Appendix:Proto-Northwest Caucasian reconstructions

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Proto-Northwest Caucasian reconstructions by Colarusso (1989)[1] and Chirikba (1996):[2]

Colarusso (1989)

[edit]
No. English gloss Proto-Northwest Caucasian
18 sky, upward/downward *zo, *zo-ʏo, *zo-ɣo-n-
19 you (plural) *so
20 pig *ḥuqa
21 skin *co
22 to slide, crawl *-ćʰu-xo-
23 ox *ću
24 house-(debate, decree) *ǧuna-(śo-)
25 two *tʼqʼo
26 difficulty *qyən
27 innocence *χə-yà
28 general locative on NPs *w-gə, *w-ga, *-ga
29 bread *y-čʰa, *y-čʰàqʼo, *w-čʰə̀-qʼo, *čʰə̀-qʼo
30 hundred *śa, *w-śa
31 old *źə, *w-źə
32 lovely *nə̀-χa, *nə̀-w-χa
33 shoulder *p-ʎə-ʔà, *p-ʎə-ʔə̀, *w-ʎə-ʔà
34 ten *pʼ-źə̀, *w-źə̀, *w-źà
35 year *ƛà-s, *w-ƛà, *ƛə̀-ku-ś, *ku-śə-ƛə̀
36 shelter, locus of an action *-y-śa, *-w-śa
37 shelter *-y-xa
38 word *y-śə̀-ʢa, *mə-ha-śà, *ha-w-śə-ʢá
39 bear *mə-śà, *mə-w-śà, *mə-w-śə̀
40 three *y-χə, *y-χa, *χə
41 nine *bə-w-ʏə̀, *bə-y-ʏə̀, *wə-y-ʏə̀
42 horse *čʰə, *y-čʰə, *y-čʰa, *čʰə-də, *čʰa-da
43 butter *tʼ-χu, *(tʼ-)χu
44 churn *tʼ-χu-w-à-ƛa, *tʼ-χu-y-à-ƛa, *tʼ-χu-à-ƛa
45 a mass (a pre-verbal particle, henceforth 'pV') *-hə-, *-w-hə-a
46 chest, breast *bəqʼà, *(y-)bəqʼà
47 good *čʼə, *-w-čʼa-, *w-čʼə
48 waist *mə-ǧè, *mə-y-ǧa, *pʼə-ǧə
49 eight *y-ɣə, *w-ɣa, *ɣa
50 benefactive pV, for *-w-χa-, *-y-χa-
51 genetive of alienable possession *-y-ʏə-, *-ʏa-
52 testicle (zero-grammatical class marker in all branches) *ǧa
53 road *w-ʏà, *mə-y-ʏà, *mə-w-ʏə̀
54 pear *w-qʰə̀, *y-qʰà, *qʰà
55 grave *qʰa, *w-qʰə
56 new *y-ćʼa, *ćʼa
57 liver *w-cəʔà, *w-cə̀ʔa, *w-càʔə, *y-cəʔà
58 blue, gray *šə-w-ʕa, *ʕa-, *w-ʕa
59 wood, stick (zero-grammatical class marker in all branches) *(ʕan-)cʰa, *cʰa, *cʰə
60 arm *ʔa
61 five *w-ćχə, *y-ćχə, *w-ćχə
62 heart *w-gə, *y-gə
63 man *w-ǧə, *w-ǧa
64 slave (borrowing from Iranian) *wir-ya-ka-
65 land, region *χa, *w-χa
66 sea *hə, *w-ha
67 to write *-tʰə-χə-, *-w-χə-, *-w-ʔa-χə-
68 white *w-šə, *šə
69 day *mə-w-šà, *mə-šə̀
70 to say *-ǯə-qʼa-, *-w-qʼa-, *-cu-qʼa-, *-cu-w-qʼa-
71 to graze (as of cattle) *-w-ḥəxə-, *ḥəxə-
72 to tend flocks *-ʔà-w-xa-, *-ʔa-w-xà-
73 herd *-x(a)-
74 to die, mortal *-ƛə-ʔà-, *ƛə-ʔə̀, *-ƛə-ʔə̀-, *-w-ƛə-ʔə̀-
75 to cover *-pʼʔa-w-qʼà-, *-pʼʔa-y-qʼə̀-, *-ḥa-w-qʼà-
76 to tie *-pʰə-ğə-, *-pʰə-y-ğə-a-
77 to call to someone *-pʰe-y-χà-, *-mə-y-χà-
78 to enter *-ḥa-, *-w-ḥə-
79 to go, come *-y-ća-, *-ća-
