Appendix:Proto-Cushitic reconstructions
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The following list of Proto-Cushitic reconstructions are from Ehret (1987) and Bender (2020).
Ehret (1987)
[edit]| No. | Proto-Cushitic | Gloss | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | *ba- | to not have | |
| 2. | *baar- | cultivated field | |
| 3. | *bal- ~ *baal- | to shake | |
| 4. | *bar-/*bir- | to go to | |
| 5. | *bar-/*bur- | to blow (of wind) | |
| 6. | *bark’-/*birk’- | to flash | |
| 7. | *bel- | to break | |
| 8. | *ber- | to grasp | |
| 9. | *biil- | ear of grain (?) | |
| 10. | *bob- | armpit | |
| 11. | *boħ- | to depart | |
| 12 | *bok’- | to be moist | |
| 13 | *bu | ground | |
| 14 | *buur- | malt | |
| 15. | *dankaws-/dinkaws- | finger millet | |
| 16. | *dah- | to travel (toward or from), approach, pass by | |
| 17. | *daħ-/*duħ- | to make noise | |
| 18. | *dam-/*dim- | time | |
| 19. | *damn-/*dumn- | cloud | |
| 20. | *danb- | hindquarters, backside | |
| 21. | *dar- | edge | |
| 22. | *dar- | to add | |
| 23 | *dac- | to enter | |
| 24 | *daʔ- | to flow | |
| 25. | *di(i)m-/*du(u)m- | red | |
| 26. | *dog- | grip, grasp (n.) | |
| 27 | *dok- | old | |
| 28 | *door- | to watch, look over | |
| 29. | *dur- | to turn round | |
| 30. | *gaad- | to stay, wait | |
| 31. | *gad-/*gid- | to put down | |
| 32. | *gʷadab-/*gʷidab- | chest, front of the body | |
| 33. | *haad- | to go along | |
| 34. | *cad-/*cid- | body of person | |
| 35. | *cadh-/*cidh- | to put up high | |
| 36. | *ga | down | |
| 37. | *gad-/*gud- | big | |
| 38. | *gaf-/*guf- | to descend, fall | |
| 39. | *gam-/*gim- | to sleep | |
| 40. | *gamm- | mane | |
| 41. | *gayn- | skin | |
| 42. | *ged- | to go before | |
| 43. | *gib-/*gub- | to close | |
| 44. | *gidm-/*gudm- | side | |
| 45. | *gir- | to sit, lie, be low | |
| 46. | *giiʔ- | to burn | |
| 47. | *gub- | to rot, stink | |
| 48. | *gub- | to grind | |
| 49. | *gus- | to take away, take out, take off | |
| 50. | *ʔorg- | he-goat, ram | |
| 51. | *gʷaa | cut (n.) | |
| 52. | *gʷaaf(ar)- | long hair | |
| 53. | *gʷab- | to stop (intr.) | |
| 54. | *gʷal- | crotch | |
| 55. | *gʷarb- ~ *gʷarp- | daylight | |
| 56. | *gʷacb- | throat | |
| 57. | *gʷaʔ- | to strike | |
| 58. | *gʷed- | to untie, let loose | |
| 59. | *gʷeʔd- | side of body | |
| 60. | *gʷiic- | to swallow | |
| 61. | *gʷilb-/*gulb- | knee | |
| 62. | *nugʷ- | snout | |
| 63. | *-ʔgʷar- | to turn | |
| 64. | *pal-/*pil- | to flutter | |
| 65. | *par-/*pir-/*pur- | to fly, jump | |
| 66. | *parħ- | to take apart | |
| 67. | *gip-/*gup- | protrusion, prominence, peak | |
| 68. | *gomp- | stick | |
| 69. | *goopc- | to bend | |
| 70. | *gʷarp-/*gurp- | to cut off | |
| 71. | *lop- | feather | |
| 72. | *taf- | to grab | |
| 73. | *tak’-/*tik’-/*tuk’- | to press | |
| 74. | *tah- | to tap | |
| 75 | *tar-/*tir- | to start up | |
| 76. | *ter-/*tir- | dust | |
| 77. | *tiib- | male of large animal | |
| 78. | *-t-k- | to marry (?) | |
| 79. | *tuf- | to spit | |
| 80. | *tuus- | to fill up | |
| 81. | *ʔant-/*ʔint- | you (sing.) | |
| 82. | *ʔint- | louse | |
| 83. | *kaf-/*kuf- | to go down | |
| 84. | *kal-/*kil- | to reside, dwell | |
| 85. | *kal-/*kil- | to go around | |
| 86. | *kal-/*kil-/*kul- | to burn (intr.) | |
| 87. | *kaw- | to advance | |
| 88. | *ker-/*kir- | top | |
| 89. | *kiB-/*kuB- | to pour | |
| 90. | *kilkil- | to tickle | |
| 91. | *-k-l- | to fly | |
| 92. | *kum- | multitude, large number | |
| 93. | *kur- | rock | |
| 94. | *kʷal- | to pound | |
| 95. | *(n)kʷal- | kidney | |
| 96. | *kʷal- ~ *xʷal- | to go round | |
| 97. | *kʷeer- | uncleared land, bush area | |
| 98. | *bokʷ- ~ *pokʷ- | mist, drizzle | |
| 99. | *lukʷ- ~ *ɬukʷ- | leg | |
| 100. | *mikʷ-/*mukʷ- | leg bone | |
| 101. | *mukʷ- | stick | |
| 102. | *nikʷ-/*nukʷ- | to fall short | |
| 103. | *sakʷ- | ostrich | |
