和尚
See also: 和尙
Chinese
[edit]mix together; peace; harmony mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm |
still; yet; to value still; yet; to value; to esteem | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (和尚/和尙) | 和 | 尚/尙 | |
| simp. (和尚) | 和 | 尚 | |
| alternative forms | |||
Etymology
[edit]“Senior monk who holds the precepts-granting ceremony; preceptor” > “high priest; head monk” > “Buddhist monks in general”. First attested in the 3rd–4th centuries CE, as 和上.
Borrowed from Prakrit 𑀉𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uvajjhāa), 𑀉𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uajjhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ujjhāa), 𑀑𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ŏjjhāa), 𑀑𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ojhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛 (ujjha, “teacher; religious teacher”), all from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya, “teacher; preceptor; spiritual adviser”) (Chu, 2002). The use of 上 (MC dzyangH) or 尚 (MC dzyangH) to render Prakrit jjhāa /d̚d͡ʑʱɑː.ɐ/ was probably influenced by:
- The weakening of the nasal –ŋ coda in the ancient northwestern dialect of Middle Chinese, and
- The use of phono-semantic matching in transcription, with 尚 taken to mean “noble; virtuous; to revere” (idem).
Compare Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨗𐨸𐨩 (uvaj̄aya, “teacher”), Pali upajjhāya, upajjhā, upajjha (“spiritual teacher or preceptor”), Hindi ओझा (ojhā, “exorcist”), Sindhi واڍو / वाढो (vāḍho, “carpenter”), Assamese ওজা (üza, “one well-versed in any art; teacher; sorcerer”), Bengali ওঝা (ōjha, “snake-charmer; exorcist”), Odia ଓଝା (ojhā, “teacher; one who cures snake-bites; wizard; exorcist; title of blacksmiths and carpenters”), Malayalam വാധ്യായൻ (vādhyāyaṉ, “teacher; family priest”), Tamil வாத்தியார் (vāttiyār, “teacher; family priest; one who trains actors and dancers”).
Alternative theories, such as those put forth by Tang Dynasty monks Xuanying and Huiyuan, hypothesise that this was borrowed from Khotanese or language of the Shule Kingdom, but these appear less likely.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wo4 soeng6-2
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): vo3 siang5*
- Gan (Wiktionary): uo4 song
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): hue1 son3
- Eastern Min (BUC): hù-siông / huò-siông
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hor2 syong5 / hor2 syeng5
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6wu-zaon
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho2 shan4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄤˋ → ㄏㄜˊ ˙ㄕㄤ (toneless final syllable variant)
- Tongyong Pinyin: héshång
- Wade–Giles: ho2-shang5
- Yale: hé-shang
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her.shanq
- Palladius: хэшан (xɛšan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/ → /xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хәшон (həšon, I-II) / хуәшон (huəšon, I-II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/, /xuə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: wo4 soeng6-2
- Yale: wòh séung
- Cantonese Pinyin: wo4 soeng6-2
- Guangdong Romanization: wo4 sêng6-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: vo3 siang5*
- Sinological IPA (key): /vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: uo4 song
- Sinological IPA (key): /uo³⁵ sɔŋ²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vò-song
- Hakka Romanization System: voˇ song
- Hagfa Pinyim: vo2 song4
- Sinological IPA: /vo¹¹ soŋ⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: vo shong˖
- Sinological IPA: /vo⁵⁵ ʃoŋ³³/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: hue1 son3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hù-siông / huò-siông
- Sinological IPA (key): /hu⁵³⁻²¹ (s-)luɔŋ²⁴²/, /huo⁵³⁻²¹ (s-)luɔŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: hor2 syong5 [Phonetic: hor4 lyong5]
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɒ¹³⁻⁴² (ɬ-)lyɒŋ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: hor2 syeng5 [Phonetic: hor4 lyeng5]
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɒ¹³⁻⁴² (ɬ-)lyøŋ²¹/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu, Jinjiang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hê-siūⁿ
- Tâi-lô: hê-siūnn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hesviu
- IPA (Xiamen): /he²⁴⁻²² siũ²²/
- IPA (Taipei): /he²⁴⁻¹¹ siũ³³/
- IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /he²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Tainan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siōⁿ
- Tâi-lô: huê-siōnn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hoesvioi
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /hue¹³⁻²² siɔ̃²²/
- IPA (Tainan): /hue²⁴⁻³³ siɔ̃³³/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Yilan, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siūⁿ
- Tâi-lô: huê-siūnn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hoesviu
- IPA (Yilan): /hue²⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /hue²³⁻³³ siũ³³/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêr-siǔⁿ
- Tâi-lô: hêr-siǔnn
- IPA (Lukang): /hə²⁴⁻²² siũ³³/
- (Hokkien: Penang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siāuⁿ
- Tâi-lô: huê-siāunn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hoesviau
- IPA (Penang): /hue²³⁻²¹ siãu²¹/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: huê5 siên7 / huê5 sion7 / hua5 siang6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huê siēⁿ / huê siōⁿ / huâ siăng
- Sinological IPA (key): /hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/, /hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/, /hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu, Jinjiang, Philippines)
Note:
- huê5 siên7/huê5 sion7 - vernacular;
- hua5 siang6 - literary.
