-) *umda *um(i)- *mà-
? fire, to burn **umV *uma- ? *omV- *umati (?)
sound, voice **ū́nŋe *ǖn *uŋ-si- *uŋ-
whirlpool, tide **ùntu (~ o-) *undu- *onda- *ùntu
hollow, pit **uŋe *üŋ- *oŋgi- *uŋ- *òŋtáŋ- / *ùŋtə́ŋ-
back, buttock, behind **uŋt῾e *(h)ona- *(x)unda- *ə̄ŋtəŋ’i
pole in the house **uŋt῾V *(h)uni- *unde(ken)
to grasp **ùp῾í *üp *(h)öb *op- / *up- *ùmpà-p-
female **ŭra *urag- *(h)argali (?) *oru-n
piebald, brown **ura (~ o-) *or *orug *(x)ur-
formerly, ancient **ūre *ür (~ *ör) *orai *ūri- *bətə-
to grow **ŭ́ro (~ -u) *ur *urgu- *ure- *ōr *úrá-
debt **úŕi *üŕ- *öri *úr-
craftsman **ū́ŕV *ūŕ *uran
a kind of clothing **ùso *usī- *ós *əsə-
animal; cow **úsu (~ o-, -i) *us- *sjó *úsí
to meet **ŭ́t῾a (~ -t-) *ut- *učira- *átá-
to be able, understand **ut῾à (~ **o-) *(h)udka *util- *ə́tìr- *ata-p-
to prevent, obstruct **zagè *jɨg- *seg *sagi- *sək-
cushion, mat **zakt῾i *jạŕtuk / *jạtŕuk *sakta(n) *sàt *sitənia
wind **zăli *jẹl *salki *sal-di- *sar-
skin **zàrá (~ -o) *jarɨ *sari- *sarga- *sə̀tə́ (~ ua)
young man, brave man **zego *jEgit / *jigit *saɣaka- *súh
metal **zejĺu *jElme- *seleme *sele *sói *sunsu
new **zèjńa *jaŋɨ / *jeŋi *sine *seńe- *sái
naked **zelo *jạlɨŋ *sildaŋ
to hold in mouth, gnaw **zep῾i *jap- *sepke- *sìp- *sipa-pur-
light; moon, moon cycle (year) **zēra *jar- *sara *sē *sə̄r / *săr *sátúkúi
shape, observation **zíni *jint- *sinǯi *sinma- *síná
light, quiet **zìŋke *jeŋgül *siŋgen *siŋkuti- *sìntúka
a kind of predator **zīpe *jēbke *sibor *sibigē
lentil, pea **zi̯ăbsa *jasɨ-muk *sisi *sibsV *sasa(n)kai
to hang, droop **zi̯à[k῾]ó *segle- *suka- *suk- *sànka-
sorcery, witchcraft; to investigate (by magic power) **zi̯ălVbi *jẹlbi- *silbe-, *silmo *silba- *sjə̄rb- *sìrà(m)p-
to hide, conceal **zi̯àmo *sem *sume- *súm- *sàmá-
ear, temple **zi̯ā̀ni *jạjŋak *sinaɣa *sian
to cut, tear, shave **zi̯àre *jara *sirka *sir- *sə̀r-
disorder, devastation **zi̯ā́su *jās *(h)us- *suse / *susu *sə̀sk- *súsá-
sleeve **zi̯ognV *jegn *sūn *suán-tài
thigh, shank **zi̯ŏ́gtu *jo(g)ta *seɣüǯi *sigdi-pu
to shine, blaze **zi̯oĺa *jạĺ(č)- *soloŋga *sulū-n *sằr- *sas-
fist, hand **zi̯ōnu *siantu *són
relative by marriage **zi̯ṓta (~ **zā́to) *jāt *sadu-n *sátuá
to rot, ferment **zi̯úko *jog-urt- *sogsi- *sükü- *súk-
root, vein **zi̯ŭldu *jɨldɨŕ *sülde-sü *suldu-
spine, nape **zi̯úĺa *jɨĺ *sili *suli- *sasu
a small hole; to pull through a hole **zi̯upi *jib *sübe *sibe- *sp-