80 to hunt *-ša-, *-w-šə-, *-w-ša-
81 trace *ƛaqʼà
right *żqʼà, *żʏà
the-girl-little-past = she was a little girl *a-sʷemcʼa-śʷ-qʼa
82 water, river *ʒə, *-ʒə-y-a-w-ʏa-, *pə-ʒə, *pə-ʒa
83 bone, frame *pəʕə̀, *pəʕà, *w-pəʕà, *w-pəʕə̀
84 to run *-ʔəqà-, *-w-ʔəqə̀
85 foster child *-pa-w-ʕə̀-, *pa-w-ʕà, *-pa-y-ʕə̀-, *pa-ʕə̀, *pa-ʕà
86 to curve, bend *-w-ḥa-, *-w-ḥə-, *-ḥə-qʼa-, *-w-ḥə-qʼa-, *-w-ḥə-qʼa-
87 to drink *-w-ḥəʒə-a-, *-w-ḥəʒə-
88 brother *hǯə, *y-hǯə, *y-hǯa
89 head *ḥa-šə̀, *ḥa-šà, *ḥa-šə̀-ʏo, *ḥə̀, *ḥà
90 mountain (forest) *ƛaḥà
91 to rain *-ćʰ-yə-kə̀-, *-w-kə̀-, *-w-kə̀-a-
92 to eat *-χčə-, *-w-χčə-, *-w-χčə-a-, *y-xčə-a
93 six *χcə, *w-χcə
94 copper *ha-yəχa
95 metal, iron *w-ʏa, *w-ʏ-čʼa, *w-ʏə-čʼa
96 to ask, answer *-pʰə-ćʼə-, *-ćʼə-ʏa-
97 to know *-ćʼa-ʏà-, *-ćʼa-
98 woman *xa-, *pa, *pə-xə̀, *pə-w-xə̀, *pə-y-xà, *w-sə̀mcʼa, *w-xə-śə̀mcʼa, *pə-w-xə̀-śəmcʼa, *pə-śə̀mcʼa, *pə-xə-śəmcʼa
99 famine *mla
100 wolf *w-l(p)a-
101 village
102 to look *-pʰə-ƛə-, *-ƛə-a-, *-pʰəƛə-a-
103 to give birth *-ʎə-w-χə-, *-ʎə-χə-, *-ʎə-χə-a-, *-y-χə-a-
104 feces *ćəχə̀, *-la-ćəχə̀-, *-wə-ćəχə-a-
105 to blaspheme *-wə-cə-cəχà-, *-wə-cə̀χa-, *-la-wə-cəχà-, *-la-wə-cə̀χa-, *-la-cəχà-
105 insect *ʒ́ə, *ʒ́a-a-ʒ́, *pə-ʒ́à
106 span, measure *ʒ́a, *pə-ʒ́à
107 winter *ʒ́ə, *pə-ʒ́ə̀, *pə-ʒ́à
108 vine *ʒ́a, *pə-ʒ́à, *pə-ʒ́è
109 sharp(en) *ćʼa, *pʼə-ćʼà
110 bird *ćʼə̀, *pʼə-ćʼà
111 to splash *-ćʼà-, *pʼə-ćʼə̀-
112 lie, falsehood *mə̀ć(à), *pʼə-məć(à)
113 to ferment *-ća-, *pʼə-ćà-
114 flesh *ća, *pʼə-ćà
115 rennet stomach *ća, *pʼə-ćà

Chirikba (1996)

[edit]

Basic vocabulary

[edit]
No. English Common West Caucasian Common Circassian Ubykh Common Abkhaz
1. hand *q’a *q’a q’a-p’a
1. hand *ma *ma
2. left side *sama-g°ə arma (Abx ?) *arə-ma
3. right side *z°ə *žá/ə aź-q’a *a(r)ə-ɣá(-ma)
4. leg/foot *λá *λa λa-p’a *šá-p’°ə
5. walk/go *k’°a *k’°a/ə k’a
5. walk/go *ća *ća
6. road, path *məʕ°á *ɣ°a-g°ə məɣá *məɦ°a
7. come *q̄a-k’°a j-k’á *ɦa; *ɦa-jə
8. turn (v.) *za *za brā-za *ħ°a-za ’to crawl’
9. swim *s°a/ə *sə ʒ́aśa (Abx) *ʒə-śa
10. dirty *ć’°ə *ś’°a-jə q’ə́-ć’°-q’a *ħ°ən-ć’°ə ‘dirt’
11. dust *sap̄a sapa (Circ) *bəbə; *saba (Kab)
12. skin *ć°a *ś°a ć°a *ć°a
13. back *pxá *pxa pšá *(p)x̌á
14. belly *nək’°a//nəg°a *nəba nək’°ə *mg°a
15. bone *bəG°ə *p̄q̄ə pqə (Circ) *ba/əɦ°ə
16. guts *k’á-t’ə/ajə La *k’át’ə/ajə (Circ)
17. liver *ć’°a *ś’°ə ć’°a *(g°-a-)ć’°a
18. heart *g°ə *g°ə gə́ *g°ə