- Middle Chinese: hwa dzyangH
Noun
[edit]和尚
Synonyms
[edit]Dialectal synonyms of 和尚 (“Buddhist monk”) [map]
- (knee):
Derived terms
[edit]- 丈二和尚摸不著頭腦 / 丈二和尚摸不着头脑 (zhàng èr héshàng mō bù zháo tóunǎo)
- 做一天和尚撞一天鐘 / 做一天和尚撞一天钟 (zuò yītiān héshang zhuàng yītiān zhōng)
- 剃和尚禿驢 / 剃和尚秃驴
- 前門不進師姑，後門不進和尚 / 前门不进师姑，后门不进和尚
- 和尚吃八方
- 和尚在，缽盂在 / 和尚在，钵盂在
- 和尚寺
- 和尚帽
- 和尚打傘 / 和尚打伞
- 和尚打傘，無法無天 / 和尚打伞，无法无天
- 和尚拖木頭 / 和尚拖木头
- 和尚海豹
- 和尚無兒孝子多 / 和尚无儿孝子多
- 和尚禿驢 / 和尚秃驴
- 和尚花
- 和尚衫
- 和尚跟著月亮走 / 和尚跟着月亮走
- 和尚頭 / 和尚头 (héshangtóu)
- 堂頭和尚 / 堂头和尚
- 大和尚
- 姑子死和尚
- 對著和尚罵賊禿 / 对着和尚骂贼禿
- 小和尚念經 / 小和尚念经
- 山和尚 (shānhéshàng)
- 布袋和尚
- 打完齋唔要和尚 / 打完斋唔要和尚
- 指住禿奴罵和尚 / 指住秃奴骂和尚
- 法海和尚
- 油花和尚
- 漏春和尚
- 當一天和尚撞一天鐘 / 当一天和尚撞一天钟
- 當家和尚 / 当家和尚
- 瘸和尚說法 / 瘸和尚说法
- 老和尚撞鐘 / 老和尚撞钟
- 老和尚看嫁妝 / 老和尚看嫁妆
- 花和尚 (huāhéshàng)
- 見了和尚罵賊禿 / 见了和尚骂贼秃
- 走了和尚走不了廟 / 走了和尚走不了庙
- 跑了和尚跑不了廟 / 跑了和尚跑不了庙
- 跳牆和尚 / 跳墙和尚
- 躲得和尚躲不得寺
- 遠來的和尚好看經 / 远来的和尚好看经
- 遠來的和尚會念經 / 远来的和尚会念经
- 野和尚
- 非洲和尚
- 非洲和尚——乞人憎
Descendants
[edit]Sino-Xenic (和尚):
Others:
Japanese
[edit]
Etymology 1
[edit]| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 和 | 尚 |
| お Grade: 3 |
しょう Grade: S |
| tōon | kan'on |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 和尙 (kyūjitai) |
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- (Zen or Pure Land Buddhism) Buddhist priest
- a Buddhist priest who is the head of a temple or in a higher rank.
- title and style for high ranked Buddhist priests.
- a Buddhist priest master who gives instructions to other priests.
Synonyms
[edit]- (a Buddhist priest who is the head of the temple or in a higher rank): 住職 (jūshoku)
- (a title for Buddhist priests): 和上 (wajō), 和闍 (wajō)
Etymology 2
[edit]| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 和 | 尚 |
| か Grade: 3 |
しょう Grade: S |
| kan'on | |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 和尙 (kyūjitai) 和上 |
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]和尚 • (kashō) ←くわしやう (kwasyau)?
- (Tendai or Kegon Buddhism) preceptor; high priest
Etymology 3
[edit]| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 和 | 尚 |
| わ Grade: 3 |
じょう Grade: S |
| goon | |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 和尙 (kyūjitai) 和上 |
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- (Shingon, Hosso, Ritsu or Shin Buddhism) preceptor; high priest
References
[edit]
Vietnamese
[edit]| chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
|---|---|
| 和 | 尚 |
Noun
[edit]和尚
- chữ Hán form of hoà thượng (“senior Buddhist monk”).
Categories:
- Chinese terms derived from Prakrit
- Chinese terms derived from Sanskrit
- Chinese phono-semantic matchings
- Mandarin words containing toneless variants
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Dungan lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Taishanese lemmas
- Gan lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Jin lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Puxian Min lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Xiang lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Dungan nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Taishanese nouns
- Gan nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Jin nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Hokkien nouns
- Teochew nouns
- Puxian Min nouns
- Wu nouns
- Xiang nouns
- Middle Chinese nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 和
- Chinese terms spelled with 尚
- zh:Buddhism
- Gan Chinese
- Advanced Mandarin
- zh:People
- zh:Monasticism
- zh:Occupations
- Japanese terms spelled with 和 read as お
- Japanese terms spelled with 尚 read as しょう
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms historically spelled with を
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji
- Japanese terms with 2 kanji
- ja:Buddhism
- Japanese terms spelled with 和 read as か
- Japanese terms read with kan'on
- Japanese terms historically spelled with わ
- Japanese terms spelled with 和 read as わ
- Japanese terms spelled with 尚 read as じょう
- Japanese terms read with goon
- ja:Religious occupations
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese nouns
- Vietnamese nouns in Han script
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán