Appendix:Proto-Koman reconstructions

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The following lists of Proto-Koman reconstructions are from Bender (1983) and Otero (2019).

Bender (1983)

[edit]

The following list of Proto-Koman reconstructions is from Bender (1983: 268-281).[1]

List

[edit]
No. English gloss Proto-Koman
2 ashes *p’ik’in
3 bark *g’ong’-
4 belly *buma
5 big (?) *Son
6 bird *ɗiu
7 bite *wos’; *has’
8 black *s’i-
9 blood *baʃ (?); *s’amb
10 bone *ʃuim
11 breast *koi
12 burn *Sa-
13 claw *gVmb- (?); *s’ik’ir (?)
14 cloud *ʃali (?)
15 cold *s’Vm (?); *s’up (?)
16 come *yo-
17 cut *tit (?); *k’ut (?); *yep
18 die *wui
19 dog *k’au
20 drink *pi
21 dry *kos’-
22 ear *s’e
23 eat *ʃa; *k’a (?)
24 egg *komo
26 fat (n) *yeni (?)
28 fire *wat’i
29 fish *waas’
30 fly (n) (?) *kans’-
31 foot *ʃog
32 give *ker; *ki (?)
33 go *ya
34 good *ɓor-; *kor-
35 grass *ʃui
36 hair *mbar
37 hand *mbit’
38 head *kup
39 hear *Sikʰ (?)
41 horn *keo
42 I *akʰa
43 kill *k’oʃ-
44 knee *ɗVbVN (?)
45 know *ar (?); *miʃ (?)
47 liver *du
48 long *tur
49 louse *ʃuk’en
50 many *ɗel- (?)
51 meat *ʃum
54 mouth *tua
55 name *ZVga (?)
56 neck *ɓia; *k’uʃ
57 new (?) *tʰiʃ (?)
59 nose *ʃuʃ
60 one *ɗe
62 person *ba; *sita (?)
63 rain *ho (?)
64 red *p’er (?)
65 road *bur (?)
66 root *bir; *kur
67 sand *puʃ (?)
68 say *wo- (?)
69 see *kʰil-
70 seed *emin (?)
72 skin *yis’a
73 sleep *ʔiʃ
75 smoke *kur
76 snake *ʃaʔ
77 stand *doʃi
78 star *keelu; *pisa (?)
79 stone *woʃ
80 sun *tia (?)
81 swim *pang- (?)
82 tail *sin
83 thin (?) *tVs (?)
84 this *mban (?)
85 thou *ai; *aina (?)
86 three *duʃVn
87 tongue *let’
88 tooth *ʃeʔ
89 tree *sual
90 two *suk-
91 warm *ɓas’ (?)
92 water *yiʔi
93a we (incl.) *aman
93b we (excl.) *ana; *min- (?)
94 wet *yas’ (?)
95 what (?) *dVn
96 white *p’ata (?); *kuʃ (?)
97 who (?) *edi-
98 woman *ɓamb
100 ye *uma
101 back *pok (?)
102 bad *ʃik’in
104 blow *pi
105 boy *aTi (?)
106 breathe *ʃuik’in (?)
111 cow *bimb
112 crooked *kolod (?)
113 dig (?) *Za- (?)
116 earth *k’as’- (?)
119 exit *ya
121 fall *p’al (?)
122 far *ʃit; *Vsa (?)
123 fat (thick) *deda; *dini (?)
124 fear (v.) *kogis
125 feces *Zi (?); *tuʃ (?)
126 five *mbus’
127 four *dogon
128 full *t’ud- (?)
129 goat *mei
130 gourd *tul; *pʰol-; *kuT (?)
131 granary *tVmb-
132 green *Zin (?); *Sir- (?)
133 hard *bis’- (?)
134 hate *k’an (?)
135 heavy *did- (?)
136 here (?) *hani (?)
137 hit *ʃab- (?); *dor- (?)
138 honey *yinV (?)
139 house *kʰuɓ
144 laugh (v.) *p’es’-
145 left (hand) *goli (?)
147 love (v.) *ɓarV (?)
148 man (male) *guat (?)
149 milk (n.) *t’is (?)
150 near *ɗiʃ (?)
152 old *goba (?)
153 open *kar, kad
155 penis *yiʃ (?)
157 pull *had- (?)
158 push *tus-
160 rat *s’ikʰ
161 right (hand) *k’ana (?)
163 rope *ʃuiʔ; *ʃul
166 run *gus- (?)
167 salt *t’aʃ
168 scratch *s’os’
169 sew *ʃoi (?); *k’os (?)
170 sharp *kaka
171 short *kʰut-
173 shut *mus’- (?)
174 sky *miʃ; *wus
175 smell (v.) *gag (?)
177 soft *k’at’ (?)
178 spear *tuoN
181 take (away) *kal- (?)
182 ten *kuʃu-
183 that *yani (?)
184 there *kʰitʰ (?)
185 throw *bir- (?); *yip; *tʰVk
186 tie *tuʃ (?)
188 turn *wVd- (?); *Tuk (?)
191 urine *ɗarVs’
192 vulva *pit
194 when *kʰas- (?)
195 where *mbini
206 ask *dot-
210 bear child *-tui (?)
212 bee *dam
213 beer *ʃul
217 break *k’ar- (?)
219 brother *kʰamba (?)
223 cat *ɲaaf (?)
224 charcoal *mVm- (?)
225 chicken *wanga
226 chief *kuil (?); *tVpa (?)
228 cough *k’ut (?)
229 cry *ku
234 dream *beʃ
237 elephant *gual
239 enemy *k’op (?)
243 find *gam (?)
244 finish *Tak (?)
247 forget *tʰis- (?)
249 frog *ɓank’o
252 hare *warVn (?)
254 hide *lus (?)
255 hungry *tuai-
260 lick *t’eɗ (?)
261 lion *dopʰ
264 monkey *dawa (?)
272 scar *bir- (?)
273 self *ʔiʃ (?)
279 sneeze *hVt’iʃ (?)
282 strong *ɓis’- (?)
287 think *tar (?)
291 touch (?) *k’or (?)
298 yawn *ham-
299 year *kuali (?)
300 yes *bin (?)

Otero (2019)

[edit]

The following list of Proto-Koman reconstructions, as well as reconstructions of lower-level Koman subgroups, is from Otero (2019: 303-581).[2]

Classification

[edit]

Classification of the Koman languages by Otero (2019: 28):

Koman
  • Gwama
    • Highland Gwama
    • Lowland Gwama
  • Central
    • Komo-Uduk
      • Komo
      • Uduk
        • Chali
        • Yabus
    • Dana-Opo
      • Dana
      • Opo
        • Bilugu, Modin
        • Pame, Kigile