19. shoulder *t̄ama txə (Circ) *ź°-°ɦ°a
20. know *ć’a *ś’-q’a ć’a *ć’a ‘to learn’; *dərə
21. think *g°ə-ps/šə-sa *q°əćə
22. be afraid *čʰə́na gə́-gá *š°a
23. blood *λá *λə λa *šá
24. head *š-qa ? *śħa ša *qa
25. neck *pśa t°əqə *q°əda
26. hair *q(’)°ə *cʰə q̱’°ə *q°ə
27. nose *pa *pʰa fa *pə
28. breathe *bawa// *žə́ q̄a-čʰá pśax̌°ə a-psəp la-ga=j°a-ga-ra
29. sniff, smell *fə- *pʰa-ma//*fa-ma fə-mə *fə-ɦ°ə
30. mouth *č’a *ža č’á *č’a
31. tooth *ca *c̄a ca-k’ə́ *cə
32. tongue *bza *bza bźa *bzə
33. laugh (v.) *čá *č´-xə š°a-čá *čə́-čá
34. cry (v.) *ć’°a *ɣə ć’°a *ć’°ə-wa
35. vomit (v.) *ǯə *q̄a-žə ǯə
36. spit *ć°a *wə-ź°ə-ntxa ć°a-š´xə *žə́-ć°a
37. defecate *c’ə *c’ə ćə *ccə
38. eat *fa/ə *ć´xə *fa
39. chew *q’aq’a *na/əšk’°ə q̱’aq̱’ə *q’aq’a
40. cook/boil *ź°a *ź°a ź°a *ź°ə
41. drink (v.) *ʒ́°a/ə *ś°a/ə ʒ́°a *ź°ə
42. bite *(ca-)Ga *c̄a-q̄a q̱’ə *c-ħa
43. suck *ć°a; *ś°a/ə *ć°ə-λə; *ś°ə t°əλə *ć°(ć°)a; *ś°a
44. ear *Ła *tħa-k’°əma La-k’°əma *lə-mħa
45. hear *za-xa-xə q’°ə *aħa
46. eye *b-la *na (b)La *(b)la
47. see *pλə/a *pλə/a pλa *pšə
48. yawn *x°əśħa c’á-ɣ̱a *č’a-ħa-śə
49. sleep (v.) *ƛ°a *c̄̌ə-ja ć°a *ć°a
50. lie down *ɣ°a-λə -sə *š´-t’a-la
51. sit *t’°a-sə *t’ə-sə t’°a-sə *t’°a
52. stand *gə *tʰa-gə́ *gə-la
53. human being *c’əx°ə tətə *waɦ°ə
54. male *(a)t°a//*(a)ba *x̌°ə t°a *aba
55. female *pəzə *bzə abza *psə
56. child *č’á-La məzə *x̌°ə-č’ə́
57. man/husband *λ’ə k°abžá *qać’a
58. woman/wife *pH°á/ə-s°ə px̌á-š° *pħ°ə-śə
58. woman/wife *ś°ə- *ś°əzə ś°əmc’a
59. mother *(a)na/ə *nə//(j)ana na *anə
60. father *(a)t°ə *t̄ə/a t°ə *abə
61. son *q°a *q̄°a q°a *pa
62. daughter *pH°á/ə *px̌°ə px̌á *pħa
63. house *ʕ°əna *wəna ć°əja *ɦ°əna
64. name *(p’)c’a *c’a p’c’a *x̌ə́ʒə
65. say *q’°a q’a *ħ°a
66. rope *ša *k’á-psa nd°a-ša *ša
67. tie up/ fasten *pxa bźa *č’a-ħ°a
68. sew *px̌a/ə *px̌ə px̌a
68. sew *(p)sa *-sa *psa
69. needle *mast̄a d°a *g°ərə
70. hunt (v.) *š°a *ja-s̄̌a š°a *š°a
71. shoot (arrow) *čʰá-bza ʒə *x̌ə-śə
72. stab *pʰə-gá/ə -ś°ə *r-śə
73. hit, slap *wa ja *śə
74. steal *t̄əɣ°ə wəćə *ɣ(´)əčə́
75. kill *ƛ’ə́ *λ’ə k’°ə *šə́
76. die, be dead *λ’ə dəwa *pśə
77. live *psa-wə psa wa-λ *bza
78. scratch (an itch) *bžə́-bžə́/a *bəzə-bəzə
79. cut, hack *q’ə *wə-q’a -q’ə *-q’ə
80. stick (wood) *bəća *bačʰá k’ārda
81. sharp *pʰa-p’c’a (n)dan *ć’arə
82. dull, blunt *c̄a-k̄°a cag°a (Circ) *cag°ə (Circ)
83. work *Lažá psa-šə́ *wə
84. plant (v.) *xa-sa *la-c’a
85. choose *xə *-xə *aj-lə-x̌ə