| 104. | *takʷ-/*tikʷ- | to descend | |
| 105. | *takʷ-/*tikʷ- | to heat | |
| 106. | *ʔeekʷ- | fire | |
| 107. | *p’ah- ~ *p’aħ- | dikdik | |
| 108. | *p’ac-/*puc- | to revolve | |
| 109. | *p’its’ak’- | saliva; moisture | |
| 110. | *dip’-/*dup’- | to rise, swell | |
| 111. | *dlap’-/*dlip’- | to pay | |
| 112 | *gaynp’-/*ginp’- | heel | |
| 113. | *kup’r- | dirt | |
| 114. | *ɬap’- | rib | |
| 115. | *t’iip’- | vein, sinew, hair | |
| 116. | *t’aʔb- | to stuff, cram | |
| 117. | *t’af- | to scatter (intr.) | |
| 118. | *t’ak’-/*t’ik’- | to become wet | |
| 119. | *t’akʷ’-/*t’ikʷ’- ~ *t’ak-/*t’ikʷ- | to pull | |
| 120. | *t’ar- | to curse, wish harm on | |
| 121. | *t’igaħ- | fingers | |
| 122. | *t’igʷ- | to be small, young | |
| (115.) | *t’iip’- | vein, sinew, hair | |
| 123. | *t’iir-/*-t’-r- | to be tall, long, high | |
| 124. | *t’ik(k)- | forearm | |
| 125. | *t’ilħ- | to glow | |
| 126. | *t’ir- | strand, long strip | |
| 127. | *t’on- | to show, bring into view, draw attention to | |
| 128. | *t’-nak’- | honey | |
| 129. | *gat’- | chin | |
| 130. | *kʷ’at’r-/*k’ut’r- | genitals | |
| 131. | *nat’- | woman | |
| 132. | *-n-t’- | to lick | |
| 133. | *-c’bak’- | to break up, break apart (tr.) | |
| 134. | *-c’fak’- | to soak | |
| 135. | *c’eb- ~ *c’ep- | to watch | |
| 136. | *c’eec- | to become frail, delicate | |
| 137. | *c’of- | to leak, seep | |
| 138. | *c’ok’- | to wet | |
| 139. | *c’ook’- | mud | |
| 140. | *kanc’- | to take | |
| 141. | *k’a(a)c’- | to catch, hold fast | |
| 142. | *mac’- | to get up | |
| 143. | *-mc’- | to bind | |
| 144. | *sinc’- | urine | |
| 145. | *k’aaf- | hull, rind | |
| 146. | *k’ab-/*k’ib- | to be quiet | |
| 147. | *k’ac’- | to be damp | |
| 148. | *k’ah- | to come away, part company | |
| 149. | *k’ak’-/*k’ik’- | to smoulder | |
| 150. | *k’ar- | peak, top | |
| 151. | *k’ar- | period of time | |
| 152. | *k’at- | to lie down | |
| 153. | *k’ay- | to hunt; to look for | |
| 154. | *k’end- | vulva | |
| 155. | *k’oons-/*kʷ’aans- | bow | |
| 156. | *k’oʃ- | nape | |
| 157. | *k’uudl- | to go away | |
| 158. | *-kʷ’- | thin | |
| 159. | *-kʷ’- | to swallow | |
| 160. | *-kʷ’- | to be wet | |
| 161. | *kʷ’aat’- | to wash | |
| 162. | *kʷ’ac’- | neck | |
| 163. | *kʷ’al- | to move in regular short movements | |
| 164. | *kʷ’am- | to curve, bend, be bowed; ring of ivory or horn | |
| 165. | *kʷ’at’- | to mold, fashion | |
| 166. | *bakʷ’-/*bukʷ’- | to curdle, clot | |
| 167. | *bukʷ’- | gourd | |
| 168. | *dede(e)kʷ’- | clay | |
| 169. | *dekʷ’- | breastbone | |
| 170. | *ts’at- | to cut up | |
| 171. | *ts’ed- | red | |
| 172. | *ts’eer- | to lower, lessen | |
| 173. | *ts’ekf-/*kets’f- | arm joint, shoulder | |
| 174. | *ts’-m- | to be dirty | |
| 175. | *bits’- | to have color, become colored or bright | |
| 176. | *haats’- | sand | |
| (109.) | *p’its’ak’- | saliva; moisture | |
| 177. | *cats’-/*cits’- | to burn, shine | |
| 178. | *faak’-/*fiik’- | to cut apart, break open | |
| 179. | *fal- | to skin, husk | |
| 180. | *fal-/*fil- | to scrape | |
| 181. | *far-/*fir- | lower face | |
| 182. | *fi- | to go out | |
| 183. | *fic’- | to rub, wipe | |
| 184. | *fir- | to flower, bear fruit | |
| 185. | *fiʔ- ~ *fic- | to smell | |
| 186. | *fii?-/*fuuʔ- | omentum (?) | |
| 187. | *foof- | to drive (animals) | |
| 188. | *foʔ- ~ *foc- | to be immersed | |
| 189. | *fur- | to open | |
| 190. | *fuur- | to puff, blow | |
| 191. | *ʔaf-/*yaf- | mouth | |
| 192. | *ʔaf- | outside part of residence | |
| 193. | *ʔaf- | shade | |
| 194. | *-?-ff- | to blow | |
| 195. | *zaak’- | to eat up | |
| 196. | *zab- | to grasp | |
| 197. | *zaf-/*zif- | to pound (grain) | |
| 198. | *zagr- | guinea fowl | |
| 199. | *zayl- | to be heavy | |
| 200. | *zac-/*zic- | to be thin, weak | |
| 201. | *zaac- | to bite | |
| 202. | *-z-b- | to look | |
| 203. | *ziir-/*zuur- | intestines | |