List

[edit]
Proto-form Gloss Part of speech Proto-language Lowland Gwama Highland Gwama Ethiopian Komo Yabus Uduk Chali Uduk Dana Bilugu Opo Modin Opo Pame Opo Kigile Opo Notes Page
*pʰ(j)asʼ ‘laugh’ v. *Koman ɪ̄sʼ pāsʼ pɛ̀sʼ pʰɛ̄sʼ pʰɛt̄ ʼ̪ pʰàsʼ pʰātʃʼ pʰātʃʼ pʰātʃʼ pʰātʃʼ 303
*pʰā ‘bring_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - pʰā+ʊ́ pʰā+jʊ́ pʰā+jʊ́ pʰā+jʊ́ 303
*pʰàcʼ ‘soak_1’ v. *Koman pāsʼ pāsʼ pàsʼ pʰāʃʼ pʰācʼ - - - - - 304
*pʰàd̪ ‘fly (v.)’ v. *Koman pāl pāj pàj pʰāj pʰɛ̄ pʰàd̪ pʰāj pʰāj pʰāj pʰāj Most likely borrowed from or related to PNilotic *pär (Dimmendaal 1988:38) 304
*pʰáɗ(a) ‘lay (v.)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - pár pʰád pʰáɗ pʰʊ́ɗā pʰárá pʰárá pʰárá pʰárá 304
*pʰákʼ ‘plait or braid or weave_1’ v. *Opo - - - - - - pʰákʼ pʰákʼ pʰákʼ pʰákʼ 305
*pʰákʼá ‘chop_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - pʰáʔ - pʰákʼá - - - - 305
*pʰákʼá ‘shoe’ n. *Koman pák pák páʔ pʰāʔ à+pʰāʔ - pʰákʼá pʰákʼ pʰákʼ - 305
*pʰal ‘come free and fall off’ v. *Koman pɪ̌ pɪ̌ - - - - pʰál pʰál pʰál pʰál Loss of final lateral in Gwama: [al] → [ɪ] 305
*pʰāl ‘young people_1’ n. *Central Koman - - pāl - - pʰāl pʰāl pʰāl pʰāl pʰāl 306
*pʰárá ‘platform’ n. *Koman párá párá párá - - pʰárá pʰárá pʰárá pʰárá pʰárá Platform used to throw stones at birds when crops are ripe. 306
*pʰɛɗ ‘peel, skin (with knife), peel, husk, peel’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - pɛ̀t pʰítʰ - - - - - - 306
*pʰɛ̄ɗ(ɛ) ‘untie, take out (quickly, e.g. out of fire)’ v. *Central Koman - - pɛ̀l pʰɛ̄d pʰɛ̄ɗ pʰɛ̀rɛ́ - - - - 307
*pʰɛ̄kʼɛ́ʃ ‘Komo (ethnonym)_2’ n. *Uduk - - - pʰɛ̄kʼɛ́ʃ pʰɛ̄kʼɛ́ʃ - - - - - 307
*pʰí+tʼwā ‘kiss_3’ v. *Uduk - - - pʰí+tʼwā pʰítʼwā - - - - - 307
*pʰɪ̄ ‘stab_5’ v. *Opo - - - - - - pʰɪ̄ pʰɪ̄ pʰɪ̄ pʰɪ̄ 308
*(ɪ)pʰɪ́ ‘drink_SG’ v. *Central Koman - - ɪ́p pʰí pʰí ɪ́pʰ pʰɪ́ pʰɪ́ ɪ́pʰ ɪ́pʰ *H tone in SG. 308
*ɪ̀pʰ(ɪ) ‘drink_PL’ v. *Central Koman - - ɪ̀p - - ɪ̀pʰɪ́ ɪ̄pʰɪ̄ ɪ̄pʰɪ̄ ɪ̄pʰ ɪ̄pʰ *L tone in PL. 308
*pʰɔ́g ‘back_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - pɔ́g pʰɔ́ʔ à+pʰɔ́ʔ - - - - - 308
*pʰɔpʰ ‘soak_2’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - pʰɔ̀pʰ pʰɔ́pʰɔ́ pʰɔ́pʰ pʰɔ́pʰ pʰɔ́pʰ 309
*pʰɔtʼ̪(ɔ) ‘light weight (be)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - pɔ̀tʼ pʰɔ̄d pʰɔ̄ɗ pʰɔ́tʼ̪ pʰɔ́tʼɔ́ - pʰɔ́tʼ - 309
*pʰú ~ pʰʊ́ ‘spoil, stink, smell bad_1’ v. *Central Koman - - pʊ́ - - - pʰűwú pʰűjɪ́ pʰűrű pʰűrű 309
*pʰui(ki) ‘blow (with mouth)’ v. *Koman pɪ̄kɪ̄ pɪ̄ pɪ̀ pʰûj pʰí pʰùj pʰű pʰű pʰű pʰű 310
*pʰuku ‘fig_1’ n. *Central Koman - - - pʰūʔ à+pʰūʔ pʰúj - pʰűkū pűj pűj 310
*pʰUl? ‘spicy (be)_1’ v. *Koman pʊ̀l pwì - - - pʰîl pʰıl̋ ī pʰıl̋ ī pʰıl̋ ī pʰıl̋ ī 310
*(ʃa)pʰuZa ‘burnt gound, soot’ n. *Koman ʃāpʊ́t ʃābʊ́t kɪ́+pú bwà+pʰwí à+pʰíʔ pùzàʔ pʰűjhá pʰűjhá pʰűjhá pʰűjhá 311
*p⁽ʰ⁾ɪt́ (̪ á) ‘rise (oneself)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - pí pí pɪt́ á̪ pʰɪ́já pʰɪ́já - pʰɪ́ʃá 311
*p⁽ʰ⁾ɔ̀s ‘barren (be)’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - pɔ̀s pʰɔ̄s pʰɔ̄s pʰɔ̄s pʰɔ̄s 311
*p⁽ʰ⁾ɔ̀t ̪ ‘slippery, smooth (be)_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - pɔ̀tʰ̪ pʰɔ̄t pʰɔ̄t pʰɔ̄t pʰɔ̄t 311
*p(ʰ)uɗ(i) ‘arrive_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - - pʰūɗ pújī - - - - 312
*p(ʰ)ʊ̄r ‘burn (hairs off of pig skin), roast next to fire’ v. *Central Koman - - - pūr pūr - pʰʊ̄r pʰʊ̄r pʰʊ̄r - 312
*pa ‘home, place_1’ n. *Central Koman - - - pā pā - pà pà pà - 312
*páD ‘hunt_4’ v. *Uduk - - - pátʰ pár - - - - - 313
*pàD ‘touch_1, crawl’ v. *Koman pāt pāt pàt pātʰ pār - - - - - Possible *d > t⁽ʰ⁾ word-finally given voiced reflexes in Chali Uduk. 313
*pāgā ‘carry_3’ v. *Opo - - - - - - pāgā pāgā pāgā pāgā 313
*páj ‘moon or month_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - páj páj à+pɛ́ʔ - - - - - *aj → /ɛ/ in Chali Uduk. 314
*pǎjá ‘pottery, pot_2’ n. *Gwama pǎjá pǎjá - - - - - - - - 314
*pājā ‘side of body, rib_1’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - pājā - - zɪ̄+pāj - 314
*pàl(Í) ‘court (v.), flirt with_1’ v. *Central Koman - - pàlí - - pàlɪ́ pàlɪ́ pàlɪ́ pàlɪ́ pàlɪ́ Unclear as to why it’s not voiced in Komo if initial was b and L tone. 314
*pàndʒá ‘antelope_4’ n. *Opo - - - - - - - - pàndʒá pàndʒá 315
*pànsʼ ‘axe_4’ n. *Gwama pànsʼ pànsʼ - - - - - - - - 315
*pàntʼ ‘plaster (v.), adhere_4’ v. *Gwama pàntʼ pàntʼ - - - - - - - - 315
*pǎŋgɔ̄ ‘lack (not have)_2’ v. *Gwama pǎŋ pǎŋgɔ̄ - - - - - - - - 316
*parʃa ~ pard̪a ‘horse_1’ n*. *Central Koman - - pǎrʃá - - pàrd̪á pàrsá pàrsá pàrsá pàrsá Unknown /ʃ ~ d̪/ correspondence. Borrowing? 316
*pǎʃá ‘transplant (e.g. plant)_4’ v. *Gwama pǎʃá pǎʃá - - - - - - - - 316
*pātʃá ‘choose_5, shut’ v. *Opo - - - - - - pātʃá pātʃá pātʃá pātʃá 317
*pàtʃʼɪ́ ‘pound (v.)_6’ v. *Opo - - - - - - pàtʃʼɪ́ pàtʃʼɪ́ - - 317
*pɛ̄tí ‘bad (be)_2’ n. *Gwama pɛ̄tí pɛ̄tí - - - - - - - - 317
*pí ‘leave_2’ v. *Uduk - - - pí pí - - - - - 317
*pid(V) ‘shake (sth.)_1’ v. *Koman - pǐdí pídá pítʰ pír - - - - - 318
*piɟ(i) ‘rub hands together (e.g. to make fire using stick)_3’ v. *Central Koman - - pìz - - pʰìcʰ pīdʒí - pīdʒ - 318
*pīs ‘satiated (be)_2’ v. *Gwama pīs pīs - - - - - - - - 318
*písāk⁽ʼ⁾ɔ́ ‘star_3, firefly’ n. *Central Koman - - písākɔ́ - - písākʼɔ́ pıs̋ ákʼɔ̄ pıs̋ ákʼɔ̄ pıs̋ ákʼɔ̄ pıs̋ ákʼɔ̄ 319
*piʃ ‘disregard’ v. *Koman pīs pīs píʃ - píʃ píʃ pıs̋ pıs̋ pıs̋ pıs̋ 319
*pítʰ̪ ~ pɪt́ ʰ̪ ‘vagina_1’ n. *Koman pɪ́t pɪ́t pít - - pítʰ̪ - - - - 319
*pītí ‘ash_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - pītí pītí - - 319
*pitʼɔn ~ pit⁽ʰ⁾ɔn ‘flour_4’ n*. *Dana-Opo - - - - - pìtʰɔ́n pìtʼɔ̀n pìtʼɔ̀n pìtʼɔ̀n pìtʼɔ̀n 320
*pɪ̄ ‘give birth_2’ v. *Gwama pɪ̄ pɪ̄ - - - - - - - - 320
*pɪ̄dɪ̀N ‘stone or rock_2’ n. *Gwama pɪ̄dɪ̀l pīdìn - - - - - - - - 320
