境

境	U+5883, 境 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5883

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

境 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 土卜廿山 (GYTU), four-corner 4011₆, composition ⿰土竟)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 237, character 17
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5409
Dae Jaweon: page 475, character 23
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 482, character 6
Unihan data for U+5883

Chinese

simp. and trad.		境
2nd round simp.		㘫

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 境
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (竟) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
滰	*ɡaŋʔ
境	*kraŋʔ
竟	*kraŋs
鏡	*kraŋs
獍	*kraŋs
樈	*ɡraŋ
璄	*qraŋʔ
摬	*qraŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kraŋʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 竟 (OC *kraŋs).

Etymology

An allofam of 疆 (OC *kaŋ, “boundary”). Cognate with 竟 (OC *kraŋs, “to end”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jìng (jing⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ging²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kin
Eastern Min (BUC): gīng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kéng

(Teochew, Peng'im): gêng²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵cin

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jìng
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jìng
  - Wade–Giles: ching⁴
  - Yale: jìng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinq
  - Palladius: цзин (czin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ging²
  - Yale: gíng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ging²
  - Guangdong Romanization: ging²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɪŋ³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kin
  - Hakka Romanization System: gin
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gin⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kin⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gīng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kéng
  - Tâi-lô: kíng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: keang
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɪŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gêng²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kéng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /keŋ⁵²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵cin
  - MiniDict: cin^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²jin
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕin³⁴/

Middle Chinese: kjaengX

Rime
Character	境
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	庚 (111)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居影切
Baxter	kjaengX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiæŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚiaŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kiaŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kiajŋ^X/
Li Rong	/kiɐŋ^X/
Wang Li	/kĭɐŋ^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯ɐŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jǐng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ging²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]raŋʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kraŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	境
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jǐng
Middle Chinese	‹ kjæng^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]raŋʔ/
English	boundary
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	境
Reading #	1/1
No.	6868
Phonetic component	竟
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	警
Old Chinese	/*kraŋʔ/

Definitions

境

Compounds

三境
上境 (Shàngjìng)
事過境遷 / 事过境迁 (shìguòjìngqiān)
人境
人間仙境 / 人间仙境
仙境 (xiānjìng)
佛境 (fójìng)
佳境 (jiājìng)
保境息民
優境學 / 优境学
入境 (rùjìng)
入境問俗 / 入境问俗
入境問禁 / 入境问禁
入境簽證 / 入境签证
入境證 / 入境证
入境隨俗 / 入境随俗 (rùjìngsuísú)
公共環境 / 公共环境
出境 (chūjìng)
勝境 / 胜境 (shèngjìng)
勝境 / 胜境 (shèngjìng)
化境 (huàjìng)
名山勝境 / 名山胜境
四境 (sìjìng)
困境 (kùnjìng)
國境 / 国境 (guójìng)
地理環境 / 地理环境
境內 / 境内 (jìngnèi)
境地 (jìngdì)
境域 (jìngyù)
境外直航
境況 / 境况 (jìngkuàng)
境界 (jìngjiè)
境遇 (jìngyù)
境頭 / 境头
壓境 / 压境 (yājìng)
夢境 / 梦境 (mèngjìng)
大環境 / 大环境 (dàhuánjìng)
大軍壓境 / 大军压境 (dàjūnyājìng)
太虛幻境 / 太虚幻境
奇境
學無止境 / 学无止境 (xuéwúzhǐjìng)
家境 (jiājìng)
實境 / 实境
封境
居住環境 / 居住环境
幻境 (huànjìng)
心境 (xīnjìng)
情境 (qíngjìng)
意境 (yìjìng)
慘境 / 惨境 (cǎnjìng)
接境
敵境 / 敌境
時過境遷 / 时过境迁 (shíguòjìngqiān)
晚境
本境
格於環境 / 格于环境
樂境 / 乐境
止境 (zhǐjìng)
永無止境 / 永无止境 (yǒngwúzhǐjìng)
漸入佳境 / 渐入佳境 (jiànrùjiājìng)
漫無止境 / 漫无止境
漸至佳境 / 渐至佳境
無人之境 / 无人之境 (wúrénzhījìng)
無止境 / 无止境 (wúzhǐjìng)
犯境
環境 / 环境 (huánjìng)
環境保護 / 环境保护 (huánjìng bǎohù)
環境工程 / 环境工程
環境汙染 / 环境污染 (huánjìng wūrǎn)
環境科學 / 环境科学 (huánjìng kēxué)
環境衛生 / 环境卫生
環境設計 / 环境设计
環境醫學 / 环境医学
生境 (shēngjìng)
生態環境 / 生态环境 (shēngtài huánjìng)
畫境 / 画境
萬境歸空 / 万境归空
窘境 (jiǒngjìng)
絕境 / 绝境 (juéjìng)
縣境 / 县境 (xiànjìng)
繞境 / 绕境
老境 (lǎojìng)
苦境 (kǔjìng)
蔗境
蓬瀛仙境
蓬萊仙境 / 蓬莱仙境
處境 / 处境 (chǔjìng)
虛擬實境 / 虚拟实境
蝗蟲過境 / 蝗虫过境
越境 (yuèjìng)
身當其境 / 身当其境
身臨其境 / 身临其境 (shēnlínqíjìng)
轄境 / 辖境 (xiájìng)
逆境 (nìjìng)
過境 / 过境 (guòjìng)
過境稅 / 过境税
遞解出境 / 递解出境
邊境 / 边境 (biānjìng)
鄰境 / 邻境
陷入絕境 / 陷入绝境
險境 / 险境 (xiǎnjìng)
離境 / 离境 (líjìng)
靈境 / 灵境
順境 / 顺境 (shùnjìng)
驅逐出境 / 驱逐出境