86. grow *H°á *xa-x̌°a ja-x̌á-x̌ə́ *źə-ħa
87. swell (abscess) *čə́ *q̄a-cʰə́-nə pśa *čə́
88. squeeze *zə *q̄°ə-za/ə ɣa-zə
89. hold (in fists) *q’a-ɣə *q’ə-ɣə q’a-ɣə *k’ə
90. dig *t’°ə *t’a/ə t’°ə *ža
91. buy *x̌°a *s̄̌á-x°a x̌°a-da *ɦa-x̌°a
92. give *ta/ə *tʰə/a t(°)ə/a *ta/ə
93. open, uncover *t’°ə *-xə č’á-t’°ə *t’ə
94. pound, beat *śə *śə-bə śa-śə *śə
95. throw *ʒ́a/ə *ʒə ʒ́a-da *-ž´
96. fall *Há *-x°a/ə -x̌á *ħa
97. dog *H°a (?) *ħa w̱a *la
98. bird *bzə-wə ɣ°ənd°ə *ć’ə-śə
99. egg *k’á(n)k’á dəma-ć’a *k’°ət’a-ɣə́
100. feather *q̄a-bzəjə *x̌ʒə
101. wing *t̄ama bzāpa *mc’(°)ə-ź°-ɦ°a
102. fly (v.) *pərə *pʰərə ‘sound of flying’; *bəbə pərə *pərə
103. rat, mouse *q°ənə//*H°ənə *ś°aja q°ənə *ħ°ən-apə
104. meat, flesh *Lə *Lə ɣá *žə́
105. fat, grease *ša *s̄̌a ś°əq’a *šəša
106. tail *k’á k’°ačá *c’ə-q°a
107. snake *bLa ant’a *matə
108. worm *x°a *x°ə-psə ‘larva, grub’; *ħambəLəwə xa *x̌°a
109. louse *ć’a *c’a ž°a-(n)k’ə́ *ć’a
110. flea *ʒ́ə *bžə-ʒa ba-(n)ʒ́ə ‘fly’ *ʒ́ə
111. mosquito *k’°əm/bərə *arɣ°ajə k’°əməj *k’°əbərə
112. fish *pśa *p̄c̄a psa *pśə-ʒə
113. rotten *ś°ə *ś°ə śa *ś°ə
114. branch *maq°ə//*q̄°ama *q̄°ama q̱ap’ə *maq°ə(-ta )
115. leaf *tħapʰa p’ć’a-pa *baɣə́
116. root *λa-psa λa-msa (Circ ?) *da-cə
117. flower *q̄a-ɣaɣa *ś°tə
118. fruit *px̌°a-śħa-mə-śħa (n)ć’°až°a *ś°ərə
119. grass *wəc̄ə šx̌°a *šá-ća
120. earth, soil *č’ə-g°ə jəć°a *nəš°ə
121. stone *məź°a Laqá *ħa-q°ə
122. sand *pč/šaH°a *pčʰax̌°a pšax̌°a *pśaħ°a ‘shore’; *pśləmʒə
123. water *psə bzə *ʒə
124. flow *c̄̌a *ća
125. sea *λ°ə *xə š°a *mašəna
126. salt *ǯə́ *čʰə́-ɣ°ə ǯə́ *ǯə́-k’a
127. lake *psə-x̌°ərajə bzə ś°əja *ʒə-ja
128. woods, forest *mazə λaxa *bana
129. sky *ź°a(-ʕ°a) *ź°a-ɣ°a ‘star’; *wa-ś°a ź°a *ź°ə-ɦ°a-n(d)ə
130. sun *dəɣa *t̄əɣa (n)dəɣa *mara
131. moon *məʒa *maza məʒa *məʒə
132. star *ć’°a *ź°a-ɣ°a ć’°a-(n)k’´ *jać’°a
133. cloud *pčʰá šawəda *psta
134. fog *pčʰá-ɣ°a nāḇa *naq’°ə
135. rain *k°a/ə *wa-č´xə k°ə *k°a
136. snow *s°ə *wa-sə ź°a-ʒə *śə
137. thunder(n) *č°ə (?) *šʰə-bLa *č°ə
137. thunder (v.) *d°əd°ə *ɣ°aɣ°a d°əd°ə *dədə
138. lightning *p̄c̄̌ə́-k’á wašx̌°a (Circ) *mać°ə-śə
139. wind *žə́ t’apsa *pša
140. blow *ja-ps̄̌á pśax̌°ə *t°ħ°a
141. warm *x°aba pśə *px̌a
142. cold *č’ə́ *c’ə́-q’a čə́ *č’ə́-x̌ə́; *x̌ə́
143. dry *ʕ°ə́ *ɣ°ə ɣə *ɦ°a
144. wet *ć’ə *c’ə-na ć’ə-(n)ʒ́a
144. wet *ʒ́a bə-ʒ́a-q’a *aʒ́a
145. heavy *want̄aɣ°ə gə́-(n)t’q’°a *x̌ánta
146. fire *məć’°a *maś’°a məǯá *mca