*pɪ̄dʒɪ́ ‘soft (be)_3’ v. *Opo - - - - - - pɪ̄dʒɪ́ pɪ̄dʒɪ́ pɪ̄dʒɪ́ pɪ̄dʒɪ́ 321
*pɪ́nzɪ́ákʼɪ̄ʃɪ̀n ‘arrow_2’ n. *Gwama pɪ́nzɪ́ákʼɪ̄ʃɪ̀n pɪ́nzɪ́ákʼɪ̄ʃɪ̀n - - - - - - - - 321
*pɪ̄ʃ ‘broom_3’ n. *Gwama pɪ̄ʃ pɪ̄ʃ - - - - - - - - 321
*pɪ̌tɪ̀ ‘hunger_2’ n. *Gwama pɪ̌tɪ̀ pɪ̌dɪ̀ - - - - - - - - 322
*pɔ́gɔ́ ‘river_3’ n. *Gwama pɔ́gɔ́ pɔ́gɔ́ - - - - - - - - 322
*pɔ́kʼ ‘satiated (be)_1’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - pɔ́g pɔ́kʼ - - - - - - 322
*pɔ́ʃ ‘dive_2’ v. *Uduk - - - pɔ́ʃ pɔ́ʃ - - - - - 322
*pɔ̌ʃɔ̀ ‘arrive_4’ v. *Gwama pɔ̌ʃɔ̀ pɔ̌ʃɔ̀ - - - - - - - - 323
*pùr ‘Dana (ethnonym)_2’ n. *Uduk - - - pùr pùr - - - - - 323
*put⁽ʰ⁾ ‘satiated (be)_4’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - pútʰ pǔt pǔt pǔt pǔt 323
*pʊ́gʊ́n ‘dive_1’ v. *Gwama pʊ́gʊ́n pʊ́gʊ́n - - - - - - - - 324
*pʊʃ ~ puʃ ‘wrap’ v. *Koman pʊ̄ʃ pʊ̄ʃ - pūʃ pūʃ púʃá pūsá pūsá pūsá pūsá 324
*pwàʃ ‘food_2’ n. *Gwama pwàʃ pwāʃ - - - - - - - - 324
*bàb ‘bury_1’ v. *Central Koman - - bàb - - - - - pàbà pàbà 324
*bàbá ‘father_1’ n. *Koman - bàbá bǎ à+bàbá à+bàbá - àbá àbá àbá àbá 325
*baɗa ~ paɗa ‘waist, hip_1’ n. *Central Koman - - bàr pād pāɗ pàɗáʔ - - pìpārá pìpāráʔ 325
*bàgál ‘horse_3’ n. *Uduk - - - bàgál bàgál - - - - - 325
*bàj ‘elephant_3’ n. *Opo - - - - - - bàj bàj bàj bàj 326
*bàj ~ ɓàj ‘wide (be)’ v. *Koman pàj pàj ɓàjá ɓàn bɛ̀ - pàj pàj pàj pàj 326
*baja ‘fast (from drinking or eating)’ v. *Gwama bājá bājā - - - - - - - - 326
*bàk ‘hair_2’ n. *Gwama bàk bàk - - - - - - - - 326
*bàmbá ‘drum_B’ n. *Koman pàmbà pàmbà - bàmbá - - - - - - 327
*bǎmbàr ‘chair_4’ n. *Uduk - - - bǎmbàr bǎmbàr - - - - - 327
*bángwà ‘cannabis_1’ n. *Koman báŋgà báŋgà bánkɔ̀ bǎŋgɔ̀ bǎŋgɔ̀ - - - - - 327
*bár ‘bird_heron’ n. *Koman - ʊ̄+bár à+bár - - à+bár à+bár à+bár à+bár à+bár 328
*bàr ‘sweep_3’ v. *Opo - - - - - - bàr bàr bàr bàr 328
*bàs ‘blood_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - bàʃ bàs à+bàs - - - - - 328
*basʼ ‘follow_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - bǎsʼ bǎtʼ̪ pàtʰ̪ ɪ ́ - - - - 329
*bàsʼ ‘milk_1’ n. *Gwama bàsʼ bàsʼ - - - - - - - - 329
*bāsʼ ‘precede_4’ v. *Uduk - - - bāsʼ bātʰ̪ - - - - - 329
*bɛs ‘dream_1’ n. *Central Koman - - bɛ̌s - - - bɛ̄s bɛ̄s bɛ̄s bɛ̄s 329
*bɛsɛr ‘slip (v.)_2’ v. *Central Koman - - bɛ̀sɛ̀r - - - bɛ̌sɛ́r bɛ̌sɛ́r bɛ̌sɛ́r bɛ̌sɛ́r 330
*bɛ́ʃɛ̀ ‘bypass_2’ v. *Gwama bɛ́ʃɛ̀ bɛ́ʃɛ̀ - - - - - - - - 330
*à+bí ‘cloth, clothes_3’ n. *Opo - - - - - - à+bí à+bí - - 330
*bì+pāj+dʒàw ‘Komo (ethnonym)_3’ n. *Opo - - - - - - bì+pāj+dʒàw bì+pāj+dʒàw bì+pāj+zàw bì+pāj+ʃàwà 331
*bìb ~ bìb ‘cow_1’ n*. *Central Koman - - bɪ̀b bìʔ bìpʰ pìʔ pìb pì pì pì 331
*bīrītʼ ‘stretch’ v. *Gwama bīrītʼ bīrītʼ - - - - - - - - 331
*bīsʼàn ‘firefly_1’ n. *Gwama bīsʼàn bīsʼàn - - - - - - - - 332
*bīsʼàn ‘star_2’ n. *Gwama bīsʼàn bīsʼàn - - - - - - - - 332
*bíʃ ‘shiver_3’ v. *Gwama bíʃ bíʃ - - - - - - - - 332
*bīt ‘large bird’ n. *Gwama bīt bīt - - - - - - - - 332
*bit⁽ʰ⁾ ‘toss, throw away, fall over’ v. *Koman pɪ̀t pɪ̀t bìt bǐtʰ bǐtʰ - - - - - 333
*Bɪncʼ ‘fishhook’ n. *Koman bɪ̄nsʼ bɪ̄nsʼ bɪ́nsʼ bǐʃʼ à+bǐcʼ bɪ́cʼ ɓītʃʼ ɓītʃʼ ɓītʃʼ ɓītʃʼ Cannot account for initial /ɓ/ in Opo. 333
*bɪ́sʼɪ́nɪ̄ ‘four_2’ n. *Gwama bɪ́sʼɪ́nɪ̄ bɪ́sʼɪ́nɪ̄ - - - - - - - - 333
*bɔ̀b ~ bɔ̀ɓ ‘hide, skulk’ v. *Koman pɔ̀pʼ pɔ̀pʼ bɔ̀b - - - pɔ̀j pɔ̀j pɔ̀j - 334
*bɔ̀g(ɔ̀) ‘play_1’ v. *Central Koman - - bɔ̀g - - pɔ̀gɔ̀ʔ pɔ̀gɔ̀ pɔ̀gɔ̀ pɔ̀gɔ̀ pɔ̀gɔ̀ 334
*bɔ̀r ‘chest_2’ n. *Uduk - - - bɔ̀r à+bɔ̀r - - - - - 334
*bū ~ pū ‘sesame_1’ n*. *Komo-Uduk - - bū pū à+pū - - - - - 334
*bùl ‘drum_A’ n. *Central Koman - - bùl - - bùl bùl bùl bùl bùl 335
*bùl ‘spoil, stink, smell bad_2’ v. *Uduk - - - bùl bùl - - - - - 335
*bUma ‘pregnant (be)’ v. *Koman pʊ̀m pʊ̀m ɓú pwá bwà pùmá pǔmá pǔmá pǔmá pǔmá Cannot account for /ɓ/ in Komo and /p/ in Yabus Uduk. 335
*bùmà ‘belly or stomach_2’ n. *Central Koman - - - bwàʔ - mwà pùmà pùmà pùmà pùmà 336
*buɲɛ ‘forehead_2’ n. *Uduk - - - bwìɲ bùjɛ̀ - - - - - 336
*burbuɗ ‘dust, sand_1’ n. *Koman bùrbūt bùrbūt - bǔtʰ bǔɗ būrkʼùs būrkʼùs būrkʼùs būrkʼùs būrkʼùs Also bùrbūtʼ in Gwama. Addition of *kʼus appears to be a PDaOp innovation though; source is unknown.. 336
*busʼ ‘choke, strangle_1’ v. *Koman bǔsʼ bǔsʼ - bùsʼ bùtʼ̪ - pʰǔtʃʼ - - - 337
*bǔʃú ‘fart_2’ v. *Gwama bǔʃú bǔʃú - - - - - - - - 337
*bùʃùl ‘belly or stomach_1’ n. *Koman bùʃùl bùʃì bùʃ - bùʃ - pùsà pùsà pùsà pùsà 337
*bʊ̀ ‘hole_2’ n. *Gwama bʊ̀ bʊ̀ - - - - - - - - 337
*bʊkʰ ‘extract tooth_1, barking (of dog)’ v. *Koman pʊ̌ pʊ̌ - - bǔkʰ - - - - - 338
*bʊ̌rà ‘cat_1’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - bʊ̌rà bǔrá à+bǔrá - - - - - 338
*bʊraɲ ‘cloth, clothes_1’ n. *Central Koman - - bʊ̄lɛ̀n bǔrɛ̀ɲ bùrìɲɛ̀ à+bʊ́râŋ - - bʊ̀lɛ̀ŋ bʊ̀lɛ̀n 338
*bʊ̀tʊ̀ ‘clear land (for planting)_2’ v. *Gwama bʊ̀tʊ̀ bʊ̀tʊ̀ - - - - - - - - 339
*bVr(màn) ‘root_1’ n. *Central Koman - - bɪ̀l bǐr bǐrmàn bìl+mà+cá - - - - 339
*bwàhāɗgī(da) ‘palate_2’ n. *Uduk - - - bwàgídà bwàhāɗgī - - - - - 339
*bwàkʼ ‘hide (oneself)’ v. *Central Koman - - bɔ̀ʔ bàʔ bàkʼ bàkʼ - - - bɔ̀kʼ 340
*bwaŋ(a) ‘path, road_1, towards’ v. *Koman pwǎŋà pwǎŋà - - bwàj - - - - - 340
*bwǎʃà ‘snake_3’ n. *Gwama bwǎʃà bwǎʃà - - - - - - - - 340
*bwí ‘arm_2’ n. *Uduk - - - bwí à+bǐ - - - - - 340
*bɔŋkʼɔ́ ‘frog_1’ n. *Koman pʼà+bɔ̌ŋgɔ́ pʼà+bɔ̌ŋgɔ́ bā+ɓɔ̌ŋkʼɔ́ - - à+ɓɔ̄ŋkʼɔ́ʔ à+ɓɔ̄ŋkʼɔ́ à+bɔ̄ŋkʼɔ́ à+bɔ̄ŋkʼɔ́ à+bɔ̄ŋkʼɔ́ *ɓ → b /V_V in Proto-Gwama 341
*ɓ(w)áʃ ‘polygamous (be)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - ɓáʃ ɓwáʃ ɓáʃ ɓáʃ - - - - 341
*ɓā+tın̋ ɛ ̄ ‘lie down, sleep_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - ɓā+tın̋ ɛ ̄ ɓā+tín ɓā+tín ɓā+tɪ̂n 341
*ɓácʼ ‘thigh_1’ n. *Central Koman - - ɓásʼ - - ɓácʼ ɓátʃʼ ɓátʃʼ ɓátʃʼ ɓátʃʼ 342
*ɓakʼum ‘daughter’ n. *Central Koman - - ɓā ɓwāʔ ɓāʔúm - ɓākʼ ɓākʼ ɓākʼ ɓākʼ Most leikely related to, or source of 3sg.F morpheme *ɓa. 342
