Appendix:Proto-Koman reconstructions

The following lists of Proto-Koman reconstructions are from Bender (1983) and Otero (2019).

Bender (1983)

The following list of Proto-Koman reconstructions is from Bender (1983: 268-281).

List

No.	English gloss	Proto-Koman
2	ashes	*p’ik’in
3	bark	*g’ong’-
4	belly	*buma
5	big (?)	*Son
6	bird	*ɗiu
7	bite	*wos’; *has’
8	black	*s’i-
9	blood	*baʃ (?); *s’amb
10	bone	*ʃuim
11	breast	*koi
12	burn	*Sa-
13	claw	*gVmb- (?); *s’ik’ir (?)
14	cloud	*ʃali (?)
15	cold	*s’Vm (?); *s’up (?)
16	come	*yo-
17	cut	*tit (?); *k’ut (?); *yep
18	die	*wui
19	dog	*k’au
20	drink	*pi
21	dry	*kos’-
22	ear	*s’e
23	eat	*ʃa; *k’a (?)
24	egg	*komo
26	fat (n)	*yeni (?)
28	fire	*wat’i
29	fish	*waas’
30	fly (n) (?)	*kans’-
31	foot	*ʃog
32	give	*ker; *ki (?)
33	go	*ya
34	good	*ɓor-; *kor-
35	grass	*ʃui
36	hair	*mbar
37	hand	*mbit’
38	head	*kup
39	hear	*Sikʰ (?)
41	horn	*keo
42	I	*akʰa
43	kill	*k’oʃ-
44	knee	*ɗVbVN (?)
45	know	*ar (?); *miʃ (?)
47	liver	*du
48	long	*tur
49	louse	*ʃuk’en
50	many	*ɗel- (?)
51	meat	*ʃum
54	mouth	*tua
55	name	*ZVga (?)
56	neck	*ɓia; *k’uʃ
57	new (?)	*tʰiʃ (?)
59	nose	*ʃuʃ
60	one	*ɗe
62	person	*ba; *sita (?)
63	rain	*ho (?)
64	red	*p’er (?)
65	road	*bur (?)
66	root	*bir; *kur
67	sand	*puʃ (?)
68	say	*wo- (?)
69	see	*kʰil-
70	seed	*emin (?)
72	skin	*yis’a
73	sleep	*ʔiʃ
75	smoke	*kur
76	snake	*ʃaʔ
77	stand	*doʃi
78	star	*keelu; *pisa (?)
79	stone	*woʃ
80	sun	*tia (?)
81	swim	*pang- (?)
82	tail	*sin
83	thin (?)	*tVs (?)
84	this	*mban (?)
85	thou	*ai; *aina (?)
86	three	*duʃVn
87	tongue	*let’
88	tooth	*ʃeʔ
89	tree	*sual
90	two	*suk-
91	warm	*ɓas’ (?)
92	water	*yiʔi
93a	we (incl.)	*aman
93b	we (excl.)	*ana; *min- (?)
94	wet	*yas’ (?)
95	what (?)	*dVn
96	white	*p’ata (?); *kuʃ (?)
97	who (?)	*edi-
98	woman	*ɓamb
100	ye	*uma
101	back	*pok (?)
102	bad	*ʃik’in
104	blow	*pi
105	boy	*aTi (?)
106	breathe	*ʃuik’in (?)
111	cow	*bimb
112	crooked	*kolod (?)
113	dig (?)	*Za- (?)
116	earth	*k’as’- (?)
119	exit	*ya
121	fall	*p’al (?)
122	far	*ʃit; *Vsa (?)
123	fat (thick)	*deda; *dini (?)
124	fear (v.)	*kogis
125	feces	*Zi (?); *tuʃ (?)
126	five	*mbus’
127	four	*dogon
128	full	*t’ud- (?)
129	goat	*mei
130	gourd	*tul; *pʰol-; *kuT (?)
131	granary	*tVmb-
132	green	*Zin (?); *Sir- (?)
133	hard	*bis’- (?)
134	hate	*k’an (?)
135	heavy	*did- (?)
136	here (?)	*hani (?)
137	hit	*ʃab- (?); *dor- (?)
138	honey	*yinV (?)
139	house	*kʰuɓ
144	laugh (v.)	*p’es’-
145	left (hand)	*goli (?)
147	love (v.)	*ɓarV (?)
148	man (male)	*guat (?)
149	milk (n.)	*t’is (?)
150	near	*ɗiʃ (?)
152	old	*goba (?)
153	open	*kar, kad
155	penis	*yiʃ (?)
157	pull	*had- (?)
158	push	*tus-
160	rat	*s’ikʰ
161	right (hand)	*k’ana (?)
163	rope	*ʃuiʔ; *ʃul
166	run	*gus- (?)
167	salt	*t’aʃ
168	scratch	*s’os’
169	sew	*ʃoi (?); *k’os (?)
170	sharp	*kaka
171	short	*kʰut-
173	shut	*mus’- (?)
174	sky	*miʃ; *wus
175	smell (v.)	*gag (?)
177	soft	*k’at’ (?)
178	spear	*tuoN
181	take (away)	*kal- (?)
182	ten	*kuʃu-
183	that	*yani (?)
184	there	*kʰitʰ (?)
185	throw	*bir- (?); *yip; *tʰVk
186	tie	*tuʃ (?)
188	turn	*wVd- (?); *Tuk (?)
191	urine	*ɗarVs’
192	vulva	*pit
194	when	*kʰas- (?)
195	where	*mbini
206	ask	*dot-
210	bear child	*-tui (?)
212	bee	*dam
213	beer	*ʃul
217	break	*k’ar- (?)
219	brother	*kʰamba (?)
223	cat	*ɲaaf (?)
224	charcoal	*mVm- (?)
225	chicken	*wanga
226	chief	*kuil (?); *tVpa (?)
228	cough	*k’ut (?)
229	cry	*ku
234	dream	*beʃ
237	elephant	*gual
239	enemy	*k’op (?)
243	find	*gam (?)
244	finish	*Tak (?)
247	forget	*tʰis- (?)
249	frog	*ɓank’o
252	hare	*warVn (?)
254	hide	*lus (?)
255	hungry	*tuai-
260	lick	*t’eɗ (?)
261	lion	*dopʰ
264	monkey	*dawa (?)
272	scar	*bir- (?)
273	self	*ʔiʃ (?)
279	sneeze	*hVt’iʃ (?)
282	strong	*ɓis’- (?)
287	think	*tar (?)
291	touch (?)	*k’or (?)
298	yawn	*ham-
299	year	*kuali (?)
300	yes	*bin (?)

Otero (2019)

The following list of Proto-Koman reconstructions, as well as reconstructions of lower-level Koman subgroups, is from Otero (2019: 303-581).

Classification

Classification of the Koman languages by Otero (2019: 28):

Koman

• Gwama
  • Highland Gwama
  • Lowland Gwama
• Central
  • Komo-Uduk
    • Komo
    • Uduk
      • Chali
      • Yabus
  • Dana-Opo
    • Dana
    • Opo
      • Bilugu, Modin
      • Pame, Kigile

