Wiktionary:About Chinese/Wenzhounese

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Wenzhounese is a variety of Wu Chinese, spoken by about 5 million people. It is native to Wenzhou, a city in Zhejiang, China. Wenzhounese is one of the most divergent modern varieties of Chinese with more than a million speakers, and has been dubbed the "Devil's Tongue" for its unintelligibility, even with Wu dialects in adjacent areas. This page describes the dialect spoken in the urban area of Wenzhou, specifically in Lucheng District.

Initials and finals

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WT Romanisation Wu-Chinese MiniDict Shen Wugniu Voiced? IPA Examples
p p b p no [p] 巴布扮
ph ph p ph no [pʰ] 怕品匹
b b bb b yes [b] 皮別般／皮别般
m m m m yes [mɦ] 毛網襪／毛网袜 (máo wǎng wà)
'm 'm - m no [ʔm] 媽貓咪／妈猫咪
f f f f no [f] 分肺火
v v v v yes [v] 文未(文)河
- v - - no [ʔʋ] 屋溫(白)歪／屋温(白)歪
t t d t no [t] 到斗短
th th t th no [tʰ] 太鐵攤／太铁摊
d d dd d yes [d] 道奪同／道夺同
n n n n yes [nɦ] 惱南捺／恼南捺
'n 'n - n no [ʔn] 奶哪冇
l l l l yes [lɦ] 勞輪力／劳轮力
'l 'l - l no [ʔl] 拉了溜
ts ts z ts no [t͡s] 走莊雞／走庄鸡 (zǒu zhuāng jī)
tsh tsh c tsh no [t͡sʰ] 親炒溪／亲炒溪
dz dz zz dz yes [d͡z] 殘(文)住忌／残(文)住忌
s s s s no [s] 色山希
z z ss z yes [z] 字樹石／字树石
j c j c no [t͡ɕ] 酒堅種／酒坚种
q ch q ch no [t͡ɕʰ] 丘千觸／丘千触
jj j jj j yes [d͡ʑ] 橋求丈／桥求丈 (qiáo qiú zhàng)
ny ny ny gn yes [n̠ʲɦ] 泥讓玉／泥让玉
'ny 'ny - gn no [ʔn̠ʲ] 蟯粘扭／蛲粘扭
x sh x sh no [ɕ] 笑血收
y y y y yes [j] 移床柔 (yí chuáng róu)
k k g k no [k] 高幾(白)降／高几(白)降
kh kh k kh no [kʰ] 口去(白)恰
g g gg g yes [ɡ] 茄擱(白)厚(白)／茄搁(白)厚(白)
ng ng ng ng yes [ŋɦ] 俄牙額／俄牙额
'ng 'ng - ng no [ʔŋ] 唔耳眼
h h h h no [h] 海風瞎／海风瞎
gh gh hh gh yes [ɦ] 孩奉旺 (hái fèng wàng)
' ' - - no [ʔ] 歐衣汪勇／欧衣汪勇
WT Romanisation Wu-Chinese MiniDict Shen Wugniu IPA Examples Notes
r y ii y [z̩] 資事雞吃／资事鸡吃
i i i i [i] 衣千切匹
u u u u [u] 普河火 (pǔ hé huǒ)
y iu v iu [y] 女全乾／女全干
a a a a [a] 媽反閒獲／妈反闲获
ia ia ia ia [ia] 丫(文)曉腳／丫(文)晓脚
ua va ua ua [ua] 彎挖／弯挖 (wān wā) seems to be 'v + a in Wu-Chinese
ae ae ae ae [ɛ] 行杏
iae iae ie iae [iɛ] 標生略／标生略
uiae viae uie - [uiɛ] 奣 (wěng) seems to be 'v + iae in Wu-Chinese
e e ee e [e] 開來賽黑／开来赛黑
eu eo e eo [ɜ] 刀保浮(文)剖
oe oe oe oe [ø] 半暖寸突
uao uao uo uao [uɔ] 包咬光浪
yao iuao uo iuao [yɔ] 恭窗種用／恭窗种用 (n)y + iuao → (n)yuao
o o o o [o] 巴沙化昨
yo io vo iuo [yo] 足曲浴 (n)y + io → (n)yo
ai ai ai ai [ai] 杯灰北十
iai iai iai iai [iai] 吃吸翼 (n)y + iai → (n)yai
uai vai uai vai [uai] 威(白)煨 seems to be 'v + ai in Wu-Chinese and Wugniu
ei ei - ei [ei] 比體謝力／比体谢力
au au au au [au] 斗口牛
iau iau iau iau [iau] 扭久優／扭久优 (niǔ jiǔ yōu) (n)y + iau → (n)yau
ou ou eu ou [ɤu] 拖(文)羅初毒／拖(文)罗初毒
iou iou ieeu? ou [ieu] 就周竹 (jiù zhōu zhú) (n)y + iou → (n)you; merged into ɤu in Wugniu
oey eu û eu [øy] 布磨類魚／布磨类鱼
an an ang an [aŋ] 枕本燈含(白)／枕本灯含(白)
ian ian iang ian [iaŋ] 琴巾寧興／琴巾宁兴 (n)y + ian → (n)yan
uan van uang van [uaŋ] 溫(白)／温(白) seems to be 'v + an in Wu-Chinese and Wugniu
en en eng en [eŋ] 兵丁星程
on on ong on [oŋ] 東風翁／东风翁
yon ion vong ion [yoŋ] 兄中寵順／兄中宠顺 (n)y + ion → (n)yon
mm m m - [m̩] 姆嘸／姆呒 rime not found in Wugniu
nn n n n [n̩] 唔
ngg ng ng ng [ŋ̍] 兒吳鵝／儿吴鹅