*ɓalilaj ‘palate_1’ n. *Koman pʼàlílì pʼàlílí ɓàlílá - - - - - - - 342
*ɓānápʰà ‘girl_1’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ɓānápʰà ɓānàpà ɓānàpà ɓānàpà ɓānàpà 343
*ɓáŋgɔ̄ ‘hyrax_1’ n. *Opo - - - - - - ɓáŋgɔ̄ ɓáŋgɔ̄ ɓáŋgɔ̄ ɓáŋgɔ̄ 343
*ɓāpʰā ‘woman’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ɓāpʰā ɓāpʰà ɓāpʰā ɓāpʰā ɓāpʰā 343
*ɓár ‘all_5, finish’ adv. *Uduk - - - ɓár ɓár - - - - - 343
*ɓàsʼ ‘hot (be)_1, ill (be)’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - ɓàsʼ ɓàsʼ ɓātʼ̪ - - - - - 344
*ɓaʃa ‘tree_sp._1’ n. *Koman pʼàʃ - ɓàʃ ɓàʃà - ɓàʃà ɓāsā ɓāsā ɓāsā - 344
*ɓàtʃʼ ‘buffalo_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - ɓàtʃʼ ɓàtʃʼ ɓàtʃʼ ɓàtʃʼ 344
*ɓāʔɔ̄ ‘girl_2’ n. *Central Koman - - bāʔɔ̄ - - - ɓāɔ́ ɓāɔ́ ɓāɔ́ ɓāɔ́ 345
*ɓɛ̄r ‘arrive_3’ v. *Opo - - - - - - ɓɛ̄r ɓɛ̄r ɓɛ̄r ɓɛ̄r 345
*ɓId̪a ‘neck’ n. *Koman pʼɪ̄l pʼɪ̄ ɓàʔ ɓāʔ ɓāʔ ɓìd̪à ɓījā ɓījā ɓījā ɓījā 345
*ɓɪ́bɪ̄ ‘wound_2’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ɓɪ́bɪ̄ ɓɪ́bɪ̄ ɓɪ́bɪ̄ ɓɪ́bɪ̄ ɓɪ́bɪ̄ Cognate with Komo /ɓî/ eye? Komo traditional scarring on cheeks can be circular. 345
*ā+ɓīgɪ́n ‘all_1’ adv. *Opo - - - - - - ā+ɓīgɪ́n ā+ɓīɡɪ́n ā+ɓīgɪ́n ā+ɓʊ̄gà 346
*ɓɪ̄sà ‘crocodile_1’ n. *Central Koman - - ɓɪ̄sà - - - ɓīsā ɓɪ̄sā ɓɪ̄sā - 346
*ɓɪ́sʼ ~ ɓísʼ ‘strong (be)_1’ v. *Koman pʼɪ́ pʼɪ́ ɓísʼ ɓísʼ ɓítʼ̪ - - - - - 346
*ɓOm(it⁽ʰ⁾) ‘woman’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - ɓāmít ɓûm à+ɓɔ́m - - - - - 347
*ɓɔ́r ‘good (be)_1’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - ɓɔ́l ɓɔ́r ɓɔ́r - - - - - 347
*ɓūntʃʼú ‘sap_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - ɓūntʃʼú ɓūntʃʼú ɓūntʃʼú ɓūntʃʼú 347
*ɓʊt́ ʼ̪ ‘soft (be)_2’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ɓʊt́ ʼ̪ ɓʊ̋tʼ ɓʊ̋tʼ ɓʊ̋tʼ ɓʊ̋tʼ 348
*pʼá ‘dance_2’ v. *Gwama pʼá pʼá - - - - - - - - 348
*pʼàcʰ ‘sour (be)_3’ v. *Uduk - - - pʼàcʰ pʼàcʰ - - - - - 348
*pʼátʼá ‘white (be)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - pʼátʼá - - pʼátʼá pʼátʼá pʼátʼá pʼátʼá pʼátʼá 348
*pʼātʼà ‘help_2’ v. *Gwama pʼātʼà pʼātʼà - - - - - - - - 349
*pʼɛ́n ‘buttocks_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - pʼɛ́n pʼɛ́n pʼɛ́n - - - - - 349
*pʼɛ́r ‘red (be)_1’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - pʼɛ́l pʼɛ́r pʼɛ́r - - - - - 349
*(tʼi)pʼIkʼIɲ(a) ‘ash_1’ n. *Koman pʼɪ̄kʼɪ́n pʼɪ̄kʼɪ́n pʼīn - tʼīpʼīɲ pʼɪ̄nā - - pʼɪ̄nā pʼɪ̄nā 350
*pʼi(n)Cʼ? ‘peel, husk_1’ v. *Koman pʼɪ́nsʼ pʼɪ́nsʼ - - pʼíɗ pʼɪ́tʼ - - - - Unsure of glottalized coda consonant. 350
*pʼɔtʼ̪(a) ‘pick_1’ v. *Koman pʊ́t pʊ́t pʼɔ̀tʼ - - pʼɔ̀tʰ̪ à pʼɔ̄tʼā pʼɔ̄tʼā pʼɔ̄tʼā pʼɔ̄tʼā Loss of glottalization in final *tʼ̪ Dana and Gwama? 350
*pʼʊ̄mʊ̀tʼ ‘flour_2’ n. *Gwama pʼʊ̄mʊ̀tʼ pʼʊ̄mʊ̀tʼ - - - - - - - - 351
*tʰ̪ (w)ád̪ ‘hunger_1’ n. *Central Koman - - twáj tʰɔ́j tʰɛ́ʔ tʰ̪ ád̪ tʰáj tʰáj tʰáj tʰáj 351
*tʰ̪ áɓ ‘kick’ v. *Koman tápʼ tápʼ táb tʰáb tʰáɓ tʰ̪ áp tʰáp tʰáp tʰáp tʰáp 351
*tʰ̪ ásʼ ‘pound (v.)_2’ v. *Uduk - - - tʰásʼ tʰ̪ átʼ̪ - - - - - 351
*tʰ̪ atʼ̪ ‘mediate_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - - tʰ̪ ātʼ̪ tʰ̪ ājd̪á - - - tʰájá In Chali Uduk the meaning is ‘come towards as many people’. 352
*tʰ̪ ipʰ ‘raise (a child)_2’ v. *Central Koman - - - sīpʰ tī̪ pʰ tʰ̪ ì - - - - 352
*tʰ̪ u ‘spit (v.)_1’ v. *Koman tū tū - - - tʰ̪ úwà tʰűjhá tʰűjhá tʰűjhá tʰűjhá 352
*tʰ̪ ùbá ‘show_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - tʰ̪ ùbá tʰūbá tʰūbá tʰūbá tʰūbá 353
*tʰ̪ ùd̪ ‘dry out_1, roast next to fire, aim at’ v. *Central Koman - - tùd tʰūd tʰūr tʰ̪ ùd̪ - - - - Meaning: ‘aim at’ and ‘roast next to fire’ in Dana and Uduk. 353
*tʰaʃ ~ tʰ̪ aʃ ‘make go away’ v. *Koman tāʃ tāʃ tàʃ tʰáʃ tʰáʃ - - - - - 353
*tá̪ j ‘sun_1’ n. *Central Koman - - tɛ́ tíndí à+tɛ́ntɛ́ tá̪ j táj táj táj táj Also means ‘season’ and ‘year’ in Dana. Reduplication in Uduk? 354
*tá̪ kʼāláj ‘half_1’ n. *Central Koman - - tákálá - - tá̪ kʼāláj tálá tálá tálá tákàlāj 354
*ta̪ m ‘pray, beg_1’ v. *Central Koman - - dàm - tá̪ m tá̪ má tāmá tāmá tāmá tāmá 354
*tá̪ pàj ‘hyena_1’ n. *Central Koman - - tápàjí - - à+tá̪ pàjī à+tápàjɪ́ à+tápàjɪ́ à+tápàjɪ́ à+tápàjɪ́ 354
*tá̪ pʼí ‘flea_1’ n. *Central Koman - - tápí - - tá̪ pʼí - - - - 355
*tà̪ rá ‘drum_C’ n. *Koman - tàrá tàrá - - tà̪ rá tàrá tàrá tàrá tàrá Borrowing from Arabic darabukka? 355
*tÉ̪ ‘know or be able_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - - tɛ̪ ́ tɪ̪ ́ - - - - 355
*tÉ̪ ɗ(á) ‘swim_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - tɛ̪ ɗ́ á tɪ́ tɪ́ tɪ́ tɪ́ 356
*tɛ̪ ɗ́ ‘shallow (be)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - tɛ̄d tɛ̄ɗ tɛ̪ ɗ́ tɛ́rɛ́ tɛ́r tɛ́r tɛ́r 356
*tɛ̪ ĺ ‘pelt_1, drive in, pound, hammer (something)’ v. *Central Koman - - tɛ́l - tɛ̪ ĺ tɛ̪ ĺ tɛ́l tɛ́l tɛ́l tɛ́l 356
*tɛ̪ ̀mɛ̀ ‘try (test)_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - tɛ̪ ̀mɛ̀ tɛ̀mɛ̀ - - tɛmɛ 357
*tɛ̪ n(ɛ) ‘hail, ice_2, melt’ n. *Central Koman - - - - tɛ̪ n̄ tɛ̪ ń tɛ́nɛ́ - tɛ́n tɛ́n In Chali Uduk the meaning is ‘melt’. 357
*tɛ̪ r̄ ‘urinate_2’ v. *Uduk - - - - tɛ̪ r̄ - - - - - 357
*tì̪mìs ‘beer filter_3’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - tì̪mìs tīmīs tīmīs tīmīs tīmīʃ 357
*tɪ̪ ̀p⁽ʰ⁾a ‘sesame_4’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - tɪ̪ ̀pʰà - - - tɪ̄pá 358
*tɪ̪ t́ ̪ ‘roughen (stone for grinding)’ v. *Koman sɪ́t sɪ́t tɪ́t títʰ tír tɪ̪ t́ ʰ̪ tɪ́tɪ́ tɪ́tʰ tɪ́tʰ tɪ́tʰ 358
*(ɔ)t⁽̪ ʰ⁾ɔɗ ‘grind (second grind)’ v. *Koman - twɛ́j tɔ́ - tɔ̪ ́ɗ ɔ̀tʰ̪ ɔ́ ɔ́tɔ́ ɔ́tʰ ɔ́tʰ ɔ́tʰ Meaning in Chali Uduk is ‘scrape grindings into container’. 358
*tU̪ b(a) ‘pierce_1’ v. *Koman sʊ́ sʊ́ - tūpʰ tūpʰ tú̪ bá - - tʰūbá tʰūbá 359
*(pɪ)tʊ̪ j ‘farm (n.)_3’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - tʊ̪ ĵ pɪ̀tɪ̀ pɪ̀tʊ̀j pɪ̀tʊ̀j pàtɔ̀j 359
*tú̪ k⁽ʰ⁾(u) ‘acacia’ n. *Koman tʊ̌kʊ̀ - túk túkʰ à+tú̪ kʰ tú̪ kʰ tűkʰ tűkʰ tűkʰ tűkʰ 359