List

Proto-form	Gloss	Part of speech	Proto-language	Lowland Gwama	Highland Gwama	Ethiopian Komo	Yabus Uduk	Chali Uduk	Dana	Bilugu Opo	Modin Opo	Pame Opo	Kigile Opo	Notes	Page
*pʰ(j)asʼ	‘laugh’	v.	*Koman	ɪ̄sʼ	pāsʼ	pɛ̀sʼ	pʰɛ̄sʼ	pʰɛt̄ ʼ̪	pʰàsʼ	pʰātʃʼ	pʰātʃʼ	pʰātʃʼ	pʰātʃʼ		303
*pʰā	‘bring_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	pʰā+ʊ́	pʰā+jʊ́	pʰā+jʊ́	pʰā+jʊ́		303
*pʰàcʼ	‘soak_1’	v.	*Koman	pāsʼ	pāsʼ	pàsʼ	pʰāʃʼ	pʰācʼ	-	-	-	-	-		304
*pʰàd̪	‘fly (v.)’	v.	*Koman	pāl	pāj	pàj	pʰāj	pʰɛ̄	pʰàd̪	pʰāj	pʰāj	pʰāj	pʰāj	Most likely borrowed from or related to PNilotic *pär (Dimmendaal 1988:38)	304
*pʰáɗ(a)	‘lay (v.)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	pár	pʰád	pʰáɗ	pʰʊ́ɗā	pʰárá	pʰárá	pʰárá	pʰárá		304
*pʰákʼ	‘plait or braid or weave_1’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	pʰákʼ	pʰákʼ	pʰákʼ	pʰákʼ		305
*pʰákʼá	‘chop_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	pʰáʔ	-	pʰákʼá	-	-	-	-		305
*pʰákʼá	‘shoe’	n.	*Koman	pák	pák	páʔ	pʰāʔ	à+pʰāʔ	-	pʰákʼá	pʰákʼ	pʰákʼ	-		305
*pʰal	‘come free and fall off’	v.	*Koman	pɪ̌	pɪ̌	-	-	-	-	pʰál	pʰál	pʰál	pʰál	Loss of final lateral in Gwama: [al] → [ɪ]	305
*pʰāl	‘young people_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	pāl	-	-	pʰāl	pʰāl	pʰāl	pʰāl	pʰāl		306
*pʰárá	‘platform’	n.	*Koman	párá	párá	párá	-	-	pʰárá	pʰárá	pʰárá	pʰárá	pʰárá	Platform used to throw stones at birds when crops are ripe.	306
*pʰɛɗ	‘peel, skin (with knife), peel, husk, peel’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	pɛ̀t	pʰítʰ	-	-	-	-	-	-		306
*pʰɛ̄ɗ(ɛ)	‘untie, take out (quickly, e.g. out of fire)’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	pɛ̀l	pʰɛ̄d	pʰɛ̄ɗ	pʰɛ̀rɛ́	-	-	-	-		307
*pʰɛ̄kʼɛ́ʃ	‘Komo (ethnonym)_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	pʰɛ̄kʼɛ́ʃ	pʰɛ̄kʼɛ́ʃ	-	-	-	-	-		307
*pʰí+tʼwā	‘kiss_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	pʰí+tʼwā	pʰítʼwā	-	-	-	-	-		307
*pʰɪ̄	‘stab_5’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	pʰɪ̄	pʰɪ̄	pʰɪ̄	pʰɪ̄		308
*(ɪ)pʰɪ́	‘drink_SG’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɪ́p	pʰí	pʰí	ɪ́pʰ	pʰɪ́	pʰɪ́	ɪ́pʰ	ɪ́pʰ	*H tone in SG.	308
*ɪ̀pʰ(ɪ)	‘drink_PL’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɪ̀p	-	-	ɪ̀pʰɪ́	ɪ̄pʰɪ̄	ɪ̄pʰɪ̄	ɪ̄pʰ	ɪ̄pʰ	*L tone in PL.	308
*pʰɔ́g	‘back_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	pɔ́g	pʰɔ́ʔ	à+pʰɔ́ʔ	-	-	-	-	-		308
*pʰɔpʰ	‘soak_2’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	pʰɔ̀pʰ	pʰɔ́pʰɔ́	pʰɔ́pʰ	pʰɔ́pʰ	pʰɔ́pʰ		309
*pʰɔtʼ̪(ɔ)	‘light weight (be)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	pɔ̀tʼ	pʰɔ̄d	pʰɔ̄ɗ	pʰɔ́tʼ̪	pʰɔ́tʼɔ́	-	pʰɔ́tʼ	-		309
*pʰú ~ pʰʊ́	‘spoil, stink, smell bad_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	pʊ́	-	-	-	pʰűwú	pʰűjɪ́	pʰűrű	pʰűrű		309
*pʰui(ki)	‘blow (with mouth)’	v.	*Koman	pɪ̄kɪ̄	pɪ̄	pɪ̀	pʰûj	pʰí	pʰùj	pʰű	pʰű	pʰű	pʰű		310
*pʰuku	‘fig_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	pʰūʔ	à+pʰūʔ	pʰúj	-	pʰűkū	pűj	pűj		310
*pʰUl?	‘spicy (be)_1’	v.	*Koman	pʊ̀l	pwì	-	-	-	pʰîl	pʰıl̋ ī	pʰıl̋ ī	pʰıl̋ ī	pʰıl̋ ī		310
*(ʃa)pʰuZa	‘burnt gound, soot’	n.	*Koman	ʃāpʊ́t	ʃābʊ́t	kɪ́+pú	bwà+pʰwí	à+pʰíʔ	pùzàʔ	pʰűjhá	pʰűjhá	pʰűjhá	pʰűjhá		311
*p⁽ʰ⁾ɪt́ (̪ á)	‘rise (oneself)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	pí	pí	pɪt́ á̪	pʰɪ́já	pʰɪ́já	-	pʰɪ́ʃá		311
*p⁽ʰ⁾ɔ̀s	‘barren (be)’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	pɔ̀s	pʰɔ̄s	pʰɔ̄s	pʰɔ̄s	pʰɔ̄s		311
*p⁽ʰ⁾ɔ̀t ̪	‘slippery, smooth (be)_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	pɔ̀tʰ̪	pʰɔ̄t	pʰɔ̄t	pʰɔ̄t	pʰɔ̄t		311
*p(ʰ)uɗ(i)	‘arrive_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	-	pʰūɗ	pújī	-	-	-	-		312
*p(ʰ)ʊ̄r	‘burn (hairs off of pig skin), roast next to fire’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	pūr	pūr	-	pʰʊ̄r	pʰʊ̄r	pʰʊ̄r	-		312
*pa	‘home, place_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	pā	pā	-	pà	pà	pà	-		312
*páD	‘hunt_4’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	pátʰ	pár	-	-	-	-	-		313
*pàD	‘touch_1, crawl’	v.	*Koman	pāt	pāt	pàt	pātʰ	pār	-	-	-	-	-	Possible *d > t⁽ʰ⁾ word-finally given voiced reflexes in Chali Uduk.	313
*pāgā	‘carry_3’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	pāgā	pāgā	pāgā	pāgā		313
*páj	‘moon or month_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	páj	páj	à+pɛ́ʔ	-	-	-	-	-	*aj → /ɛ/ in Chali Uduk.	314
*pǎjá	‘pottery, pot_2’	n.	*Gwama	pǎjá	pǎjá	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		314
*pājā	‘side of body, rib_1’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	pājā	-	-	zɪ̄+pāj	-		314
*pàl(Í)	‘court (v.), flirt with_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	pàlí	-	-	pàlɪ́	pàlɪ́	pàlɪ́	pàlɪ́	pàlɪ́	Unclear as to why it’s not voiced in Komo if initial was b and L tone.	314
*pàndʒá	‘antelope_4’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	pàndʒá	pàndʒá		315
*pànsʼ	‘axe_4’	n.	*Gwama	pànsʼ	pànsʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		315
*pàntʼ	‘plaster (v.), adhere_4’	v.	*Gwama	pàntʼ	pàntʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		315
*pǎŋgɔ̄	‘lack (not have)_2’	v.	*Gwama	pǎŋ	pǎŋgɔ̄	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		316
*parʃa ~ pard̪a	‘horse_1’	n*.	*Central Koman	-	-	pǎrʃá	-	-	pàrd̪á	pàrsá	pàrsá	pàrsá	pàrsá	Unknown /ʃ ~ d̪/ correspondence. Borrowing?	316
*pǎʃá	‘transplant (e.g. plant)_4’	v.	*Gwama	pǎʃá	pǎʃá	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		316
*pātʃá	‘choose_5, shut’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	pātʃá	pātʃá	pātʃá	pātʃá		317
*pàtʃʼɪ́	‘pound (v.)_6’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	pàtʃʼɪ́	pàtʃʼɪ́	-	-		317
*pɛ̄tí	‘bad (be)_2’	n.	*Gwama	pɛ̄tí	pɛ̄tí	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		317
*pí	‘leave_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	pí	pí	-	-	-	-	-		317
*pid(V)	‘shake (sth.)_1’	v.	*Koman	-	pǐdí	pídá	pítʰ	pír	-	-	-	-	-		318
*piɟ(i)	‘rub hands together (e.g. to make fire using stick)_3’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	pìz	-	-	pʰìcʰ	pīdʒí	-	pīdʒ	-		318
*pīs	‘satiated (be)_2’	v.	*Gwama	pīs	pīs	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		318
*písāk⁽ʼ⁾ɔ́	‘star_3, firefly’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	písākɔ́	-	-	písākʼɔ́	pıs̋ ákʼɔ̄	pıs̋ ákʼɔ̄	pıs̋ ákʼɔ̄	pıs̋ ákʼɔ̄		319
*piʃ	‘disregard’	v.	*Koman	pīs	pīs	píʃ	-	píʃ	píʃ	pıs̋	pıs̋	pıs̋	pıs̋		319
*pítʰ̪ ~ pɪt́ ʰ̪	‘vagina_1’	n.	*Koman	pɪ́t	pɪ́t	pít	-	-	pítʰ̪	-	-	-	-		319
*pītí	‘ash_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	pītí	pītí	-	-		319
*pitʼɔn ~ pit⁽ʰ⁾ɔn	‘flour_4’	n*.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	pìtʰɔ́n	pìtʼɔ̀n	pìtʼɔ̀n	pìtʼɔ̀n	pìtʼɔ̀n		320
*pɪ̄	‘give birth_2’	v.	*Gwama	pɪ̄	pɪ̄	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		320
*pɪ̄dɪ̀N	‘stone or rock_2’	n.	*Gwama	pɪ̄dɪ̀l	pīdìn	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		320
*pɪ̄dʒɪ́	‘soft (be)_3’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	pɪ̄dʒɪ́	pɪ̄dʒɪ́	pɪ̄dʒɪ́	pɪ̄dʒɪ́		321
*pɪ́nzɪ́ákʼɪ̄ʃɪ̀n	‘arrow_2’	n.	*Gwama	pɪ́nzɪ́ákʼɪ̄ʃɪ̀n	pɪ́nzɪ́ákʼɪ̄ʃɪ̀n	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		321
*pɪ̄ʃ	‘broom_3’	n.	*Gwama	pɪ̄ʃ	pɪ̄ʃ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		321
*pɪ̌tɪ̀	‘hunger_2’	n.	*Gwama	pɪ̌tɪ̀	pɪ̌dɪ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		322
*pɔ́gɔ́	‘river_3’	n.	*Gwama	pɔ́gɔ́	pɔ́gɔ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		322
*pɔ́kʼ	‘satiated (be)_1’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	pɔ́g	pɔ́kʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-		322
*pɔ́ʃ	‘dive_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	pɔ́ʃ	pɔ́ʃ	-	-	-	-	-		322
*pɔ̌ʃɔ̀	‘arrive_4’	v.	*Gwama	pɔ̌ʃɔ̀	pɔ̌ʃɔ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		323
*pùr	‘Dana (ethnonym)_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	pùr	pùr	-	-	-	-	-		323
*put⁽ʰ⁾	‘satiated (be)_4’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	pútʰ	pǔt	pǔt	pǔt	pǔt		323
*pʊ́gʊ́n	‘dive_1’	v.	*Gwama	pʊ́gʊ́n	pʊ́gʊ́n	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		324
*pʊʃ ~ puʃ	‘wrap’	v.	*Koman	pʊ̄ʃ	pʊ̄ʃ	-	pūʃ	pūʃ	púʃá	pūsá	pūsá	pūsá	pūsá		324
*pwàʃ	‘food_2’	n.	*Gwama	pwàʃ	pwāʃ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		324
*bàb	‘bury_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	bàb	-	-	-	-	-	pàbà	pàbà		324
*bàbá	‘father_1’	n.	*Koman	-	bàbá	bǎ	à+bàbá	à+bàbá	-	àbá	àbá	àbá	àbá		325
*baɗa ~ paɗa	‘waist, hip_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	bàr	pād	pāɗ	pàɗáʔ	-	-	pìpārá	pìpāráʔ		325
*bàgál	‘horse_3’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	bàgál	bàgál	-	-	-	-	-		325
*bàj	‘elephant_3’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	bàj	bàj	bàj	bàj		326
*bàj ~ ɓàj	‘wide (be)’	v.	*Koman	pàj	pàj	ɓàjá	ɓàn	bɛ̀	-	pàj	pàj	pàj	pàj		326
*baja	‘fast (from drinking or eating)’	v.	*Gwama	bājá	bājā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		326
*bàk	‘hair_2’	n.	*Gwama	bàk	bàk	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		326
*bàmbá	‘drum_B’	n.	*Koman	pàmbà	pàmbà	-	bàmbá	-	-	-	-	-	-		327
*bǎmbàr	‘chair_4’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	bǎmbàr	bǎmbàr	-	-	-	-	-		327
*bángwà	‘cannabis_1’	n.	*Koman	báŋgà	báŋgà	bánkɔ̀	bǎŋgɔ̀	bǎŋgɔ̀	-	-	-	-	-		327
*bár	‘bird_heron’	n.	*Koman	-	ʊ̄+bár	à+bár	-	-	à+bár	à+bár	à+bár	à+bár	à+bár		328
*bàr	‘sweep_3’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	bàr	bàr	bàr	bàr		328
*bàs	‘blood_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	bàʃ	bàs	à+bàs	-	-	-	-	-		328
*basʼ	‘follow_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	bǎsʼ	bǎtʼ̪	pàtʰ̪ ɪ ́	-	-	-	-		329
*bàsʼ	‘milk_1’	n.	*Gwama	bàsʼ	bàsʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		329
*bāsʼ	‘precede_4’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	bāsʼ	bātʰ̪	-	-	-	-	-		329
*bɛs	‘dream_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	bɛ̌s	-	-	-	bɛ̄s	bɛ̄s	bɛ̄s	bɛ̄s		329
*bɛsɛr	‘slip (v.)_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	bɛ̀sɛ̀r	-	-	-	bɛ̌sɛ́r	bɛ̌sɛ́r	bɛ̌sɛ́r	bɛ̌sɛ́r		330
*bɛ́ʃɛ̀	‘bypass_2’	v.	*Gwama	bɛ́ʃɛ̀	bɛ́ʃɛ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		330
*à+bí	‘cloth, clothes_3’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	à+bí	à+bí	-	-		330
*bì+pāj+dʒàw	‘Komo (ethnonym)_3’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	bì+pāj+dʒàw	bì+pāj+dʒàw	bì+pāj+zàw	bì+pāj+ʃàwà		331
*bìb ~ bìb	‘cow_1’	n*.	*Central Koman	-	-	bɪ̀b	bìʔ	bìpʰ	pìʔ	pìb	pì	pì	pì		331
*bīrītʼ	‘stretch’	v.	*Gwama	bīrītʼ	bīrītʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		331
*bīsʼàn	‘firefly_1’	n.	*Gwama	bīsʼàn	bīsʼàn	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		332
*bīsʼàn	‘star_2’	n.	*Gwama	bīsʼàn	bīsʼàn	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		332
*bíʃ	‘shiver_3’	v.	*Gwama	bíʃ	bíʃ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		332
*bīt	‘large bird’	n.	*Gwama	bīt	bīt	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		332
*bit⁽ʰ⁾	‘toss, throw away, fall over’	v.	*Koman	pɪ̀t	pɪ̀t	bìt	bǐtʰ	bǐtʰ	-	-	-	-	-		333
*Bɪncʼ	‘fishhook’	n.	*Koman	bɪ̄nsʼ	bɪ̄nsʼ	bɪ́nsʼ	bǐʃʼ	à+bǐcʼ	bɪ́cʼ	ɓītʃʼ	ɓītʃʼ	ɓītʃʼ	ɓītʃʼ	Cannot account for initial /ɓ/ in Opo.	333
*bɪ́sʼɪ́nɪ̄	‘four_2’	n.	*Gwama	bɪ́sʼɪ́nɪ̄	bɪ́sʼɪ́nɪ̄	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		333
*bɔ̀b ~ bɔ̀ɓ	‘hide, skulk’	v.	*Koman	pɔ̀pʼ	pɔ̀pʼ	bɔ̀b	-	-	-	pɔ̀j	pɔ̀j	pɔ̀j	-		334
*bɔ̀g(ɔ̀)	‘play_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	bɔ̀g	-	-	pɔ̀gɔ̀ʔ	pɔ̀gɔ̀	pɔ̀gɔ̀	pɔ̀gɔ̀	pɔ̀gɔ̀		334
*bɔ̀r	‘chest_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	bɔ̀r	à+bɔ̀r	-	-	-	-	-		334
*bū ~ pū	‘sesame_1’	n*.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	bū	pū	à+pū	-	-	-	-	-		334
*bùl	‘drum_A’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	bùl	-	-	bùl	bùl	bùl	bùl	bùl		335
*bùl	‘spoil, stink, smell bad_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	bùl	bùl	-	-	-	-	-		335
*bUma	‘pregnant (be)’	v.	*Koman	pʊ̀m	pʊ̀m	ɓú	pwá	bwà	pùmá	pǔmá	pǔmá	pǔmá	pǔmá	Cannot account for /ɓ/ in Komo and /p/ in Yabus Uduk.	335
*bùmà	‘belly or stomach_2’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	bwàʔ	-	mwà	pùmà	pùmà	pùmà	pùmà		336
*buɲɛ	‘forehead_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	bwìɲ	bùjɛ̀	-	-	-	-	-		336
*burbuɗ	‘dust, sand_1’	n.	*Koman	bùrbūt	bùrbūt	-	bǔtʰ	bǔɗ	būrkʼùs	būrkʼùs	būrkʼùs	būrkʼùs	būrkʼùs	Also bùrbūtʼ in Gwama. Addition of *kʼus appears to be a PDaOp innovation though; source is unknown..	336
*busʼ	‘choke, strangle_1’	v.	*Koman	bǔsʼ	bǔsʼ	-	bùsʼ	bùtʼ̪	-	pʰǔtʃʼ	-	-	-		337
*bǔʃú	‘fart_2’	v.	*Gwama	bǔʃú	bǔʃú	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		337
*bùʃùl	‘belly or stomach_1’	n.	*Koman	bùʃùl	bùʃì	bùʃ	-	bùʃ	-	pùsà	pùsà	pùsà	pùsà		337
*bʊ̀	‘hole_2’	n.	*Gwama	bʊ̀	bʊ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		337
*bʊkʰ	‘extract tooth_1, barking (of dog)’	v.	*Koman	pʊ̌	pʊ̌	-	-	bǔkʰ	-	-	-	-	-		338
*bʊ̌rà	‘cat_1’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	bʊ̌rà	bǔrá	à+bǔrá	-	-	-	-	-		338
*bʊraɲ	‘cloth, clothes_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	bʊ̄lɛ̀n	bǔrɛ̀ɲ	bùrìɲɛ̀	à+bʊ́râŋ	-	-	bʊ̀lɛ̀ŋ	bʊ̀lɛ̀n		338
*bʊ̀tʊ̀	‘clear land (for planting)_2’	v.	*Gwama	bʊ̀tʊ̀	bʊ̀tʊ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		339
*bVr(màn)	‘root_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	bɪ̀l	bǐr	bǐrmàn	bìl+mà+cá	-	-	-	-		339
*bwàhāɗgī(da)	‘palate_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	bwàgídà	bwàhāɗgī	-	-	-	-	-		339
*bwàkʼ	‘hide (oneself)’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	bɔ̀ʔ	bàʔ	bàkʼ	bàkʼ	-	-	-	bɔ̀kʼ		340
*bwaŋ(a)	‘path, road_1, towards’	v.	*Koman	pwǎŋà	pwǎŋà	-	-	bwàj	-	-	-	-	-		340
*bwǎʃà	‘snake_3’	n.	*Gwama	bwǎʃà	bwǎʃà	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		340
*bwí	‘arm_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	bwí	à+bǐ	-	-	-	-	-		340
*bɔŋkʼɔ́	‘frog_1’	n.	*Koman	pʼà+bɔ̌ŋgɔ́	pʼà+bɔ̌ŋgɔ́	bā+ɓɔ̌ŋkʼɔ́	-	-	à+ɓɔ̄ŋkʼɔ́ʔ	à+ɓɔ̄ŋkʼɔ́	à+bɔ̄ŋkʼɔ́	à+bɔ̄ŋkʼɔ́	à+bɔ̄ŋkʼɔ́	*ɓ → b /V_V in Proto-Gwama	341
*ɓ(w)áʃ	‘polygamous (be)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɓáʃ	ɓwáʃ	ɓáʃ	ɓáʃ	-	-	-	-		341
*ɓā+tın̋ ɛ ̄	‘lie down, sleep_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	ɓā+tın̋ ɛ ̄	ɓā+tín	ɓā+tín	ɓā+tɪ̂n		341
*ɓácʼ	‘thigh_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɓásʼ	-	-	ɓácʼ	ɓátʃʼ	ɓátʃʼ	ɓátʃʼ	ɓátʃʼ		342
*ɓakʼum	‘daughter’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɓā	ɓwāʔ	ɓāʔúm	-	ɓākʼ	ɓākʼ	ɓākʼ	ɓākʼ	Most leikely related to, or source of 3sg.F morpheme *ɓa.	342
*ɓalilaj	‘palate_1’	n.	*Koman	pʼàlílì	pʼàlílí	ɓàlílá	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		342
*ɓānápʰà	‘girl_1’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ɓānápʰà	ɓānàpà	ɓānàpà	ɓānàpà	ɓānàpà		343
*ɓáŋgɔ̄	‘hyrax_1’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	ɓáŋgɔ̄	ɓáŋgɔ̄	ɓáŋgɔ̄	ɓáŋgɔ̄		343