147. burn *ca *st̄ə ca *ca ‘hot’
147. burn *bla/ə *bLa *blə
148. smoke *ʕ°a *q’°ə-ɣ°a ɣ°a *ləɦ°a
149. ash *tq°a *tx̌°a ‘grey’; *jažá tx̌°a *q°a ‘ash’, ‘grey’
150. black *ć’°a *ś’°əc’a ǯá *ajk°a-ć’°a
151. white *λ°ə́ *x°ə-žə́ ś°a *šə
152. red *pλə́ *pλə-žə́ pλə *apšə́
153. yellow *ʕ°a *ɣ°a-žə́ ɣ°a *ɦ°ažə́ (Circ)
154. green *šx̌°ant’a ɣ̱a-q’a *ja-ć’°a
155. small *mač’ə́ *mač’á mač’´ *mač’ə́
156. big *čx°a gə́ʒa *dəwə
157. short *k’áč’ə *k’áč’ə́ ak’°ə *k’áč’ə
158. long *wa/ə *k’á-ħə wa *awə
159. thin *č’°a *p’q’°a-č’á ač’á ‘wide, flat’; p’c’a *č’°a
160. thick *ɣ°əmə ḇəq̱’°ə *š°-p’a
161. narrow *za-ź°ə məć’ə *tś°a
162. wide *bʕ°á *bɣ°a bɣə́ *tə-bɦa
163. ill, sick *səma-gá aḇa *čə́-ma-za
164. old *ž°ə́ *źə ž°ə *až°ə
165. new *č’a *č’á ć’a *č’a
166. good *ś’°ə/a č’a *bzəja
167. bad, evil *q’aja agá *ć°əg’ə́
168. true *śə-p̄q̄a zak’°a (Circ ?) *ć’a
169. night *cəƛə *c̄̌ə́s̄̌ə́ śəśə *c(’)əx̌ə
170. day *məλ°á *max°a məś°a *məša
171. year *s°a/ə *jəλasə š°a *śə-k°ə-ša
172. when? səd-jə-ɣ°a (Tem); sət śə-ɣ°a (Kab) śa-ɣá *an-ba
173. hide *ɣa-bə-λə qarda *ć’°ax̌ə
174. climb *da-k’°a-ja -ɣ°a *qa-la
175. inside *da-//*jə- śa- *ta-
176. on (top of) *tʰ-ja- bɣá- *k°ə-
177. below *la *jə-č°a-ɣə La-ɣ°a *la-da; *-c’a-q’a
178. this *mə jə-na *a-rə-jə
179. that *a ajda *a-nə-jə
180. near *bLa-ɣa-laq; -q’a-ʒ *aj-g°a
181. far *c̄̌ə́žá λa-wa *qara
182. where? tədă (Tem); dănă (Kab) mā-k’á *a-ba
183. I *sa *sa sə-ɣ°a *sa(-ra)
184. you (sg.) *wa *wa wə-ɣ°a *wa(-ra)
185. (s)he *a-rə wa-na//jə-na *ja(-ra) ‘he’; *la(-ra) ‘she’
186. we *t̄a šə́-ɣ°a *ħa (-ra)
187. you (pl.) *ś°a *ś°a ś°ə-ɣ°a *ś°a(-ra)
188. they *a-xa-rə wa-λa *da(-ra)
189. what? *sə-tʰə; *śə-da sa *z-ak’°ə-ja
190. who? *xa/ə *xa-tʰə šə́(-j) *d-z-ak’°ə-da
191. other *a-də-ra *a-d-ra ajda//gáša *(d-)ača//*adərə
192. all *za-gə́ *za-k’á za-w-žə *za-gə́
193. and *(-jə-)gə́ *jə-k’ə́-jə -gá *-jə(-gə́)
194. how? *śə- *sə-tʰə; *śə-da d(ɣ)an(ə) *jə-ś-ba
195. not *mə *mə -mā//mə- *mə
195. no *ħawa *ma-wə = *ma-wə
196. count (v.) *p̄c̄̌a/ə pλaq’°a *px̌á-ʒ́a
197. one *za *zə za *za
198. two *dG°ə *t’q’°ə t’q’°a *ħ°ə
199. three *ƛə *s̄̌’ə śə/a *x̌ə
200. four *p’ƛ’ə́ *p’λ’ə p’ƛ’ə *pš’ə

Semantically organized

[edit]
English gloss Common West Caucasian
‘I’ *sa
‘thou’ *wa
‘(s)he/it, this’ *ja-
‘you’ *śᵒa
‘this’ *a
‘there’ *na
‘this’ *wə/a
‘that’ *ra/ə
‘(s)he/it, this’ *ja-
‘other’ *də
‘there’ *da
‘one’ *za
‘two’ *dGᵒə
‘three’ *ƛə
‘four’ *p’ƛ’ə́