*tU̪ s ‘cotton, thread, spider web_1’ n. *Koman dʊ̄ʃ dʊ̄ʃ tūʃ tūs tū̪ s - - - - - Cannot account for initial /d/ in Gwama. 360
*tú̪ s ‘extinguish_1’ v. *Central Koman - - túʃ ūs ūs tú̪ s tűs tűs tűs tűs 360
*tā̪ gāj ~ tā̪ gāj ‘giraffe_1’ n. *Central Koman - - tāgɪ̄ - - - tāgāj tāgāj tāgāj - 360
*tí̪ t(á) ~ tít(á) ‘precede_1’ v. *Central Koman - - tít - - - tıt̋ á tıt̋ á tıt̋ á tıt̋ á 360
*ti̪ til ~ titil ‘cut (meat into one long piece)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - tìtíl - - - - - tītíl tītíl 361
*tù̪ n ~ tùn ‘raise (a child)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - tùn - - - tūn tūn tūn tún 361
*d̪(w)àràcʼ ‘urine_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - dàràsʼ dwàràʃ d̪àràcʼ - - - - - 361
*d̪àm ‘bee, honey’ n. Pkmn tàm tàm dàm dàm à+d̪àm tâ̪ m tàm tàm tàm tàm 362
*d̪àm(V) ‘old (be)_1’ v. *Uduk - - - zàmì d̪àmɔ̀ - - - - - 362
*d̪àn ‘big (be), male, elder_2’ v. *Uduk - - - zàn d̪àn - - - - - 362
*d̪àn+cɔm ‘grandfather_2’ n. *Uduk - - - zàn+cɔ̂m à+d̪àn+cɔ̄m - - - - - 362
*d̪ana ‘Dana (ethnonym)_3’ n. *Koman dànā dànā dāná - - d̪àná dànā dànā dànā dànā 363
*d̪Ekwād̪à ‘kidney_1’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - d̪ɛ̀kʰwād̪à dɪ̀kwādà dɪ̀kwādà dɪ̀kwādà dɪ̀kwādà 363
*d̪ɛl ‘sweet (be)_1’ v. *Uduk - - - zɛ̄l d̪ɛ̌lɛ̄l - - - - - 363
*d̪ɛ̀rɪ́n ‘tear (shred)_1’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - sɛ̀rɪ́n zɛ̌r d̪ɛ̌r - - - - - 364
*d̪ɛrkʼɛsʼ ‘slip (v.)_1’ v. *Koman dɛ̄rgɛ́sʼ dɛ̄rgɛ́sʼ - dɛ̀rɛ̀s d̪ɛ̀rɛ̀s d̪ɛ́rkʼɛ́s - - - - 364
*d̪ìbà ‘rain (precipitation)_1’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - d̪ìbà - - - dìbà 364
*d̪ìm ‘strain (solids from liquid)_1’ v. *Koman - zìŋā zìm zǐm d̪ìm tì̪m tìm tìm tìm tìm 365
*ad̪imɛ ‘child_3’ n. *Central Koman - - āt - - àd̪ín àdım̋ ɛ ́ àdím àdím àdím 365
*d̪ìnd̪àl ‘beer filter_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - zɪ̀nzàl zìnzàl à+d̪ìnd̪àl - - - - - Spirantization in Yabus Uduk and Komo. 365
*d̪is ~ d̪ɪs ‘new_1’ v. *Koman dīʃ dīʃ zɪ̀ʃ tīs tī̪ s - - - - - 365
*d̪ìsʼ ‘sweep_1’ v. *Uduk - - - dìsʼ d̪ìtʼ̪ - - - - - 366
*d̪ɔ̀bɔ ‘lion_1’ n. *Central Koman - - dɔ̀b zɔ̀pʰ à+d̪ɔ̀pʰ - tɔ̀bɔ̀ tɔ̀bɔ̀ tɔ̀b tɔ̀b 366
*d̪ɔ̀sʼ ‘suck_1’ v. *Central Koman - - dɔ̀sʼ dɔ̀sʼ d̪ɔ̀tʼ̪ tɔ̪ ̀sʼ tɔ̀tʃʼɔ̀ tɔ̀tʃʼ tɔ̀tʃʼ tɔ̀tʃʼ 366
*d̪ɔ̀tʰ̪ (á) ‘tie up (tether)_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - d̪ɔ̀tʰ̪ á dɔ̄tʰ dɔ̄tʰ dɔ̄tʰ dɔ̄tʰ 367
*d̪U(ru)s(E) ‘fart_1’ v. *Central Koman - - tùʃ - wū+d̪ùrùs tʊ̪ ŝ tīsí tīsí tʊ̄sɛ́ tʊ̄ʃɪ́ 367
*d̪ǔgà ‘bean_4’ n. *Uduk - - - zúgàʔ à+d̪ǔgà - - - - - 367
*tʼ̪ākʰ ‘spit (v.)_2’ v. *Uduk - - - tʼākʰ tʼ̪ākʰ - - - - - 367
*tʼ̪ākʼán ‘abstain from_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - tʼ̪ākʼán tʼākʼá tʼākʼá tʼākʼá - 368
*tʼ̪ākʼʊḿ ʊ ́ ‘calf of leg’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - tʼ̪ākʼʊḿ ʊ ́ tʼākʼʊ̋mʊ̋ tʼākʼʊ̋mʊ̋ tʼākʼʊ̋mʊ̋ tʼākʼʊ̋mʊ̋ 368
*tʼ̪àm ‘rinse face_1’ v. *Central Koman - - tʼà+ɓî - - tʼ̪àm tʼām tʼām tʼām tʼām 368
*tʼ̪atʼ̪ ‘empty (be)_1, dull’ v. *Central Koman - - tʼɪ̌ - tʼíʔ tʼ̪àtʼ̪ tʼáj tʼáj tʼáj tʼáj 369
*tʼ̪ɛɗ ‘lick_1’ v. *Central Koman - - tʼɛ̄r tʼɛ̄d tʼɛ̄ɗ tʼ̪ɛɗ́ tʼɛ́rɛ́ tʼɛ́r tʼɛ́r tʼɛ́r 369
*tʼ̪ɛn ‘alone, abstain from, not want to do’ adv. *Koman - sʼɪ̄n sʼɛ́n tʼɛ́n tʼɛ́ gà+tʼ̪ɛń ā+tʼɛ́n ā+tʼɛ́n ā+tʼɛ́n ā+tʼɛ́n 369
*tʼ̪in ‘stretch’ v. *Central Koman - - tʼìn tʼīnīn+īs tʼīnīn+īs tʼ̪ìn tʼín tʼín tʼín tʼín 370
*tʼ̪ɪ(tʼ̪V) ‘thin (be)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - tʼɪ̀tʼá tʼī tʼī - tʼɪ̄tʼɪ́ tʼɪ̄tʼɪ́ tʼɪ̄tʼɪ́ tʼɪ̄tʼɪ́ 370
*tʼ̪O ‘grab with fingers, pinch_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - - tʼú tʼ̪ɔ́wá tʼʊ́ tʼʊ́ tʼʊ́ tʼʊ́ 370
*tʼ̪Osʼ ‘choke, strangle_2’ v. *Central Koman - - tʼúsʼ - tʼɔ́cʰ tʼ̪ɔ́sʼ - - - - 370
*tʼ̪ɔ̀ɗ ‘slaughter, cross boundary, chop’ v. *Central Koman - - tʼɔ̀r - - tʼ̪ɔ̀ɗ - - tʼɔ̄r tʼɔ̄r 371
*tʼ̪wa ‘mouth’ n. *Koman tʼwā tʼwā tʼā tʼwā tʼwā tʼ̪āʔá tʼā tʼā tʼā tʼā 371
*tʼ̪wI ‘enter_2, sprout’ v. *Koman tʼwɪ́ tʼwɪ́ - - - tʼ̪wī - - - - Meaning in ‘sprout’ in Gwama. 371
*tʰágá ‘mediate_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - tʰágá tʰágá tʰágá - 372
*tʰánā ~ tʰánɪ̄ ‘turtle_1’ n. *Central Koman - - bā+tánɪ̄ - - tʰánā tʰánā tʰánā tʰánā tʰánā 372
*tʰáp ‘plaster (v.), adhere_3’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - tʰápʰ tʰáp tʰáp tʰáp tʰáp 372
*tʰát ~ tʰ̪ át ‘transplant (e.g. plant)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - tát - - - tʰát tʰát tʰát tʰát 372
*tʰi(aj) ‘pottery, pot_1’ n. *Central Koman - - sɪ̄ - - tījā tʰɪ̌ tʰɪ̌ tʰɪ̌ tʰɪ̌ 373
*tʰíŋ+kùm ‘grandmother_2’ n. *Uduk - - - tʰíŋ+kùm à+tʰíŋ+kūm - - - - - 373
*tʰır̋ ‘pour_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - tʰır̋ tʰır̋ tʰır̋ tʰır̋ 373
*tʰɔ́ɗ ‘plait or braid or weave_5’ v. *Uduk - - - tʰɔ́d tʰɔ́ɗ - - - - - 374
*tʰɔ́r ‘show_2’ v. *Uduk - - - tʰɔ́r tʰɔ́r - - - - - 374
*tʰú(i) ‘give birth_1’ v. *Central Koman - - tú - tʰú tʰwí tʰű tʰű tʰű tʰű Chali Uduk meaning is ‘last child born’. 374
*tʰul ‘gourd_1’ n. *Central Koman - - túl - tʰúl - tʰɔ̀j tʰɔ̀j tʰɔ̀j - 375
*tʰúlá ‘brain_2’ n. *Uduk - - - tʰúlá à+tʰúláʔ - - - - - 375
*t⁽ʰ⁾(w)àg ‘forehead_1’ n. *Koman twã twã̄ tàg - - tàg bī+tʰāg - pī+tʰāg - 375
*tà ‘be, do’ v. *Koman - ta tà tā tā - tā - tā - Gwama ‘be far’ Opo ‘do/work’ 376
*tā ‘abstain from_2’ v. *Gwama tā tā - - - - - - - - 376
*tā+dʒàj ‘fight_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - tā+dʒàj tā+dʒàj tā+zàj tā+ʃàj 376
*tābūk ‘mediate_4’ v. *Gwama tābūk tābūk - - - - - - - - 377
*táɗā ‘mother_1’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - dâ à+tádā táɗā - - - - - 377
*takal ‘saliva_3’ n. *Gwama tākāl tāgɪ́ - - - - - - - - 377
*tǎŋá ‘bamboo_1’ n. *Gwama tǎŋá tǎŋá - - - - - - - - 378
*tàpʰà ‘chief_2’ n. *Uduk - - - tàpʰà tàpʰà - - - - - 378