*ɓāpʰā	‘woman’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ɓāpʰā	ɓāpʰà	ɓāpʰā	ɓāpʰā	ɓāpʰā		343
*ɓár	‘all_5, finish’	adv.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ɓár	ɓár	-	-	-	-	-		343
*ɓàsʼ	‘hot (be)_1, ill (be)’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ɓàsʼ	ɓàsʼ	ɓātʼ̪	-	-	-	-	-		344
*ɓaʃa	‘tree_sp._1’	n.	*Koman	pʼàʃ	-	ɓàʃ	ɓàʃà	-	ɓàʃà	ɓāsā	ɓāsā	ɓāsā	-		344
*ɓàtʃʼ	‘buffalo_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	ɓàtʃʼ	ɓàtʃʼ	ɓàtʃʼ	ɓàtʃʼ		344
*ɓāʔɔ̄	‘girl_2’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	bāʔɔ̄	-	-	-	ɓāɔ́	ɓāɔ́	ɓāɔ́	ɓāɔ́		345
*ɓɛ̄r	‘arrive_3’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	ɓɛ̄r	ɓɛ̄r	ɓɛ̄r	ɓɛ̄r		345
*ɓId̪a	‘neck’	n.	*Koman	pʼɪ̄l	pʼɪ̄	ɓàʔ	ɓāʔ	ɓāʔ	ɓìd̪à	ɓījā	ɓījā	ɓījā	ɓījā		345
*ɓɪ́bɪ̄	‘wound_2’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ɓɪ́bɪ̄	ɓɪ́bɪ̄	ɓɪ́bɪ̄	ɓɪ́bɪ̄	ɓɪ́bɪ̄	Cognate with Komo /ɓî/ eye? Komo traditional scarring on cheeks can be circular.	345
*ā+ɓīgɪ́n	‘all_1’	adv.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	ā+ɓīgɪ́n	ā+ɓīɡɪ́n	ā+ɓīgɪ́n	ā+ɓʊ̄gà		346
*ɓɪ̄sà	‘crocodile_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɓɪ̄sà	-	-	-	ɓīsā	ɓɪ̄sā	ɓɪ̄sā	-		346
*ɓɪ́sʼ ~ ɓísʼ	‘strong (be)_1’	v.	*Koman	pʼɪ́	pʼɪ́	ɓísʼ	ɓísʼ	ɓítʼ̪	-	-	-	-	-		346
*ɓOm(it⁽ʰ⁾)	‘woman’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ɓāmít	ɓûm	à+ɓɔ́m	-	-	-	-	-		347
*ɓɔ́r	‘good (be)_1’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ɓɔ́l	ɓɔ́r	ɓɔ́r	-	-	-	-	-		347
*ɓūntʃʼú	‘sap_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	ɓūntʃʼú	ɓūntʃʼú	ɓūntʃʼú	ɓūntʃʼú		347
*ɓʊt́ ʼ̪	‘soft (be)_2’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ɓʊt́ ʼ̪	ɓʊ̋tʼ	ɓʊ̋tʼ	ɓʊ̋tʼ	ɓʊ̋tʼ		348
*pʼá	‘dance_2’	v.	*Gwama	pʼá	pʼá	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		348
*pʼàcʰ	‘sour (be)_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	pʼàcʰ	pʼàcʰ	-	-	-	-	-		348
*pʼátʼá	‘white (be)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	pʼátʼá	-	-	pʼátʼá	pʼátʼá	pʼátʼá	pʼátʼá	pʼátʼá		348
*pʼātʼà	‘help_2’	v.	*Gwama	pʼātʼà	pʼātʼà	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		349
*pʼɛ́n	‘buttocks_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	pʼɛ́n	pʼɛ́n	pʼɛ́n	-	-	-	-	-		349
*pʼɛ́r	‘red (be)_1’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	pʼɛ́l	pʼɛ́r	pʼɛ́r	-	-	-	-	-		349
*(tʼi)pʼIkʼIɲ(a)	‘ash_1’	n.	*Koman	pʼɪ̄kʼɪ́n	pʼɪ̄kʼɪ́n	pʼīn	-	tʼīpʼīɲ	pʼɪ̄nā	-	-	pʼɪ̄nā	pʼɪ̄nā		350
*pʼi(n)Cʼ?	‘peel, husk_1’	v.	*Koman	pʼɪ́nsʼ	pʼɪ́nsʼ	-	-	pʼíɗ	pʼɪ́tʼ	-	-	-	-	Unsure of glottalized coda consonant.	350
*pʼɔtʼ̪(a)	‘pick_1’	v.	*Koman	pʊ́t	pʊ́t	pʼɔ̀tʼ	-	-	pʼɔ̀tʰ̪ à	pʼɔ̄tʼā	pʼɔ̄tʼā	pʼɔ̄tʼā	pʼɔ̄tʼā	Loss of glottalization in final *tʼ̪ Dana and Gwama?	350
*pʼʊ̄mʊ̀tʼ	‘flour_2’	n.	*Gwama	pʼʊ̄mʊ̀tʼ	pʼʊ̄mʊ̀tʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		351
*tʰ̪ (w)ád̪	‘hunger_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	twáj	tʰɔ́j	tʰɛ́ʔ	tʰ̪ ád̪	tʰáj	tʰáj	tʰáj	tʰáj		351
*tʰ̪ áɓ	‘kick’	v.	*Koman	tápʼ	tápʼ	táb	tʰáb	tʰáɓ	tʰ̪ áp	tʰáp	tʰáp	tʰáp	tʰáp		351
*tʰ̪ ásʼ	‘pound (v.)_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	tʰásʼ	tʰ̪ átʼ̪	-	-	-	-	-		351
*tʰ̪ atʼ̪	‘mediate_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	-	tʰ̪ ātʼ̪	tʰ̪ ājd̪á	-	-	-	tʰájá	In Chali Uduk the meaning is ‘come towards as many people’.	352
*tʰ̪ ipʰ	‘raise (a child)_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	sīpʰ	tī̪ pʰ	tʰ̪ ì	-	-	-	-		352
*tʰ̪ u	‘spit (v.)_1’	v.	*Koman	tū	tū	-	-	-	tʰ̪ úwà	tʰűjhá	tʰűjhá	tʰűjhá	tʰűjhá		352
*tʰ̪ ùbá	‘show_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	tʰ̪ ùbá	tʰūbá	tʰūbá	tʰūbá	tʰūbá		353
*tʰ̪ ùd̪	‘dry out_1, roast next to fire, aim at’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tùd	tʰūd	tʰūr	tʰ̪ ùd̪	-	-	-	-	Meaning: ‘aim at’ and ‘roast next to fire’ in Dana and Uduk.	353
*tʰaʃ ~ tʰ̪ aʃ	‘make go away’	v.	*Koman	tāʃ	tāʃ	tàʃ	tʰáʃ	tʰáʃ	-	-	-	-	-		353
*tá̪ j	‘sun_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	tɛ́	tíndí	à+tɛ́ntɛ́	tá̪ j	táj	táj	táj	táj	Also means ‘season’ and ‘year’ in Dana. Reduplication in Uduk?	354
*tá̪ kʼāláj	‘half_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	tákálá	-	-	tá̪ kʼāláj	tálá	tálá	tálá	tákàlāj		354
*ta̪ m	‘pray, beg_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	dàm	-	tá̪ m	tá̪ má	tāmá	tāmá	tāmá	tāmá		354
*tá̪ pàj	‘hyena_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	tápàjí	-	-	à+tá̪ pàjī	à+tápàjɪ́	à+tápàjɪ́	à+tápàjɪ́	à+tápàjɪ́		354
*tá̪ pʼí	‘flea_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	tápí	-	-	tá̪ pʼí	-	-	-	-		355
*tà̪ rá	‘drum_C’	n.	*Koman	-	tàrá	tàrá	-	-	tà̪ rá	tàrá	tàrá	tàrá	tàrá	Borrowing from Arabic darabukka?	355
*tÉ̪	‘know or be able_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	-	tɛ̪ ́	tɪ̪ ́	-	-	-	-		355
*tÉ̪ ɗ(á)	‘swim_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	tɛ̪ ɗ́ á	tɪ́	tɪ́	tɪ́	tɪ́		356
*tɛ̪ ɗ́	‘shallow (be)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	tɛ̄d	tɛ̄ɗ	tɛ̪ ɗ́	tɛ́rɛ́	tɛ́r	tɛ́r	tɛ́r		356
*tɛ̪ ĺ	‘pelt_1, drive in, pound, hammer (something)’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tɛ́l	-	tɛ̪ ĺ	tɛ̪ ĺ	tɛ́l	tɛ́l	tɛ́l	tɛ́l		356
*tɛ̪ ̀mɛ̀	‘try (test)_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	tɛ̪ ̀mɛ̀	tɛ̀mɛ̀	-	-	tɛmɛ		357
*tɛ̪ n(ɛ)	‘hail, ice_2, melt’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	-	tɛ̪ n̄	tɛ̪ ń	tɛ́nɛ́	-	tɛ́n	tɛ́n	In Chali Uduk the meaning is ‘melt’.	357
*tɛ̪ r̄	‘urinate_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	-	tɛ̪ r̄	-	-	-	-	-		357
*tì̪mìs	‘beer filter_3’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	tì̪mìs	tīmīs	tīmīs	tīmīs	tīmīʃ		357
*tɪ̪ ̀p⁽ʰ⁾a	‘sesame_4’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	tɪ̪ ̀pʰà	-	-	-	tɪ̄pá		358
*tɪ̪ t́ ̪	‘roughen (stone for grinding)’	v.	*Koman	sɪ́t	sɪ́t	tɪ́t	títʰ	tír	tɪ̪ t́ ʰ̪	tɪ́tɪ́	tɪ́tʰ	tɪ́tʰ	tɪ́tʰ		358
*(ɔ)t⁽̪ ʰ⁾ɔɗ	‘grind (second grind)’	v.	*Koman	-	twɛ́j	tɔ́	-	tɔ̪ ́ɗ	ɔ̀tʰ̪ ɔ́	ɔ́tɔ́	ɔ́tʰ	ɔ́tʰ	ɔ́tʰ	Meaning in Chali Uduk is ‘scrape grindings into container’.	358
*tU̪ b(a)	‘pierce_1’	v.	*Koman	sʊ́	sʊ́	-	tūpʰ	tūpʰ	tú̪ bá	-	-	tʰūbá	tʰūbá		359
*(pɪ)tʊ̪ j	‘farm (n.)_3’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	tʊ̪ ĵ	pɪ̀tɪ̀	pɪ̀tʊ̀j	pɪ̀tʊ̀j	pàtɔ̀j		359
*tú̪ k⁽ʰ⁾(u)	‘acacia’	n.	*Koman	tʊ̌kʊ̀	-	túk	túkʰ	à+tú̪ kʰ	tú̪ kʰ	tűkʰ	tűkʰ	tűkʰ	tűkʰ		359
*tU̪ s	‘cotton, thread, spider web_1’	n.	*Koman	dʊ̄ʃ	dʊ̄ʃ	tūʃ	tūs	tū̪ s	-	-	-	-	-	Cannot account for initial /d/ in Gwama.	360
*tú̪ s	‘extinguish_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	túʃ	ūs	ūs	tú̪ s	tűs	tűs	tűs	tűs		360
*tā̪ gāj ~ tā̪ gāj	‘giraffe_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	tāgɪ̄	-	-	-	tāgāj	tāgāj	tāgāj	-		360
*tí̪ t(á) ~ tít(á)	‘precede_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tít	-	-	-	tıt̋ á	tıt̋ á	tıt̋ á	tıt̋ á		360
*ti̪ til ~ titil	‘cut (meat into one long piece)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tìtíl	-	-	-	-	-	tītíl	tītíl		361
*tù̪ n ~ tùn	‘raise (a child)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tùn	-	-	-	tūn	tūn	tūn	tún		361
*d̪(w)àràcʼ	‘urine_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	dàràsʼ	dwàràʃ	d̪àràcʼ	-	-	-	-	-		361
*d̪àm	‘bee, honey’	n.	Pkmn	tàm	tàm	dàm	dàm	à+d̪àm	tâ̪ m	tàm	tàm	tàm	tàm		362
*d̪àm(V)	‘old (be)_1’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	zàmì	d̪àmɔ̀	-	-	-	-	-		362
*d̪àn	‘big (be), male, elder_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	zàn	d̪àn	-	-	-	-	-		362
*d̪àn+cɔm	‘grandfather_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	zàn+cɔ̂m	à+d̪àn+cɔ̄m	-	-	-	-	-		362
*d̪ana	‘Dana (ethnonym)_3’	n.	*Koman	dànā	dànā	dāná	-	-	d̪àná	dànā	dànā	dànā	dànā		363
*d̪Ekwād̪à	‘kidney_1’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	d̪ɛ̀kʰwād̪à	dɪ̀kwādà	dɪ̀kwādà	dɪ̀kwādà	dɪ̀kwādà		363
*d̪ɛl	‘sweet (be)_1’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	zɛ̄l	d̪ɛ̌lɛ̄l	-	-	-	-	-		363
*d̪ɛ̀rɪ́n	‘tear (shred)_1’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	sɛ̀rɪ́n	zɛ̌r	d̪ɛ̌r	-	-	-	-	-		364
*d̪ɛrkʼɛsʼ	‘slip (v.)_1’	v.	*Koman	dɛ̄rgɛ́sʼ	dɛ̄rgɛ́sʼ	-	dɛ̀rɛ̀s	d̪ɛ̀rɛ̀s	d̪ɛ́rkʼɛ́s	-	-	-	-		364
*d̪ìbà	‘rain (precipitation)_1’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	d̪ìbà	-	-	-	dìbà		364
*d̪ìm	‘strain (solids from liquid)_1’	v.	*Koman	-	zìŋā	zìm	zǐm	d̪ìm	tì̪m	tìm	tìm	tìm	tìm		365
*ad̪imɛ	‘child_3’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	āt	-	-	àd̪ín	àdım̋ ɛ ́	àdím	àdím	àdím		365
*d̪ìnd̪àl	‘beer filter_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	zɪ̀nzàl	zìnzàl	à+d̪ìnd̪àl	-	-	-	-	-	Spirantization in Yabus Uduk and Komo.	365
*d̪is ~ d̪ɪs	‘new_1’	v.	*Koman	dīʃ	dīʃ	zɪ̀ʃ	tīs	tī̪ s	-	-	-	-	-		365
*d̪ìsʼ	‘sweep_1’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	dìsʼ	d̪ìtʼ̪	-	-	-	-	-		366
*d̪ɔ̀bɔ	‘lion_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	dɔ̀b	zɔ̀pʰ	à+d̪ɔ̀pʰ	-	tɔ̀bɔ̀	tɔ̀bɔ̀	tɔ̀b	tɔ̀b		366
*d̪ɔ̀sʼ	‘suck_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	dɔ̀sʼ	dɔ̀sʼ	d̪ɔ̀tʼ̪	tɔ̪ ̀sʼ	tɔ̀tʃʼɔ̀	tɔ̀tʃʼ	tɔ̀tʃʼ	tɔ̀tʃʼ		366
*d̪ɔ̀tʰ̪ (á)	‘tie up (tether)_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	d̪ɔ̀tʰ̪ á	dɔ̄tʰ	dɔ̄tʰ	dɔ̄tʰ	dɔ̄tʰ		367
*d̪U(ru)s(E)	‘fart_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tùʃ	-	wū+d̪ùrùs	tʊ̪ ŝ	tīsí	tīsí	tʊ̄sɛ́	tʊ̄ʃɪ́		367
*d̪ǔgà	‘bean_4’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	zúgàʔ	à+d̪ǔgà	-	-	-	-	-		367
*tʼ̪ākʰ	‘spit (v.)_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	tʼākʰ	tʼ̪ākʰ	-	-	-	-	-		367
*tʼ̪ākʼán	‘abstain from_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	tʼ̪ākʼán	tʼākʼá	tʼākʼá	tʼākʼá	-		368
*tʼ̪ākʼʊḿ ʊ ́	‘calf of leg’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	tʼ̪ākʼʊḿ ʊ ́	tʼākʼʊ̋mʊ̋	tʼākʼʊ̋mʊ̋	tʼākʼʊ̋mʊ̋	tʼākʼʊ̋mʊ̋		368
*tʼ̪àm	‘rinse face_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tʼà+ɓî	-	-	tʼ̪àm	tʼām	tʼām	tʼām	tʼām		368
*tʼ̪atʼ̪	‘empty (be)_1, dull’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tʼɪ̌	-	tʼíʔ	tʼ̪àtʼ̪	tʼáj	tʼáj	tʼáj	tʼáj		369
*tʼ̪ɛɗ	‘lick_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tʼɛ̄r	tʼɛ̄d	tʼɛ̄ɗ	tʼ̪ɛɗ́	tʼɛ́rɛ́	tʼɛ́r	tʼɛ́r	tʼɛ́r		369
*tʼ̪ɛn	‘alone, abstain from, not want to do’	adv.	*Koman	-	sʼɪ̄n	sʼɛ́n	tʼɛ́n	tʼɛ́	gà+tʼ̪ɛń	ā+tʼɛ́n	ā+tʼɛ́n	ā+tʼɛ́n	ā+tʼɛ́n		369
*tʼ̪in	‘stretch’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tʼìn	tʼīnīn+īs	tʼīnīn+īs	tʼ̪ìn	tʼín	tʼín	tʼín	tʼín		370
*tʼ̪ɪ(tʼ̪V)	‘thin (be)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tʼɪ̀tʼá	tʼī	tʼī	-	tʼɪ̄tʼɪ́	tʼɪ̄tʼɪ́	tʼɪ̄tʼɪ́	tʼɪ̄tʼɪ́		370
*tʼ̪O	‘grab with fingers, pinch_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	-	tʼú	tʼ̪ɔ́wá	tʼʊ́	tʼʊ́	tʼʊ́	tʼʊ́		370
*tʼ̪Osʼ	‘choke, strangle_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tʼúsʼ	-	tʼɔ́cʰ	tʼ̪ɔ́sʼ	-	-	-	-		370
*tʼ̪ɔ̀ɗ	‘slaughter, cross boundary, chop’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tʼɔ̀r	-	-	tʼ̪ɔ̀ɗ	-	-	tʼɔ̄r	tʼɔ̄r		371
*tʼ̪wa	‘mouth’	n.	*Koman	tʼwā	tʼwā	tʼā	tʼwā	tʼwā	tʼ̪āʔá	tʼā	tʼā	tʼā	tʼā		371
*tʼ̪wI	‘enter_2, sprout’	v.	*Koman	tʼwɪ́	tʼwɪ́	-	-	-	tʼ̪wī	-	-	-	-	Meaning in ‘sprout’ in Gwama.	371
*tʰágá	‘mediate_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	tʰágá	tʰágá	tʰágá	-		372
*tʰánā ~ tʰánɪ̄	‘turtle_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	bā+tánɪ̄	-	-	tʰánā	tʰánā	tʰánā	tʰánā	tʰánā		372
*tʰáp	‘plaster (v.), adhere_3’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	tʰápʰ	tʰáp	tʰáp	tʰáp	tʰáp		372
*tʰát ~ tʰ̪ át	‘transplant (e.g. plant)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tát	-	-	-	tʰát	tʰát	tʰát	tʰát		372
*tʰi(aj)	‘pottery, pot_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	sɪ̄	-	-	tījā	tʰɪ̌	tʰɪ̌	tʰɪ̌	tʰɪ̌		373
*tʰíŋ+kùm	‘grandmother_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	tʰíŋ+kùm	à+tʰíŋ+kūm	-	-	-	-	-		373
*tʰır̋	‘pour_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	tʰır̋	tʰır̋	tʰır̋	tʰır̋		373
*tʰɔ́ɗ	‘plait or braid or weave_5’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	tʰɔ́d	tʰɔ́ɗ	-	-	-	-	-		374
*tʰɔ́r	‘show_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	tʰɔ́r	tʰɔ́r	-	-	-	-	-		374
*tʰú(i)	‘give birth_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tú	-	tʰú	tʰwí	tʰű	tʰű	tʰű	tʰű	Chali Uduk meaning is ‘last child born’.	374
*tʰul	‘gourd_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	túl	-	tʰúl	-	tʰɔ̀j	tʰɔ̀j	tʰɔ̀j	-		375
*tʰúlá	‘brain_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	tʰúlá	à+tʰúláʔ	-	-	-	-	-		375
*t⁽ʰ⁾(w)àg	‘forehead_1’	n.	*Koman	twã	twã̄	tàg	-	-	tàg	bī+tʰāg	-	pī+tʰāg	-		375
*tà	‘be, do’	v.	*Koman	-	ta	tà	tā	tā	-	tā	-	tā	-	Gwama ‘be far’ Opo ‘do/work’	376
*tā	‘abstain from_2’	v.	*Gwama	tā	tā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		376
*tā+dʒàj	‘fight_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	tā+dʒàj	tā+dʒàj	tā+zàj	tā+ʃàj		376
*tābūk	‘mediate_4’	v.	*Gwama	tābūk	tābūk	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		377
*táɗā	‘mother_1’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	dâ	à+tádā	táɗā	-	-	-	-	-		377
*takal	‘saliva_3’	n.	*Gwama	tākāl	tāgɪ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		377
*tǎŋá	‘bamboo_1’	n.	*Gwama	tǎŋá	tǎŋá	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		378
*tàpʰà	‘chief_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	tàpʰà	tàpʰà	-	-	-	-	-		378
*tǎpʼ	‘follow_4’	v.	*Gwama	tǎpʼ	tǎpʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		378
*taʃ	‘mosquito_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	tāʃ	à+tāʃ	tāʃ	tās	tās	tās	tǎʃ		378
*táʃ	‘strain (solids from liquid)_2’	v.	*Gwama	táʃ	táʃ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		379
*tát	‘belly or stomach_3’	n.	*Gwama	tát	tát	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		379
*tàwàn	‘hot (be)_3’	v.	*Gwama	tàwàn	tàwàn	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		379
*tàzà	‘beer filter_1’	n.	*Gwama	tàzà	tàzà	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		380
*tEŋ(g)(E)	‘shake (sth.)_2’	v.	*Koman	tɪ̄gɪ̄	tɪ̄gɪ̄	-	-	-	tɛ́ŋ	-	tɪ́ŋhá	tɪ́ŋhá	tɪ́ŋhá		380
*tɛr	‘carry_2’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	tɛ́r	tɛ̄r	-	-	-	-	-	-		380
*tíbí	‘listen_3’	v.	*Gwama	tíbí	tíbí	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		380
*tiŋ(a) ~ tin(a)	‘cheek_4’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	tīŋ	tǐná	tǐná	tǐná	tǐná	Related to or borrowed from ‘breast’ in W. Nilotic (e.g. /ti̪ n/ in Mayak)?	381
*tiritiri	‘bird_dove (African mourning)’	n.	*Koman	-	títìtī	-	-	-	-	à+tìrıt̋ ır̋ ì	à+tìrıt̋ ır̋ ì	à+tìrıt̋ ır̋ ì	à+tìrıt̋ ır̋ ì		381
*tìʃàr	‘lion_2’	n.	*Gwama	tìʃàl	tìʃàr	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		381
*tɪ́	‘give’	v.	*Gwama	tɪ́	tɪ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		382
*tɪ̌m	‘protect_3’	v.	*Gwama	tɪ̌m	tɪ̌m	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		382
*tɪ́ʃ	‘milk_2’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	tɪ́ʃ	tɪ́s	tɪ́s	tɪ́s	-		382
*tjǎʃá	‘thigh_2’	n.	*Gwama	tjǎʃá	tjǎʃá	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		383