| 204. | *-zog- | firestones | |
| 205. | *zokʷr- | to turn round | |
| 206. | *zok’- | to shape blade or point | |
| 207. | *beez- | to be uncovered | |
| 208. | *piz- | limb, member (of body) | |
| 209. | *gez- | to get | |
| 210. | *hamaaz- | to grow up, mature | |
| 211. | *haz- | flow of water | |
| 212. | *ħiz- | to be stout, thick, wide | |
| 213. | *ħazk-/*ħizk-/*ħuzk- | star | |
| 214. | *kiz- | to divide up, distribute | |
| 215. | *mazkʷ-/*mizkʷ- | right hand | |
| 216. | *raz-/*riz- | fur | |
| 217. | *saaz- | to wait | |
| 218. | *sazħ- | three | |
| 219. | *tuz- | to split | |
| 220. | ,*ʔaz- ~ *caz- | to hold | |
| 221. | *cazz- | new, young | |
| 222. | *-?zak’- | to skin, flay | |
| 223. | *zaf-/*zif- ~ *daf-/*dif- | to pass | |
| 224. | *zoob- ~ *doob- | marriageable young person | |
| 225. | *saab- ~ *saap’- | to spoil | |
| 226. | *sar- | back (of body) | |
| 227. | *seg-/*sog- | far | |
| 228. | *sil- | to trickle | |
| 229. | *so- | to speak to | |
| 230. | *so(w)- | to leak, drip | |
| 231. | *sonb- ~ *sonp- | lung | |
| 232. | *soc- | to go away | |
| 233. | *bus- | backside | |
| 234. | *bus- | dust | |
| 235. | *dees- | to thicken | |
| 236. | *gʷis-/*gus- | male genitals | |
| 237. | *ħaas-/*ħees- | family | |
| 238. | *ʔes- | to moisten, freshen | |
| 239. | *ʃaak’- | to open | |
| 240. | *ʃaala(n)kʷ- | to lap, lick | |
| 241. | *ʃaac- | cow | |
| 242. | *ʃab- | to strike | |
| 243. | *ʃab- ~ *ʃap- | to join, put together | |
| 244. | *ʃakʷ-/*ʃikʷ- | to cut repeatedly | |
| 245. | *ʃak’-/*ʃuk’- | to spit | |
| 246. | *ʃakʷ’- | to become full | |
| 247. | *ʃam-/*ʃim- | tail | |
| 248. | *ʃiʔ- | meat, skin, flesh | |
| 249. | *ʃob- | to be pleasant, sweet, pleasing, good | |
| 250. | *ʃoof- | to scrape | |
| 251. | *ʃooħ- | to secrete | |
| 252. | *ʃuub-/*ʃaab- | to produce, make, do | |
| 253. | *ɣa ~ *ɣaʔ- | tree | |
| 254. | *ɣat’t’- | to fold, wrap, press together | |
| 255. | *ɣaab- | to copulate | |
| 256. | *ɣaas- | horn | |
| 257. | *ɣaay- | yawn | |
| 257. | *ɣaay-s- | to yawn | |
| 258. | *ɣaac- | to convey | |
| 259. | *ɣab- | to stay, stop, stand | |
| 260. | *ɣab-/*ɣub- | to cut | |
| 261. | *ɣadam- | lower abdomen | |
| 262. | *ɣiir-/*ɣuur- | to attach, fit together, join | |
| 263. | *ɣoɣ- | husk | |
| 264. | *ɣuup-/*ɣaap- | fruit | |
| 265. | *diɣɣ- | to remove, take away, send away | |
| 266. | *dlaɣr-/*dluɣr- | dirt, filth | |
| 267. | *-g-ɣ- | to go away | |
| 268. | *mayloɣ- | (removed) horn | |
| 269. | *zeeɣ- | hard, tough, strong | |
| 270. | *zoɣ- | elephant | |
| 271. | *-zruɣ- | to shift, move (tr.) | |
| 272. | *waɣl-/*wiɣl- | rhinoceros | |
| 273. | *ʔaɣɣ- | molar tooth | |
| 274. | *ʔsaɣ- | honeycomb | |
| 275. | *ɣʷaap- | to bend | |
| 276. | *ɣʷaar- | heat | |
| 277. | *ɣʷalaaf- | to catch, seize | |
| 278. | *ɣʷar-/*ɣʷir- | ostrich | |
| 279. | *ɣʷay-/*ɣʷiy- | to be(come) hot | |
| 279. | *ɣʷiy-m- | heat of fire | |
| 280. | *ɣʷeʔ- ~ *ɣʷec- | to be afraid | |
| 281. | *ɣʷib- | calabash | |
| 282. | *saɣʷ-/*siɣʷ- | hoof, claw | |
| 283 | *ʔanɣʷ- ~ *canɣʷ- | top | |
| 284 | *xab- | clod, lump of earth | |
| 285. | *xaɬ- | (egg)shell; skin garment | |
| 286. | *xap- | to be joined, connected | |
| 287. | *xas- | to float | |
| 288. | *xayt’- ~ *xayc-’ | to scratch | |
| 289. | *xelf- ~ *ɣelf- | strength | |
| 290. | *xir- | to be round | |
| 291. | *-x-r- | to smell (intr.) | |
| 292. | *forx- | to make hole | |
| 293. | *sax- | to scrape | |
| 294. | *siix- | remains | |
| 295. | *sox- | to wet | |
| 296. | *tax- | to approach | |
| 297. | *t’oxc- | to pick up, take hold of | |
| 298. | *zax- | to flutter | |
| 299. | *ʔ-x- | to be | |
| 300. | *-xʷ- | female | |
| 301. | *xʷaar- | to turn about | |
| 302. | *xʷaat- | to rub, scrape (with hands, paws, etc.) | |
| 303. | *xʷar- | crow | |
| 304. | *xʷat’- | thin stem | |
| 305. | *xʷinb-/*hʷinb- | snout | |
| 306. | *gʷanxʷ- | strong | |