‘five’ *txᵒə
‘six’ *ƛᵒə
‘seven’ *bLə́
‘eight’ *jəʕᵒə
‘nine’ *bɣᵒə́
‘ten’ *žᵒa
‘mother’ *(a)na/ə
‘father’ *(a)tᵒə
‘mother/dad’ *baba
‘mummy’, ‘grandmother’ *nana
‘dad’, ‘grandfather’ *dada
‘son’ *qᵒa
‘daughter’ *pHᵒá/ə
‘brother’ *-λá
‘son-/brother-in-law’ *maHᵒə
‘relatives of wife’ *tᵒə-ƛə
‘orphan’ *jə/aba
‘head’ (?) *š-qa
‘neck’ *tᵒəqə
‘hair’ *q(’)ᵒə
‘hair, wool’ *rasᵒa/ə
‘nose’ *pa
‘mouth’ *č’a
‘mouth, orifice’ *q’ᵒə/a
‘tooth’ *ca
‘tongue’ *bz/źa
‘ear’ *Ła
‘eye’ *b-la
‘hand’ *q’a
‘foot’ *λá
‘bosom, upper part’ *bɣá
‘woman’s breast’ *bəʒə, *ʒəʒa
‘back (part)’ *pxá
‘waist, (small of the) back’ *bĝa/ə
‘belly’ *nək’ᵒa//nəgᵒa
‘hip, thigh, back’ *kᵒa
‘finger’ *ćᵒa
‘skin’ *ćᵒa
‘heart’ *gᵒə́
‘bone’ *bəGᵒə
‘liver’ *ć’ᵒa
‘blood’ *λá
‘spleen’ or ‘stomach’ *ká
‘inside(s) *c’a
‘rib, side’ *ǯᵒa
‘bile’, ‘gall-bladder’ *zazə
‘kidney’ *źaźa
‘scrotum, testicle’ *ĝá
‘sinew’ *xᵒa
‘height’ *q’ᵒa
‘mountain’ *bĝa/ə
‘hill, mountain’ *xᵒa
‘ravine, river’ *Hᵒə
‘valley, ravine’ *qᵒa
‘field’, ‘open space’ *dᵒə
‘sea’ *λᵒə
‘sand, sandy beach’ *pč/šaHᵒa
‘floodlands, shore’ *(nə-)ga
‘summer’ *ʕᵒá
‘hail, cold’ *śᵒə
‘snow’ *sᵒə
‘snowstorm’, ‘hoarfrost’ *sᵒə-tHᵒa/ə
‘rain’ *kᵒa/ə
‘rain’, ‘hail’ *č́xᵒə
‘stream, torrent (after rain)’ *ʕᵒarə
‘water, river’ *psə
‘sky’ *źᵒa
‘sun’ *dəɣa
‘moon’ *məʒa
‘star’ *ć’ᵒa
‘thunder(-god)’ (?) *čᵒə
‘thunder’ *dᵒədᵒə
‘fire’ *məć’ᵒa
‘night’ *cəƛə
‘night’ *aqa
‘day’ *məλᵒá
‘kind of big tree (beech or linden)’ *tᵒa
‘beech/plane/oak’ *bǯá/ə
‘kind of tree (hornbeam/beech/maple)’ *čá/ə
‘plane/maple-tree’ *məč’ə́
‘spruce/fir-/ pine-tree’ *psa
‘linden/willow’ *bzə
‘pine-wood’, ‘prickly tree’, ‘bush, shrub’ *məʒ́ə
‘bush shrub’ *k’ᵒə
‘prickle’ *ma/ə(ɣə)ɣə
‘prickled bush’ *bana
‘box-tree’ *ša-sə
‘kind of evergreen tree (like laurel, juniper, holly)’ *dəɣa-
‘tree, trunk’ *ʕᵒa/ənə
‘wood (as material)’ *məHá
‘wood (as material)’, ‘firewood’ *məč’ə
‘wood’ *sə
‘large tree (trunk)’, ‘grass (for making hay)’ *ža
‘grass (for making hay)’ *tᵒa
‘cornel fruit’ *ʒ́a(-rə)
‘chestnut’ *šx̌ᵒá
‘nut’ *ra
‘wild apple’ *mə
‘fig’ *laHᵒə́
‘fruit/apple’ *ć’ᵒa
‘wild grapes, liana’ *məšᵒə́
‘grape’, ‘corncob’ *šx̌ᵒə
‘(straw)berry’ *mark’ᵒa
‘plum’ *pqᵒə//pHᵒə
‘a cherry’ *tᵒá
‘pear’ *qᵒá
‘(juicy) ripe fruit’ *t’a/əma/ə
‘onion’ *(b)ǯə́(-nə)
‘reed’ *p’q’a/ə-
‘twigs (for wattle)’, ‘wattle’ *baća
‘root’ *cə
‘(to) hunt’ *šᵒa
‘fox’ *baga
‘marten’ *cəʒa
‘small animal like mouse or marten’ *cəɣᵒa/ə
‘goat, deer’ *(a)ča
