Appendix:Khitan word list

The Khitan word list below contains reconstructed Khitan readings by Kane (2009).

Attested Khitan forms with uncertain readings are omitted.

Morphology

Meaning	Khitan reading
accusative-instrumental	er
genitive	an, en, in, on, un, n, iń, i
dative-locative	de, do, dú, iú
prolative (ablative)	de.i
plural	d, t, ad, od, ud, se
past tense	ar, er, or, l.un, bo.ń ~ b.ún ~ bun
causative/passive	le.ha ~ le.ge
converb	s.ii, al, ci, ji
copula	p.u ~ b.u, ei, iú, a

Note that Khitan, like Mongolian and Manchu, has suffixing morphology.

Lexicon

No.	Meaning	Chinese	Khitan reading	Notes
1	again, there, after that		b.as
2	ancestor		u.ur ai
3	appoint	除，成為	p.o
4	army		cau.úr
5	autumn		n.am.úr
6	benevolent		hur.ú.ur.bun
7	biexu	別胥	b.y.z.iú	a title of nobility for a woman; royal lady
8	big, elder, eldest		m.o
9	black		yô.u ~ yô.iú
10	blood		c.i.is
11	blue		s.iau.qu ~ s.iau.qú
12	Book of Documents (Shujing)	書經
13	Book of Odes (Shijing)	詩經
14	border, place	疆，境	xe.ci
15	born, to be born
16	bureau of seals and tallies	印牌司
17	bury		kè
18	caifang	採訪	s.ai poŋ	investigation commissioner
19	coffin of an emperor		GREAT xo.mú.er	great catalpa
20	ceremony, ritual		doro
21	chicken		te.qo.a
22	child, son		bo.qo
23	children		bo.hu.án
24	circuit, route	路	ńi.ô.ho
25	clear		as.ar
26	close, cover		o.ju
27	cloud		eu.el
28	come, arrive		x.ui
29	compose	撰
30	control		hur.ú
31	country		g.úr
32	court attendant	郎君	ś.a.rí
33	crow		hu.ho
34	daughter		mó bo.qo	female child, daughter
35	day
36	deceased		te.ge.er (masc.); te.ge.én ~ te.ge.n (fem.)
37	dew		ś.eu.kà
38	Daily Agenda of the Emperor
39	die - honorific	薨	*tur-
40	die - of an emperor	崩	l.iu.rẻn-
41	die of an illness		s.em.ii-
42	die - plain form	亡，無	iu	not exist, die
43	dilapidated		ei.iú.cẻ p.u.ui.i
44	disaster, catastrophe		hu.as.al
45	division		u.úr
46	dog		ńi.qo
47	dogs and falcons		ńi.qo ś.au.a
48	dragon		lu
49	drink		êm.ci	stem form: êm
50	dutong	都統	cau.ji hur.ú	campaign commander (person in command of)
51	earth		neu, neu.e
52	earth mother
53	east		ud.ur
54	edict	敕	k.em
55	eight
56	eighty
57	elder sister		au
58	eldest child		m.o bo.qo
59	emperor	皇帝	hoŋ di	Chinese
60	empress	皇后	hoŋ heu	Chinese
61	empress dowager	皇太后	hoŋ tai heu	Chinese
62	epitaph
63	establish		p.o.ju-	stem: *poju 'establish', probably from 'to make, to be'
64	estate		p.a.ar p.in
65	et cetera		ci.ci	together with, et cetera, and others
66	eternal	永
67	eulogy	哀冊文	g.en.ún c.ah w.un
68	falcon		ś.au.a
69	fall, descend	降	on.a.án
70	father		ai
71	female		mó; mó:t (pl.)
72	fifth		t.ad.o.ho, t.od.o.ho
73	fifty
74	filial piety		c.i.is.d.bun, c.i.is.de.bo.ń, ci.i.is.d.b.ún
75	first		mo; m.as.qó ~ m.as.qu
76	first day of the lunar month	朔	ho.le.bo.ń
77	five		tau
78	forty
79	four
80	friendly		n.ai.ci ~ n.ai.dzi
81	general		s.iaŋ g.ün ~ s.iáŋ g.ün
82	generation		n.on
83	give, provide		û-
84	goat	山羊	êm.a
85	good fortune	福	qudug
86	good, goodness		ś.ia, ś.iá.ah
87	grandchildren		bo.qo.i bo.hu.án
88	grandson		bo.qo.i bo.qo
89	grandfather		bu ai
90	great grandfather		bu bu ai
91	grant title		t.em-	to enfeoff, to bestow [land]/a title
92	great, big		m.o	masculine?
93	great father		m.o ai
94	hare, rabbit		tau.lí.a
95	harmony
96	head		nai
97	heaven, sky
98	horizontal tents	橫帳	xe.dú.ún go.er
99	horse		mo.ri
100	house, household		go.er
101	humaneness		hur.ú.ur.bun
102	hundred		jau
103	hunt		m.án.ún	PAST
104	husband		ai ku	male person
105	in charge of		hur.ú	person in charge, person in control
106	initial, first		yủ.úr
107	intercalary month	閏	p.ul.uh
108	jade	孤穩	g.u
109	jasa	閘撒	c.as.a	tribal unit
110	jiayin (cyclical term)	甲寅	s.iau.qú qa.ha.as	blue tiger
111	khan		qa	khan
112	know
113	lady		pu.is.iń	lady
114	left		ci.g.en ~ dzi.g.en
115	linya (Kitan title)	林牙	l.êm.a ~ l.êm.hu.a	scribe
116	live at, reside		sa-
117	local officials		em:en nai:d