long hair **zodgV *jogdu *suda- *su(g)da-
sharp **zŭli *jül- *sülbe- *suli- *suru-ntə-
a young animal **zū̀nti *junt *sünde-sü *sōn-ŋa- / *sōn-da-
hole, nest **zūru *jūr-tu *suru *su
eight **ǯa- *ǯa-pkun *da-
a kind of snake **ǯabda *ǯabdar *datua
pond, pool **ǯàdé (~ **ǯèdá) *ǯada- *də̀ntə́
to spread, unravel **ǯādV *jĀd- *ǯad-
gravel, pebbles **ǯak῾V (~ č-) *ǯaxar(a) *čjàkà-
to ask, invite, lend **ǯā́li *jāl- *ǯala- *(d)írá-
to fasten, bind, hang **ǯắlo *jala- *ǯalga- *ǯala-n *čằrằ- *dái
saliva **ǯā́lV *jālga- *ǯal-gi- / *ǯal-ka- *ǯali-
a kind of tool **ǯape *jib- *ǯebe, *ǯeb-seg *ǯab-
to hold, connect **ǯap῾ù *jAp- *ǯaɣa- *ǯapa- *čàp- *dup-
crack, interstice **ǯā́p῾V *jāp *ǯab *ǯapka
wormwood **ǯap῾V(ĺV) *jabĺan (< *japĺan) *ǯuwl- *čjəpɨi-
good, favourable **ǯắra *jara- *ǯari-n *čar *də́rə́-
back, buttocks **ǯaǯa *jAja *ǯaǯa-
a kind of fish **ǯāǯV *jājɨn *ǯaǯiki
to eat **ǯē *jē- *ǯa- / *ǯe- *ǯe-p- *čā- *da-pa-
soft **ǯebò *jabaĺ *ǯöɣelen *dapara-
enclosure, market-place **ǯeč῾i *ǯüčije (< *ǯičü-ge) *ǯeče-n *čjə̀čə́i *(d)ìtí
sharp point, arrow **ǯḗja *jā(j) *ǯeje *da
to deceive **ǯela *jAla *ǯali- *ǯele- / *ǯelu-
a kind of fragrant grass **ǯélu *jal- *ǯel- *dúrí
weak, quiet **ǯĕĺo *jạĺɨ- *ǯalka- *ǯel- *dàs-
a kind of weed or swamp plant **ǯèmá *jam *ǯamug *ǯemku *də̀mə́(n)kúi
armour, weapon **ǯére (~ **ǯáro, -a) *jar- *ǯer *də́rə́pí
to be annoyed, disgusted **ǯḕri *jẹr- *ǯirke- *ǯēri- *(d)ira-
edge, row **ǯḗro (~ -u) *jạ̄r *ǯerge *ǯerin
to come **ǯi (~ **ǯi̯a) *jẹt- *ǯid-kü- *ǯi- (~ *di-)
house **ǯī̀bì *ǯuwka *ǯīb *čìp *(d)ìpià
to hurry, run **ǯígù *jügür- *ǯiɣi- *ǯig- *dúk-
dark, quiet **ǯìma *ǯim *čjə̀mɨ́r- *dàmùi
perfume, fumes **ǯip῾o *jɨpar *ǯiɣar *(d)impu-s-
evening, darkness **ǯip῾u *ǯip-ku- *dupu
to split, slice **ǯī́rV *jīr- *ǯir- *ǯī-
metal; anvil **ǯiŕe *jEŕ *ǯirA
to call, request **ǯi̯aba *jab-čɨ *ǯaɣa- *ǯiab- *duá(m)p-
a kind of fish (salmon) **ǯi̯abo (~ **ǯi̯obe, -p-) *ǯebeɣe *ǯobi
to burn; ashes, tar **ǯi̯àjnà *jan-, *jan-tɨr- *ǯian- *čắi *dànì
to pass, fit **ǯi̯ák῾ù *ǯoki- *ǯēk- (*ǯiak-) *dúkár-
to burn, flash **ǯi̯ale *jal- *ǯali *ǯild-
bare, naked, saddleless **ǯi̯ap῾e *jạpɨtak *ǯajidaŋ *ǯipu-čān
a kind of foliage tree, alder **ǯi̯aru(kV) *jẹrük *ǯugde-n *dunturi
side, corner, direction **ǯi̯ṓke (~ -k῾-) *jāk *ǯüg *ǯuku- *də́kə́
ice, cold, snow **ǯi̯ók῾è *ǯike-ɣün *ǯuke *dúkì