*tɔ̀dɔ́	‘slurp_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	tɔ̀dɔ́	tɔ̀dɔ́	tɔ̀dɔ́	-		383
*tɔn	‘big (be), male, elder_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tɔ̀n	-	-	tɔ́n	tɔ́n	tɔ́n	tɔ́n	tɔ́n		383
*tɔ̀ŋàs ~ twàŋgàs	‘chest_3’	n.	*Gwama	tɔ̀ŋàs	twàŋgàs	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		383
*tùl	‘dwell (live, reside)_1’	v.	*Gwama	tùl	tùl	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		384
*tūl	‘short (be)_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	tūl	tūl	tūl	tūl		384
*tUr	‘long or tall (be)_1’	v.	*Koman	tǔ	tǔ	tʊ́l	túr	túr	-	-	-	-	-		384
*tʊ̀nsʊ̀s	‘blame (somebody)_2’	v.	*Gwama	tʊ̀nzʊ̀	tʊ̀nsʊ̀s	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		385
*tʊ̄rʊ̀m	‘scootch (move over)_5’	v.	*Gwama	tʊ̄rʊ̀m	tʊ̄lʊ̀m	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		385
*twī	‘call_4’	v.	*Gwama	twī	twī	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		385
*dà	‘fat (from animals)_3’	n.	*Gwama	dà	dà	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		385
*dà	‘oil (organic substance)_2’	n.	*Gwama	dà	dà	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		386
*dáɟV	‘Dazu (S. Sudan)’	n.	*Koman	dázɔ̀	dázɔ̀	dázʊ̀	dǎɟɔ̀	dǎɟɔ̀	dáɟɔ̀	dádʒʊ̀	dádʒʊ̀	dádʒʊ̀	dádʒʊ̀		386
*dak	‘finish_1’	v.	*Koman	-	dak	dàg	dàkʰ	dàkʰ	dâk	dàk	-	-	-	Initial /d/ did not devoice in DaOp due to tone not being L? Dana exhibits F tone which could mean dâk in Proto-Dana-Opo.	386
*dāŋā	‘not know (how)_2’	v.	*Gwama	dāŋā	dāŋā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		387
*daʃV ~ ta(n)ʃV	‘snake_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	dàʃʊ́	tānʒí	tāʃá	-	-	-	-	-	It is unclear whether Komo t > d or PUd d > t.	387
*dàwàʔ	‘baboon_3’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	dàw	-	à+dàwà	-	-	-	-	-		387
*dɛ̌kʰ	‘tie (bundle)_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	dɛ̌kʰ	dɛ̌kʰ	-	-	-	-	-		388
*dɛ̄mɛ́sʼ	‘belch_2’	v.	*Gwama	dɛ̄mɛ́sʼ	dɛ̄mɛ́sʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		388
*dɛŋ	‘choke, strangle_3’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	dɛ́ŋ	-	dɛ̄ŋ	dɛ̄ŋ	dɛ̄ŋ		388
*dɛ̀ŋ	‘count_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	dɛ̀n	dɛ̀ŋ+ɛ̄	dɛ̀ŋ+ɛ̄	-	-	-	dɛ̀n	dɛ̀n	Cannot account for lack of devoicing /d/ → /t/ in Opo.	388
*dìd	‘dwell (live, reside)_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	dìd	dì	-	-	-	-	-		389
*dìd	‘heavy (be)_1’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	dìd	dìtʰ	dìtʰ	-	-	-	-	-		389
*àdıj̋ ɛ ̄	‘mother_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	àdıj̋ ɛ ̄	àdıj̋ ɛ ̄	àdıj̋ ɛ ̄	àdıj̋ ɛ ̄		389
*dìncʼà	‘skin’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	dìnsʼā	-	-	dìncʼà	dìntʃʼà	dìntʃʼà	dìntʃʼà	dìntʃʼà	Cannot account for lack of expected devoicing d/ → t in Dana-Opo before L tone.	390
*dǐpʰáɲ	‘flour_3’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	dípʰɛ́ɲ	à+dǐpʰáɲ	-	-	-	-	-		390
*dìʃ(a)	‘mushroom_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	dìʃ	dìʃìʔ	à+dìʃ	tìʃà	tìsà	tìsà	tìsà	tìʃà		390
*dɪŋɪ	‘baboon_1, dog_2’	n.	*Koman	tɪ̀nɪ̀	tɪ̀nɪ̀	-	-	-	tɛ̀ŋ	tɪ̀nɪ̀	tɪ̀nɪ̀	tɪ̀n	tɪ̀n	Borrowing from Burun or W. Nilotic? cf. d̪ɛ̀ɛŋ ‘cow’ in Kurmuk (Andersen 2007:81)	391
*dɪ́ŋkā	‘fish_sp (electric)_1’	n.	*Koman	-	ʊ̄+wàsʼ+dɪ́ŋkā	dɪ́ŋkā	-	-	-	dıŋ̋ ā	dıŋ̋ ā	dıŋ̋ ā	dıŋ̋ ā		391
*djalIsʼ	‘stomp, step on_1’	v.	*Koman	dɛ̀lísʼ	dàlísʼ	dɪ̀l	dìl	dìl	-	tɪ̀lɪ́	tɪ̀lɪ́	tɪ̀lɪ́	tɪ̀lɪ́		391
*àdɔ̀j	‘moon or month_1’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	à+dɔ̀j	à+dɔ̀j	à+dɔ̀j	à+dɔ̀j	à+dɔ̀j		391
*dɔl(ɔ)	‘shout_1’	v.	*Koman	dɔ́l	dɔ́l	dɔ́l	-	-	ɔ̀lɔ́	-	-	-	-		392
*dɔlɔ	‘fish_sp (very small, scaled fish with a small rounded mouth)’: Reconstructs	n.	*Koman	-	dɔ̌lɔ́	dɔ̀lɔ́	-	-	dɔ́lɪ̄ʔ	dɔ̀lɔ́	dɔ̀lɔ́	dɔ̀lɔ́	dɔ́lɪ̄	to: PKmn	392
*dɔ̌lɔ́	‘gourd_4’	n.	*Gwama	dɔ̌lɔ́	dɔ̌lɔ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		392
*dɔ̀ŋ	‘bite (by animal)_4’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	dɔ̀ŋ	dɔ̀ŋ	dɔ̀ŋ	dɔ̀ŋ	dɔ̀ŋ		393
*dɔ̀ŋgɔ̀l	‘chicken_2’	n.	*Gwama	dɔ̀ŋgɔ̀l	dɔ̀ŋɪ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		393
*dɔ̀ŋgɔ̀n	‘four_1’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	dɔ̀gɔ̀n	dɔ̀ŋɔ̀n	dɔ̀ŋɔ̀n	-	-	-	-	-		393
*dɔr	‘hit_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	dɔ̌r	dɔ̌r	tɔ̀dɔ́r	tɔ̀r	tɔ̀r	tɔ̀r	tɔ̀r		394
*dɔ̀ʃ	‘stand_1’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	dɔ̀ʃ	dɔ̀ʃ	dɔ̀ʃ	-	-	-	-	-		394
*dɔ̌ʃ	‘court (v.), flirt with_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	dɔ̌ʃ	dɔ̌ʃ	-	-	-	-	-		394
*dɔ̀zɔ̀	‘teach_2’	v.	*Gwama	dɔ̀zɔ̀	dɔ̀zɔ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		394
*dùcʼá	‘urine_1, urinate_1’	v.	*Koman	dùsʼ	tùsʼ	dʊ̀sʼ	-	-	tùcʼáʔ	-	-	-	-		395
*dùm	‘pound (v.)_5’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	dùm	-	-	dùm	dùm	dùm	dùm	dùm	Cannot account for expected lack of devoicing d → /t/ in Dana-Opo with L tone.	395
*dùmàj	‘tree (sp.)(sausage tree_Kigelia africana)’	n.	*Koman	-	ū+dùmɪ̀	dùmɛ̀	-	-	dùmáj	dùmàj	dùmàj	dùmàj	dùmàj		395
*dǔrVcʼ	‘young people_3’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	dǔrīcʼ	dǔrūcʼ	-	-	-	-	-		396
*dʊ̄jʊ̄	‘fist_3’	n.	*Gwama	dʊ̄jʊ̄	dʊ̄jʊ̄	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		396
*dʊ́ɟɛ̀	‘pipe (for smoking)_1’	n.	*Koman	dʊ́zɛ̀	dʊ́zɛ̀	dʊ́zɛ̀	-	-	dʊ́ɟɛ̀	-	-	-	-		396
*dV	‘shiver_4’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	dɔ̄	dɛ̌	-	-	-	-	-		396
*dwā	‘girl_3’	n.	*Gwama	dwà	dwā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		397
*dwakʰ	‘bird_weaver’	n.	*Koman	ʊ̄+dwâk	ʊ̄+dɔ́k	à+dɔ̂k	-	-	à+dwákʰ	à+dwa̋kʰ	à+dwa̋kʰ	à+dwa̋kʰ	à+dwa̋kʰ		397
*dwákɪ̀	‘hyrax_2’	n.	*Gwama	dwákɪ̀	dwákɪ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		397
*dwì	‘buy_1’	v.	*Gwama	dwì	dwì	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		398
*dwì	‘sell_1’	v.	*Gwama	dwì	dwì	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		398
*Dàsʼ	‘grind wet (first grind)’	v.	*Koman	dàsʼ	dàsʼ	nàsʼ	nàsʼ	nàtʼ̪	-	-	-	-	-	Unsure of /n : d/ correspondence but it seems cognate.	398
*dOt	‘ask (inquire)_1’	v.	*Koman	tʊ̌t	tʊ̌t	dɔ̀t	dɔ̌tʰ	dɔ̌tʰ	-	tɔ̄tɔ́	tɔ̄tɔ́	-	-		399
*dwáɗ	‘hunt (in group)’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	wátʰ	wáɗ	-	dwàr	dwàr	dwàr	-		399
*Dangal	‘roll_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	ɗáŋgàl	ɗáŋgál	nàŋgàl	làŋgàl	làŋgàl	làŋgàl	làŋgàl		399
*ɗ(w)ankʼI	‘scorpion’	n.	*Koman	tʼwānkʼɪ́tʼwānkʼ	tʼwānkʼɪ́tʼwānkʼ	bāɗāgíʔ	ɗwākʰ	à+ɗākʰ	ɗāgí	ɗāgı ̋	ɗāgı ̋	ɗāgı ̋	ɗāgı ̋		399
*ɗab(a)	‘adhere’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɗàb	ɗāpʰ	ɗāpʰ	ɗábá	ɗábá	ɗábá	ɗábá	ɗábá		400
*ɗagi	‘bean_1’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ɗɛ̀gí	ɗàgì	-	-	-	-	-	-		400
*ɗAm	‘ladle_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ɗɔ́m	ɗám	ɗám	-	-	-	-	-		400
*ɗar(a)	‘send someone_1’	v.	*Koman	tʼálà	tʼájà	ɗàr	ɗɛ̄tʰ	-	ɗɛ̀d	-	ɗɛ̄r	-	ɗɛ̄r		401
*ɗAs	‘dry out_3’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɗàʃ	ɗās	ɗās	ɗɛ̀s	-	-	-	-		401
*ɗɛ	‘one (1)_1, alone_2’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɗɛ́	ɗɛ́	ɗɛ́	ɗɛ̀dɛ́	ɗjān	ɗjān	ɗɛ̄dɛ̄	ɗɛ̄dɛ̄	Opo most likely bimorphemic ɗɛ+ān (3N suffix).	401
*ɗɛm	‘to stew (food)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɗɛ̀m	-	-	ɗɛ̀m	ɗɛ̄m	ɗɛ̄m	ɗɛ̄m	ɗɛ̄m		402
*ɗiʃa	‘near_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɗìʃ	ɗīʃ	ɗīʃ	ɗìʃà	īsā	īsí	ɗīsā	ɗīʃā		402
*ɗitʰ ?	‘bird’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɗɪ̂w	ɗūwì	ɗī	ɗītʰ	ɗɪ̄ʊ̀	ɗɪ̄ʊ̀	ɗɪ̄ʊ̀	ɗɪ̄ʊ̀		402
*ɗɪ́lá	‘rise (oneself)_3’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	ɗɪ́lá	ɗɪ́lá		402
*(tɔ)ɗɔ	‘carry many things_1’	v.	*Koman	tɔ̀dɔ̀	-	ɗɔ̀	ɗɔ̄	ɗɔ̄	-	ɗɔ̄	ɗɔ̀	ɗɔ̀	ɗɔ̀		403
*ɗɔ̄ŋgɔ̄rɔ̄	‘salt_3’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ɗɔ̄ŋgɔ̄rɔ̄	à+ɗɔ̄ŋgɔ̄rɔ̄	-	-	-	-	-		403
*ɗúbá	‘tasty (be)_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ɗúbá	ɗűbá	ɗűbá	ɗűbá	ɗűbá		403
*ɗwá	‘frog_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ɗwá	à+ɗwá	-	-	-	-	-		404
*tʼákʼál	‘tongue_2’	n.	*Gwama	tʼákʼál	tʼákɪ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		404
*tʼápán	‘lick_2’	v.	*Gwama	tʼápán	tʼápán	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		404
*tʼaʃ	‘salt_(made from ash of a particular plant/tree)_2’	n.	*Koman	tʼāʃ	tʼāʃ	tʼàʃ	tʼāʃ	tʼāʃ	tʼàʃ	tʼās	-	-	-	meaning is ‘stew/soup’ in Uduk.	404
*tʼáʃá	‘mushroom_2’	n.	*Gwama	tʼáʃá	tʼáʃá	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		405
*tʼɪ́kʼá	‘heavy (be)_3’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	tʼɪ́kʼá	tʼɪk̋ ʼá	tʼɪk̋ ʼá	tʼɪk̋ ʼá	tʼɪk̋ ʼá		405
*tʼɪ́rá	‘rope_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	tʼɪ́rá	tʼɪ́rá	tʼɪ́rá	tʼɪ́rá		405
*tʼɪ́ʃ ~ tʼíʃ	‘grind (fine)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tʼɪ́ʃ	tʼíʃ	tʼíʃ	tʼìʃíʔ	tʼıs̋	tʼıs̋	tʼıs̋	-		406
*tʼɔ̄pʼ	‘drink’	v.	*Gwama	tʼɔ̄pʼ	tʼɔ̄pʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		406
*tʼɔ̄ʃ	‘pain, be hurt_3’	v.	*Gwama	tʼɔ̄ʃ	tʼɔ̄ʃ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		406
*tʼɔ́tʼɔ́	‘black (be)_2’	v.	*Gwama	tʼɔ́tʼɔ́	tʼɔ́tʼɔ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		407
*tʼɔ́zí	‘precede_3’	v.	*Gwama	tʼɔ́zí	tʼɔ́zí	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		407
*tʼum(á)	‘fist_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	tʼùmá	tʼúm+mɛ̀ɗ	tʼúm+mɛ̀ɗ	tʼùmá	tʼūmá	tʼūmá	tʼūmá	tʼūmá		407
*tʼʊ̀mʊ̀	‘home, place_3’	n.	*Gwama	tʼʊ̀mʊ̀	tʼʊ́mʊ̄	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		407
*tʼVʃ ~ tʼ̪Vʃ	‘forbid_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	tʼáʃ	tʼáʃ	tʼáʃ	-	tʼɪ́sɪ̄	tʼɪ́sɪ̄	-	-		408
*tʼwālā	‘strong (be)_4’	v.	*Gwama	tʼwālā	tʼwājā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		408
*tʼwaŋ(k)a ~ tʼ̪waŋ(k)a	‘cut (split in half lengthwise)_1’	v.	*Koman	tʼāŋà	tʼāŋà	-	tʼwákʰ	tʼwákʰ	-	-	-	-	-		408
*sʼ(j)am	‘sweet (be)_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	sʼām	-	-	sʼɛ́m	tʃʼɛ́m	tʃʼɛ́m	tʃʼɛ́m	tʃʼɛ́m		409
*sʼa	‘light (ignite)’	v.	*Koman	sʼā	sʼā	sʼà	sʼā	tʼ̪ā	sʼʊ́wà	tʃʼǎ	tʃʼǎ	tʃʼǎ	tʃʼǎ		409
*sʼá	‘annoint (with oil)_1’	v.	*Gwama	sʼá	sʼá	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		409
*sʼám	‘cold(be)_2, wet, sweet (be)’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	sʼám	sʼám	tʼ̪ám	sʼɛ́m	tʃʼɛ́m+sɛ̄	tʃʼɛ́m+sɛ̄	tʃʼɛ́m+sɛ̄	tʃʼɛ́m+sɛ̄	Meaning is ‘wind (n.)’ in Uduk	409
*sʼámá	‘blood_1’	n.	*Koman	sʼám	sʼám	-	-	-	sʼámáʔ	tʃʼámá	tʃʼámá	tʃʼámá	tʃʼámá		410
*sʼānsʼ	‘root_3’	n.	*Gwama	sʼānsʼ	sʼānsʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		410
*sʼEU	‘bamboo_2’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	sʼɪ̂w	sʼì	à+tʼ̪ɛ ̄	sʼɪ̂w	-	-	-	-		410
*sʼɛ́	‘curse_2’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	sʼɛ́	-	tʼɛ́	-	-	-	-	-		411
*sʼɛ̀d̪ ~ sʼɪ̀d̪	‘shave’	v.	*Koman	sʼɪ̄l	sʼɪ̄	sʼɛ̀	sʼī	cʼɛ̄	sʼɛ̀d̪	tʃʼɛ̄	tʃʼɛ̄	tʃʼɛ̄	tʃʼɛ̄		411
*sʼɛ́kʰ	‘rub hands together (e.g. to make fire using stick)_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	sʼɛ́kʰ	tʼ̪ɛḱ ʰ	-	-	-	-	-		411
*sʼɛ̀sʼ(ɛ̀)	‘termite_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	sʼɛ̀sʼ	-	-	sʼɛ̀sʼ	tʃʼɛ̄tʃʼɛ̄	tʃʼɛ̄tʃʼɛ̄	tʃʼɛ̄tʃʼ	tʃʼɛ̄tʃʼ		412
*sʼɛ̄wàn ~ sʼjāwàn	‘moon or month_3’	n.	*Gwama	sʼɛ̄wàn	sʼjāwàn	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		412
*sʼí	‘die_2’	v.	*Gwama	sʼí	sʼí	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		412
*sʼíd̪	‘black (be)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	sʼí	sʼíʔ	tʼ̪íʔ	sʼíd̪	tʃʼı ̋	tʃʼı ̋	tʃʼı ̋	tʃʼı ̋	Also means ‘diarreah’ in KoUd	412
*sʼÍk	‘rat_1’	n.	*Koman	sʼɪ́	sʼɪ́	sʼík	sʼíʔ	à+tʼ̪íkʰ	-	tʃʼıg̋ ı ̋	tʃʼıg̋ ı ̋	tʃʼıg̋ ı ̋	tʃʼıg̋ ı ̋		413
*sʼíl(ít⁽ʰ⁾)	‘thatch’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	sʼílít	sʼíl	tʼ̪íl	-	-	-	-	-		413
*sʼOpʰ	‘light (the way with torch/flashlight)_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	sʼɔ̀p	-	-	sʼʊ̄pʰ	tʃʼʊ̄	tʃʼʊ̄	tʃʼʊ̄	tʃʼʊ̄		413
*sʼɔ̄	‘pray, beg_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	sʼɔ̄	tʼ̪ɔ̄	-	-	-	-	-		414
*sʼú	‘plait or braid or weave_3’	v.	*Gwama	sʼú	sʼú	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		414
*sʼú	‘rub hands together (e.g. to make fire using stick)_1’	v.	*Gwama	sʼú	sʼú	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		414
*sʼUB(V)(n)	‘dip food in sauce with fingers_1’	v.	*Koman	-	sʼʊ́pʊ́n	sʼūb	sʼúpʰ	tʼ̪úpʰ	sʼúbá	-	-	-	-		415
*sʼUDI	‘defecate_1, diarrea’	v.	*Koman	úsʼ	úsʼ	sʼɪ́	-	tʼ̪í	sʼʊ̀dʊ́	tʃʼʊ̄jɪ́	tʃʼʊ̄jɪ́	tʃʼʊ̄jɪ́	tʃʼʊ̄jɪ́		415
*sʼuɗ	‘kiss_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	sʼùr	-	-	sʼúɗ	tʃʼűr	tʃʼűr	tʃʼűr	tʃʼűr		415
*sʼunsʼ	‘bite_2’	v.	*Gwama	sūnsʼ	sʼṹnsʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		415
*SʼUn(tʼ)a	‘nosebleed_2’	n.	*Koman	-	tʼʊ̀ntʼ	-	-	-	sʼùnáʔ	-	-	-	-		416
*sʼúpʼ	‘suck_2’	v.	*Gwama	sʼúpʼ	sʼúpʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		416
*sʼʊ́p	‘cold (be)_1’	v.	*Koman	sʼʊ́p	sʼʊ́p	-	sʼúpʰ	tʼ̪úpʰ	-	-	-	-	-		416
*sʼʊ́pʊ́n	‘kiss_2’	v.	*Gwama	sʼʊ́pʊ́n	sʼʊ́pʊ́n	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		417
*sʼʊ̄pʼ	‘breast, milk_2’	n.	*Gwama	sʼʊ̄pʼ	sʼʊ̄pʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		417
*sʼʊ́sʼ	‘scratch_2’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	sʼʊ́sʼ	sʼúsʼ	tʼ̪útʰ̪	-	-	-	-	-		417
*sʼʊ́sʼʊ́mɔ̀	‘calf of leg’	n.	*Gwama	sʼʊ́sʼʊ́mɔ̀	sʼʊ́sʼʊ́mɔ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		417
*c(w)ā	‘big (be)_1’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	swà	cā	cā	-	-	-	-	-		418
*caja	‘very, many_1’	adv.	*Central Koman	-	-	sà	-	cājá	-	sáj	sáj	sáj	sáj	Cannot account for /s/ in Opo, would expect /tʃ/.	418
*càkʰO	‘grandfather_1’	n.	*Koman	-	sàkʊ́	sàkʊ́	-	-	-	tʃàkʰɔ́	tʃàkʰɔ́	tʃàkʰɔ́	tʃàkʰɔ́		418
*cān	‘poor (be)_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	cān	tʃān	tʃān	tʃān	tʃān		419
*cɛŋ	‘curse_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	cɛ́ŋ	tʃɛ̄ŋ	tʃɛ̄ŋ	tʃɛ̄ŋ	tʃɛ̄ŋ		419
*cɛ̄ʃ	‘protect_4’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	cɛ̄ʃ	cɛ̄ʃ	-	-	-	-	-		419
*cikʼa ~ cɪkʼa	‘listen_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	sɪ̀g	ʃīkʼ	cīkʰ	sʼìkʼà	-	-	-	-	In Komo, final *kʼ → [g] /V_V then loss of final vowel. Dana later glottalizes initial /s/ → /sʼ/ to harmonize with glottal /kʼ/?	420
*Cisʼ	‘warm up (sth.)’	v.	*Koman	ʃɪ̄ʃ	ʃɪ̄ʃ	jíz	jísʼ	jítʰ̪	hízá	ıs̋ á	ıs̋ á	ıs̋ á	-	Gwama may not be cognate.	420
*cɔkʰ	‘sit_3’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	sɔ̀k	-	cɔ́kʰ	-	-	-	-	-		420
*cɔ̀m	‘father_2’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	sɔ̀m	à+cɔ̄m	cɔ̄m	sɔ̀m	tʃɔ̀mɔ̀	tʃɔ̀mɔ̀	tʃɔ̀m	tʃɔ̀m	Initial /s/ in Dana due to contact with Komo?	420
*cúl	‘firefly_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	-	à+cúl	-	-	-	-	-		421
*cut	‘whistle’	v.	*Koman	-	ʃút	ʃɪ́t	-	cúwā	cʊ́ɪ̀	tʃúwì	tʃúwì	tʃúwì	tʃúwì		421
*cʊ̄k⁽ʰ⁾(ɪ)	‘hoof’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	sʊ̄kɪ́	-	à+cūkʰ	-	-	-	-	-		421