Japanese

Shinjitai	境
Kyūjitai ^[1]^[2]	境󠄂 境+`󠄂`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

境

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Go-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)^{←きやう (kyau, historical)}
Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō ^†)
Kun: さかい (sakai, 境, Jōyō)^{←さかひ (sakafi, 境, historical)}、おわる (owaru, 境わる)^{←をはる (wofaru, 境はる, historical)}、さか (saka, 境)、さかう (sakau, 境う)^{←さかふ (sakafu, 境ふ, historical)}
Nanori: さかい (sakai)

Compounds

難境(なんきょう) (nankyō): difficult situation, difficult circumstances
越境(えっきょう) (ekkyō): crossing a border (of a country or territory)
環境(かんきょう) (kankyō): The environment, an environment
国境(こっきょう) (kokkyō): national border

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
境
きょう Grade: 5
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 境 (MC kjaengX).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) きょー [kyóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3]
IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ː]

Noun

境(きょう) • (kyō) ^{←きやう (kyau)^?}

region, environment
mental state
(Buddhism) something that can be perceived with the mind or senses

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
境
さかい Grade: 5
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
界 (less common)

境 on Japanese Wikipedia

/sakapi/ → /sakaɸi/ → /sakahi/ → /sakai/

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of obsolete verb 境う (sakau, “to divide, to form a boundary between things”).^[4]^[3]

Some sources^[4] further derive the verb as Old Japanese element 境 (saka, “division, border, boundary”) + auxiliary verb ふ (fu) indicating repetition or ongoing state. However, given the semantics, this could also be analyzed as the repetitive or ongoing aspect of Old Japanese-derived verb saku with an underlying meaning of “to split apart, to separate, to put distance between”, spelled variously as 割く, 裂く, 離く, or 放く, and cognate with 咲く (saku, “to bloom”, from the idea of the blooms splitting open), 栄える (sakaeru, “to prosper”, extended from the bloom sense), 盛ん (sakan, “prospering, fluorishing”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) さかい [sàkáꜜì] (Nakadaka – [2])^[3]
IPA^(key): [sa̠ka̠i]

Noun

境(さかい) • (sakai) ^{←さかひ (sakafi)^?}

border, boundary, limits

Derived terms

国(くに)境(ざかい) (kunizakai)

Proper noun

境(さかい) • (Sakai) ^{←さかひ (Sakafi)^?}

a surname

References

^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 548 (paper), page 324 (digital)
^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 352 (paper), page 189 (digital)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 境 (MC kjaengX). Recorded as Middle Korean 겨ᇰ〯 (kyěng) (Yale: kyeng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

境

Wikisource

境 (eumhun 지경 경 (jigyeong gyeong))

hanja form^? of 경 (“border; boundary; frontier”)
hanja form^? of 경 (“place; area; region”)
hanja form^? of 경 (“condition; situation”)

Compounds

경우 (境遇, gyeong'u)
지경 (地境, jigyeong)
곤경 (困境, gon'gyeong)
심경 (心境, simgyeong)
국경 (國境, gukgyeong)
경지 (境地, gyeongji)
접경 (接境, jeopgyeong)
변경 (邊境, byeon'gyeong)
역경 (逆境, yeokgyeong)
월경 (越境, wolgyeong)
환경 (環境, hwan'gyeong, “environment”)
경계 (境界, gyeonggye, “boarder; boundary”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

境: Hán Nôm readings: cảnh

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 548 (paper), page 324 (digital)

[2] Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 352 (paper), page 189 (digital)

[DJR-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[KDJ-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

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