river bed, stream **ǯi̯ōlu *jul *ǯilga *ǯila-
round **ǯi̯ŏmu *jum- *ǯem- (~ -ia-)
dream, echo **ǯi̯ṑŋè *jaŋ *ǯeɣü- *ǯōŋi- *čá(ŋ)- *dìmài / *dùmài
to send, to use **ǯi̯óra (~ -ŕ-) *ǯaru- *ǯori- *čằrhì- *dár-
a big number **ǯ[i̯ō]ŕo *jǖŕ *ǯir- *jə́rh *də̀rə̀-
shape **ǯi̯oso *josun *ǯisü *ǯese *dəsi
hunger, starvation **ǯi̯òto *jut *ǯüde- *dàtùrà-
thick, abundant **ǯi̯òǯu *jogan *ǯuǯaɣan *ǯaǯi- (~ -ia-) *čằč- *dùtáka-
sake, reason **ǯi̯úbù *ǯüj *ǯubu (~ -g-) *dúwài
millet **ǯi̯úgi *jügür- *ǯija- / *ǯije- (~ -g-) *čòh
halter, rope for binding animals **ǯi̯ul[u] *jular *ǯiluɣa *ǯulǯi-
to slide; smooth, slippery **ǯi̯ū́lu (~ -a) *jɨ̄l- *ǯil- *ǯulV-
to peel, skim off **ǯi̯uŕi *jüŕ- *ǯor- *čɨrɨ- (~ -i-)
a kind of berry **ǯi̯utke *jidgelek *ǯedegene *ǯüksi- / *ǯükte
to cut, crush **ǯobá (~ -u-, -i̯-) *ǯoɣu- *ǯobga *dàmpù-r-
to stop, abstain from **ǯòkó (~ -u-) *ǯogso- *ǯuK- *də̀ká-
nearly, hardly **ǯṓk῾e (~ -k-) *jōk *ǯug / *ǯüg *ǯuke *dəku (?)
hollow under knee or neck, corner **ǯòp῾è (~ -u-, -o) *ǯobki *ǯup(u)ku *də̀pə̀rə́
to quarrel, speak badly **ǯṓǯe *jōj *ǯüǯig *ǯuǯa- *čɨ̀čh- *dəjə-
summer **ǯu *ǯu-n *ǯu-ga
bee, wasp **ǯuge (~ -o-, -i) *ǯögeji *ǯuge-
to carry (on the back) **ǯugi *jü- *ǯöɣe- *ǯugū- *čì-
weak, bad **ǯŭ̀jbe *jubka *ǯoba- *ǯoba- *čubɨr- *duàwà-
to think of, remember **ǯū̀mo (?) *ǯimu- *ǯōm- *də̀m-
courage, joy **ǯŭ̀rVko *ǯirga- *ǯurga- / *ǯurge- *čɨ́rkə́b- / *čɨ́rkə̀b- *də̀rə̀kə̀-p-
heart, inner organ **ǯŭ̀r(V)k῾e (~ -i̯u-) *jürek *ǯirüke ~ *ǯürike *də̀kə́sì
to bite, grit teeth **ǯVbV *jubut- *ǯaɣu- *ǯǖ(n)-

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sergei Starostin, Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak (2003). Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, 3 volumes. →ISBN.
Vocabulary lists of North Eurasian languages

European • Balkan • Hurro-Urartian • Hattic • Sumerian (Swadesh) • Elamite • Etruscan • Burushaski • Ural-Altaic • Paleosiberian • p-Japanese • p-Ainu • p-Nivkh • p-Chukotko-Kamchatkan • p-Yukaghir • p-Yeniseian

Caucasian

Caucasian • p-Northwest Caucasian • p-Nakh-Daghestanian • p-Kartvelian

Uralic

p-Uralic (stable roots) • Finnic • Saami • Mordvinic • Mari • Permic • Ugric • Samoyedic

"Altaic" linguistic area

"Altaic" • "p-Altaic" • Turkic • Mongolic • Common Mongolic • Khitan • Taghbach

Indo-European

Germanic • Celtic • Romance • Baltic • East Slavic • West Slavic • South Slavic