*CVkʻUm	‘rinse mouth_1’	v.	*Koman	ʃʊ̀kʊ́m	ʃʊ̀kʊ́m	zùkʼúm	-	-	ɟákʼʊ́m	tʃākʼʊ́má	tʃākʼʊ́má	sākʼʊ́má	tʃākʼʊ́má	Cannot account for voiced initial consonant in Komo and Dana.	422
*cwálá	‘tree’	n.	*Koman	swálá	swájá	sá	ʃwá	cwá	cá	tʃá	tʃá	tʃá	tʃá		422
*tʃápūm	‘waist, hip_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	tʃápūm	tʃápūm	-	-		422
*tʃìm	‘bury_4’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	tʃìm	tʃìm	-	-		423
*tʃɔ̄t	‘pierce_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	tʃɔ̄t	tʃɔ̄t	-	-		423
*dʒìbàj	‘cloud, fog_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	dʒìbàj	dʒìbàj	dʒìbàj	dʒìbàj		423
*ɟà	‘dig_1’	v.	*Koman	ʃà	ʃà	-	-	-	cà	tʃà	tʃà	tʃà	tʃà		423
*ɟàn	‘dream_4’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	zàn	ɟàn	-	-	-	-	-		424
*ɟana	‘sorghum, millet’	n.	*Koman	sjànà	sjànà	zɛ̀nā	-	-	-	dʒɛ̀ná	-	dʒɛ̀ná	-		424
*ɟaŋg(ɔ)aj	‘Nuer (ethnonym)_1’	n.	*Koman	zǎgʊ́	zǎgʊ́	zǎgʊ́	ʒwǎŋgì	-	ɟàŋwɛ̀j	dʒāŋɔ́	-	zāŋwɛ́	ʃàŋwɛ̀		424
*ɟarɛ	‘baboon_2’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ɟārɛ̄	tʃàrɛ̀	tʃàrɛ̀	tʃàrɛ̀	tʃàrì		425
*ɟàrú	‘bird_stork (maribou)’	n.	*Koman	zɛ̀rú	zɛ̀rú	zɛ̀rú	ʒàrú	-	ɟɛ̀rú	dʒɛ̀rű	dʒɛ̀rű	dʒɛ̀rű	dʒɛ̀rű		425
*ɟɛ̀	‘elephant_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	-	ɟɛ̀	-	-	-	-	-		425
*ɟìbí	‘slurp_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	zìbí	-	-	ɟìbí	-	-	-	tʃibi		426
*ɟíkʰì	‘forbid_4’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ɟíkʰì	-	-	zɪ̄kʰɪ́	ʃɪ̄kʰɪ́		426
*ɟVtʰid	‘sweat (substance)_1’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	zàtít	ɟìtʰíd	ɟìtʰí	-	-	-	-	-		426
*cʼ(w)ɛ̄sʼ	‘tear (shred)_3’	v.	*Koman	sʼwɛ̃̌	sʼwɛ̃̌	-	-	cʼɛt̄ ʼ̪	-	-	-	-	-		426
*cʼacʼ	‘chest_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	sʼàsʼ	-	-	cʼàcʼ	tʃʼātʃʼ	tʃʼātʃʼ	tʃʼātʃʼ	sʼāsʼ		427
*cʼákʼúmú	‘ladle_1’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	cʼákʼúmú	tʃʼákʼűmű	tʃʼákʼűmű	tʃʼákʼűmű	tʃʼákʼűmű		427
*cʼɛ	‘ear’	n.	*Koman	sʼɛ̄	sʼɛ̄	sʼɛ̄	ʃʼɛ́	cʼɛ́	kʼɛ̄	tʃʼɛ̀	tʃʼɛ̀	tʃʼɛ̀	tʃʼɛ̀	Cannot account for the initial /kʼ/ in Dana.	427
*cʼɛ̄kʼ	‘termite_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	cʼɛ̄kʼ	à+cʼɛ̄kʼ	-	-	-	-	-		428
*cʼɛ́ʃ	‘earth, soil, ground, floor_3’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	cʼɛ́ʃ	à+cʼɛ́ʃ	-	-	-	-	-		428
*à+cʼí	‘child_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	àɟí	à+cʼí	-	-	-	-	-		428
*cʼīsân	‘sneeze_4’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ɟìsân	cʼīsân	-	-	-	-	-		429
*cʼɪkʼ	‘sour (be)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	sʼɪ̄kʼ	-	-	cʼɪ̀kʼ	tʃʼɪ̄kʼ+dʒɛ̀	tʃʼɪ̄kʼ+dʒɛ̀	tʃʼɪ̄kʼ+zɛ̀	tʃʼɪ̄kʼ+sɛ̀		429
*cʼɪ́kʼɪ́r	‘fingernail, toenail, claw, hoof_3’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	sʼɪ́kʼɪ́l	-	-	kʼɪ́kʼɪ́r; initial /kʼ/ instaed of expected /cʼ/ cannot be accounted for (cf. ‘ear’ in Dana).	tʃʼɪ́kʼɪ́r	tʃʼɪ́kʼɪ́r	tʃʼɪ́kʼɪ́r	tʃʼɪ́kʼɪ́r		429
*cʼɔ(tʼɔ)l	‘drip (fall in globules)_1’	v.	*Koman	sʼɔ́tʼɔ́	sʼɔ́tʼɔ́	sʼʊ̀lɪ̄l	-	cʼɔ̄cʼɔ̄lɔ̄cʼ	cʼɔ̀ʔ	tʃʼɔ̄	tʃʼɔ̄	tʃʼɔ̄	tʃʼɔ̄		429
*cʼúg	‘untie, undress_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	sʼúk	-	cʼúkʰ	-	tʃʼűg	tʃʼűg	tʃʼűg	tʃʼűg		430
*cʼúm~cʼúm	‘suck_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ʃʼúʒùm	cʼúɲcʼúm	-	-	-	-	-		430
*cʼVmaj	‘dregs’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	sʼímá	ʃʼɔ́má	à+cʼúmá	cʼɪ́máj	tʃʼım̋ áj	tʃʼım̋ áj	tʃʼım̋ áj	tʃʼım̋ áj		430
*kʰā	‘chicken_3’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kʰā	kʰā	kʰā	kʰā	kʰā		431
*kʰab	‘wind (n.)_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	-	hāpāpʰ	kʰàb	kʰāb	kʰāb	kʰāb	kʰāb		431
*kʰaɓ	‘repair_1’	v.	*Koman	áp	-	áb	-	-	ʊ́bā	kʰápʼ	kʰápʼ	kʰápʼ	kʰápʼ		431
*kʰacʼ	‘shut_2’	v.	*Koman	kǎʃ	kǎʃ	-	kʰáʃʼ	kʰácʼ	-	-	-	-	-		431
*kʰáɗ(a)	‘open’	v.	*Koman	kálá	kájá	kár	kʰǎd	kʰǎɗ	kʰátá	kʰátá	kʰátá	kʰátá	kʰátá		432
*kʰáɗúm	‘roof_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	kárúm	-	-	kʰáɗúm	kʰa̋rűm	kʰa̋rűm	kʰa̋rűm	kʰa̋rűm		432
*kʰāg	‘leave_3’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kʰāgɪ́+d̪ɛ̀	-	kʰāgɪ́+dʒɪ̀	kʰāgɪ́+zɪ̀	kʰāgɪ́+ʃɪ̀		432
*kʰāgá	‘hot (be)_4’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kʰāgá	kʰāgá	kʰāgá	-		433
*kʰaj	‘herd (v.)’	v.	*Koman	kɛ̃̄ʔ	kɛ̃̄ʔ	kàʔí	-	-	kʰàjɪ́ʔ	kʰājɪ́	kʰājɪ́	kʰājɪ́	kʰājɪ́	Lowland Gwama meaning is ‘herd (of animals)’ .	433
*kʰakʼa	‘bitter, sour (be)’	v.	*Koman	kāgā	kāgā	kàʔ	kʰāʔ	kʰāʔ	kʰàkʼà	kʰākʼā	kʰākʼā	kʰākʼā	kʰākʼā		433
*kʰal	‘bring_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kà-ʊ̄	kʰál+í	kʰál+ú	kùjí	-	-	-	-	Possibly borrowed from W.Nilotic (cf. Kurmuk /kal/ ‘steal’)	434
*kʰal	‘carry_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kàj	kʰál	kʰál	kʰál	kʰál	kʰál	kʰál	kʰál		434
*kʰál	‘carry on head_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kʰál	kʰál	-	-	-	-	-		434
*kʰālí	‘sheep_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	kālí	-	-	kʰālí	kʰālı ̋	kʰālı ̋	kʰālı ̋	kʰālı ̋		434
*kʰàɲ	‘light (the way with torch/flashlight)_1’	v.	*Koman	kɪ̄n	kɪ̄n	-	kʰāɲ	kʰāɲ	-	-	-	-	-		435
*kʰáŋgá	‘cannabis_2’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kʰáŋgá	kʰáŋgá	kʰáŋgá	kʰáŋgá	kʰáŋgá		435
*kʰāpʰā	‘red (be)_2’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kʰāpʰā	kʰāpā	kʰāpā	kʰāpā	kʰāpā		435
*kʰar	‘pour_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kál	-	-	kʰár	kʰārɪ́	kʰārɪ́	kʰārɪ́	kʰārɪ́		436
*kʰɛ́	‘arrive_2’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	kɛ́	cʰɛ́	-	-	-	-	-	-		436
*kʰɛ̄bɛ̄	‘vagina_3’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kʰɛ̄bɛ̄	kʰɛ̄bɛ̄	kʰɛ̄bɛ̄	kʰɛ̄bɛ̄		436
*kʰɛm	‘pierce, cut (grass with sickle)’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kɛ́m	-	-	-	kʰɛ̀m	kʰɛ̀m	kʰɛ̀m	kʰɛ̀m		436
*kʰīd̪í	‘rat_2’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kʰīd̪í	kʰıʔ̋	kʰıʔ̋	kʰıʔ̋	kʰıʔ̋		437
*kʰɪ́	‘give’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kɪ̌+k	cʰíʔ	cʰí	kʰɪ́+wā	kʰɪ́ʔ	kʰɪ́ʔ	kʰɪ́ʔ	kʰɪ́ʔ		437
*kʰɪ̀l	‘root_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kʰɪ̀l	kʰɪ̀l	kʰɪ̀l	kʰɪ̀l		437
*kʰɪ́sʼ	‘burn_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kɪ́sʼ	cʰísʼ	cʰítʼ̪	kʰísʼā	kʰɪt̋ ʃʼā	kʰɪ́tʃʼā	kʰɪ́tʃʼā	kʰɪ́tʃʼā		438
*kʰO(r)nOn	‘snore’	v.	*Koman	kɔ̀nɔ̀n	kɔ̀nɔ̀n	kɔ̀nɔ̀n	kʰūnūn	àkʰɔ̄rnɛ̄ʔ	kʰʊ̀nʊ̀n	kʰʊ̀nʊ̀n	kʰʊ̀nʊ̀n	kʰʊ̀nʊ̀n	kʰʊ̀nʊ̀n		438
*kʰOba	‘chair_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	kʊ́bá	-	-	-	kʰɔ́bá	kʰɔ́bá	kʰɔ́bá	kʰɔ́bá		438
*kʰOG	‘giraffe_2’	n.	*Koman	kɔ́k	kɔ́k	-	kʰúʔ	kʰúʔ	kʰɛ́g	-	-	-	kɛ̂k	Related to Proto-Nilotic *ko-RI ‘giraffe’ (Dimmendaal 1988:40)?	439
*kʰɔ́	‘bad (be)_3’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kʰɔ́	kʰɔ́	kʰɔ́	kʰɔ́		439
*kʰɔba	‘maize_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	kʰɔ́bà	à+kʰɔ́bà	kʰɔ́bā	kʰɔ̀bà	kʰɔ̀bà	kʰɔ̀bà	kʰɔ̀bà		439
*kʰɔɓ	‘bale out (water)’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kɔ́p	kʰɔ̄b	kʰɔ̄ɓ	kʰɔ́pʰ	kʰɔ́pʰá	kʰɔ́pʰá	kʰɔ́pʰá	kʰɔ́pʰá		439
*kʰɔm	‘pound (v.)_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kʰɔ̀m	-	-	kʰɔ́m	kʰɔ́m		440
*kʰɔ̀m	‘follow_3’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kʰɔ̀m	kʰɔ̀m	kʰɔ̀m	kʰɔ̀m		440
*kʰɔr	‘stumble_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kɔ̀r+ɔ̀ʃ	-	-	kʰɔ̀kʰɔ̀r	kʰɔ̄kʰɔ̄r	kʰɔ̄kʰɔ̄r	kʰɔ̄kʰɔ̄r	kʰɔ̄kʰɔ̄r		440
*kʰɔ́T	‘to prepare earth for farming_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kɔ́t	kʰɔ́d	kʰɔ́r	kʰɔ́tʰ	kʰɔ̄tɔ́	kʰɔ̄tɔ́	kʰɔ́t	kʰɔ́t		441
*kʰúɲ	‘dig_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kʰúɲ	kʰǔɲ	-	-	-	-	-		441
*kʰūr	‘skin, hide (of animal), bark of tree_5’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	-	kʰūr	-	-	-	-	-		441
*kʰuʃ	‘smoke out (e.g an animal out of a hole)_1’	v.	*Koman	kʊ̌ʃ	kʊ̌ʃ	ūs	-	-	húʃ	űs	űs	űs	űʃ	Also means ‘evaporate’ in Dana.	442
*kʰʊ́sʼ	‘dry (be)’	v.	*Koman	kúsʼ	kúsʼ	kʊ́sʼ	kʰúsʼ	kʰútʼ̪	kʰʊ́sʼ	kʰʊ́tʃʼʊ́	kʰʊ́tʃʼʊ́	kʰʊ́tʃʼʊ́	-		442
*kʰwaGʼ	‘fear (be afraid)’	v.	*Koman	kwāgà	kwāgà	kɔ̄g	kʰɔ̄ʔ	kʰɔ̄kʼ	kʰɔ́k ~ kʰɔ̀gɔ́	kʰɔ̄gɔ́	kʰɔ̄gɔ́	kʰɔ̄gɔ́	kʰɔ̄gɔ́		442
*kʰwal	‘steal_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kwál	kʰwāl	kʰwāl	kʰwàlà	-	-	-	kʰwālā		442
*kʰwālàɲ	‘fat (from animals)_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kʰwālàɲ	kʰwālàɲ	-	-	-	-	-		443
*kʰwāʃkʰām	‘turtle_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kʰwāʃkʰām	à+kʰwāʃkʰām	-	-	-	-	-		443
*k⁽ʰ⁾a	‘refuse_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kâ	kʰà	kʰà	kʰà	kʰà		443
*k⁽ʰ⁾a(ŋ)k⁽ʼ⁾a	‘thorn, sharp (be)’	v.	*Koman	kāŋà	kāŋà	kákā	kāʔ	kǎkā	kʰákʰāʔ	kʰákʼā	kʰákʼā	kʰákʼā	kʰákʼā		444
*k⁽ʰ⁾akʼas ~ k⁽ʰ⁾asakʼ	‘porcupine_1’	n.	*Koman	kákʼàʃ	kákʼàʃ	káʃākʼ	-	-	kásākʼ	kʰásākʼ	kʰásākʼ	kʰásākʼ	kʰáʃākʼ		444
*k⁽ʰ⁾ɪd̪	‘horn (anatomy)_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	kɪ̄	cú	cɛ́	kɪ̄d̪	kʰɪ̄w	kʰɪ̄w	kʰɪ̄w	kʰɪ̄w		444
*k⁽ʰ⁾ɪ́náj	‘Opo (ethnonym)_1’	n.	*Koman	kɪ́ná	kɪ́ná	kɪ́ná	cʰínáj	-	kɪ́náj	-	-	-	-		445
*k⁽ʰ⁾ír(a)	‘tear (shred)_2’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kír	kʰírá	kʰírá	kʰírá	kʰírá		445
*k⁽ʰ⁾ɪ̀s	‘new_2’	adv.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kɪ̀s	kʰɪ̀s	kʰɪ̀s	kʰɪ̀s	kʰɪ̀s		445
*k⁽ʰ⁾ɪs	‘tree_sp. (mahogany, Trichilia emetica)’	n.	*Koman	kɪ́sɪ̀	ʊ̄+kɪ̄s	kɪ̄s	cɛ́s	cʰís	kɪ́s	kʰɪ́s	kʰɪ́s	kʰɪ́s	kʰɪ́s		445
*k⁽ʰ⁾ísʼ ~ kʼísʼ	‘cut_1’	v*.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	cʼísʼ	cʼítʰ̪	kʰísʼ	kʰıt̋ ʃʼ	kʰıt̋ ʃʼ	kʰıt̋ ʃʼ	kʰıt̋ ʃʼ	Meaning is ‘sting’ in Dana-Opo. Possibly not cognate with Uduk.	446
*k⁽ʰ⁾ɪ̀t⁽̪ ʰ⁾(à)	‘right (direction)_1’	adv.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kɪ̀tʰ̪ à	kʰɪ̄t	kʰɪ̄t	kʰɪ̄t	kɪ̄tā		446
*k⁽ʰ⁾O	‘say_1’	v.	*Koman	kɔ̄	kɔ̄	ʊ́	ɔ́	ɔ́	-	-	-	-	-		446
*k⁽ʰ⁾Orɛcʼ	‘hoe (n.)_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	kūrɛ́	kʰɔ̄rɛ̂cʼ	kɔ̄rɛ́	kɔ̄rɛ́	kɔ̄rɛ́	kɔ̄rɛ́	kɔ̄rɛ́		447
*k⁽ʰ⁾wal ~ kʼwal	‘want_1’	v*.	*Central Koman	-	-	kʼwàl	-	-	kʰwāj	kwāj	kʰwáj	kʰwáj	kʰwáj		447
*kájá	‘sun_2’	n.	*Gwama	kájá	kájá	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		447
*kājā	‘day (24 hours)_2’	n.	*Gwama	kājā	kājā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		448
*kál	‘bypass_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kāl	kál	kál	kál	kál	kál	kál	kál		448
*kàn	‘bury_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kàn	kān	kān	kànà	-	-	-	-		448
*kānā	‘dog_1’	n.	*Gwama	kānā	kānā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		448
*kāná+wɔ̀nɛ̀	‘cross legs_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kāná+wɔ̀nɛ̀	kāná+wɔ̀n	kāná+wɔ̀n	kāná+wɔ̀n		449
*kānsʼ	‘pelt_2’	v.	*Gwama	kānsʼ	kānsʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		449
*kāp	‘bring_3’	v.	*Gwama	kāp	kāp	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		449
*kàrà	‘listen_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kàrà	-	kàrà	kàrà		450
*kàrɔ̀	‘salt_(from ash of a particular plant/tree)_1’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	kàrɔ̀	kàrɔ̀	kàrɔ̀		450
*(dʒì+)kārɔ̄	‘soup_3’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	dʒì+kārɔ̄	zì+kārɔ̄	ʃì+kārɔ̄		450
*kàs	‘forbid_2’	v.	*Gwama	kàs	kɪ̀s	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		450
*kàsʼmǎná	‘hyena_1’	n.	*Gwama	kàsʼmǎná	kàsʼmǎná	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		451
*kát⁽̪ʰ⁾	‘protect_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kátʰ̪	-	-	kát	kát		451
*kāw	‘strong (be)_3’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kāw	kāw	kāw	kāw		451
*kEɲ	‘bird_(cattle egret)’	n.	*Koman	kɪ̄l	kɪ̄l	à+kɪ́l	cɛ́cɛ́nā	à+cɛ́ɲ	à+kɪ́l	à+kɪ́l	à+kɪ́l	à+kɪ́l	à+kɪ́l		452
*kɛ̌	‘sweep_4’	v.	*Gwama	kɛ̌	kɛ̌	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		452
*kɛ́ntɛ́ʃ	‘stumble_2’	v.	*Gwama	kɛ́tɛ́ʃ	kɛ́ntɛ́ʃ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		452
*kɛ́nzɛ́	‘offend_2’	v.	*Gwama	kɛ́nzɛ́	kɛ́nzɛ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		452
*kɛ́s(ɛ́)	‘roast or fry_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kɛ́ʃ	cɛ́s	cɛ́s	kɛ́s	kɛ́sɛ́	kɛ́sɛ́	kɛ́s	kɛ́sɛ́		453
*kɛ̄ʃ	‘curse_3’	v.	*Gwama	kɛ̄ʃ	kɛ̄ʃ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		453
*kʰàkʰá	‘grandmother_1’	n.	*Koman	-	kàkáʔ	kàká	-	-	kʰàkʰá	kàká	kàká	kàká	kàká	Unclear as to why it’s not voiced in Komo if initial was b and L tone.	453
*kija	‘bed_3’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	cī	à+cī	kījā	-	-	-	-		454
*kíl	‘sharpen_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kíl	cíl	cíl	-	kıl̋	kıl̋	kıl̋	kıl̋		454
*kiʃ ~ kɪʃ	‘antelope_gazelle’	n*.	*Central Koman	-	-	kɪ̄ʃ	cíʃ	à+cíʃ	àkīʃ	kʰīs	kʰīs	kʰīs	kīʃ	Aspiration likely a POp innovation.	454
*kíw	‘shout_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	cú	cú	-	kıw̋	kıw̋	kıw̋	kıw̋		455
*kɪl	‘star_1’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	kɪ̌l	cúl	à+cúl	-	-	-	-	-		455
*kɪm(V)	‘day (24 hours)_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	kɪ́mɪ́	cím	à+cím	kɪ̀mà	-	-	-	-		455
*kɪ̌ntʼ	‘dew_3’	n.	*Gwama	kɪ̌ntʼ	kɪ̌ntʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		455
*kɪ̄sɪ̄	‘near_2’	v.	*Gwama	kɪ̄sɪ̄	kɪ̄sɪ̄	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		456
*kɪ̄sʼ	‘set (heavenly bodies)_2’	v.	*Gwama	kɪ̄sʼ	kɪ̄sʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		456
*kɪ̄ʃ	‘spoil (become spoiled)_3’	v.	*Gwama	kɪ̄ʃ	kɪ̄ʃ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		456
*kjana	‘tomorrow_1’	adv.	*Koman	-	gɪ̀+kjānā	-	-	-	-	dʒì+kɛ́n	dʒì+kɛ́n	zì+kɛ́n	ʃì+kɛ́n		457
*kjankʼa	‘cluck (of hen)’	v.	*Koman	kǎkā	kjāŋkʼā	kágá	-	-	kágà	kɛ̄n	kɛ̄n	kɛ̄n	kɛ̄n		457
*kO(j)	‘cry’	v.	*Koman	kū	kū	kɔ̀	kɔ̄	kɔ̄	kɔ̀j	kwɛ̄	kwɛ̄	kwɛ̄	kwɛ̄		457
*kOpʰ	‘carry on head_1’	v.	*Koman	kǔ	kǔ	-	-	-	kɔ̄pʰ	kɔ̄p	kɔ̄p	kɔ̄p	kɔ̄p		458
*kOr	‘chief_1’	n.	*Koman	ʊ̄+kʊ̄l	ʊ̄+kwɪ̀	jī+kwɪ̀	-	-	jɛ̀+kɔ̄rɔ̄	-	-	-	-	*kOr > kOl > kOj > kwɪ	458
*dʒɪ̌nɪ́+kɔ̄rɛ́	‘sesame_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	dʒɪ̌nɪ́+kɔ̄rɛ́	dʒɪ̌nɪ+́kɔ̄rɛ́	zɪ̄nɪ́+kɔ̄rɛ́	-		458
*kOta̪ n	‘head pad (for head carrying)_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	-	-	kʊt̀ ʰ̪ áj; aspirates intervocalically.	kɔ̄tìn	kɔ̄tìn	kɔ̄tìn	-		458
*kɔ́	‘roast or fry_2’	v.	*Gwama	kɔ́	kɔ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		459
*kɔ́d̪	‘breast, milk_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	kɔ́	kɔ́	à+kɔ́	kɔ́d̪	kɔ́j	kɔ́j	kɔ́j	kɔ́j		459
*kɔ́ndíl	‘count_3’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kɔ́ndíl	kɔ́ndíl	-	-		459
*kɔ́ŋɔ̀	‘chair_2’	n.	*Gwama	kɔ́ŋɔ̀	kɔ́ŋɔ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		460
*kɔ́pʰ	‘pound (v.)_4’	v.	*Koman	kɔ́p	kɔ́p	-	kúpʰ	-	-	-	-	-	-		460
*kɔ̄pʰ	‘antelope_waterbuck’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	kɔ̄p	kɔ̄pʰ	kɔ̄pʰ	-	-	-	-	-		460
*kɔ́s	‘sew_1’	v.	*Koman	ɔ́s	ɔ́s	-	-	-	kɔ́s	kɔ́s	kɔ́s	kɔ́s	kɔ́s		461
*kɔ̀ʃì	‘skin, hide (of animal), bark of tree_4’	n.	*Gwama	kɔ̀ʃì	kɔ̀ʃì	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		461
*kɔ̀tʰ	‘have’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kɔ̀tʰ	kɔ̀tʰ	-	kɔ̀tʰ	kɔ̀tʰ		461
*kūcʼ	‘defecate_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kūʃʼ	kūcʼ	-	-	-	-	-		461
*kuɗ	‘smoke (exhaust)_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	kūr	kúd	à+kúɗ	kūɗāʔ	kűrā	kűrā	kűrā	kűrā		462