*tǎpʼ ‘follow_4’ v. *Gwama tǎpʼ tǎpʼ - - - - - - - - 378
*taʃ ‘mosquito_1’ n. *Central Koman - - - tāʃ à+tāʃ tāʃ tās tās tās tǎʃ 378
*táʃ ‘strain (solids from liquid)_2’ v. *Gwama táʃ táʃ - - - - - - - - 379
*tát ‘belly or stomach_3’ n. *Gwama tát tát - - - - - - - - 379
*tàwàn ‘hot (be)_3’ v. *Gwama tàwàn tàwàn - - - - - - - - 379
*tàzà ‘beer filter_1’ n. *Gwama tàzà tàzà - - - - - - - - 380
*tEŋ(g)(E) ‘shake (sth.)_2’ v. *Koman tɪ̄gɪ̄ tɪ̄gɪ̄ - - - tɛ́ŋ - tɪ́ŋhá tɪ́ŋhá tɪ́ŋhá 380
*tɛr ‘carry_2’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - tɛ́r tɛ̄r - - - - - - 380
*tíbí ‘listen_3’ v. *Gwama tíbí tíbí - - - - - - - - 380
*tiŋ(a) ~ tin(a) ‘cheek_4’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - tīŋ tǐná tǐná tǐná tǐná Related to or borrowed from ‘breast’ in W. Nilotic (e.g. /ti̪ n/ in Mayak)? 381
*tiritiri ‘bird_dove (African mourning)’ n. *Koman - títìtī - - - - à+tìrıt̋ ır̋ ì à+tìrıt̋ ır̋ ì à+tìrıt̋ ır̋ ì à+tìrıt̋ ır̋ ì 381
*tìʃàr ‘lion_2’ n. *Gwama tìʃàl tìʃàr - - - - - - - - 381
*tɪ́ ‘give’ v. *Gwama tɪ́ tɪ́ - - - - - - - - 382
*tɪ̌m ‘protect_3’ v. *Gwama tɪ̌m tɪ̌m - - - - - - - - 382
*tɪ́ʃ ‘milk_2’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - tɪ́ʃ tɪ́s tɪ́s tɪ́s - 382
*tjǎʃá ‘thigh_2’ n. *Gwama tjǎʃá tjǎʃá - - - - - - - - 383
*tɔ̀dɔ́ ‘slurp_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - tɔ̀dɔ́ tɔ̀dɔ́ tɔ̀dɔ́ - 383
*tɔn ‘big (be), male, elder_1’ v. *Central Koman - - tɔ̀n - - tɔ́n tɔ́n tɔ́n tɔ́n tɔ́n 383
*tɔ̀ŋàs ~ twàŋgàs ‘chest_3’ n. *Gwama tɔ̀ŋàs twàŋgàs - - - - - - - - 383
*tùl ‘dwell (live, reside)_1’ v. *Gwama tùl tùl - - - - - - - - 384
*tūl ‘short (be)_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - tūl tūl tūl tūl 384
*tUr ‘long or tall (be)_1’ v. *Koman tǔ tǔ tʊ́l túr túr - - - - - 384
*tʊ̀nsʊ̀s ‘blame (somebody)_2’ v. *Gwama tʊ̀nzʊ̀ tʊ̀nsʊ̀s - - - - - - - - 385
*tʊ̄rʊ̀m ‘scootch (move over)_5’ v. *Gwama tʊ̄rʊ̀m tʊ̄lʊ̀m - - - - - - - - 385
*twī ‘call_4’ v. *Gwama twī twī - - - - - - - - 385
*dà ‘fat (from animals)_3’ n. *Gwama dà dà - - - - - - - - 385
*dà ‘oil (organic substance)_2’ n. *Gwama dà dà - - - - - - - - 386
*dáɟV ‘Dazu (S. Sudan)’ n. *Koman dázɔ̀ dázɔ̀ dázʊ̀ dǎɟɔ̀ dǎɟɔ̀ dáɟɔ̀ dádʒʊ̀ dádʒʊ̀ dádʒʊ̀ dádʒʊ̀ 386
*dak ‘finish_1’ v. *Koman - dak dàg dàkʰ dàkʰ dâk dàk - - - Initial /d/ did not devoice in DaOp due to tone not being L? Dana exhibits F tone which could mean dâk in Proto-Dana-Opo. 386
*dāŋā ‘not know (how)_2’ v. *Gwama dāŋā dāŋā - - - - - - - - 387
*daʃV ~ ta(n)ʃV ‘snake_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - dàʃʊ́ tānʒí tāʃá - - - - - It is unclear whether Komo t > d or PUd d > t. 387
*dàwàʔ ‘baboon_3’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - dàw - à+dàwà - - - - - 387
*dɛ̌kʰ ‘tie (bundle)_3’ v. *Uduk - - - dɛ̌kʰ dɛ̌kʰ - - - - - 388
*dɛ̄mɛ́sʼ ‘belch_2’ v. *Gwama dɛ̄mɛ́sʼ dɛ̄mɛ́sʼ - - - - - - - - 388
*dɛŋ ‘choke, strangle_3’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - dɛ́ŋ - dɛ̄ŋ dɛ̄ŋ dɛ̄ŋ 388
*dɛ̀ŋ ‘count_1’ v. *Central Koman - - dɛ̀n dɛ̀ŋ+ɛ̄ dɛ̀ŋ+ɛ̄ - - - dɛ̀n dɛ̀n Cannot account for lack of devoicing /d/ → /t/ in Opo. 388
*dìd ‘dwell (live, reside)_2’ v. *Uduk - - - dìd dì - - - - - 389
*dìd ‘heavy (be)_1’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - dìd dìtʰ dìtʰ - - - - - 389
*àdıj̋ ɛ ̄ ‘mother_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - àdıj̋ ɛ ̄ àdıj̋ ɛ ̄ àdıj̋ ɛ ̄ àdıj̋ ɛ ̄ 389
*dìncʼà ‘skin’ n. *Central Koman - - dìnsʼā - - dìncʼà dìntʃʼà dìntʃʼà dìntʃʼà dìntʃʼà Cannot account for lack of expected devoicing d/ → t in Dana-Opo before L tone. 390
*dǐpʰáɲ ‘flour_3’ n. *Uduk - - - dípʰɛ́ɲ à+dǐpʰáɲ - - - - - 390
*dìʃ(a) ‘mushroom_1’ n. *Central Koman - - dìʃ dìʃìʔ à+dìʃ tìʃà tìsà tìsà tìsà tìʃà 390
*dɪŋɪ ‘baboon_1, dog_2’ n. *Koman tɪ̀nɪ̀ tɪ̀nɪ̀ - - - tɛ̀ŋ tɪ̀nɪ̀ tɪ̀nɪ̀ tɪ̀n tɪ̀n Borrowing from Burun or W. Nilotic? cf. d̪ɛ̀ɛŋ ‘cow’ in Kurmuk (Andersen 2007:81) 391
*dɪ́ŋkā ‘fish_sp (electric)_1’ n. *Koman - ʊ̄+wàsʼ+dɪ́ŋkā dɪ́ŋkā - - - dıŋ̋ ā dıŋ̋ ā dıŋ̋ ā dıŋ̋ ā 391
*djalIsʼ ‘stomp, step on_1’ v. *Koman dɛ̀lísʼ dàlísʼ dɪ̀l dìl dìl - tɪ̀lɪ́ tɪ̀lɪ́ tɪ̀lɪ́ tɪ̀lɪ́ 391
*àdɔ̀j ‘moon or month_1’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - à+dɔ̀j à+dɔ̀j à+dɔ̀j à+dɔ̀j à+dɔ̀j 391
*dɔl(ɔ) ‘shout_1’ v. *Koman dɔ́l dɔ́l dɔ́l - - ɔ̀lɔ́ - - - - 392
*dɔlɔ ‘fish_sp (very small, scaled fish with a small rounded mouth)’: Reconstructs n. *Koman - dɔ̌lɔ́ dɔ̀lɔ́ - - dɔ́lɪ̄ʔ dɔ̀lɔ́ dɔ̀lɔ́ dɔ̀lɔ́ dɔ́lɪ̄ to: PKmn 392
*dɔ̌lɔ́ ‘gourd_4’ n. *Gwama dɔ̌lɔ́ dɔ̌lɔ́ - - - - - - - - 392
*dɔ̀ŋ ‘bite (by animal)_4’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - dɔ̀ŋ dɔ̀ŋ dɔ̀ŋ dɔ̀ŋ dɔ̀ŋ 393
*dɔ̀ŋgɔ̀l ‘chicken_2’ n. *Gwama dɔ̀ŋgɔ̀l dɔ̀ŋɪ́ - - - - - - - - 393
*dɔ̀ŋgɔ̀n ‘four_1’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - dɔ̀gɔ̀n dɔ̀ŋɔ̀n dɔ̀ŋɔ̀n - - - - - 393
*dɔr ‘hit_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - dɔ̌r dɔ̌r tɔ̀dɔ́r tɔ̀r tɔ̀r tɔ̀r tɔ̀r 394
*dɔ̀ʃ ‘stand_1’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - dɔ̀ʃ dɔ̀ʃ dɔ̀ʃ - - - - - 394
*dɔ̌ʃ ‘court (v.), flirt with_3’ v. *Uduk - - - dɔ̌ʃ dɔ̌ʃ - - - - - 394
*dɔ̀zɔ̀ ‘teach_2’ v. *Gwama dɔ̀zɔ̀ dɔ̀zɔ̀ - - - - - - - - 394
*dùcʼá ‘urine_1, urinate_1’ v. *Koman dùsʼ tùsʼ dʊ̀sʼ - - tùcʼáʔ - - - - 395
*dùm ‘pound (v.)_5’ v. *Central Koman - - dùm - - dùm dùm dùm dùm dùm Cannot account for expected lack of devoicing d → /t/ in Dana-Opo with L tone. 395
*dùmàj ‘tree (sp.)(sausage tree_Kigelia africana)’ n. *Koman - ū+dùmɪ̀ dùmɛ̀ - - dùmáj dùmàj dùmàj dùmàj dùmàj 395
*dǔrVcʼ ‘young people_3’ n. *Uduk - - - dǔrīcʼ dǔrūcʼ - - - - - 396
*dʊ̄jʊ̄ ‘fist_3’ n. *Gwama dʊ̄jʊ̄ dʊ̄jʊ̄ - - - - - - - - 396
*dʊ́ɟɛ̀ ‘pipe (for smoking)_1’ n. *Koman dʊ́zɛ̀ dʊ́zɛ̀ dʊ́zɛ̀ - - dʊ́ɟɛ̀ - - - - 396
*dV ‘shiver_4’ v. *Uduk - - - dɔ̄ dɛ̌ - - - - - 396