‘deer, beast’ *šᵒə́
‘deer’ *λə́
‘bear’ *məšᵒə́
‘hare’ *(a)La
‘reptile (like frog or snake)’ *(H)ant’a
‘lizard’ *-cəšə
‘mouse, rat’ *qᵒənə//Hᵒənə
‘worm’ *xᵒa
‘fly, locust’ *mać’a
‘small insect’ (beetle or flea) *bžə
‘mosquito’ *k’ᵒəb/mə-
‘flying insect (like gadfly or moth)’ *ʕᵒə(-dᵒə)
‘fly’, ‘flea’ *ʒ́a/ə
‘louse’ *ć’a
‘tick’ *ba(mə)č’a
‘middle-sized bird like raven, crow or woodpecker’ *qᵒaLa
‘rook, raven’, or ‘dove’ *raHᵒa//raqᵒa
‘rook, raven’ *ćᵒəndə
‘small bird’ *(p’)ć’a
‘owl’ *t(’)ə
‘eagle-owl’ *t(')ə-ʕᵒərə-ʕərə
‘quail’ *nəbʕᵒá
‘kind of cereal (millet)’ *(a)ča
‘millet’, ‘millet (in field)’ *pšə
‘millet’ *ma/əƛə́
‘millet’ *λᵒə́
‘to plough’ *źᵒa, *ćᵒa
‘quantity, measure (e.g. of land to be cultivated)’ *mata
‘to weed, mow’ *(p’)č’á/ə
‘to sow’ *(p)sa
‘to sow by strewing’ *px̌a
‘seed, stone of fruit’ *ƛᵒəla
‘to rip, mow, saw’ *xə
‘threshing floor’ *Hamə
‘to pound, grind’ *bə/a
‘to grind, pound’ *dᵒədᵒə
‘to pound, thresh (seeds), husk grains out of ears’ *tᵒa
‘to husk’ *źɣə
‘to pound, husk’ *gᵒə
‘mortar for threshing grains’ *gᵒə́-Hᵒə
‘mill’ *wə
‘to grind, thresh, mill’ *laga
‘to grind, mill, thresh’ *čá/ə
‘horse’ *čə
‘stallion’ *λᵒa-k’ᵒá
‘donkey’ *č(́)ədə
‘bull’ *ćᵒə
‘cow’ *źᵒə
‘cow (with small udder)’ *gᵒəma
‘camel’ *max̌(ᵒ)ča
‘ram’ *t(’)ə
‘sheep’, ‘price’ *wasa
‘goat’ *st(’)a, *waGə(jə), *bǯánə
‘kid, young goat’ *kə/ac(’)ə
‘kid, goatling’, ‘small of animals’ *ʒ́ə
‘swine/pig’ *qᵒa//Hᵒa
‘dog’ *Hᵒa
‘rooster’ *ataqa
‘hen’ *k(’ᵒ)a/ət(’)ə
‘herd, flock’ *gᵒarta
‘to butt (as cow)’ *gə́/a
‘trough for house animals’ *jaGᵒa
‘to milk’ *xá
‘dung, manure’ *wacə/a
‘to graze, pasture’ *Hᵒə
‘yoke’, ‘to tame, subdue’ *bžə́
‘(fenced) enclosure’ *gᵒa
‘covered enclosure’, ‘wall’ *ʒ́a
‘hut’ *kála/ə
‘house’ *ʕᵒəna
‘fort’, ‘stone fence’ *abʕa
‘house’ *ćᵒəja
‘settlement with sheds for cattle’ *kata
‘wood for fire or as material’ *məč’ə
‘smoke’ *ɣᵒa
‘ashes’ *tqᵒa
‘device for producing light, candle’ *məza
‘vessel’ *šəqᵒə
‘basin, mug’ *č(́)aq’ᵒə/a
‘cord, rope’ *ša
‘awl’ (from the verb dᵒá ‘to sew’) *dᵒá(-dᵒé)
‘needle’ *gᵒərə
‘to wattle’, ‘to wind thread’ *č’ə́č’ə́
‘to plait, wattle’ *λᵒə
‘wattle’ *kᵒanə
‘to weave’ *śə/a
‘bobbin or shuttle used while making thread’ *kᵒa
‘weaving loom’, ‘pivot of the shuttle’ *x̌ᵒə/a
‘to knit, weave, spin thread’ *x̌a
‘hair, wool’ *rasᵒə/a
‘to pinch’, ‘to card (wool)’ *(s)k’ᵒa(-k’ᵒə)
‘to card (wool)’ *pxə
‘felt’ *wə/ap’a
‘to plane, shave, sharpen’ *psə