| 307. | *moxʷ- | to bend | |
| 308. | *moxʷr- | snake | noun derivative of verb in #307 |
| 309. | *t’axʷ- | to trap | |
| 310. | *yaxʷ-/*yuxʷ- | waist | |
| 311. | *ʔazxʷ- ~ *ʔaxʷz- | to chew | |
| 312. | *la | at | |
| 313. | *la-/*li- | to be moist, damp; to form dew | |
| 314. | *laas- | to be soft, weak, limp | |
| 315. | *laaw- | to take hold of | |
| 316. | *lag- | path, road | |
| 317. | *l-b- | chest, breast | |
| 318. | *lef- | to wrap | |
| 319. | *l-gʷ- | to drizzle | |
| 320. | *lo | true | |
| 321. | *lokʷ’- | to be pointed | |
| 322. | *lonk- ~ *lonkʷ- | pole | |
| 323. | *l-ʔ- | to be fat | |
| 323. | *laaʔ- | fat (n.) | |
| 324. | *cal- | cheek | |
| 325. | *ʔal- | neck | |
| 326. | *ʔil- | eye | |
| 327. | *ɬaakʷ’- | to fight, quarrel | |
| 328. | *ɬak’-/*ɬik’- | to lap up | *ɬ is required by loanform of root in Kuliak languages |
| 329. | *ɬak’- | to miss | |
| 330. | *ɬap-/*ɬip- | to fall | |
| 331. | *ɬax- | sharp point | |
| 332. | *ɬicb- ~ *licb- | to make move (something heavy) | |
| 333. | *ɬacf-/*ɬicf- ~ *lacf-/*licf- | to claw, scratch | |
| 334. | *ɬaʔr-/*ɬiʔr- | to be healthy, recover health | |
| 335. | *ɬec- ~ *lec- | light (n.) | |
| 336. | *ɬow- | to enfold, enclose | |
| 337. | *ɬoo, pl. *ɬoʔ- | cow | |
| 338. | *daɬ-/*diɬ- | to beat | |
| 339. | *hanɬ-/*hinɬ- | wood | |
| 340. | *kʷ’aɬ- | to find | |
| 341. | *aaɬ- | to burn (intr.) | |
| 342. | *ʔiɬkʷ- | tooth | |
| 343. | *dlaa/*dlii | utterance | |
| 344. | *dlab-/*dlib- | to cover | |
| 345. | *dlaħ- | to get bigger | |
| (111.) | *dlap’/*dlip’- | to pay | |
| 346. | *dlaw-/*dluw- | to be, become, live, grow | |
| 347. | *dlayn- | little | |
| 348. | *dlaz- | cloud | |
| 349. | *dlac- | to be above, on top; top, peak, point | |
| 350. | *dlac- | to hit | |
| 351. | *dleg- | to listen to | |
| 352. | *dlib- | to fall | |
| 353. | *dloof- | to plaster (with mud and dung mixture) | |
| 354. | *kʷandl-/*kundl- | buttock | |
| 355. | *k’adl- | to split apart (tr.) | |
| 356. | *ra-/ri- | patch of moisture | |
| 357. | *ragad-/*rigid- | foot | |
| 358. | *rangan- | ewe lamb or kid | |
| 359. | *r-b- | to forbid | |
| 360. | *-r-d- | to go on foot | |
| 360. | *raad-/*riid- | track, footprint | |
| 361. | *reb- ~ *rep- | to strike | |
| 362. | *reg-/*rog- | to increase (intr.) | |
| 363. | *rif- | to pluck, break off | |
| 364. | *rikʷ’- | to fear | |
| 365. | *roob- ~ *roop- | above; sky | |
| 366. | *ruz- | to disappear | |
| 367. | *ru?- | to spill (tr.) | |
| 368. | *-r-w- | to rise | |
| 368. | *-r-w-m- | to grow | |
| 369. | *gʷelħ- ~ *gʷerħ- | female (?) antelope | |
| 370. | *sukur- | to move (tr.) | |
| 371. | *ʃerh- | to slip | |
| 372. | *tahr- ~ *tarh- | calf of leg | |
| 373. | *warʔ- | to light up | |
| 374. | *xʷar- ~ *ɣʷar- | to attack (person) | |
| 375. | *ʔar- | to know, see | |
| 376. | *ʔaar- | to grow | |
| 137 | *c’of- | to seep | |
| 377. | *dla(a)f- | to overtake | |
| 378. | *gaf-/*guf- | side, edge | |
| 379. | *ganf-/*ginf- | face | |
| 380. | *guf- | to burn (tr.) | |
| 381. | *kanf-/*kinf- | wing | |
| 382. | *kanf-/*kunf- | tip | |
| 382. | *kanfar-/*kinfir- | lip (i.e., tip or rim of mouth) | |
| 383. | *kar£-/*kirf- | to turn about | |
| (353.) | *dloof- | to mud | |
| 384. | *ɬef- | to grow up | |
| 385. | *-n-f- | to be weak | |
| (173.) | *ts’ekf-/*kets’f- | arm joint, shoulder | |
| 386. | *zaf- | to hurry | |
| 387. | *ʔ-b-r-/*ʔ-r-b- | to till, cultivate | |
| 388. | *gamp’-/*gump’ - | dim, dark | |
| 389. | *purc- | to be burnt, be hot | |
| 390. | *ɣaɬ-/*ɣiɬ- | to tear off | |
| 391. | *kolm- | nape | |
| 392. | *-xʷayl- | child; to bear child | |
| 393. | *ɬag- | much | |
| 394. | *dleek’- | to squeeze | |
| 395. | *nuuk’- | to suck in | |
| 396. | *ʔark’- | to see | |
| 397. | *zig- | to bend, turn | |
| 398. | *naxf- ~ *nafx- | middle, insides | |
| 399. | *waak- | to hate | |