Tones

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Tones for single syllables

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There are eight tones organized into four groups of two tones. In each group, the voicing of the initial consonant determines the tone: voiceless consonants are dark and voiced consonants are light.

Tone number Tone name Tone value Example characters
1 dark level
陰平 		˧˧ 33 高山翻飛／高山翻飞 (gāo shān fān fēi)
light level
陽平 		˧˩ 31 平凡綿連／平凡绵连
2 dark rising
陰上 		˦˥ʔ 45 高山翻飛／高山翻飞 (gāo shān fān fēi)
light rising
陽上 		˧˦ʔ 34 平凡綿連／平凡绵连
3 dark departing
陰去 		˦˨ 42 高山翻飛／高山翻飞 (gāo shān fān fēi)
light departing
陽去 		˩˩ 11 平凡綿連／平凡绵连
4 dark entering
陰入 		˧˩˧ 313 高山翻飛／高山翻飞 (gāo shān fān fēi)
light entering
陽入 		˨˩˨ 212 平凡綿連／平凡绵连

Tone sandhi

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Tone sandhi rules in the Wenzhou dialect are complex.

The table below shows the two-syllable tonal sandhi rules; the cells indicate the tone of the two syllables after tone sandhi. A is the dark tone and B is the light tone.

The table is mainly based on 《溫州方言詞典》. Differences in 《温州方言志》 from 《溫州方言詞典》 are noted in parentheses.

1st \ 2nd 1A
˧˧		 1B
˧˩		 2
˦˥ʔ		 3A
˦˨		 3B
˩˩		 4
˧˩˧
1 ˩˩ ˧˧
11-33		 ˩˩ ˩˧
11-13
(11-12)		 ˥˧ʔ ˦˥ʔ
53-45
(43-34)		 ˩˧ ˥˧ʔ
13-53
(11-53)		 ˥˧ʔ ˩˧
53-13
(34-13)
2 ˦˨ ˧˧
42-33		 ˦˨ ˩
42-1
(42-21)		 ˦˨ ˩
42-1
(42-21)		 ˦˨ ˩˩
42-11
(43-11)
3A ˩˩ ˩˧
11-13
(11-12)
3B ˦˨ ˩
42-1
(42-21)
4 ˩ ˧˧
1-33		 ˩˩ ˩˧
11-13
(11-12)		 ˩ ˦˥ʔ
1-45
(1-34)		 ˩ ˦˨
1-42		 ˩ ˩˩
1-11		 ˩ ˩˧
1-13
(1-212)

Examples

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Dark level first syllable
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先生 - ɕi33-11 siɛ33 豬油 - tsei33-11 jiau31-13 瓜子 - ko33-53 tsẓ35 蝦米 - ho33-53 mei24-35
注意 - siɛ33-13 i43-53 公事 koŋ33-13 zz̩11-53 資格 - tsẓ33-53 ka313-13 桑葉 - suɔ33-53 ji212-13
Light level first syllable
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棉花 - mi31-11 ho33 黃魚 ɦuɔ31-11 ŋøy31-13 鞋底 - ɦa31-53 tei35 朋友 - boŋ31-53 jiau24-35
長凳 - d͡ʑi31-13 taŋ42-53 和尚 - vu31-13 ji11-53 頭髮 - dɤu31-53 ho313-13 茶葉 - dzo31-53 ji212-13
Dark rising first syllable
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點心 - ti35-42 saŋ33 水牛 - sz̩35-42 ŋau33-1 手錶 - ɕieu35-53 piɛ35 早稻 - t͡sə35-53 də24-35
小氣 - ɕiɛ35-42 t͡sʰ42-1 子彈 - t͡s35-42 da11 粉筆 - faŋ35-53 pi313-13 火藥 - fu35-53 jia212
Light rising first syllable
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Dark falling first syllable
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Light falling first syllable
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Dark checked first syllable
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Light checked first syllable
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Resources

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See also

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