118	long life		s.en
119	lower capital		de.gẻ g.iŋ ~ te.gẻ g.iŋ
120	madame, née
121	male		ai:d
122	man		ku ~ ku.u; ku.û.un (gen.)
123	marry (of a woman)		û.ul.ge-
124	maternal uncle		na.ha.án
125	matter, affair	事	ui
126	mengan ~ mingan (military unit)	猛安	miŋ.án
127	meritorious official	攻臣	g.uŋ c.in	Chinese
128	middle		dau.úr.ún
129	mid-winter
130	miri (small settlement)	彌里，抹里
131	monkey	申	p.o ~ p.o.o
132	month	月
133	mother		mó; mó:t (pl.)
134	mountain
135	move, to be transferred		ei.eu.ji
136	nabo (travelling palace)	行宮	n.ad.bú
137	name		i.ri; i.ri.se (pl.)
138	niangzi (term of respect for a woman of high status)	娘子	aú.ui
139	night		s.uni
140	nine		is
141	north
142	now, present		ún.n, ún.e
143	official	臣	p.u ku
144	official	官	nai; nai:d (pl.); nai:en (gen.)	head
145	older brother		ia
146	one
147	order of years	嵗茨	se.le.bo
148	ordo (administratuve unit)		ordu
149	ox		uni	(?)
150	past, in the past		c.ar
151	peace, peaceful		as.ar
152	people		hor ~ hor.u
153	pig		ui
154	place, local		em
155	preface	序	ho.le.bo.ń
156	present emperor	今上
157	prime miniter		ja.ri.qó
158	prince		oŋ
159	princess	公主	g.uŋ c.iú
160	promote		p.o-
161	qatun (wife of a khan)
162	quote	曰	te.gu
163	rabbit, hare		tau.lí.a
164	rat
165	record		RECORD.gi
166	red	丙	l.iau.qú ~ l.iau.qu
167	region, area
168	region, area, side		xe.se
169	relatives, blood relations		c.i.is
170	resident at		s.a-
171	return		p.od-
172	right (direction word)		bo.ra.ia.an ~ bo.ra.a.an
173	ritual, rite, ceremony		doro
174	sacred, holy, refers to emperor		mu.ú.ji
175	sad		g.en.ún
176	seal, imperial seal		doro	(?)
177	second (in a series)		c.úr.er ~ dz.úr.er (masc.), c.úr.én (fem.)
178	section		xe.se.ge	xe.se 'region, area'
179	servant	僕	pú.u ku
180	serve, to serve		o.ju
181	seven
182	seventy
183	several, a few
184	ʃari (title)		ś.a.rí
185	shumiyan (palace secretariat)	樞密院
186	siblings, brother(s) and sister(s), brothers and sisters		ń.iau; ń.iau.ń.er ~ ń.iau.ń.ún (pl.)
187	sick, ill, contract disease		s.em
188	side	陽	ja.cẻn.i
189	silver		m.em
190	sister, elder		au
191	six
192	six divisions		aú.ui i.ri t.ad.i
193	sixty
194	small		zỏ.qo
195	snake		mo.ho.o
196	son		bo.qo
197	Song state		s.uŋ.un g.ui ~ s.uŋ g.úr
198	south
199	south, lower		te.gẻ ~ de.gẻ
200	spouse		n.ó ~ n.o
201	spring		heu.úr
202	summer		ju.un
203	supreme capital	上京	u.ur g.iŋ
204	sweet dew
205	taizi (heir apparent)	太子	tai ss
206	tejin (title: specially advanced)	特進	d.ei z.in
207	ten thousand
208	tent (tribal unit)	帳
209	tent of the junior maternal uncles	小翁帳
210	that		qi ~ qi.hu
211	third		hu.úr.er (masc.); hu.ur.én (fem.)
212	thirty
213	thousand		míŋ	(?)
214	three		*ɣur	(?)
215	throne		hu.o.gỏ
216	tiger	寅	qa.ha.as
217	time		po
218	title; to grant a title		d.em ~ t.em
219	together with	同	deu.úr
220	tomb		ne.ra
221	transfer to		x.ui.ri.ge.ei
222	travel		se.m.én
223	tribe, clan	部	ńi.oh.úr, ńi.ó.úr, ńi.ô.úr, n.iû.úr, n.ó.úr, ńi.ó.úr, ńi.ô.úr
224	twenty
225	two
226	uncle (maternal)		naha
227	uncle (elder brother of father)		ia ai
228	uncle (younger brother of father)		deu ai
229	upper and lower states (or North and South states) Liao and Song		UPPER.d.te.gẻ TWO.g.úr
230	upper, superior
231	upright	正	te.po, d.epo
232	venerable		mu.le.gi
233	virtue	德	t.iu.rẻn
234	war, battle		cau.úr
235	west
236	western capital	西京	s.i g.iŋ
237	white
238	wife		mó ku
239	wine
240	winter		u.ul
241	write		ci:er	PRET
242	writing, character, glyph		us.gi
243	xianggong (lord)	相公	s.iáŋ g.uŋ
244	xiangwen	詳穩	s.êŋ.un	chief of an army, a camp, a small tribe or a group of imperial followers
245	year		ai
246	years of age		eu.úr
247	yellow		*nügü ~ *nigu
248	tribal chief	夷離堇	ri.g.en
249	tribal title	乙林免，夷離畢	yi.l.iń
250	young		YOUNG.qú
251	younger brother		deu
252	younger maternal uncles
253	tribal title	于越	û.e
254	bandit suppression commissioner	招討	jau tau