| 400. | *loxʷ- | to move toward (intr.) | |
| (271.) | *zoɣ- | elephant | |
| 401. | *boɣ- ~ *poɣ- | to hit | |
| 402. | *diɣʷ- | to tell | |
| 403. | *saɣʔ- ~ *saʔɣ- | to weave | |
| 404. | *ʔaɣ- ~ *ʔaaɣ- | to be enough | |
| 405. | *c’akʷ’- | to sip | |
| 406. | *dikʷ’- | donkey | |
| 407. | *kʷ’aak’- | to open | |
| 408. | *t’okʷ’- | dung | |
| 409. | *zakʷ’- | loins | |
| 410. | *-mkʷ’-l- | to hear | |
| (398.) | *nafx- ~ *naxf- | middle, insides (of body) | |
| 411. | *sak’-/*suk’- | to secrete, bleed | |
| 412 . | *takʷl- | wild dog (Lycaon pictus) | |
| (173.) | *ts’ekf-/*kets’f- | arm joint, shoulder | |
| 413. | *zaankeer- | baboon | |
| 414. | *m- | indefinite third person pronoun | |
| 415. | *maaɣ- | to rub | |
| 416. | *maaħ- | to get wet | |
| 417. | *ma(a)s- | strip, strand | |
| 418. | *magʷ-/*migʷ- | forearm | |
| 419. | *mag-/*mig- | to be bad, dirty, nasty | |
| 420. | *maħ-/*miħ- | to attack, assail | |
| 421. | *malab- | honey | |
| 422. | *malħ- | to ooze out (of body); pus | |
| 423. | *man- | intestine | |
| 424. | *man- | Abyssinian wolf (?) | |
| 425. | *mar- | to pick up | |
| 426. | *mar- | to reside | |
| 427. | *mar-/*mir-/*mur- | to pass along (intr.) | |
| 428. | *mark-/*makr- | to flash | |
| 429. | *maawr- | cattle pen | |
| 430. | *ma?-/*miʔ- | to be wet | |
| 431. | *mee | grain, hard particle | |
| 432. | *meħ- | spotted | |
| 433. | *-mhel- | again | |
| 434. | *mikʷ’- | to take hold of | |
| 435. | *mikʷ’- | bone | |
| 436. | *min- | house; to build | |
| 437. | *minɬ- | to outwit, confound | |
| 438. | *m-k- | gullet | |
| 439. | *moc’- | bone | |
| 440. | *morg-/*mogr- | beehive | |
| 441. | *mun- | to be angry | |
| 442. | *-mʔ- | to start toward | |
| 443. | *dlam-/*dlim-/*dlum- | to end | |
| 444 | *ɬa(a)ma | two | |
| 445 | *ɬaam- | to eat | |
| 446. | *lom- | finger | stem of #316 above + -m- noun suffix: *lom- < *law-m- ? |
| 447. | *sim-/*sum- | name | |
| 448. | *tomn- | ten | |
| 449. | *t’am- | to taste | |
| 450. | *zaam- | branch | |
| 451. | *zam- ~ *dam- | to squeeze | |
| 452. | *-zim- | to seep | |
| 453. | *aam- | period of time | |
| 454. | *ʔim(t)- | to come | |
| 455. | *ʔmok’-/*ʔomk’- | young person | |
| 456. | *-naf- | to sip | |
| 457. | *nak’-/*nik’- | to pick up | |
| 458. | *nakʷ’- | to swell, fill up | |
| 459. | *neh- | to be thin, lightweight | |
| 460. | *-nok’- | to flow | |
| 461. | *noc- | to sink (tr.) | |
| 462. | *ʔanb-/*ʔnab- | upper arm, outer shoulder | |
| 463. | *ʔangʷ-/*ʔungʷ- | breast | |
| 464. | *ʔani | I | |
| 465. | *ʔann-/*ʔinn- | we | |
| 466. | *ŋaar- | forehead | |
| 467. | *ŋakʷ’- | to be tight | |
| 468. | *ŋacl- ~ *ŋalc- | to copulate | |
| 469. | *ŋedc- ~ *ŋedʔ- | to bite | |
| 470. | *ŋerdl- | male human | |
| 471. | *gaŋ- | to become large | |
| 472. | *saaŋ- | water pot | |
| 473. | *saŋ- | to split, come apart | |
| 474. | *ʔiŋ- | child | |
| 475. | *caŋ- | face | |
| 476. | *ʔisŋʷ- | nose | |
| 477. | *paŋʷ-/*payŋʷ- | to lay open | |
| 478. | *ca(a)b- | to burn, shine | |
| 479. | *caag- | kind of grain | |
| 480. | *caam- | to rise, swell; point, tip; thorn | |
| 481. | *caanrab- | tongue | |
| 482. | *cadl-/*cudl- | to grip | |
| 483. | *cag- | to drink | |
| 484. | *camf- | sap, gum | |
| 485. | *canf- | snot, mucus | |
| 486. | *carr- | body hair; white hair | |
| 487. | *cat-/*cit- | to stop, restrain from | |
| 488. | *cayg- | to sink down (intr.) | |
| 489. | *cir- | rain | |
| 490. | *cis- | to do, make | |
| 491 | *ciz- ~ *ʔiz- | to call | |
| 492 | *col- | to fight | |
| 493 | *cor-/*c-r- | to burn (intr.) | |
| 494 | *c-y-dl- | raw, unripe | |
| 495 | *bac- | grain | |
| 496. | *dalc- | to make full, fill out | |
| 497. | *d-c- | to speak | |
| 498. | *ganc- | palm of hand | |
| 499. | *ginc-/*gunc- | front of body | |
| 500. | *garc- | room; insides | |
| 501. | *gʷa(n)gʷac- | thunderbolt | |
| 502. | *kefc- | spotted cat | |