*kúkʰ	‘vagina_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kúʔ	à+kúkʰ	-	-	-	-	-		462
*kum(bi)	‘cover (v.)’	v.	*Koman	kùmbì	kùmbì	kúm	kūm	kūm	kúmā	kűmá	kűmá	kűmá	kűmá		462
*kúmú	‘egg_3’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kúmú	kűmű	kűmű	kűmű	kűmű		463
*kúnā	‘help_3’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kúnā	kűná	kűná	kűná	kűná		463
*kūp	‘bamboo_3’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kūp	kūp	kūp	kūp		463
*kúʃ	‘white (be)_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kúʃ	kúʃ	-	-	-	-	-		463
*kʊ̀	‘brood (v.)_2’	v.	*Gwama	kʊ̀	kʊ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		464
*kʊ̀dʊ́s	‘pipe (for smoking)_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kʊ̀dʊ́s	kʊ̀dʊ́s	kʊ̀dʊ́s	kʊ̀dʊ́ʃ		464
*kʊ̀ɪ̄	‘rise (oneself)_2’	v.	*Gwama	kʊ̀ɪ̄	kʊ̀ɪ̄	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		464
*kʊ̋ká	‘joint_3’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kʊ̋ká	kʊ̋ká	kʊ̋ká	kʊ̋ká		465
*kʊ́má	‘carry on back_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kʊ́má	kʊ́má	kʊ́má	kʊ́má		465
*kʊman	‘mother, female’	n.	*Koman	-	kūm	kʊ̄mán	kūmán	kūm ~ kūmán	kʊ̀m ~ kwàn	kʊ̄mán	kʊ̄mán	kʊ̄mán	kʊ̄mán		465
*Kʊ̄ʃʊ̀n	‘shadow_4’	n.	*Gwama	gʊ̄ʃʊ̀n	kʊ̄ʃʊ̀n	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		465
*KUtʰ	‘short (be)_1’	v.	*Koman	gʊ̄t	gʊ̄t	kùt	kūtʰ	kūtʰ	-	-	-	-	-	Cannot explain initial /g/ in Gwama	466
*kwabOʃ	‘steal_1’	v.	*Koman	kɔ̄bɔ́ʃ	kɔ̄bɔ́ʃ	-	-	-	-	kǎbús	kǎbús	kǎbús	-		466
*kwak	‘cut (split in half lengthwise)_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kwàk	-	-	kwɪ́	kwāk	kwāk	kwāk	kwāk		466
*kwáɲ	‘pick up (small things), peck at_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kwán	kwáɲ	kwáɲ	kwán	kwán	kwán	kwán	-		467
*kwàp	‘horn (anatomy)_2’	n.	*Gwama	kwàp	kwàp	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		467
*(gɔ)kwar(a)	‘swagger, arrogant (be)’	v.	*Koman	-	kwárá	gɔ̀kɔ̀l	kār+īs	kār+īs	kʰɔ̄r	kʰɔ̄r	kʰɔ̄r	kʰɔ̄r	kʰɔ̄r		467
*ʊ=kam kamʊ	‘brother’	n.	*Koman	kwám	kwám	kàm	kām	à+kām	āmʊ́	hàm	hàm	hàm	hàm	Possibly ʊ+kam → kwam → kam or *kamʊ → kwam → kam	468
*(n(j)a)gaD	‘replace’	v.	*Koman	nāgát	njāgát	gàdá	gàs	gàr	gàtá	kàrá	kàrá	kàrá	kàrá		468
*gàɗ(am)	‘belch_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	gàl	gàrà	gǎɗ	gàràm	kʼɛ̄rɛ̄m	gàràm	gàràm	gàràm	Cannot account for lack of expected word-inital devoicing befreo *L in Dana-Opo. Cannot account for initial /kʼ/ in Bilugu Opo.	468
*gāgáʔ	‘beeswax_1’	n.	*Koman	gāgá	gāgá	-	-	-	gāgá	gāgá	gāgá	gāgá	gāgá		469
*gàj	‘termite mound_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	gàʔ	kʼɔ́pʰāgàj	kʼúpʰāɟɛ̀	kʼʊ́kʼàj	kàj	kàj	kàj	kàj		469
*gàɟɪ́	‘sow seeds (by throwing)_2’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	gàɟɪ́	gàdʒɪ́	gàdʒɪ́	gàdʒɪ́	gàdʒɪ́		469
*gakʼ	‘fast (from drinking or eating)’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	gáʔ	gǎ	gǎkʼ	-	-	-	-	-		469
*gàŋ(a)	‘smell (v.)’	v.	*Koman	kɛ̃̄	kɛ̃̄	gàg	-	-	kàŋà	kàŋà	kàŋà	kàŋà	kàŋà		470
*gàŋgārà	‘side of body, rib_3’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	gàŋgārà	gàŋgārà	-	-		470
*gǎŋú	‘horse_2’	n.	*Gwama	gǎŋú	gǎŋú	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		470
*gàs	‘celebrate’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	gàs	-	gàs	-	-	-	-	-		471
*g(w)àsʼ	‘person_1, man’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	jī+gwàz	wàzí	wàtí̪	jɛ̄+kàz	ʊ̀+kàdʒ	ʊ̀+kàdʒ	ʊ̀+kàdʒ	ʊ̀+kàdʒ	sʼ > z intervocalically then loss of final V sʼ > cʼ in Opo then voicing to [dʒ] intervocalically with loss of final V.	471
*g(w)àsʼ	‘person_2, man’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	gwàz	gwàsʼ	gwàtʰ̪	kwàz	-	-	-	-		471
*gàsʼ	‘husband_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	gàz	à+kàsʼ	kàtʰ̪	kàzūpʼ	kàdʒʊ́m	kàdʒʊ́m	kàdʒʊ́m	kàdʒʊ́m	*sʼ > z /V_V in Dana.	472
*gaʃa	‘belt, sash’	n.	*Koman	gáʃà	gáʃà	-	gǎʃ	gāʃá	gâʃ	gātʃ	gātʃ	gātʃ	gâʃ		472
*gɛɗɪʃ	‘broom_2’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	ɟɛ̀dìʃ	ɟɛ̀ɗɛ̀ʃ	kɛ̀ɗɛ̀ʃ	kʰɛ̀rɪ̀s	kʰɛ̀rɪ̀s	kʰɛ̀rɪ̀s	kʰɛ̀rɪ̀ʃ		472
*gɛnd̪(V)(l)	‘beehive basket’	n.	*Koman	gɛ́ndɛ́l	gɛ̀ndɪ́	kɛ̀ndɛ̄	-	-	gɛ̀nd̪á	gɛ̀ndá	gɛ̀ndá	gɪ̀ndá	gɛ̀ndá		472
*gì(n)sʼ	‘tie (bundle)_1’	v.	*Koman	kɪ̀nsʼ	kɪ̀nsʼ	gìsʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		473
*gìcʼ	‘enter_1’	v.	*Koman	kɪ̌sʼ	kɪ̌sʼ	gìz	-	cīcʼ	-	kìtú	kìtú	kìtú	kìtú	Alveolar /t/ in Opo cannot be accounted for.	473
*gìrì	‘poor (be)_4’	v.	*Gwama	gìrì	gìrì	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		473
*gɪ̀m	‘pack in, stuff into container_1’	v.	*Koman	gɪ̀m	gɪ̀m	-	-	ɟìm	-	-	-	-	-		474
*gɪ̀m	‘stuff into_2’	v.	*Gwama	gɪ̀m	gɪ̀m	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		474
*gjapaj	‘dew_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	ɟápɛ̄ʔ	ɟápɛ̄ʔ	kʰìpʰɔ̂j	gīpàj	gīpàj	gīpàj	gīpàj		474
*gOmpʰVja	‘bird_stork (abdim)’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	à+gɔ̀mpíjá	-	-	-	à+kʊ̀mpʰūjá	-	à+kʊ̀mpʰūjá	-		475
*gɔ́kʼɔ̀m	‘rough (be)_3’	v.	*Gwama	gɔ́kʼɔ̀m	gɔ́kʼɔ̀m	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		475
*gɔ̀l	‘stumble_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	gɔ̀l	gɔ̀l	-	-	-	-	-		475
*gɔ̀n	‘scratch_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	gɔ̀n	gɔ̀n	gɔ̀n	gɔ̀n	gɔ̀n		475
*gɔnkʼ(ɔʃ)	‘skin, hide (of animal), bark of tree_1’	n.	*Koman	gɔ̀kʼɔ́ʃ	gɔ̀kʼɔ́ʃ	gɔ̀nkʼí	gɔ̀kʰ	-	kɔ̀gɔ̀	kɔ̀gɔ̀	kɔ̀gɔ̀	kɔ̀gɔ̀	gwàŋgɪ́		476
*gɔ̀r	‘climb_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	gɔ̀l	-	-	-	kɔ̀r	kɔ̀r	kɔ̀r	kɔ̀r		476
*gùɓ(V)	‘house_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	gùbí	gùb	gùɓ	kùʔú	kù	kù	kù	kù		476
*gUd̪Um	‘pig_1’	n.	*Koman	kʊ̀rʊ́m	kʊ̀rʊ́m	gùdúm	-	-	gùd̪ùm	kùdùmà	kùdùmà	kùdùmà	kùdùmà	Would expect initial /k/ in Dana before *L (cf. Gwama).	477
*gùr	‘fish_sp (big and fat sized fish)’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	gùr	-	-	gùr	gùr	gùr	gùr	gùr		477
*gÙs	‘run (SG)_1, flow, bleed’	v.	*Koman	gʊ̀s	gʊ̀s	gùʃ	gùs	gùs	-	-	-	-	-		477
*gUsʼ	‘swallow_1’	v.	*Koman	gùsʼ	kùsʼ	gʊ̀sʼ	-	-	kʊ̄sʼá	kʊ̀tʃʼá	kʊ̀tʃʼá	kʊ̀tʃʼá	kʊ̀tʃʼá		478
*gʊlɪla	‘bird (yellow-billed kite or black kite)’	n.	*Koman	-	gʊ́lːā	bāgʊ́lɪ̀lā	-	-	ɓāgʊ̂lːā	-	ɓāgʊ́lʊ́l	ɓāgʊ́lʊ́l	ɓāgʊ́là		478
*gʊ̌pʊ̀	‘pound (v.)_7’	v.	*Gwama	gʊ̌pʊ̀	gʊ̌pʊ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		478
*gVs	‘hole_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	gìʃ	ɟìs	ɟìs	kùs	kùs	kùs	kùs	kùs	Vowel must have been /i/ in PKoUd to account for PUd *g > ɟ.	478
*gwàj	‘elephant_1’	n.	*Koman	kwɪ̀	kwɪ̀	gwà	gwàj	-	-	-	-	-	-		479
*gwàj	‘name_3’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	gwàj	gwàj	-	-	-	-	-		479
*gwàlɪ́	‘bean_3’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	gwàlí	gwàlɪ́	gwàlɪ́	gwàlɪ́	gwàlɪ́		479
*gwama	‘Gwama (ethnonym)’	n.	*Koman	gwàmá	kwāmà	gwàmá	-	-	gɔ̀má	gɔ̀má	gɔ̀má	gɔ̀má	gɔ̀má		480
*gwǎpʰī	‘fingernail, toenail, claw, hoof_1’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	gwǎpʰī	à+gwǎpʰī	-	-	-	-	-		480
*gwǎr	‘side of body, rib_4’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	gwǎr	gwǎr	-	-	-	-	-		480
*gwàrásʼ	‘broom_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	gwàrásʼ	-	-	gwàrásʼ	gwàrátʃʼ	gwàrátʃʼ	gwàrátʃʼ	gwàrátʃʼ		481
*gwàtʰá	‘gourd_2’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	gwàtʰá	-	-	-	gwàtʰá		481
*gwatʰV	‘head pad (for head carrying)_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	gwàtʊ́	gwǎtʰɛ̄	gwǎtʰɛ̄	-	-	-	-	-		481
*gàm	‘find, meet’	v.	*Koman	kàm	kàm	gàm	gàm	gàm	kàm	kàm	kàm	kàm	kàm		481
*gjama?	‘wound_1’	n.	*Koman	kāmā	kāmā	zàmā	ɟàmá	ɟàmá	-	-	-	-	-		482
*gɔ̀ɗɔkʼ	‘deep (be)_1’	v.	*Koman	kwì	kwǐ	gʊ̀r	-	-	kɔ̀ɗɔ̀kʼ	kɔ̄rɔ́	kɔ̄rɔ́	kɔ̄rɔ́	kɔ̄rɔ́		482
*k(j)asʼVN	‘earth, soil, ground, floor_1’	n.	*Koman	kʼjáŋásʼ	kʼɛ̄sʼɛ́n	kʼāsʼɪ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		482
*kʼ(w)ás	‘back_1’	n.	*Koman	kʼwás	kʼwás	kʼǎw	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		483
*kʼá(n)cʼír	‘chop_3’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kʼácʼír	kʼántʃʼír	kʼántʃʼír	kʼántʃʼír	kʼántʃʼír		483
*kʼáɗ	‘soft (be)_1’	v.	*Koman	kʼátʼ	kʼátʼ	kʼátʼ	kʼád	kʼáɗ	-	-	-	-	-		483
*kʼáɗ	‘sprout (verb)’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kʼáʔ	kʼáj	kʼáɗ	kʼájī	kʼáʔ	kʼáʔ	kʼáʔ	kʼáʔ		483
*kʼáj	‘good (be)_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kʼáj	kʼáj	kʼáj	kʼáj		484
*kʼājà	‘grab with fingers, pinch_2’	v.	*Gwama	kʼājà	kʼājà	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		484
*kʼalala	‘tonsils_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	kʼálálá	-	-	kʼàlálá	kǎltʼā	kǎltʼā	kǎltʼā	kǎltʼā		484
*kʼama	‘eat (hard food)’	v.	*Koman	kʼā	kʼā	kʼá	kʼáʔ	kʼá	kʼámá	kʼámá	kʼámá	kʼámá	kʼámá		485
*kʼándí	‘head pad (for head carrying)_3’	n.	*Gwama	kʼándí	kʼándí	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		485
*kʼaʃ	‘lack (not have)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kʼáʃà	kʼáʃ	kʼáʃ	kʼàʃ	kʼās	kʼās	kʼās	kʼāʃ		485
*kʼāʃ	‘red (be)_3’	v.	*Gwama	kʼāʃ	kʼāʃ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		486
*kʼáw ~ kʼwá	‘dog_2’	n*.	*Central Koman	-	-	kʼáw	kʼwáʔ	à+kʼá	-	ʔwáj	-	-	-		486
*kʼɛɗ	‘break (destroy or get destroyed)’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	kʼɛ̀r	cʼɛ́d	cʼɛ́ɗ	-	-	-	-	-		486
*kʼɛm	‘sing_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	cʼɛ̄m	-	kʼɛ̀m	-	-	-	-		486
*kʼɛ̀r(ɛ́)	‘clear land (for planting)_3’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kʼɛ̀rɛ́	kʼɛ̄r	kʼɛ̄r	kʼɛ̄r	kʼɛ̄r		487
*kʼI(m)Isʼ	‘charcoal or coal’	n.	*Koman	sʼɪ́sʼɪ́n	sʼɪ́sʼɪ́n	kìsʼísʼìʔ	cʼɛ̄lɛ̄sʼ	cʼīlātʼ̪	kʼɪ̀sʼ	kʼīmītʃʼ	kʼīmītʃʼ	kʼɪ̄tʃʼ	kʼɪ̄tʃʼ		487
*kʼɪ(mɪ)sʼ	‘chop_2’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	kʼɪ́sʼ	cʼīmīsʼ	cʼīmītʼ̪	-	-	-	-	-		487
*kʼOʃ	‘kill, fight’	v.	*Koman	kʼʊ́ʃ	kʼʊ́ʃ	kʼɔ́ʃ	kʼɔ́ʃ	kʼɔ́ʃ	kʼɔ́ʃ	kʼɔ́sɔ́	kʼɔ́sɔ́	kʼɔ́s	kʼɔ́ʃ		488
*kʼɔ́	‘sit_1, dwell (live, reside)_PL’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	kʼɔ́	kʼɔ́	kʼɔ́ʔ	kʼɔ́	kʼɔ́	kʼɔ́	kʼɔ́		488
*kʼɔ̀d+ʃɛ̀ʔ	‘gums_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kʼɔ̀d+ʃɛ̀ʔ	kʼɔ̀ɗ+ʃɛ̀ʔ	-	-	-	-	-		488
*kʼɔj	‘peel_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kʼɪ́	cʼɛ́	cʼɛ́	kʼɔ̀j	kʼɛ́	-	-	-		488
*kʼɔ́kʼɔ́l	‘cheek_2’	n.	*Gwama	kʼɔ́kʼɔ́l	kʼɔ́kí	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		489
*kʼɔlɔ	‘hand_2’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	kʼɔ̀lɔ̀	-	-	-	kʼɔ̄j	kʼɔ̄j	kʼwī	-		489
*kʼɔ́tʃʼɔ́	‘earth, soil, ground, floor_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	kʼɔ́tʃʼɔ́	kʼɔ́tʃʼɔ́	kʼɔ́tʃʼɔ́	kʼɔ́tʃʼɔ́		489
*kʼúɓ	‘finish_2’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	kúpʼ	-	kʼúɓ	-	-	-	-	-		490
*kʼūcʰūr ~ kʼūcʼūr	‘rinse mouth_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kʼúʒūr	kʼūcʰūr	-	-	-	-	-		490
*kʼúl	‘deep (be)_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kʼúl	kʼúl	-	-	-	-	-		490
*kʼúmú	‘navel, umbilical cord’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	kʼúmú	-	-	kʼúmú	kʼűmű	kʼűmű	kʼűmű	kʼűmű		491
*kʼúnsʼ	‘bite (by animal)_2’	v.	*Gwama	kʼúnsʼ	kʼúnsʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		491
*kʼūɲ	‘tasty (be)_4’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kʼūɲ	kʼūɲ	-	-	-	-	-		491
*kʼúpʰ	‘to stew (food)_4’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kʼúpʰ	kʼúpʰ	-	-	-	-	-		491
*kʼuT̪	‘clear land (for planting)_1’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	kʼúʃ	kʼús	kʼútʰ̪	-	-	-	-	-		492
*kʼʊkʼʊl	‘crow (verb)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	kʼʊ̀kʼʊ̀l	-	-	kʼʊ́kʼʊ́l	kʼʊ́kʼʊ́lʊ́	kʼʊ́kʼʊ́lʊ́	kʼʊ́kʼʊ́lʊ́	kʼʊ́kʼʊ́lʊ́		492
*kʼʊ́mkɛ̃	‘termite_3’	n.	*Gwama	kʼʊ́mkɛ̃	kʼʊ́mkɛ̃	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		492
*kʼʊ̄mpʼ	‘fingernail, toenail, claw, hoof_2’	n.	*Gwama	kʼʊ̄mpʼ	kʼʊ̄mpʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		493
*kʼʊ́p	‘head’	n.	*Koman	kʼʊ́p	ʔʊ́p	kʼʊ́p	kʼúpʰ	kʼúpʰ	kʼʊ́pʰ	kʼʊ́p	kʼʊ́p	kʼʊ́p	kʼʊ́p		493
*kʼʊ́s	‘throat’	n.	*Koman	k’úʃ	k’úʃ	kʼʊ́ʃ	kʼús	kʼús	kʼʊ́s	kʼʊ́sʊ́	kʼʊ́s	kʼʊ́s	kʼʊ́s		493
*kʼʊ́s(V)	‘river_1’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	kʼʊ́sī	kʼʊ́sʊ́+dʒì	kʼʊ́sʊ́+dʒì	kʼʊ́sɪ́+zì	kʼʊ́sɪ́+sì		493
*kʼʊ̄̃sʼ	‘scratch_3’	v.	*Gwama	kʼʊ̄̃sʼ	kʼʊ̄̃sʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		494
*kʼʊ́t	‘cut_2’	v.	*Gwama	kʼʊ́t	kʼʊ́t	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		494
*kʼʊt ̪ kʼut ̪	‘cough’	v*.	*Koman	kʼʊ́kʼʊ́t	kʼʊ́kʼʊ́t	kʼùt	kʼútʰ	kʼútʰ	kʼútʰ̪	kʼútʼù	kʼútʼù	kʼútʼù	kʼútʼù		494
*kʼVkʼVr	‘rough (be)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	ʃʼɛ́gɛ̄r	-	kʼàkʼàr	kʼɛ̄kʼɛ̄r	kʼɛ̄kʼɛ̄r	kʼɛ̄kʼɛ̄r	kʼákʼár	If a, vowel must have shifted to /ɛ/ in Proto- Uduk to account for kʼ > cʼ > ʃʼ shift in; Yabus Uduk.	495
*kʼwà	‘gourd_3’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	kʼwà	kʼwà	-	-	-	-	-		495
*kʼwàd̪(ɪ́)	‘dig (for water)_1’	v.	*Koman	kʼwī	kʼwī	kʼɔ̀	kʼwā	-	kʼwàd̪ɪ́	kʼɔ̄j	wārɪ́	wādɪ́	kʼwārɪ́	Loss of initial /kʼ/ in Modin and Pame Opo.	495
*kʼwàntʼ̪	‘tick’	n.	*Koman	kʼwāntʼɪ́ʼkwāntʼ	kʼwāntʼɪ́ʼkwāntʼ	kʼwàtʼ	kʼwātʰ	à+kʼwāɗ	kʼwàtʼ̪	kʼwātʼ	kʼwātʼ	kʼwātʼ	kʼwātʼ		496
*kʼwǎʃà	‘bean_2’	n.	*Gwama	kʼwāʃà	kʼwǎʃà	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		496
*s(w)à	‘dance_1’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ʃwà	sā	sā	-	-	-	-	-		496
*s(w)am	‘warm oneself’	v.	*Koman	sɔ́m	sɔ́m	ʃɔ́m	sām	sām	sɔ̀m	sɔ̄m	sɔ̄m	sɔ̄m	ʃɔ̄m		496
*sā	‘court (v.), flirt with_2’	v.	*Gwama	sā	sā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		497
*sáɗ(á)	‘calf of leg’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ʃárá	sád	à+sáɗ	-	-	-	-	-		497
*sāmpʼ	‘side of body, rib_5’	n.	*Gwama	sāmpʼ	sāmpʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		497
*sàmún	‘maize_3’	n.	*Gwama	sàmún	sàmún	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		498
*sáŋkʼ	‘swim_3’	v.	*Gwama	sáŋkʼ	sáŋkʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		498
*sàzà	‘dry out_2’	v.	*Gwama	sàzà	sàzà	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		498
*sE	‘sow seeds (by planting)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ʃɛ̀ʔ	sī	sī	sɛ̀	sɛ̄	sɛ̄	sɛ̄	-		499
*sɛl	‘climb_1’	v.	*Koman	sál	sɛ̄l	-	sɛ̄	sɛ̄	-	-	-	-	-		499
*sɛ́nɛ̄ʔ	‘one (1)_2’	n.	*Gwama	sɛ́nɛ̄ʔ	sɛ́nɛ̄ʔ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		499
*sí	‘lay (v.)_2’	v.	*Gwama	sí	sí	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		499
*sīɓ	‘sand_1’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	sīb	à+sīɓ	-	-	-	-	-		500
*sìl	‘heavy (be)_2’	v.	*Gwama	sìl	sìʔ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		500
*símpʼ	‘egg_2’	n.	*Gwama	símpʼ	símpʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		500
*sīnkʼ	‘smoke (exhaust)_2’	n.	*Gwama	sīnkʼ	sīnkʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		501
*sír	‘dive_3’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	sír	sır̋	sır̋	sır̋	sır̋		501
*sIrE	‘tooth (canine)_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	ʃɪ̀l	-	-	sírɛ́	sır̋ á	sır̋ á	sır̋ á	sır̋ á		501
