閏

See also: 闰 and 閠

閏 U+958F, 閏 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-958F ← 閎 [U+958E] CJK Unified Ideographs 閐 → [U+9590]

Translingual

Han character

閏 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日弓一土 (ANMG), four-corner 7710₄, composition ⿵門王)

1. intercalary
2. extra, surplus

Derived characters

• 𠾽, 㠈, 𢡞, 撋, 潤(润), 𣋆, 膶(𬂀), 橍, 𪼙, 瞤(𥆧), 𮝧, 𨬔, 𨶽, 𨷎, 𦻺

Related characters

• 闰 (Simplified Chinese)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1331, character 18
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41244
• Dae Jaweon: page 1837, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4285, character 9
• Unihan data for U+958F

Chinese

trad.		閏
simp.		闰
alternative forms		閠 䦞 𥹿

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 閏
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (閏) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
撋	*njon
瞤	*njun
潤	*njuns
閏	*njuns

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 門 (“gate”) + 王 (“king”). The original meaning “intercalary” is derived from kings' ancient practice of remaining within the palace gates on a leap day (which was in excess of the lunar calendar's 364 days, whence the meanings “remainder” and “surplus”), not engaging in their usual governing functions.

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): rùn (run⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨㄣˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jeon⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yùn
• Eastern Min (BUC): nông
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): jūn / lūn

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rùn
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄣˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rùn
    • Wade–Giles: jun⁴
    • Yale: rwùn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruenn
    • Palladius: жунь (žunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐu̯ən⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jeon⁶
    • Yale: yeuhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: joen⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: yên⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɵn²²/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùn
    • Hakka Romanization System: iun^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yun²
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯un¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùn
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)iun^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yun²
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯un¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: nông
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nˡouŋ²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jūn
    • Tâi-lô: jūn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: jun
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /zun³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lūn
    • Tâi-lô: lūn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lun
    • IPA (Taipei): /lun³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lun⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lun²²/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 閏
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʐuən⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ʐən⁵³/
	Tianjin	/yn⁵³/ /ʐuən⁵³/
	Jinan	/yẽ²¹/
	Qingdao	/yə̃⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/yn³¹²/
	Xi'an	/vẽ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/uə̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ʐuŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/və̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ʐuŋ²¹³/ /vɤŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/yn³⁵/
	Chengdu	/zuən¹³/
	Guiyang	/zuen²¹³/
	Kunming	/ʐuə̃²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ʐun⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/ʐən⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/zuəŋ⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/zuŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/ʐũŋ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵiŋ²³/ /zəŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦyən³¹/
	Hangzhou	/zz̩ʷen¹³/
	Wenzhou	/joŋ²²/
Hui	Shexian	/yʌ̃²²/
	Tunxi	/yan¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/yn¹¹/
	Xiangtan	/yn²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/lɨn²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/iun⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/ʒuŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jøn²²/
	Nanning	/yn²²/ /jɐn²²/
	Hong Kong	/jøn²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/lun²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/nouŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/nœyŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/zuŋ³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/zun²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: nywinH

Rime
Character	閏
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	諄 (47)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	如順切
Baxter	nywinH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵiuɪnH/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵʷinH/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑjuenH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵwinH/
Li Rong	/ȵiuĕnH/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭuĕnH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯uĕnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rùn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jeon6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*nu[n]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*njuns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	閏
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rùn
Middle Chinese	‹ nywinH ›
Old Chinese	/*nu[n]-s/
English	intercalary month
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	閏
Reading #	1/1
No.	10927
Phonetic component	閏
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	閠
Old Chinese	/*njuns/

Definitions

閏

1. intercalary; leap

   閏年／闰年  ―  rùnnián  ―  leap year

2. (literary) surplus; remainder
3. (literary) deputy; illegitimate; usurped

Compounds

• 偏閏 / 偏闰
• 再閏 / 再闰
• 厄閏 / 厄闰
• 正閏 / 正闰
• 沒閏 / 没闰
• 秋閏 / 秋闰
• 積閏 / 积闰
• 置閏 / 置闰 (zhìrùn)
• 閏位 / 闰位
• 閏分 / 闰分
• 閏宮 / 闰宫
• 閏察 / 闰察
• 閏年 / 闰年 (rùnnián)
• 閏徵 / 闰征
• 閏日 / 闰日 (rùnrì)
• 閏月 / 闰月 (rùnyuè)
• 閏朝 / 闰朝
• 閏法 / 闰法
• 閏益 / 闰益
• 閏盤 / 闰盘 (rùnpán)
• 閏秒 / 闰秒 (rùnmiǎo)
• 閏秋 / 闰秋
• 閏統 / 闰统
• 閏繼 / 闰继
• 閏變 / 闰变
• 閏運 / 闰运
• 閏陞 / 闰升
• 閏集 / 闰集
• 閏雙 / 闰双
• 閏音 / 闰音
• 閏餘 / 闰余
• 霸閏之朝 / 霸闰之朝
• 餘分閏位 / 余分闰位
• 餘分閏氣 / 余分闰气
• 餘閏 / 余闰
• 黃楊厄閏 / 黄杨厄闰
• 鼃音閏位 / 鼃音闰位

Japanese

Kanji

閏

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. intercalary
2. heresy

Readings

• Go-on: にん (nin)
• Kan-on: じゅん (jun)
• Kun: うるう (urū, 閏)^{←うるふ (urufu, 閏, historical)}

Compounds

• 閏年 (うるうどし, urū-doshi)
• 輝閏
• 清水閏
• 正閏
• 平閏
• 沃閏
• 閏井
• 閏一
• 閏賀
• 閏賀橋
• 閏間
• 閏系
• 閏刑
• 閏月
• 閏戸
• 閏子
• 閏住
• 閏田
• 閏統
• 閏二
• 閏日
• 閏秒
• 閏夫
• 閏米
• 置閏法
• 閏木
• 閏野
• 閏余

Noun

閏(うるう) • (urū) 

1. intercalary, leap

   閏(うるう)日(び)

   urūbi

   intercalary day

   閏(うるう)年(どし)

   urūdoshi

   leap year

   閏(うるう)八月(はちがつ)

   urūhachigatsu

   intercalary eighth month in the lunisolar calendar

Korean

Alternative forms

• 閠
• 䦞

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 閏 (MC *nywinH).

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean 閠/ᅀᅲᆫ〯 (zywǔn) (Yale: zyǔn) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
• Recorded as Early Modern Korean 윤 (Yale: yun) in Samun Seonghwi (三韻聲彙 / 삼운성휘), 1751.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ju(ː)n]
• Phonetic hangul: [윤(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

閏 (eumhun 윤달 윤 (yundal yun))

1. hanja form^? of 윤 (“intercalary”)

Compounds

• 윤년 (閏年, yunnyeon, “leap year”)
• 윤달 (閏달, yundal, “leap month”)
• 윤삭 (閏朔, yunsak)
• 윤월 (閏月, yunwol, “leap month”)
• 윤일 (閏日, yunil, “leap day”)
• 윤초 (閏秒, yuncho, “leap second”)
• 정윤 (正閏, jeong'yun)
• 치윤법 (置閏法, chiyunbeop)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

閏: Hán Nôm readings: nhuận, nhộn, nhuần, nhún

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.