| 503. | *laacb- | diaphragm | |
| 504. | *ɬahc- | to peel | |
| 505. | *nakc- | to be touching | |
| 506. | *nac- | to fail to do, refuse or oppose doing | |
| 507. | *nac- | to be tender, soft | |
| 508. | *raac- | to accompany, follow | |
| 509. | *sacl- ~ *salc- | four | |
| 510. | *t’ac-/*t’ic- | to get hot | |
| 511. | *zacb- ~ *zacp’- | chest | |
| 512. | *falʔ-/*filʔ-/*fulʔ- | to bore hole | |
| 513. | *kʷ’a?l- ~ *kʷ’alʔ- | to call out | |
| 514. | *heeʔ- | to bring | |
| 515. | *leʔg- ~ *legʔ- | calf | |
| 516. | *ʔigʷ-/*ʔugʷ- | to be, become, happen | |
| 517. | *ħadl-/*ħidl- | to fasten | |
| 518. | *ħaf- | to flatten, lay flat | |
| 519. | *ħam- | to go bad, spoil | |
| 520. | *ħam- | gall bladder | |
| 521. | *ħam-/*ħim- | hair | |
| 522. | *ħangʷl- | brain | |
| 523. | *ħank’- | palate | |
| 524. | *ħark- | arm | |
| 525. | *-ħ- | to give | |
| 526. | *ħed- | to grow up, mature | |
| 527. | *ħeek- ~ *ħeekʷ- | to go down | |
| 528. | *ħekʷ’-/*ħokʷ’- | to scratch | |
| 529. | *ħiik’-/*ħuuk’- | to grind (grain) | |
| 530. | *ħink- | to remove, take away | |
| 531. | *biħ- ~ *p’iħ- | side | |
| 532. | *booħ- | to spill out (intr.) | |
| 533. | *fenħ- | to spread apart (intr.) | |
| 534. | *guħl- ~ gulħ- | wrist | |
| 535. | *gʷaħ- | to stay | |
| 536. | *ɣaaħn- | to know, understand | |
| 537. | *kaħ- | to not be | |
| 537. | *kuħ- | to deny, not allow | for other cases of apparent *-u- tr. marking see #562, 594; 117 |
| 538. | *kʷaħ(at)- | to pound | |
| 539. | *kʷ’anħ- | egg | |
| 540. | *taħ- | to reach | |
| 541. | *t’aħ-/*t’iħ- | to be aware of, acquainted with | |
| 542. | *zaaħ- | to dissolve | |
| 543. | *-aħm-/*-uħm- | to eat | |
| 544. | *h- | to be | |
| 545. | *ha(a) | outside | |
| 546. | *haɬ- | adult animal, bearing adult | |
| 547. | *hal- | spring (of water) | |
| 548. | *hal-/*hil- | other | |
| 549. | *ham-/*him- | darkness | |
| 550. | *hankʷl- | to twist, turn | |
| 551. | *har- ~ *ħar- | grain, corn | |
| 552. | *haaw-/*hiiw- | child | |
| 553. | *-hd-r- | to stay (the night) | |
| 554. | *heg-/*hog- | to stay, stop, sit | |
| 555. | *heɣ- | to see | |
| 556. | *hil-/*hal- | to cry | |
| 557. | *horr-/*herr- | to go on foot | |
| 558. | *hub- | to drip, rain | |
| 559. | *hur- | to light | |
| 560. | *kah- | to dry (intr.) | |
| 561. | *ɣah- | skin, flesh, body | |
| 562. | *yakh- | to rise | |
| 562. | *yukh- | to raise, lift | for other cases of apparent *-u- tr. infix, see #537 and 594 |
| (35.) | *cadh-/*cidh- | to put up high | |
| 563. | *ʔeh-/*ʔoh- | to grasp | |
| 564. | *ʔooh- ~ *hooʔ- | to burn (intr.) | |
| 565. | *laħ-/*liħ- | one | |
| 566. | *leħ- | to come out | |
| 567. | *ɬaħ(aw)- | to burn (tr.) | |
| 568. | *ɬahħ-/*ɬihħ- | to get hurt | |
| 569. | *ɬeeh- | moon | |
| 570. | *waaħ- | to spread, expand (intr.) | |
| 570. | *waaħ-s- | to spread (tr.) | |
| 571. | *waaɬ- | to get, obtain | |
| 572. | *waaʔ- | to rise, go out | |
| 573. | *wak-/*wik- | to cut off | |
| 574. | *wak’- | intestines | |
| 575. | *wal-/*wil- | to hurry | |
| 576. | *wal- ~ *wel- | to go round | |
| 577. | *walk’-/*wilk’- ~ *waɬk’-/*wiɬk’- | to stir (intr.) | |
| 578. | *war- | to call out; news, report | |
| 579. | *war- | other | |
| 580. | *waraab- | hyena | |
| 581. | *warb- | to hold water | |
| 582. | *warħ- | spear | |
| 583. | *wark-/*wirk- | to turn about (intr.) | |
| 584. | *wayn- | to grow; to become | |
| 585. | *wa(a)c- | to yell | |
| 586. | *wac- | to run, flow | |
| 587. | *wa?- | bowl | |
| 588. | *weeɬ- | to do | |
| 589. | *weɣr- | Olea chrysophylla (olive sp.) | |
| 590. | *wek’- | to overflow | |
| 591. | *yaay- | mother | |
| (562.) | *yakh- | to rise | |
| (562.) | *yukh- | to raise | |
| 592. | *yar- | short | |
| (310.) | *yaxʷ-/*yuxʷ- | waist | |
| 593. | *yaac- | to run away | |
| 594. | *yac- | to die | |
| 595. | *yaw-/*ʔaw- | bull | |
| 596. | *ya?- | to be bright | |