*sīzì	‘crocodile_2’	n.	*Gwama	sīzì	sīzì	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		501
*sɪ́ɗ(a)	‘hang up_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ʃɪ́r	ʃír	ʃír	sɪ́ɗā	sɪ́r	sɪ́r	sɪ́r	sɪ́r		502
*sɪ́l(ɪ)	‘cut (meat into one long piece)_2’	v.	*Koman	ʃɪ́lɪ̀	ʃɪ́	-	-	-	-	sɪ́	-	-	-		502
*sɪ̀tʼ̪	‘far (be)_1’	v.	*Koman	-	ʃɪ̄tʼ	ʃɪ̀tʼ	sīd	sīɗ	sɪ̀tʼ̪	sɪ̄tʼ	sɪ̄tʼ	sɪ̄tʼ	sɪ̄tʼ		502
*sɪ́tʼɪ̄n	‘back_4’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	sɪ́tʼɪ̄n	sɪ́tʼɪ̄n	sɪ́tʼɪ̄n	sɪ́tʼɪ̄n		503
*sjã	‘penis_2’	n.	*Gwama	sjã	sjã	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		503
*sjãkʼúʃ	‘tonsils_2’	n.	*Gwama	sjãkʼúʃ	sjãkʼúʃ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		503
*sɔ	‘run_PL_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	sɔ̄	-	-	sɔ́	sɔ́	sɔ́	sɔ́		504
*sɔ́D	‘offend_3’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ʃɔ́t	sɔ́d	sɔ́r	-	-	-	-	-		504
*sɔ́p	‘stab_1’	v.	*Koman	sɔ́	sɔ́	-	-	-	-	sɔ́p	-	sɔ́p	-		504
*sɔ̄sɔ́r	‘poor (be)_3’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	sɔ̄sɔ́r	sɔ̄sɔ́r	sɔ̄sɔ́r	sɔ̄sɔ́r		504
*sud̪(i)	‘beer’	n.	*Koman	ʃʊ́l	ʃwɪ́	ʃùʔí	sū	à+sū	sùd̪	sī	swī	swī	swī	Gwama presumably u > ʊ and then s > ʃ	505
*sūkʼ	‘stab_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	sūkʼ	sūkʼ	-	-	-	-	-		505
*sūsá ~ sʊ̄sá	‘push_1’	v*.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	sūsá	sʊ̄sá	sʊ̄sá	sʊ̄sá	sʊ̄sá		505
*sūtʼā	‘dip food in sauce with fingers_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	sūtʼā	sūtʼā	sūtʼā	sūtʼā		506
*sʊkʼa	‘two’	adv.	*Koman	swījā	swījā	sʊ̄	sú	sú	sʊ́kʼà	sʊ̄kʼá	sʊ̄kʼá	sʊ̋kʼá	sʊ̋kʼá		506
*sʊm	‘python_1’	n.	*Koman	ʃʊ̄ʃʊ́m	ʃʊ̄ʃʊ́m	ʃʊ̌m	-	súm	sʊ̄mʊ́	sʊ̄mʊ́	sʊ̄mʊ́	sʊ̄mʊ́	sʊ̄mʊ́		506
*sʊs	‘lead (guide)_1’	v.	*Koman	ʃʊ́ʃ	ʃʊ́ʃ	ʃʊ́ʃ	sús	sús	sʊ́ʔ	-	-	-	-		507
*swāl	‘house_2’	n.	*Gwama	swāl	swɪ̄	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		507
*swɪ́	‘pour_3’	v.	*Gwama	swɪ́	swɪ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		507
*ʃa	‘eat (soft food)_SG’	v.	*Koman	ʃā	ʃā	ʃá	ʃwá	ʃwá	úʃā; changes tone for sg/pl opposition.	sá	sá	sá	ʃá	PCtrl innovates *uʃa for plural, Uduk metathesizes plural for both singular and plural,	507
*ʃ(w)atʼ̪En	‘children_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	ʃwàtʼɪ́n	-	-	ʊ+̀ ʃàtʼ̪ɛń	bì+tʼí	-	-	-		508
*ʃàdɪ́	‘hot (be)_2’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ʃàdɪ́	-	-	-	ʃàrɪ́		508
*ʃákáná	‘empty (be)_3’	v.	*Gwama	ʃákáná	ʃákáná	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		508
*ʃàkʼà	‘carry_4’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ʃàkʼà	sākʼā	sākʼā	sākʼā	sākʼā		509
*ʃali	‘cloud, fog_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	ʃɛ̀lí	ʃīlá	ʃīláʔ	àpàjʃàlíʔ	-	-	-	-		509
*ʃalɪ	‘offend_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ʃàlɪ́	sálɪ̄	sálɪ̄	sálɪ̄	ʃál		509
*ʃám	‘love_4’	v.	*Gwama	ʃám	ʃám	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		510
*ʃám	‘want_2’	v.	*Gwama	ʃám	ʃám	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		510
*ʃàpɔ́	‘salt_1’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	à+ʃàbɔ́	à+sàpɔ́	à+sàpɔ́	à+sàpɔ́	à+ʃàbɔ́ʔ		510
*ʃāpʼ	‘rain (v.)_2’	v.	*Gwama	ʃāpʼ	ʃāpʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		510
*ʃāʃ(ā)	‘birth pangs (pain)’	n.	*Koman	ʃɛ́	ʃɛ́	ʃāʃ	-	-	ʃāʃā	sāsā	sāsā	sāsā	ʃāʃā		511
*ʃáw	‘pain, be hurt_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ʃáw	-	-	ʃáw	sáw	sáw	sáw	ʃáw		511
*ʃāwā	‘slippery, smooth (be)_1’	v.	*Gwama	ʃāwā	ʃāwā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		511
*ʃE	‘tooth’	n.	*Koman	ʃī	ʃī	ʃɛ̀	ʃɛ̄	ʃɛ̄	ʃɛ̄	sɛ̄	sɛ̄	sɛ̄	ʃɛ̄		512
*ʃɛ̀ɗ	‘sweep_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ʃɛ̀r	-	-	ʃɛ̀ɗ	-	-	-	-		512
*ʃɛ́ŋgɛ́l	‘light weight (be)_2’	v.	*Gwama	ʃɛ́ŋgɛ́l	ʃɛ́ŋɪ́ʔ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		512
*ʃɛ̄t(ʰ)	‘antelope_1’	n.	*Koman	ʊ̄ʃɛ̄t	ʃɛ̄t	ʃɛ̄t	ʃɛ̄tʰ	à+ʃɛ̄tʰ	-	-	-	-	-		512
*ʃíɗ	‘tie up (tether)_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ʃíd	ʃīɗ	-	-	-	-	-		513
*ʃij(a)	‘shiver_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ɛ̀s+ʃìjà	ɪs̄ +sıj̋ á	ɪs̄ +sıj̋ á	ɪs̄ +sıj̋ á	ɪs̄ +sıj̋ á		513
*ʃìjà	‘dance_3’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ʃìjà	sījā	sījā	sījā	ʃījā	Most likely not cognate with ‘dance_1’ as /ʃ/ in Dana would indicate *ʃ and /ʃ/ in; Uduk is lacking.	513
*ʃīkānā	‘tooth (canine)_2’	n.	*Gwama	ʃī+kānā	ʃīkānā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		514
*ʃɪ́kʼ	‘long or tall (be)_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	sɪ́kʼ	sɪ́kʼ	sɪ́kʼ	ʃɪ́kʼ		514
*ʃin	‘pelt_3, throw’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ʃìn	ʃīn	ʃīn	ʃìnà	sīnā	sīnā	-	-		514
*ʃìpʰá	‘knife’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	ʃìpá	-	-	ʃìpʰá	-	-	-	-		515
*ʃɪ́	‘rain (v.)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ʃɪ́	-	-	ʃɪ́	sɪ́	sɪ́	sɪ́	sɪ́		515
*ʃɪ́g	‘bad (be)_1’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ʃɪ́g	ʃíʔ	ʃíʔ	-	-	-	-	-		515
*ʃɪntʼ ~ ʃintʼ	‘blow nose’	v.	*Koman	ʃɪ̄ntʼ	ʃɪ̄ntʼ	ʃīn+ʃʊ̀nʃ	ʃīn	ʃīn	ʃìnà+ʃʊ̀ʃ	sın̋ á	sın̋ á	sın̋ á	sın̋ á		515
*ʃɪ́ʃ	‘extinguish_2’	v.	*Gwama	ʃɪ́ʃ	ʃɪ́ʃ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		516
*ʃO	‘grass’	n.	*Koman	ʃʊ́ʃʊ̄	ʃʊ́ʃʊ̄ʃʊ̄	ʃɔ̀ʔí	ʃɔ̄	à+ʃɔ̄	ʃɔ̄ʔɔ́	sɔ̀	sɔ̀	sɔ̀	sɔ̀	Possibly reduplicated in Gwama.	516
*ʃOkʼ(VN)	‘louse_1’	n.	*Koman	-	ʃʊ̄gʊ̀n	ʃùwɛ̀n	ʃɔ̄kʼɔ̄m	à+ʃɔ̄kʼɔ̄m	ʃùkʼnáj	sūkʼɛ́n	sūkʼɛ́n	sūkʼɛ́n	ʃūkʼɛ́n		516
*ʃOl(V)	‘stuff into_3’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ʃɔ̀lɔ́	sʊ̄lɪ́	sʊ̄lɪ́	sʊ̄lɪ́	ʃʊ̄lɪ́		517
*ʃɔ́	‘sew_2’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ʃɔ́	ʃɔ́	ʃɔ́	-	-	-	-	-		517
*ʃɔ̀d	‘scootch (move over)_2’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ʃɔ̀d	ʃɔ̄r	ʃɔ̄r	-	-	-	-	-		517
*ʃɔkʼ	‘rain (precipitation)_2’	n.	*Koman	-	ʃʊ́	ɔ́	ʃɔ̄kʼ	à+ʃɔ̄kʼ	-	hɔ́	hɔ̌	hɔ̌	-		518
*ʃ > s > h in Opo?	‘rain (precipitation)_2’	n.	*Koman												518
*ʃɔnkʼ	‘foot or leg_1’	n.	*Koman	sɔ̄ŋkʼ	sɔ̄ntʼ	ʃɔ̀g	ʃɔ̄kʼ	ʃɔ̄ʔ	ʃɔ̀g	-	-	-	-	Cannot account for final /tʼ in Lowland Gwama.	518
*ʃɔŋ(V)	‘pack in, stuff into container_2’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ʃɔ̀ŋɔ́	sɔ̄ŋɪ́	sɔ̄ŋɪ́	sɔ̄ŋɪ́	ʃɔ̄ŋɔ́		518
*ʃudaj	‘hair_3’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ʃùdáj	sūjɛ́	sūjɛ́	sūjɛ́	sūjɛ́		518
*ʃUImakʼ	‘bone’	n.	*Koman	sí	sí	ʃúmákʼ	sīmāʔ	à+sīmāʔ	ʃʊ́j	sʊ́j	sʊ́j	sʊ́j	sʊ́j		519
*ʃukʼ(i)	‘wake (trs.)_1’	v.	*Koman	sūgì	sūgì	ʃùg	ʃūkʼ	-	ʃùg	sūg	sūg	sūg	ʃūg		519
*ʃukʼin	‘breathe’	v.	*Koman	ʃɪ̌nʃɪ́	ʃɪ̄nʃɪ̀	ʃùʔɛ̄n	ʃīʔīn	ʃīʔīn	ʃìkʼ	sīkʼ	sīkʼ	sīkʼ	sīkʼ		519
*ʃum(a)	‘meat, animal’	n.	*Koman	sūm	sūm	ʃùm	ʃūm	ʃūm	ʃùmà	sūmā	sūmā	sūmā	ʃūmā		520
*ʃúm+īs	‘stuff into_1’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ʃúm+īs	ʃúm+īs	-	-	-	-	-		520
*ʃúmā	‘brood (v.)_4’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ʃúmā	sűmá	sűmá	sűmá	sűmá		520
*ʃutʼ ?	‘rope_1’	n.	*Koman	ʃʊ̄dʊ̀l	ʃwītʼìn	ʃʊ̀ʔɪ́	ʃí	à+ʃí	ʃʊ́l	-	-	-	-		521
*ʃʊ	‘buy_3, sell’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ʃʊ̀	-	-	ʃʊ̀	sʊ̄	sʊ̄	sʊ̄	sʊ̄		521
*ʃʊ(n)kʼ	‘tendon, vein’	n.	*Koman	ʃʊ̄nkʼ	ʃʊ̄nkʼ	ʃʊ̄	ʃúʔ	à+ʃúʔ	ʃùkʼ	sʊ̄kʼ	sʊ̄kʼ	sʊ̄kʼ	ʃūkʼ		521
*ʃʊ́ɓ	‘copulate (animal)_3’	v.	*Koman	ʃʊ́pʼ	ʃʊ́pʼ	-	ʃúb	ʃúɓ	-	-	-	-	-		521
*ʃʊnʃ	‘nose’	n.	*Koman	ʃʊ̃̄ʃ	ʃʊ̃̄ʃ	ʃʊ̀nʃ	ʃūʃ	ʃūʃ	ʃʊ̀ʃ	sʊ̀sʊ̀	sʊ̀s	sʊ̀s	ʃʊ̀ʃ		522
*ʃʊ̄nʊ̄	‘brain_3’	n.	*Gwama	ʃʊ̄nʊ̄	ʃʊ̄nʊ̄	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		522
*ʃʊ́ʃʊ́	‘polygamous (be)_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	sʊ́sʊ́	sʊ́sʊ́	sʊ́s	ʃʊ́ʃ		522
*ha	‘come, come_SG’	v.	*Koman	hɔ̌	hɔ̌	hà + ʊ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		523
*haɗ	‘pull, pull off, drag’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	hàd	-	hǎɗ	hàdí	hādɪ́	hādɪ́	hādɪ́	hādɪ́		523
*háɗìkʼ	‘hiccough_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	-	àhǎɗkīʔ	háɗìkʼ	ha̋rīkʼ	hárìkʼ	hárìkʼ	-		523
*hag(a)	‘have sex_1’	v.	*Koman	hã́ʔ	hã́ʔ	hág	-	háʔ	-	hágá	hágá	hágá	hágá		523
*ham	‘yawn_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	hám	hám	à+hāmɛ̄	hâm	hām	hām	hām	-		524
*hàntʼà	‘big (be)_2’	v.	*Gwama	hàntʼà	hàntʼà	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		524
*hasʼ	‘trample, ruminate’	v.	*Koman	-	hāsʼɪ̀	hásʼ	hásʼ	hátʼ̪	hásʼ	hátʃʼ	hátʃʼ	hátʃʼ	hátʃʼ		524
*hāsʼ+kʼɔ̀d	‘poor (be)_5’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	hāsʼ+kʼɔ̀d	hātʼ̪+kʼɔ̀ɗ	-	-	-	-	-		525
*hatʼ̪is	‘sneeze_1’	v.	*Koman	hǎtʼìʃ	-	-	-	-	hátʼ̪ìs	ha̋tʼīs	ha̋tʼīs	ha̋tʼīs	ha̋tʼīs		525
*hāwā	‘yawn_2’	v.	*Gwama	hāwā	hāwā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		525
*hɛ́gɛ̀	‘frighten_1’	v.	*Gwama	hɛ́gɛ̀	hɛ́gɛ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		526
*hīgìm	‘hiccough_3’	v.	*Gwama	hīgìm	hīgìm	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		526
*hǐmì	‘fight_3’	v.	*Gwama	hǐmì	hǐmì	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		526
*hísʼ ~ jísʼ	‘dress up_1’	v*.	*Central Koman	-	-	jíz	jísʼ	hítʼ̪	hízá	hıd̋ ʒá	hıd̋ ʒá	hıd̋ ʒá	hıd̋ ʒá		526
*hɪ̀ntʼ	‘lost (be)_2’	v.	*Gwama	hɪ̀ntʼ	hɪ̀ntʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		527
*hɔ̄	‘go’	v.	*Gwama	hɔ̄	hɔ̄	hà	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		527
*hɔcʼ	‘bite_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	wɔ́sʼ	wɔ̌ʃʼ	wɔ̌cʼ	hɔ́cʼ	hɔ̄tʃʼɔ̄	hɔ̄tʃʼɔ̄	hɔ̄tʃʼ	hɔ̄tʃʼ		527
*hɔ̄j	‘hunt_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	hɔ̄j	-	-	-	hɔ̄j	hɔ̄j	hɔ̄j	hɔ̄j		528
*hɔ̀sà ~ wɔ̀sà	‘frighten_4’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	wɔ̀sà	hɔ̄sā	hɔ̄sā	hɔ̄sā	hɔ̄sā		528
*hɔ̄ʃɔ́ʃ	‘sap_3’	n.	*Gwama	hɔ̄ʃɔ́ʃ	hɔ̄ʃɔ́ʃ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		528
*hwaj	‘love_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	hwāj	-	-	ɔ́j	ɔ́já	ɔ́já	ɔ́já	ɔ́já		528
*ràkʰ	‘cloud, fog_3’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ràkʰ	ràkʰ	-	-	-	-	-		529
*rOk⁽ʰ⁾Oɲ	‘corner’	n.	*Koman	rɔ́kɔ̀n	rɔ́kɔ̀n	rɔ́kɔ̀n	rúgùɲ	à+rúkūɲ	rɔ́kʰɔ̀n	rʊ́kʊ̄n	rʊ́kʊ̄n	rʊ́kʊ̄n	rʊ́kʊ̄n		529
*RUKa	‘basket’	n.	*Koman	lúkà	lúkà	lùg	rǔgà	-	rɔ̀kʰà	rùwà	rɔ̀kà	rɔ̀kà	rɔ̀kà		529
*rukʼ(i)	‘tie (knot)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	rūkʼ	rūh	rwí	rwì	rwì	rwì	rwì		530
*rúm	‘frighten_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	rúm	rúm	-	-	-	-	-		530
*lala	‘crawl_2’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	lálá	lālá	lālá	lālá	lālá		530
*làlɪ́	‘annoint (with oil)_5’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	làlɪ́	làlɪ́	làlɪ́	làlɪ́	làlɪ́		531
*lám+ɛ̄	‘rinse face_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	lám+ɛ̄	lám+ʔɛ̄	-	-	-	-	-		531
*langarɛt	‘bed_1’	n.	*Koman	ángàr	-	ángàr	áŋgàr	-	-	làŋgàrɛ́t	àŋgàrípʰ	àŋgàrípʰ	àŋgàrípʰ		531
*latɔ̪ n	‘cotton, thread, spider web_2’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	látʰ̪ ɔ̄n; aspirates voiceless interdental intervocalically.	lǎtɔ́n	lǎtɔ́n	lǎtɔ́n	lǎtɔ́n		531
*làwà	‘cut (meat into one long piece)_3’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	làwà	làwà	-	-		532
*lEtʼ̪a	‘tongue_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	lɛ̀tʼ	lɛ̀d	à+lɛ̀ɗ	lɪ̀tʼ̪á	lītʼá	lītʼá	lītʼá	lītʼá		532
*lɛ̀pʰɛ́	‘claves (instrument)_1’	n.	*Koman	lɛ̀pɛ́	àlàpɛ́	lɛ̀pɛ́	lɛ̀pʰɛ́	-	lɛ̀pʰɛ́	àlɛ̀pʰɛ́	àlɛ̀pʰɛ́	àlɛ̀pʰɛ́	àlɛ̀pʰɛ́		532
*lili	‘sink (descend)’	v.	*Koman	līlí	līlí	lìlí	-	-	līl	līlí	līlí	līlı ̋	līlí		533
*lìtʰ	‘large bird’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	lìtʰ	lìtʰ	lìtʰ	lìtʰ		533
*lɪ̄	‘extract tooth_3’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	lɪ̄	lɪ̄	lɪ̄	lɪ̄		533
*lɔ̀b	‘play_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	lɔ̀b	lɔ̀ɓ	-	-	-	-	-		533
*lɔ̀gɔ́	‘tell_2’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	lɔ̀gɔ́	-	-	-	lɔ̀gɔ́		534
*lɔ̀j	‘antelope_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	lɔ̀j	lɔ̀j	-	-		534
*lɔ̀lɔ̀kʼ	‘brain_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	lɔ̀lɔ̀kʼ	-	-	lɔ̀lɔ̀ʔ	lɔ̀lɔ̀kʼ	lɔ̀lɔ̀kʼ	lɔ̀lɔ̀kʼ	lɔ̀lɔ̀kʼ		534
*lɔ̀ŋɔ̀	‘testicles_2’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	lɔ̀ŋɔ̀	lɔ̀ŋɔ̀	lɔ̀ŋɔ̀	lɔ̀ŋɔ̀	lɔ̀ŋɔ̀		535
*lɔ́s	‘swallow_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	lɔ́s	lɔ́s	-	-	-	-	-		535
*lud̪(a)	‘copulate (animal)_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	lùd	-	-	lùd̪á	lūdá	lūdá	lūdá	lūdá		535
*lus ~ rus	‘hide (sth.)_1’	v*.	*Central Koman	-	-	lùs	-	-	rùs	lùs	lùs	rùs	-		536
*lut⁽̪ ʰ⁾u	‘trunk (of elephant)_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	lūd; voices intervocalically: *t ̪ > d /V_V. Subsequent loss of final vowel in Komo	-	-	lùtʰ̪ ú	-	-	-	-	and retention of word-final /d/.	536
*lùtʼ̪ ~ lʊt̀ ʼ̪	‘testicles_1’	n.	*Koman	dūtʼ	dūtʼ	lʊ̀tʼ	lùd	à+lùɗ	-	-	-	-	-	Reduplication *lùtʼ̪ > lùtʼ̪ūtʼ̪ > lùd̪ūtʼ̪ > lùdūtʼ > dutʼ in Gwama?	536
*lʊm	‘bird_vulture (white-backed)_1’	n.	*Koman	ʊ̄+lʊ̌m	-	lʊ̌m	lùʔ	-	lʊ̄m	lʊ̌m	lʊ̌m	lʊ̌m	lʊ̌m		537
*mà(ʔV)	‘food_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	mɛ̀ʔí	mà	mà	màʔá	mǎ	mǎ	mǎ	mǎ		537
*mā+kɪ́kjātà	‘women_2’	n.	*Gwama	mā+kɪ́kjātà	mā+kɪ́kjātà	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		537
*mǎjā	‘criticize_2’	v.	*Gwama	mǎjā	mǎjā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		537
*mákʰ	‘fox_3’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	mákʰ	à+mákʰ	-	-	-	-	-		538
*mal(at) ~ mɔl	‘not know (how)_1’	v*.	*Central Koman	-	-	màlàt	mɔ̀l	mɔ̀l	-	tā+mál	tā+mál	tā+mál	tā+mál		538
*mal(i)	‘fish (v.)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	māl	mālí	-	màl	màl	màl	màl	màl		538
*màm(a)	‘carry on back_1’	v.	*Koman	màm	màm	màmá	màm	màm	màmá	màmā	màmā	màmā	màmā		539
*mǎn	‘children_3’	n.	*Gwama	mǎn	mǎn	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		539
*mǎn	‘young people_2’	n.	*Gwama	mǎn	mǎn	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		539
*maɲa	‘saliva_1’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	mālà	màɲà	màɲà	-	-	-	-	-		539
*màʃ	‘wife_1, marry, wedding’	n.	*Koman	-	pʼā+màʃ	màʃ	màʃ	màʃ	màʃ	màs	màs	màs	màs	Range of meanings: ‘wife’ in Gwama, ‘wedding’ in Komo, wife and ‘marry’ in Dana, wife in Opo	540
*mɛ	‘goat_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	mɛ́	mɛ̀	mì	mɛ̄	mɛ̀	mɛ̀	mɛ̀	mɛ̀		540
*mɛ́ʃɛ́	‘sharpen_2’	v.	*Gwama	mɛ́ʃɛ́	mɛ́ʃɛ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		540
*mɛt(̪ i)	‘chase’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	mɛ̀tí	-	-	mɛt́ ʰ̪	mɛ́tī	mɛ́tī	mɛ́tī	mɛ́tī		541
*mɛ̀tʼ̪	‘hand_1’	n.	*Koman	bɪ̀tʼ	mɪ̀tʼ	-	mɛ̀d	mɛ̀ɗ	mɛ̀tʼ̪	mɪ̀tʼɪ́	mɪ̀tʼɪ́	-	mɛ̀tʼ		541
*mililu ~ milili	‘bird_cormant (whistling duck)’	n*.	*Central Koman	-	-	à+mīlílū	-	-	mīlílū	mīlílì	mīlílì	mīlílì	mīlílì		541
*mítʼī	‘grind (fine)_2’	v.	*Gwama	mítʼī	mítʼī	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		542
*mɪmɪ	‘mosquito_2, firefly’	n.	*Koman	mɪ̌mɪ́	mɪ̌mɪ́	mɪ̌mɪ́	mǐmī	-	-	-	-	-	-	Meaning is ‘firefly’ in Yabus Uduk.	542
*mɪ̄n	‘tie (bundle)_2’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	mɪ̄n	mɪ̄n	mɪ̄n	mɪ̄n		542
*mɪ́s	‘sky_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	mɪ́ʃ	mís	mís	-	-	-	-	-		543