‘to rough-hew, carpenter’ *ʒ́a
‘stake, pole, plank’ *ɣᵒə
‘beam’ *bla
‘to coat (the walls of the house)’ *ja
‘to scutch, swindle, comb (flax)’ *zᵒə
‘wax’ *ƛᵒa
‘honeycomb’ *ƛᵒa-məɣᵒá//məɣᵒá-ƛᵒa
‘axe’ *gᵒášᵒə́
‘sabre, sword’ *asᵒa
‘arrow’ *ƛá
‘oar’, ‘rudder’ *źᵒa
‘metal’ *ʕᵒə
‘red copper’ (lit. ‘red metal’) *ʕᵒə-pλa
‘white copper’ (lit. ‘white metal’) *ʕᵒə-λᵒa
‘iron’ (lit. ‘black metal’) *ʕᵒə-ć’ᵒa
‘silver’ *raǯᵒə́nə
‘lead’ *amp’a, *t’əsa
‘to forge’ *k’ə́
‘blacksmith’ *ʕᵒə-k’ə́
‘smithy’ *k’ə́-ƛə
‘to melt, fuse’ *bžə́
‘anvil’ *(p)sə(n)gə́
‘the god of the smithy’ *λáśᵒə
‘to evaluate, pay’ *śᵒa
‘to sell’ *ƛa
‘to buy’ *xᵒə
‘to exchange, buy, take’ *x̌ᵒa
‘loan’, ‘to borrow’ *ʕa
‘sheep’, ‘price’ *wasa
‘dear, expensive’ *λá-p’q’ᵒa
‘army’ *ra
‘seed, stone of fruit’, ‘population of village’, ‘clan’ *ƛᵒə́́la
‘prince’ *Há/ə
‘captive, slave’ *ɣarə
‘soul’ *psa
‘grave’ *qa
‘sky, heaven’, ‘god’ *wa
‘dragon’ *t’əGᵒa
‘god of the smithy’ *λáśᵒə
‘lightning’, ‘god of lightning’ (?) *čᵒə
‘textile, linen’ *ša/ə
‘short jacket’ (< *k’áč’ə ‘short’) *k’áč’ə
‘fur-coat’ *tqamə
‘nail or metallic clasp’ *q’ᵒəna
‘buckle, clasp’ *pəǯə́
‘food’ *xá
‘kind of food’ *ɣá-čə́//čá-ɣá
‘meat, flesh’ *Lə
‘(internal) fat’ *ša
‘salt’ *ǯə́
‘milk’ *čá
‘cheese’ *qᵒa-
‘butter’ *tx̌ᵒə
‘honey’ *śᵒa
‘wine’ *ʕᵒə
‘to roast, bake’ *ʒ́ə/a
‘to fry’ *(b)ǯá/ə
‘to boil’ *źᵒa
‘to cut or pinch dough’; cf. also *fa/ə ‘to eat’ *bək'ə
‘sharp’ *(p’)ć'a
‘warm, hot’ *λᵒa
‘dry’ *ʕᵒə́
‘cold’ *č’ə́
‘wet’ *t’ə/a
‘wet’ *ʒ́a
‘wet, humid’ *ć’ə
‘white’ *λᵒə́
‘red’ *pλə́
‘yellow’ *ʕᵒa
‘black’ *ć’ᵒa
‘black’ *ǯá
‘small, little’ *mač’ə́
‘small’ *t’a
‘short, small’ *gᵒə
‘short’ *k’áč’ə
‘long’ *wa/ə
‘thin’ *č’ᵒa
‘narrow’ *məć’ə
‘wide’ *bʕᵒá
‘old’ *žᵒə́
‘new’ *č’a
‘young, new’ *ć’a
‘good’ *č(’)a
‘bad, lacking’ *(a)g(́)a
‘bad, evil’ *(a)ćᵒa/ə
‘fluffy, downy’ *bəbə
‘large, thick’ *p’a
‘mild, soft’ *t’at’a
‘naked, clean’ *p’ć’a
‘sour’ *ć’ᵒa
‘light, quick’ *l/wasə
‘slow’ *źaźa
‘strong’ *šx̌ᵒa
‘thin, weak’ *abʕa

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Colarusso, John. 1989. Proto-Northwest Caucasian (or how to crack a very hard nut). Journal of Indo-European Studies.
  2. ^ Chirikba, Viacheslav. 1996. Common West Caucasian: The Reconstruction of its Phonological System and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology. Leiden: Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies. →ISBN.
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