| 597. | *ya? | to walk | |
| 598. | *yo- | to say | |
| 599. | *yomb- | digging stick | |
| 600. | *yuf- | to swell | |
| 601. | *yuw-/*yaw- | child | |
| 602. | *dzaaɣ- | to shoot, stab, spear | |
| 603. | *dzankʷ-/*dzinkʷ- | back (of body) | |
| 604. | *dzaxʷ-/*dzixʷ- | salt | |
| 605. | *cadz-/*cidz-/*cudz- | to be heavy | |
| 606. | *tsag- | crown of head | |
| 607. | *tsak- | (turtle) shell | |
| 608. | *(n)tsi | spleen (?) | |
| 609. | *tsob- | to be wrong | |
| 610. | *tsok-/*tsuk- | to go, leave, depart | |
| 611. | *tsool- | claw | |
| 612. | *kats- | shoulder | |
| 613. | *k’uts- | larva | |
| 614. | *ʔats-/*ʔits-/*ʔuts- | torso | |
| 615. | *Tel- | to prick | |
| 616. | *manT-/*minT- | drip, drop (n.) | |
| (343.) | *tla/*tli | utterance | |
| 617. | *tlab-/*tlib- | to stick, stick into, stuff | |
| 618. | *tlab-/*tlib-/*tlub- | to rain, drip | |
| 619. | *tlag- | father's sibling | |
| 620. | *tlakal-/*tlikil- | outer shoulder | |
| 621. | *tlakʷ-/*tlikʷ- | to trick, fool, surprise | |
| 622. | *tlakʷ’- | to flow (out) slowly | |
| 623. | *tlaxʷ- | to expand | |
| 624. | *tlaɣwħ- | stone | |
| 625. | *tlayŋ-/*tliŋ- | moisture, wet matter | |
| (348.) | *tlaz-/*tliz- | cloud | |
| (350.) | *tlac- | to hit | |
| 626. | *tlip-/*tlup- | to hit, collide with | |
| 627. | *tlin- | to get well, recover health | |
| 628. | *tliixʷ- ~ *tliiɣʷ- | to lie | |
| 629. | *tlok’- | to beat | |
| 630. | *tlook’- | to grind | |
| 631 | *tlow- | to flow | |
| 632. | *tloʔ- ~ *tloc- | to seize or pull with the fingers | |
| 633. | *tluʔ- | to chew | |
| 634. | *batl- | to spread open, be cleared | |
| 635. | *gitl- | body | |
| 636. | *ħatl-/*ħotl- | to scratch (itch) | |
| 637. | *kʷ’atl-/*kʷ’itl- | to soften, dissolve | |
| 638. | *kʷ’aatl-/*k’uutl- | to produce, make, create | |
| 639. | *matl- | to be empty, bare, deserted | |
| 640. | *mantl-/*muntl- | to twist (e.g., to make rope) | |
| 641. | *martl- | to be without care, be gay, be merry | |
| 642. | *nantl- | to shout, yell | |
| 643. | *patl-/*pitl- ~ *batl-/*bitl- | to be rich, plentiful | |
| 644. | *putl- | ground | |
| 645. | *tatlkʷ- | ridicule, mockery, derogation | |
| 646. | *waatl- | to be immersed | |
| 647. | *catl- | to swell, become fat |
Bender (2020)
[edit]Below are Bender's Proto-Cushitic and Proto-East Cushitic reconstructions, which have been edited and published by Grover Hudson in 2020, 12 years after Bender's death in February 2008.
Proto-Cushitic
[edit]| No. | Proto-Cushitic | English gloss |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | *ka(L)f+ | bark |
| 5 | *gVr+ | belly |
| 6 | *gud- | big |
| 10 | *bVr+ | blood |
| 11 | *mik+ | bone |
| 19 | *dim- | cloud |
| 20 | *kamb- | cold |
| 21 | *-m(t)- | come |
| 25 | *lVw+ | cattle |
| 25 | *saɁ+a | cow |
| 28 | *re/a- | die |
| 29 | *ka/od- | dig |
| 30 | *(kar | dog |
| 31 | *dVk+ | donkey |
| 31 | *(okal+ | donkey |
| 32 | *(Ɂ)Vgw- | drink |
| 33 | *gog- ~ *kag- | dry |
| 34 | *angw+ ~ *ingw+ | ear |
| 34 | *(ingw+ ~ *angw+ | ear |
| 35 | *bu(r)t+ | earth |
| 36 | *(C)am | eat |
| 36 | *-k- | eat |
| 36 | *tam- | eat |
| 38 | *dakan | elephant |
| 40 | *baH- | exit |
| 41 | *il+ | eye |
| 43 | *(goob+ | fat |
| 47 | *t- | fly |
| 48 | *lVk+ | foot |
| 49 | *-fVr | four |
| 49 | *sVl | four |
| 50 | *hi/uw- | give |
| 51 | *ad- | go |
| 53 | *bukw+ | gourd |
| 54 | *Haš- | grass |
| 56 | *dab+ | hand |
| 57 | *mat+ | head |
| 58 | *mas- | hear |
| 59 | *wad/zVn | heart |
| 62 | *tak- | hit |
| 63 | *(gaas+ | horn |
| 64 | *min ~ *man | house |
| 66 | *m- | intestines |
| 68 | *giLub+ | knee |
| 69 | *ark- | know |
| 69 | *ke/an- | know |
| 71 | *garm+ | lion |
| 77 | *af | mouth |
| 79 | *si/um | name |
| 80 | *kVlm+ | neck |
| 82 | *kar | night |
| 83 | *sVn | nose |
| 84 | *tak- | one |
| 85 | *(kal- | other |
| 87 | *(šit | pull |
| 89 | *(bok- | rain (vb.) |
| 89 | *ir+ | rain |