*Kɪ̀-mɪ́s	‘rise (oneself)_4’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	gɪ̀mɪ́ʃ	cì+mís	cì+mís	-	-	-	-	-	Unsure whether initial consonant was voiced or voiceless.	543
*mɪʃ	‘know or be able_2’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	mɪ̀ʃ	míʃ	míʃ	-	-	-	-	-		543
*mɔ̀nd̪ɛ̀ɗ	‘farm (n.)_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	mɔ̀nzɛ̀d	mɔ̀nd̪ɛ̀ɗ	-	-	-	-	-		543
*mɔra	‘fat (from animals)_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	mɔ̌rá	-	-	mɔ́rá	mɔ̄rá	mɔ̄rá	mɔ̄rá	mɔ̄rá		544
*mɔ̀s	‘clan_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	mɔ̀s	-	-	mɔ̀s	mɔ̀s	mɔ̀s	mɔ̀s	mɔ̀s		544
*mùr	‘hair_1’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	mùl	mùr	à+mùr	-	-	-	-	-		544
*mùsʼ	‘rinse face_3’	v.	*Gwama	mùsʼ	mùsʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		545
*mùsʼ	‘soup_2’	n.	*Gwama	mùsʼ	mùsʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		545
*mùtʰa̋	‘finish_3’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	mùtʰa̋	mùtʰa̋	mùtʰá	mùtʰá		545
*mʊ̀sʼ	‘wring_3’	v.	*Gwama	mʊ̀sʼ	mʊ̀sʼ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		546
*mVsʼ(a)	‘shut_1, close eyes’	v.	*Koman	mɪ̀sʼ	mɪ̀sʼ	mʊ̀sʼ	músʼ+ɛ̄	mútʼ̪+ɛ ̄	mìsʼà	mʊ̀tʃʼà	mʊ̀tʃʼà	mʊ̀tʃʼà	mʊ̀tʃʼà	Cannot account for the variation in vowels.	546
*nǎ	‘pick up (small things), peck at_2’	v.	*Gwama	nǎ	nǎ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		546
*nàbɔ̀ng(w)à	‘bird_pelican (brown)’	n.	*Koman	-	ʊ̄+nàbɔ̀ŋà	nàbɔ̀ŋà	-	-	nàbɔ̀ŋgɔ̀	nàbɔ̀ŋgɔ̀	nàbɔ̀ŋgɔ̀	nàbɔ̀ŋgɔ̀	nàbɔ̀ŋgɔ̀		546
*nàm	‘ask (inquire)_2’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	nàm	-	-	nàm	nàm		547
*nāmā	‘trade or barter_2’	v.	*Gwama	nāmā	nāmā	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		547
*nap(a)	‘disabled (be), angry (be)’	v.	*Koman	nǎpá	nǎpá	nǎpá	-	nápʰɛ̄	nápʰ	nāp	nāp	nāp	nāp		547
*nɛ́kʰ	‘bird_hammerkopf_1’	n.	*Koman	-	ʊ̄+nɛ́k	à+nɛ́k	nɛ́kʰ	à+nɛ́kʰ	à+nɪ́kʰ	-	-	à+nɪ́kʰ	à+nɪ́kʰ		548
*nɪ̀	‘antelope (dikdik, small deer)_2’	n.	*Gwama	ʊ̄+nɪ̀	nɪ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		548
*nɪ̄nɪ̄	‘hide (sth.)_2’	v.	*Gwama	nɪ̃̄	nɪ̄nɪ̄	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		548
*njansʼɛsʼ	‘honey badger’	n.	*Koman	jānsʼɛ́sʼ	ɲɛ̄nzɛ́sʼ	nɛ̀z	nɛ̀sʼ	à+nɛ̀tʼ̪	nɛ̀s	nɛ̀dʒɛ̀	-	nɛ̀dʒɛ̀	-		549
*nokʼa	‘spoil (become spoiled)_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	nɔ́kʼà	nɔ̌kʼá	nɔ̌kʼá	nɔ̌kʼá	nɔ̌kʼá		549
*nɔg	‘blame (somebody)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	nɔ̀g	-	-	nɔ̂g	nɔ̀gá	nɔ̀gá	nɔ̀gá	nɔ̀gá		549
*nɔ́kɔ́	‘good (be)_3’	v.	*Gwama	nɔ́kɔ́	nɔ́kɔ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		549
*nɔ́s	‘pottery, pot_3’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	nɔ́s	à+nɔ́s	-	-	-	-	-		550
*nʊpʼ ~ nʊmpʼ	‘bury (sideways)’	v*.	*Koman	ʊ̄mpʼ	ʊ̄mpʼ	-	-	-	nʊ̀pʼá	-	-	-	-		550
*ànùrɛ̀	‘bird_hammerkopf_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	ànùrɛ̀	ànùrɛ̀	-	-		550
*ɲa(n)	‘goat_2’	n.	*Koman	njã̄	njã̄	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		551
*ɲàrá	‘girl_4’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ɲàrá	ɲàrá	-	-	-	-	-		551
*ɲáw	‘cat_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ɲáw	à+ɲáw	-	-	-	-	-		551
*ɲɔ̀kʰ	‘try (test)_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ɲɔ̀kʰ	ɲɔ̀kʰ	-	-	-	-	-		551
*ɲɔ̀r	‘pain, be hurt_4’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ɲɔ̀r	ɲɔ̀r	-	-	-	-	-		552
*ɲú	‘wring_4’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ɲú	-	-	-	-	-	-		552
*ɲùrúɲ	‘hyena_2’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ŋūríŋsʼíʔ	à+ɲùrúɲ	-	-	-	-	-		552
*ŋápʰ	‘want_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	ŋápʰ	ŋápʰ	-	-	-	-	-		553
*ŋEɟ	‘teach_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ŋɪ̀ɟ	ŋɛ̀tʃ	-	-	ŋitʃ		553
*àŋɛ̀ràŋ	‘arrow_1’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	àŋɛ̀ràŋ	-	àŋɛ̀ràŋ	-		553
*ŋwan	‘four_3’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	ŋwān	hwàn	hwàn	hwàn	hwàn	Borrowed from or related to *ŋwan Proto-Nilotic (Dimmendaal 1988:39).	554
*(w)àʃ	‘wife_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	wàʃ	āʃ	āʃ	-	-	-	-	-		554
*wa	‘break (v.)_1’	v.	*Koman	wǎ	wǎ	wà	wá	wá	-	-	-	-	-		554
*wà	‘dwell (live, reside)_5’	v.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	wà	wà	wà	wà		554
*wa(n)tʼ̪(Iʃ)	‘fire or firewood’	n.	*Koman	āntʼ	āntʼ	wàtʼíʃ	ɔ̄d	ɔ̄ɗ	ɔ̀tʼ̪	wʊ̄tʼɪ́	wʊ̄tʼɪ́	wʊ̄tʼɪ́	ʊ̄tʼɪ́		555
*wàɓ	‘boar (wild)_1’	n.	*Koman	wàpʼ	wàpʼ	wàpʼ	wàpʰ	à+wàɓ	-	-	-	-	-		555
*waC(a)	‘fast (velocity)_1’	adv.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɪ́+wàʃà	ŋwácʰà	wácʰà	wātʰ̪	wāt	wāt	wāt	wāt		555
*wàcʼà	‘fish (n.) general term’	n.	*Koman	wàsʼ	wàsʼ	wàsʼ	wàʃʼ	wàcʼ	wàcʼà	wàtʃʼà	wàtʃʼà	wàtʃʼà	wàtʃʼà		556
*wad̪	‘home, place_2’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	wád̪	-	-	-	wǎtʰ		556
*wàg	‘criticize_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	wàg	wàkʰ	wàkʰ	wàg	wàg	wàg	wàg	wàg		556
*wàkʰ	‘clan_4’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	wàkʰ	wàkʰ	-	-	-	-	-		556
*waŋa	‘chicken_1’	n.	*Koman	wāŋā	wāŋā	wàgá	ŋwá	à+ŋwá	-	-	-	-	-		557
*wǎŋʊ́	‘fox_2’	n.	*Gwama	wǎŋʊ́	wǎŋʊ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		557
*wār	‘child_1’	n.	*Gwama	wār	wāl	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		557
*wárkɪ̀n	‘shallow (be)_3’	v.	*Gwama	wárkɪ̀n	wálkɪ̀n	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		558
*was(ikʼ)	‘boil (of liquid)_1’	v.	*Koman	wǎʃ	wàʃí	wàʃíkʼ	-	-	wás	wās	wās	wās	wās		558
*wasakʼ	‘hail, ice_1’	n.	*Koman	wàsà	wàsà	wàʃākʼ	wàsáʔ	à+wàsáʔ	-	-	-	-	-		558
*wata̪ la	‘fox_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	wātálà	-	-	à+wātʰ̪ álā	à+wātálà	à+wātálà	à+wātálà	à+wātálà		559
*wɛ́	‘dress up_2’	v.	*Gwama	wɛ́	wɛ́	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		559
*wɔ	‘tell_3’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	wɔ̀	ɔ́	ɔ́	-	-	-	-	-		559
*wɔ̀d̪	‘help_1’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	wɔ̀l	wɔ̀s	wɔ̀tʰ̪	-	-	-	-	-		559
*wɔ̀j	‘axe_5’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	wɔ̀j	wɔ̀j	wɔ̀j	wɔ̀j		560
*wɔ̀nɛ̀	‘foot or leg_2’	n.	*Opo	-	-	-	-	-	-	wɔ̀nɛ̀	wɔ̀nɛ̀	wɔ̀n	wɔ̀n		560
*wɔ̀r	‘river_4’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	wɔ̀r	wɔ̀r	-	-	-	-	-		560
*wɔ̀ʃ	‘stone or rock_1’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ɔ̀ʃ	wɔ̀ʃ	wɔ̀ʃ	-	-	-	-	-		561
*wɔ̀tʰ̪	‘mediate_5, help’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	wòs	wɔ̀tʰ̪	-	-	-	-	-		561
*wúpʰ	‘brood (v.)_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	wúpʰ	wùpʰ	-	-	-	-	-		561
*wUs	‘sky_1’	n.	*Koman	wús	wús	-	-	-	-	wʊ̀s	wʊ̀s	wʊ̀s	wʊ̀s		561
*wúsʼ	‘enset_1’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	wúsʼ	wúsʼ	à+wútʼ̪	-	-	-	-	-		562
*wutʰ	‘bird_ostrich_1’	n.	*Koman	-	wǔt	wǔt	útʰ	à+útʰ	-	hűtʰ	hűtʰ	hűtʰ	hűtʰ	Possibly borrowed from W.Nilotic (cf. Kurmuk /ʔúuɗù/ (Andersen 2007:75))	562
*wVɗ	‘become, become angry’	v.	*Koman	wɛ̌t	wɛ̌t	wàl	wár	wáɗ	wâl	-	-	-	-		562
*(pa)jasʼ	‘vomit_1’	v.	*Koman	pājàsʼ	pājàsʼ	jàʔ	ɟǎʔ	jǎʔ	-	-	-	-	-		563
*jàgàl	‘sweat (substance)_2’	n.	*Koman	jàgàl	jàgɪ̀	-	-	-	-	dʒīkʼāj	dʒīkʼāj	zīkʼāj	ʃīkʼāj	Possibly not cognate between Opo and Gwama. Opo most likely compound water +; good meaning ‘good water’.	563
*jàhút ̪	‘fish_(small, small scales)’	n.	*Koman	jàhú	jàhú	jàhú	-	-	àhútʰ̪	àhű	àhű	àhűwı ̋	àhűj		563
*jàkʼ	‘son’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	jà	jàʔ	jàʔ	jàkʼ	dʒàkʼ	dʒàkʼ	zàkʼ	sàkʼ		564
*jàn	‘pray, beg_2’	v.	*Gwama	jàn	jàn	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		564
*jàsʼ	‘wet_2’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	jɛ̀sʼ	jàsʼ	jàtʼ̪	-	-	-	-	-		564
*jawa ?	‘stone or rock_3, grindstone (bottom)’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	wàʔí	jɔ̀ʔ	à+jɔ̀	jàwà	dʒàw	dʒàw	zàw	ʃàwà	Narrowing of meaning to ‘grindstone’ in PKoUd.	565
*jEkʰ	‘sow seeds (by throwing)_1’	v.	*Koman	jɪ̀	jɪ̀	jɛ̀k	jɛ̀kʰ	jɛ̀kʰ	-	-	-	-	-		565
*jEn(ɪ)	‘oil (organic substance)_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	jɛ̀n	jìn	à+jìn	jɪ́n	dʒɪ̄nɪ́	dʒɪ̄nɪ́	zɪ̄n	ʃɪ̄n		565
*jEsI	‘wet_1, slippery’	v.	*Koman	ɪ́ʃɪ̀	ɪ́ʃɪ̀	jɛ̀ʃ	jɛ̀s	jɛ̀s	sìʔ	-	-	-	-		565
*jɛkʰ	‘extract tooth_2’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	jɛ̀ʔ	ɛ́kʰ	-	-	-	-	-	-		566
*jɛ̀sʼ	‘tree_sp.’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	jɛ̀sʼ	jɛ̀sʼ	à+jɛ̀tʼ̪	-	-	-	-	-		566
*jìcʼ	‘skin, hide (of animal), bark of tree_3’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	jìsʼ	jìnʒà	jìcʼ	-	-	-	-	-	*cʼ > ʒ /V_V in Yabus Uduk.	566
*jiɗ	‘skin, hide (of animal), bark of tree_2’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	jīd	à+jǐɗ	jɪ̀ɗ+mà+ʃúmà	-	-	-	-		567
*jiɗE	‘water’	n.	*Koman	ìjáʔ	ìjáʔ	jǐ	wùdíʔ	jìɗɛ́ʔ	jìʔí	dʒì	dʒì	zì	ʃìʔ	Cannot explain initial /wu/ in Yabus Uduk.	567
*jigi	‘protect_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	jìgíʔ	-	-	-	dʒīgí	dʒīgí	-	-		567
*jikin	‘shake (sth.)_4’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	jígìn	jǐkʰīn	-	-	-	-	-		568
*jíl	‘play_2’	v.	*Gwama	jíl	jí	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		568
*jílɔ́ŋ	‘shadow_1’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	jílɔ́ŋ	-	-	-	jıl̋ ɔ́ŋ		568
*jìman	‘sap_1’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ìmàn+sá	-	jìmán	-	-	-	-	-		568
*jìʃ	‘maggot_3’	n.	*Uduk	-	-	-	jìʃ	à+jìʃ	-	-	-	-	-		569
*jɪ	‘play (instrument)_2’	v.	*Koman	jɪ̀	jɪ̀	-	-	-	-	dʒɪ̄	dʒɪ̄	zɪ̄	ʃɪ̄		569
*jɪ̌	‘leave_1’	v.	*Gwama	jɪ̌	jɪ̌	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		569
*jɪ̄d̪	‘axe_2’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	jɪ̄ʔ	-	-	jɪ̄d̪	-	-	-	-		570
*jɪ̄pʼ	‘stab_2’	v.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	jɪ̄pʼ	jípʰ	jípʰ	-	-	-	-	-	Deglottalization word-finally *pʼ > pʰ in Proto-Uduk?	570
*jɔ́l	‘buy_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	jɔ́l	jɔ́l	-	-	-	-	-		570
*jɔ́l	‘sell_2’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	jɔ́l	jɔ́l	-	-	-	-	-		571
*jɔ̀r	‘grind (dry)_4’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	jɔ̀r	jɔ̀r	-	-	-	-	-		571
*jú	‘pour_5’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	jú	jú	-	-	-	-	-		571
*juga	‘call_2’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	júkʰ	júkʰ	-	dʒùgà	dʒùgà	zùgà	ʃùgà	Also means ‘sing’ in Chali Uduk	571
*jVl	‘set (heavenly bodies)_3’	v.	*Uduk	-	-	-	jíl	júl	-	-	-	-	-		572
*T̪A(tʰ̪ )	‘arrow_3’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	sá	sá	à+tá̪	sɛt̄ ʰ̪	-	tʃɛ̄	-	tʃɛ̄	Cognacy of KoUd with DaOp is questionable.	572
*T̪ál	‘resemble (reflect)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	sál	sál	tá̪ l	hálà	tʃál	tʃál	tʃál	tʃál		572
*T̪in	‘tail (of animal)_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	sìn	sīn	tī̪ n	-	-	-	-	-		573
*(a)T̪ina ?	‘nosebleed_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	zīnà	-	-	-	àtʃwìnà	àtʃwìnà	àtʃwìnà	àtʃwìnà	Cannot account for voicing in intial /z/ in Komo.	573
*T̪is	‘lost (be)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	tís	tí̪ s	sís	sísī	sísī	sísī	sísī		573
*T̪isʼ(a)	‘urinate_3’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	-	-	tī̪ tʼ̪	-	tʃītʃʼá	tʃītʃʼá	tʃītʃʼá	tʃītʃʼá		574
*T̪Ol(a)	‘descend (land)’	v.	*Koman	-	ʃʊ̀	-	sūl	tū̪ l	-	tʃɔ́já	tʃɔ́já	tʃɔ́já	tʃɔ́já		574
*T̪út⁽̪ ʰ⁾(a)	‘set (heavenly bodies)_4’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	sútʰ̪ ā	-	-	-	tʃútʰá		574
*T̪ʊ(n)G	‘guinea fowl_1’	n.	*Koman	ʃʊ̌nkʼ	ʃʊ̌nkʼ	zʊ̀g	-	tū̪ kʰ	sʊ̄kʰ	tʃʊ̄gʊ́	tʃʊ̄gʊ́	tʃʊ̄g	tʃʊ̄g		574
*D̪a	‘go_SG’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	jà	jà	jà	d̪ā	dʒà	dʒà	zà	ʃà		575
*D̪akʼa	‘vomit_2’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	d̪ákʼà	dʒākʼá	dʒākʼá	zākʼá	ʃākʼá		575
*D̪E	‘eye_1’	n.	*Koman	zì	zì	-	ī	ɛ̄	d̪ɛ̀	dʒɛ̀	dʒɛ̀	zɛ̀	ʃɛ̀		575
*D̪E(se)	‘seed_1’	n.	*Koman	zì	zì	-	-	-	d̪ɛ̀sɛ̂	dʒɛ̀sɛ̄	dʒɛ̀sɛ̄	zɛ̀sɛ̄	sɛ̀sɛ̄	Cf. ‘eye’	576
*D̪i	‘doze off_1’	v.	*Koman	sɪ́sɪ̄	sɪ́sɪ̄	zìzí	-	-	-	dìsì	dìsì	zìz	sìs		576
*D̪ìbàl	‘bird_Quelea (Red-billed)’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	dìbàl	-	-	-	à+dʒìbà	à+dʒìbà	à+dʒìbà	à+dʒìbà	Cannot account for lack of expected initial /z/ in Komo.	576
*D̪ir ?	‘green_1’	v.	*Koman	zı̃̀	zĩ̂	zì	zì	d̪ì	sīsī	tʃìr	tʃìr	tʃìr	tʃìr		577
*D̪ ita̪	‘person_2’	n.	*Koman	sīt	sīt	-	-	-	d̪ítà̪	-	-	ʊ̀+zìtà	ʊ̀+ʃìtà		577
*D̪ǐtʰ	‘shadow_5’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	zǐt	-	-	-	dʒǐtʰ	dʒǐtʰ	zǐtʰ	ʃǐtʰ		577
*D̪ɔm	‘string (v.) (e.g. beads)_1’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɔ̀m	wɔ̌m	hɔ́m	d̪ɔ̀m	dʒɔ̀m	dʒɔ̀m	dʒɔ̀m	ʃɔ̀m		577
*d̪ɔtʰ̪ ɛn	‘snake_1’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	d̪ɔ̄tʰ̪ ɛ̀n	dʒɔ̌	dʒɔ̌	zɔ̌	ʃɔ̌		578
*D̪uga	‘name_1’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	zāgà	-	-	-	dʒùgà	-	-	ʃùgà		578
*D̪ùkʼà	‘grind (dry)_1’	v.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	dùkʼà	dʒùkʼà	dʒùkʼà	zùkʼà	ʃùkʼà	Would expect initial /d̪/ in Dana.	578
*D̪Vʃ	‘maggot_1’	n.	*Dana-Opo	-	-	-	-	-	dìʃ	dùsù	dʒùs	zùs	ʃùʃ	Would expect initial /d̪/ in Dana.	579
*zàl	‘sit_2’	v.	*Gwama	zàl	zɛ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		579
*zɪ́nzɪ̀	‘thin (be)_2’	v.	*Gwama	zɪ́nzɪ̀	zɪ́nzɪ̀	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		579
*zjaɗa(j)	‘chili pepper_1’	n.	*Koman	zɛ́t	zɛ́t	zjàntʼá	-	-	à+zātʰ̪ ɛʔ̄	dʒɛ̀rà	-	-	-		580
*zūgū	‘stand_2’	v.	*Gwama	zūgū	zūgū	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		580
*zʊj	‘antelope (dikdik, small deer)_2’	n.	*Central Koman	-	-	zwɪ̀	wí	à+ʔúj	zʊ̀j	à+ʔʊ́jʊ́	à+ʔʊ́ɪ́	à+ʔʊ́ɪ́	-		580
*ʔja	‘go_PL’	v.	*Central Koman	-	-	ɪ̀	ī	ī	-	ʔjá	ʔjá	ʔjá	ʔjá		580
*ʔjamVn	‘seed_2’	n.	*Komo-Uduk	-	-	ʔjāmʊ́n	ɛ̄mɛ́n	ɛ̄mɛ́n	-	-	-	-	-	Also means ‘kidney’ in Uduk.	581
*ʔù	‘grind (dry)_3’	v.	*Gwama	ʔù	ʔù	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-		581

Further reading

• Otero, Manuel A. 2020. Associated motion, direction and (exchoative) aspect in Ethiopian Komo. Studies in Language.
• Otero, Manuel A. 2018. Directional verb morphology in Ethiopian Komo. In Helga Schröeder, & Prisca Jerono (eds.), Nilo-Saharan issues and perspectives, 165-177. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
• Otero, Manuel A. 2018. Aspects of Ethiopian Komo (morpho-)phonology. Linguistic Discovery 16(2). 136-178.
• Otero, Manuel A. 2015. [+ATR] dominant vowel harmony except when it’s not? Evidence from Ethiopian Komo. In Ruth Kramer, Elizabeth C. Zsiga, & One Tlale Boyer (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 212-220. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
• Otero, Manuel A. 2015. Dual number in Ethiopian Komo. In Angelika Mietzner, & Anne Storch (eds.), Nilo-Saharan: Models and descriptions, 123-134. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
• Otero, Manuel A. 2015. Nominal morphology and ‘topic’ in Ethiopian Komo. In Osamu Hieda (ed.), Information Structure and Nilotic Languages, 19-35. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.