*dwā ‘girl_3’ n. *Gwama dwà dwā - - - - - - - - 397
*dwakʰ ‘bird_weaver’ n. *Koman ʊ̄+dwâk ʊ̄+dɔ́k à+dɔ̂k - - à+dwákʰ à+dwa̋kʰ à+dwa̋kʰ à+dwa̋kʰ à+dwa̋kʰ 397
*dwákɪ̀ ‘hyrax_2’ n. *Gwama dwákɪ̀ dwákɪ̀ - - - - - - - - 397
*dwì ‘buy_1’ v. *Gwama dwì dwì - - - - - - - - 398
*dwì ‘sell_1’ v. *Gwama dwì dwì - - - - - - - - 398
*Dàsʼ ‘grind wet (first grind)’ v. *Koman dàsʼ dàsʼ nàsʼ nàsʼ nàtʼ̪ - - - - - Unsure of /n : d/ correspondence but it seems cognate. 398
*dOt ‘ask (inquire)_1’ v. *Koman tʊ̌t tʊ̌t dɔ̀t dɔ̌tʰ dɔ̌tʰ - tɔ̄tɔ́ tɔ̄tɔ́ - - 399
*dwáɗ ‘hunt (in group)’ v. *Central Koman - - - wátʰ wáɗ - dwàr dwàr dwàr - 399
*Dangal ‘roll_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - ɗáŋgàl ɗáŋgál nàŋgàl làŋgàl làŋgàl làŋgàl làŋgàl 399
*ɗ(w)ankʼI ‘scorpion’ n. *Koman tʼwānkʼɪ́tʼwānkʼ tʼwānkʼɪ́tʼwānkʼ bāɗāgíʔ ɗwākʰ à+ɗākʰ ɗāgí ɗāgı ̋ ɗāgı ̋ ɗāgı ̋ ɗāgı ̋ 399
*ɗab(a) ‘adhere’ v. *Central Koman - - ɗàb ɗāpʰ ɗāpʰ ɗábá ɗábá ɗábá ɗábá ɗábá 400
*ɗagi ‘bean_1’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - ɗɛ̀gí ɗàgì - - - - - - 400
*ɗAm ‘ladle_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - ɗɔ́m ɗám ɗám - - - - - 400
*ɗar(a) ‘send someone_1’ v. *Koman tʼálà tʼájà ɗàr ɗɛ̄tʰ - ɗɛ̀d - ɗɛ̄r - ɗɛ̄r 401
*ɗAs ‘dry out_3’ v. *Central Koman - - ɗàʃ ɗās ɗās ɗɛ̀s - - - - 401
*ɗɛ ‘one (1)_1, alone_2’ n. *Central Koman - - ɗɛ́ ɗɛ́ ɗɛ́ ɗɛ̀dɛ́ ɗjān ɗjān ɗɛ̄dɛ̄ ɗɛ̄dɛ̄ Opo most likely bimorphemic ɗɛ+ān (3N suffix). 401
*ɗɛm ‘to stew (food)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - ɗɛ̀m - - ɗɛ̀m ɗɛ̄m ɗɛ̄m ɗɛ̄m ɗɛ̄m 402
*ɗiʃa ‘near_1’ v. *Central Koman - - ɗìʃ ɗīʃ ɗīʃ ɗìʃà īsā īsí ɗīsā ɗīʃā 402
*ɗitʰ ? ‘bird’ n. *Central Koman - - ɗɪ̂w ɗūwì ɗī ɗītʰ ɗɪ̄ʊ̀ ɗɪ̄ʊ̀ ɗɪ̄ʊ̀ ɗɪ̄ʊ̀ 402
*ɗɪ́lá ‘rise (oneself)_3’ v. *Opo - - - - - - - - ɗɪ́lá ɗɪ́lá 402
*(tɔ)ɗɔ ‘carry many things_1’ v. *Koman tɔ̀dɔ̀ - ɗɔ̀ ɗɔ̄ ɗɔ̄ - ɗɔ̄ ɗɔ̀ ɗɔ̀ ɗɔ̀ 403
*ɗɔ̄ŋgɔ̄rɔ̄ ‘salt_3’ n. *Uduk - - - ɗɔ̄ŋgɔ̄rɔ̄ à+ɗɔ̄ŋgɔ̄rɔ̄ - - - - - 403
*ɗúbá ‘tasty (be)_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ɗúbá ɗűbá ɗűbá ɗűbá ɗűbá 403
*ɗwá ‘frog_2’ n. *Uduk - - - ɗwá à+ɗwá - - - - - 404
*tʼákʼál ‘tongue_2’ n. *Gwama tʼákʼál tʼákɪ́ - - - - - - - - 404
*tʼápán ‘lick_2’ v. *Gwama tʼápán tʼápán - - - - - - - - 404
*tʼaʃ ‘salt_(made from ash of a particular plant/tree)_2’ n. *Koman tʼāʃ tʼāʃ tʼàʃ tʼāʃ tʼāʃ tʼàʃ tʼās - - - meaning is ‘stew/soup’ in Uduk. 404
*tʼáʃá ‘mushroom_2’ n. *Gwama tʼáʃá tʼáʃá - - - - - - - - 405
*tʼɪ́kʼá ‘heavy (be)_3’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - tʼɪ́kʼá tʼɪk̋ ʼá tʼɪk̋ ʼá tʼɪk̋ ʼá tʼɪk̋ ʼá 405
*tʼɪ́rá ‘rope_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - tʼɪ́rá tʼɪ́rá tʼɪ́rá tʼɪ́rá 405
*tʼɪ́ʃ ~ tʼíʃ ‘grind (fine)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - tʼɪ́ʃ tʼíʃ tʼíʃ tʼìʃíʔ tʼıs̋ tʼıs̋ tʼıs̋ - 406
*tʼɔ̄pʼ ‘drink’ v. *Gwama tʼɔ̄pʼ tʼɔ̄pʼ - - - - - - - - 406
*tʼɔ̄ʃ ‘pain, be hurt_3’ v. *Gwama tʼɔ̄ʃ tʼɔ̄ʃ - - - - - - - - 406
*tʼɔ́tʼɔ́ ‘black (be)_2’ v. *Gwama tʼɔ́tʼɔ́ tʼɔ́tʼɔ́ - - - - - - - - 407
*tʼɔ́zí ‘precede_3’ v. *Gwama tʼɔ́zí tʼɔ́zí - - - - - - - - 407
*tʼum(á) ‘fist_1’ n. *Central Koman - - tʼùmá tʼúm+mɛ̀ɗ tʼúm+mɛ̀ɗ tʼùmá tʼūmá tʼūmá tʼūmá tʼūmá 407
*tʼʊ̀mʊ̀ ‘home, place_3’ n. *Gwama tʼʊ̀mʊ̀ tʼʊ́mʊ̄ - - - - - - - - 407
*tʼVʃ ~ tʼ̪Vʃ ‘forbid_1’ v. *Central Koman - - tʼáʃ tʼáʃ tʼáʃ - tʼɪ́sɪ̄ tʼɪ́sɪ̄ - - 408
*tʼwālā ‘strong (be)_4’ v. *Gwama tʼwālā tʼwājā - - - - - - - - 408
*tʼwaŋ(k)a ~ tʼ̪waŋ(k)a ‘cut (split in half lengthwise)_1’ v. *Koman tʼāŋà tʼāŋà - tʼwákʰ tʼwákʰ - - - - - 408
*sʼ(j)am ‘sweet (be)_2’ v. *Central Koman - - sʼām - - sʼɛ́m tʃʼɛ́m tʃʼɛ́m tʃʼɛ́m tʃʼɛ́m 409
*sʼa ‘light (ignite)’ v. *Koman sʼā sʼā sʼà sʼā tʼ̪ā sʼʊ́wà tʃʼǎ tʃʼǎ tʃʼǎ tʃʼǎ 409
*sʼá ‘annoint (with oil)_1’ v. *Gwama sʼá sʼá - - - - - - - - 409
*sʼám ‘cold(be)_2, wet, sweet (be)’ v. *Central Koman - - sʼám sʼám tʼ̪ám sʼɛ́m tʃʼɛ́m+sɛ̄ tʃʼɛ́m+sɛ̄ tʃʼɛ́m+sɛ̄ tʃʼɛ́m+sɛ̄ Meaning is ‘wind (n.)’ in Uduk 409
*sʼámá ‘blood_1’ n. *Koman sʼám sʼám - - - sʼámáʔ tʃʼámá tʃʼámá tʃʼámá tʃʼámá 410
*sʼānsʼ ‘root_3’ n. *Gwama sʼānsʼ sʼānsʼ - - - - - - - - 410
*sʼEU ‘bamboo_2’ n. *Central Koman - - sʼɪ̂w sʼì à+tʼ̪ɛ ̄ sʼɪ̂w - - - - 410
*sʼɛ́ ‘curse_2’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - sʼɛ́ - tʼɛ́ - - - - - 411
*sʼɛ̀d̪ ~ sʼɪ̀d̪ ‘shave’ v. *Koman sʼɪ̄l sʼɪ̄ sʼɛ̀ sʼī cʼɛ̄ sʼɛ̀d̪ tʃʼɛ̄ tʃʼɛ̄ tʃʼɛ̄ tʃʼɛ̄ 411
*sʼɛ́kʰ ‘rub hands together (e.g. to make fire using stick)_2’ v. *Uduk - - - sʼɛ́kʰ tʼ̪ɛḱ ʰ - - - - - 411
*sʼɛ̀sʼ(ɛ̀) ‘termite_1’ n. *Central Koman - - sʼɛ̀sʼ - - sʼɛ̀sʼ tʃʼɛ̄tʃʼɛ̄ tʃʼɛ̄tʃʼɛ̄ tʃʼɛ̄tʃʼ tʃʼɛ̄tʃʼ 412
*sʼɛ̄wàn ~ sʼjāwàn ‘moon or month_3’ n. *Gwama sʼɛ̄wàn sʼjāwàn - - - - - - - - 412
*sʼí ‘die_2’ v. *Gwama sʼí sʼí - - - - - - - - 412
*sʼíd̪ ‘black (be)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - sʼí sʼíʔ tʼ̪íʔ sʼíd̪ tʃʼı ̋ tʃʼı ̋ tʃʼı ̋ tʃʼı ̋ Also means ‘diarreah’ in KoUd 412
*sʼÍk ‘rat_1’ n. *Koman sʼɪ́ sʼɪ́ sʼík sʼíʔ à+tʼ̪íkʰ - tʃʼıg̋ ı ̋ tʃʼıg̋ ı ̋ tʃʼıg̋ ı ̋ tʃʼıg̋ ı ̋ 413
*sʼíl(ít⁽ʰ⁾) ‘thatch’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - sʼílít sʼíl tʼ̪íl - - - - - 413
*sʼOpʰ ‘light (the way with torch/flashlight)_2’ v. *Central Koman - - sʼɔ̀p - - sʼʊ̄pʰ tʃʼʊ̄ tʃʼʊ̄ tʃʼʊ̄ tʃʼʊ̄ 413
*sʼɔ̄ ‘pray, beg_3’ v. *Uduk - - - sʼɔ̄ tʼ̪ɔ̄ - - - - - 414
*sʼú ‘plait or braid or weave_3’ v. *Gwama sʼú sʼú - - - - - - - - 414
*sʼú ‘rub hands together (e.g. to make fire using stick)_1’ v. *Gwama sʼú sʼú - - - - - - - - 414
*sʼUB(V)(n) ‘dip food in sauce with fingers_1’ v. *Koman - sʼʊ́pʊ́n sʼūb sʼúpʰ tʼ̪úpʰ sʼúbá - - - - 415
*sʼUDI ‘defecate_1, diarrea’ v. *Koman úsʼ úsʼ sʼɪ́ - tʼ̪í sʼʊ̀dʊ́ tʃʼʊ̄jɪ́ tʃʼʊ̄jɪ́ tʃʼʊ̄jɪ́ tʃʼʊ̄jɪ́ 415
*sʼuɗ ‘kiss_1’ v. *Central Koman - - sʼùr - - sʼúɗ tʃʼűr tʃʼűr tʃʼűr tʃʼűr 415
*sʼunsʼ ‘bite_2’ v. *Gwama sūnsʼ sʼṹnsʼ - - - - - - - - 415
*SʼUn(tʼ)a ‘nosebleed_2’ n. *Koman - tʼʊ̀ntʼ - - - sʼùnáʔ - - - - 416