| 90 | *di/um | red |
| 92 | *-di(Ɂ) | say |
| 92 | *y- | say |
| 93 | *ark- | see |
| 95 | *(gog+ | skin |
| 101 | *hi/udk+ | star |
| 102 | *gVr- | steal |
| 103 | *(aw(r)+ | stone |
| 104 | *Vr+ | sun |
| 105 | *(dVb | tail |
| 107 | *saK- | three |
| 107 | *sedeh- | three |
| 108 | *hir- | sew |
| 109 | *arrab | tongue |
| 110 | *ilk+ | tooth |
| 112 | *lam- | two |
| 113 | *(sinD+ | urine |
| 113 | *šooK- | urinate |
| 116 | *ma+ | water |
| 117 | *al+ | well |
| A1 | *kas(t) | all |
| A18 | *bal+ | feather |
| A48 | *kašš+ | shoulder |
Proto-East Cushitic
[edit]| No. | Proto-East Cushitic | English gloss |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *darɗ+ | ashes |
| 2 | *kaas- | ask |
| 2 | *wa/or+ | news |
| 4 | *d/zid/z+ | bee |
| 5 | *gar+ | belly |
| 5 | *god(e)b+ | belly |
| 7 | *kimbir+ | bird |
| 10 | *bor | blood |
| 10 | *ɗiig+ | blood |
| 11 | *laf+ | bone |
| 11 | *mik+ | bone |
| 14 | *gasar+ | buffalo |
| 15 | *gub- | burn |
| 16 | *adurr+ | cat |
| 17 | *lukk+(al+) | chicken |
| 18 | *Koy+ | claw |
| 19 | *duum+ | cloud |
| 19 | *Urr- | cloud |
| 20 | *ɗamħ- | cold |
| 20 | *kab- | cold |
| 21 | *-mti/e | come |
| 24 | *ɗik- | count |
| 25 | *loɁ+ | cattle |
| 25 | *saɁ+ | cow |
| 26 | *mur- | cut |
| 27 | *kirb- | dance |
| 28 | *re/a- | die |
| 29 | *kot- | dig |
| 30 | *kEr+ | dog |
| 31 | *ħarr+ | donkey |
| 32 | *ʕi/u/ag- | drink |
| 33 | *gog- ~ *kag- | dry |
| 34 | *(C)am | eat |
| 35 | *biy+ | earth |
| 35 | *bu(r)t+ | earth |
| 36 | *t- | eat |
| 38 | *(Ɂ)arb+ | elephant |
| 39 | *gal- | enter |
| 40 | *baH- | exit |
| 41 | *il+ | eye |
| 41 | *int+ | eye |
| 42 | *biɁ- | fall |
| 43 | *gab+ | fat (n.) |
| 45 | *kuLDuum | fish |
| 46 | *ken- | five |
| 47 | *t- | fly |
| 48 | *luk+ | foot |
| 49 | *afur | four |
| 49 | *sVl | four |
| 51 | *-ad- | go |
| 52 | *riɁ+ | goat |
| 53 | *bot | gourd |
| 54 | *ʕaš+ | grass |
| 55 | *rif+an+ | hair |
| 56 | *^ganʕ+ | palm (hand) |
| 56 | *hark+ | hand |
| 58 | *ɗEg- | hear |
| 59 | *wod/zVn+ | heart |
| 60 | *ʕi/ulVs- | heavy |
| 61 | *ɗEg- | hide |
| 62 | *tok- | hit |
| 63 | *gaas+ | horn |
| 64 | *man ~ *min | house |
| 65 | *waraab+ | hyena |
| 66 | *ma_ | intestines |
| 68 | *g[i/u]lb+ | knee |
| 69 | *(Ɂ)arg- | know |
| 70 | *kosol- | laugh |
| 71 | *garm+ | lion |
| 73 | *ink+ | louse |
| 74 | *soɁ | meat |
| 75 | *leɁ | moon |
| 77 | *af+ | mouth |
| 79 | *magʕ+ | name |
| 81 | *haar- | new |
| 83 | *sVn | nose |
| 84 | *tok- | one |
| 85 | *bil- | other |
| 86 | *nam+ | person |
| 87 | *šit- | pull |
| 88 | *ɗiib- | push |
| 89 | *roob+ | rain |
| 90 | *diim- | red |
| 91 | *ħid/z+ | root |
| 92 | *iy(y)- | say |
| 94 | *Vl/r | sheep |
| 95 | *gog- ~ *kag- | skin |
| 96 | *raf- | sleep |
| 97 | *ti/ak | small |
| 98 | *i/ar | smoke |
| 100 | *kaʕ- | stand |
| 101 | *ħi/udk+ | star |
| 102 | *ger- | steal |
| 103 | *ɗagħ+ | stone |
| 104 | *Vr+ | sun |
| 105 | *dub | tail |
| 107 | *sEdeh | three |
| 108 | *ħiɗ- | tie |
| 109 | *arrab | tongue |
| 110 | *ilk+ | tooth |
| 111 | *Kor | tree |
| 112 | *lam- | two |
| 113 | *sinD+ | urine |
| 117 | *ʕeel+ | well |
| 119 | *ad- | white |
| A4 | *yEr | bad |
| A5 | *ɗal- | bear |
| A6 | *kaws+ | beard |
| A9 | *hor+ | bush |
| A11 | *ooy- | cry |
| A12 | *Dur- | dirty |
| A15 | *Dikil+ | elbow |
| A17 | *naħ- | fear |
| A18 | *baal+ | feather |
| A18 | *kool+ | feather |
| A19 | *oo(Kin)t+ | fence |
| A34 | *bitVH- | left |
| A35 | *tir+ | liver |
| A37 | *daaCeer+ | monkey |
| A37 | *Kalam ~ *Kamal | monkey |
| A39 | *ha/unɗur | navel |
| A40 | *geer- | old |
| A43 | *sook+ | salt |
| A49 | *i/urr- | sky |
| A50 | *ur- | smell |
| A51 | *ul+ | stick |
| A53 | *irm+ | termite |
| A55 | *ʕaɗ- | throw |
References
[edit]- Ehret, Christopher (1987) “Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction”, in Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, volume 8, pages 7–180