*sʼúpʼ ‘suck_2’ v. *Gwama sʼúpʼ sʼúpʼ - - - - - - - - 416
*sʼʊ́p ‘cold (be)_1’ v. *Koman sʼʊ́p sʼʊ́p - sʼúpʰ tʼ̪úpʰ - - - - - 416
*sʼʊ́pʊ́n ‘kiss_2’ v. *Gwama sʼʊ́pʊ́n sʼʊ́pʊ́n - - - - - - - - 417
*sʼʊ̄pʼ ‘breast, milk_2’ n. *Gwama sʼʊ̄pʼ sʼʊ̄pʼ - - - - - - - - 417
*sʼʊ́sʼ ‘scratch_2’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - sʼʊ́sʼ sʼúsʼ tʼ̪útʰ̪ - - - - - 417
*sʼʊ́sʼʊ́mɔ̀ ‘calf of leg’ n. *Gwama sʼʊ́sʼʊ́mɔ̀ sʼʊ́sʼʊ́mɔ̀ - - - - - - - - 417
*c(w)ā ‘big (be)_1’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - swà cā cā - - - - - 418
*caja ‘very, many_1’ adv. *Central Koman - - sà - cājá - sáj sáj sáj sáj Cannot account for /s/ in Opo, would expect /tʃ/. 418
*càkʰO ‘grandfather_1’ n. *Koman - sàkʊ́ sàkʊ́ - - - tʃàkʰɔ́ tʃàkʰɔ́ tʃàkʰɔ́ tʃàkʰɔ́ 418
*cān ‘poor (be)_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - cān tʃān tʃān tʃān tʃān 419
*cɛŋ ‘curse_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - cɛ́ŋ tʃɛ̄ŋ tʃɛ̄ŋ tʃɛ̄ŋ tʃɛ̄ŋ 419
*cɛ̄ʃ ‘protect_4’ v. *Uduk - - - cɛ̄ʃ cɛ̄ʃ - - - - - 419
*cikʼa ~ cɪkʼa ‘listen_1’ v. *Central Koman - - sɪ̀g ʃīkʼ cīkʰ sʼìkʼà - - - - In Komo, final *kʼ → [g] /V_V then loss of final vowel. Dana later glottalizes initial /s/ → /sʼ/ to harmonize with glottal /kʼ/? 420
*Cisʼ ‘warm up (sth.)’ v. *Koman ʃɪ̄ʃ ʃɪ̄ʃ jíz jísʼ jítʰ̪ hízá ıs̋ á ıs̋ á ıs̋ á - Gwama may not be cognate. 420
*cɔkʰ ‘sit_3’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - sɔ̀k - cɔ́kʰ - - - - - 420
*cɔ̀m ‘father_2’ n. *Central Koman - - sɔ̀m à+cɔ̄m cɔ̄m sɔ̀m tʃɔ̀mɔ̀ tʃɔ̀mɔ̀ tʃɔ̀m tʃɔ̀m Initial /s/ in Dana due to contact with Komo? 420
*cúl ‘firefly_2’ n. *Uduk - - - - à+cúl - - - - - 421
*cut ‘whistle’ v. *Koman - ʃút ʃɪ́t - cúwā cʊ́ɪ̀ tʃúwì tʃúwì tʃúwì tʃúwì 421
*cʊ̄k⁽ʰ⁾(ɪ) ‘hoof’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - sʊ̄kɪ́ - à+cūkʰ - - - - - 421
*CVkʻUm ‘rinse mouth_1’ v. *Koman ʃʊ̀kʊ́m ʃʊ̀kʊ́m zùkʼúm - - ɟákʼʊ́m tʃākʼʊ́má tʃākʼʊ́má sākʼʊ́má tʃākʼʊ́má Cannot account for voiced initial consonant in Komo and Dana. 422
*cwálá ‘tree’ n. *Koman swálá swájá sá ʃwá cwá cá tʃá tʃá tʃá tʃá 422
*tʃápūm ‘waist, hip_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - tʃápūm tʃápūm - - 422
*tʃìm ‘bury_4’ v. *Opo - - - - - - tʃìm tʃìm - - 423
*tʃɔ̄t ‘pierce_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - tʃɔ̄t tʃɔ̄t - - 423
*dʒìbàj ‘cloud, fog_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - dʒìbàj dʒìbàj dʒìbàj dʒìbàj 423
*ɟà ‘dig_1’ v. *Koman ʃà ʃà - - - cà tʃà tʃà tʃà tʃà 423
*ɟàn ‘dream_4’ n. *Uduk - - - zàn ɟàn - - - - - 424
*ɟana ‘sorghum, millet’ n. *Koman sjànà sjànà zɛ̀nā - - - dʒɛ̀ná - dʒɛ̀ná - 424
*ɟaŋg(ɔ)aj ‘Nuer (ethnonym)_1’ n. *Koman zǎgʊ́ zǎgʊ́ zǎgʊ́ ʒwǎŋgì - ɟàŋwɛ̀j dʒāŋɔ́ - zāŋwɛ́ ʃàŋwɛ̀ 424
*ɟarɛ ‘baboon_2’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ɟārɛ̄ tʃàrɛ̀ tʃàrɛ̀ tʃàrɛ̀ tʃàrì 425
*ɟàrú ‘bird_stork (maribou)’ n. *Koman zɛ̀rú zɛ̀rú zɛ̀rú ʒàrú - ɟɛ̀rú dʒɛ̀rű dʒɛ̀rű dʒɛ̀rű dʒɛ̀rű 425
*ɟɛ̀ ‘elephant_2’ n. *Uduk - - - - ɟɛ̀ - - - - - 425
*ɟìbí ‘slurp_1’ v. *Central Koman - - zìbí - - ɟìbí - - - tʃibi 426
*ɟíkʰì ‘forbid_4’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ɟíkʰì - - zɪ̄kʰɪ́ ʃɪ̄kʰɪ́ 426
*ɟVtʰid ‘sweat (substance)_1’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - zàtít ɟìtʰíd ɟìtʰí - - - - - 426
*cʼ(w)ɛ̄sʼ ‘tear (shred)_3’ v. *Koman sʼwɛ̃̌ sʼwɛ̃̌ - - cʼɛt̄ ʼ̪ - - - - - 426
*cʼacʼ ‘chest_1’ n. *Central Koman - - sʼàsʼ - - cʼàcʼ tʃʼātʃʼ tʃʼātʃʼ tʃʼātʃʼ sʼāsʼ 427
*cʼákʼúmú ‘ladle_1’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - cʼákʼúmú tʃʼákʼűmű tʃʼákʼűmű tʃʼákʼűmű tʃʼákʼűmű 427
*cʼɛ ‘ear’ n. *Koman sʼɛ̄ sʼɛ̄ sʼɛ̄ ʃʼɛ́ cʼɛ́ kʼɛ̄ tʃʼɛ̀ tʃʼɛ̀ tʃʼɛ̀ tʃʼɛ̀ Cannot account for the initial /kʼ/ in Dana. 427
*cʼɛ̄kʼ ‘termite_2’ n. *Uduk - - - cʼɛ̄kʼ à+cʼɛ̄kʼ - - - - - 428
*cʼɛ́ʃ ‘earth, soil, ground, floor_3’ n. *Uduk - - - cʼɛ́ʃ à+cʼɛ́ʃ - - - - - 428
*à+cʼí ‘child_2’ n. *Uduk - - - àɟí à+cʼí - - - - - 428
*cʼīsân ‘sneeze_4’ v. *Uduk - - - ɟìsân cʼīsân - - - - - 429
*cʼɪkʼ ‘sour (be)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - sʼɪ̄kʼ - - cʼɪ̀kʼ tʃʼɪ̄kʼ+dʒɛ̀ tʃʼɪ̄kʼ+dʒɛ̀ tʃʼɪ̄kʼ+zɛ̀ tʃʼɪ̄kʼ+sɛ̀ 429
*cʼɪ́kʼɪ́r ‘fingernail, toenail, claw, hoof_3’ n. *Central Koman - - sʼɪ́kʼɪ́l - - kʼɪ́kʼɪ́r; initial /kʼ/ instaed of expected /cʼ/ cannot be accounted for (cf. ‘ear’ in Dana). tʃʼɪ́kʼɪ́r tʃʼɪ́kʼɪ́r tʃʼɪ́kʼɪ́r tʃʼɪ́kʼɪ́r 429
*cʼɔ(tʼɔ)l ‘drip (fall in globules)_1’ v. *Koman sʼɔ́tʼɔ́ sʼɔ́tʼɔ́ sʼʊ̀lɪ̄l - cʼɔ̄cʼɔ̄lɔ̄cʼ cʼɔ̀ʔ tʃʼɔ̄ tʃʼɔ̄ tʃʼɔ̄ tʃʼɔ̄ 429
*cʼúg ‘untie, undress_1’ v. *Central Koman - - sʼúk - cʼúkʰ - tʃʼűg tʃʼűg tʃʼűg tʃʼűg 430
*cʼúm~cʼúm ‘suck_3’ v. *Uduk - - - ʃʼúʒùm cʼúɲcʼúm - - - - - 430
*cʼVmaj ‘dregs’ n. *Central Koman - - sʼímá ʃʼɔ́má à+cʼúmá cʼɪ́máj tʃʼım̋ áj tʃʼım̋ áj tʃʼım̋ áj tʃʼım̋ áj 430
*kʰā ‘chicken_3’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kʰā kʰā kʰā kʰā kʰā 431
*kʰab ‘wind (n.)_1’ n. *Central Koman - - - - hāpāpʰ kʰàb kʰāb kʰāb kʰāb kʰāb 431
*kʰaɓ ‘repair_1’ v. *Koman áp - áb - - ʊ́bā kʰápʼ kʰápʼ kʰápʼ kʰápʼ 431
*kʰacʼ ‘shut_2’ v. *Koman kǎʃ kǎʃ - kʰáʃʼ kʰácʼ - - - - - 431
*kʰáɗ(a) ‘open’ v. *Koman kálá kájá kár kʰǎd kʰǎɗ kʰátá kʰátá kʰátá kʰátá kʰátá 432
*kʰáɗúm ‘roof_1’ n. *Central Koman - - kárúm - - kʰáɗúm kʰa̋rűm kʰa̋rűm kʰa̋rűm kʰa̋rűm 432
*kʰāg ‘leave_3’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kʰāgɪ́+d̪ɛ̀ - kʰāgɪ́+dʒɪ̀ kʰāgɪ́+zɪ̀ kʰāgɪ́+ʃɪ̀ 432
*kʰāgá ‘hot (be)_4’ v. *Opo - - - - - - kʰāgá kʰāgá kʰāgá - 433
*kʰaj ‘herd (v.)’ v. *Koman kɛ̃̄ʔ kɛ̃̄ʔ kàʔí - - kʰàjɪ́ʔ kʰājɪ́ kʰājɪ́ kʰājɪ́ kʰājɪ́ Lowland Gwama meaning is ‘herd (of animals)’ . 433
*kʰakʼa ‘bitter, sour (be)’ v. *Koman kāgā kāgā kàʔ kʰāʔ kʰāʔ kʰàkʼà kʰākʼā kʰākʼā kʰākʼā kʰākʼā 433
*kʰal ‘bring_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kà-ʊ̄ kʰál+í kʰál+ú kùjí - - - - Possibly borrowed from W.Nilotic (cf. Kurmuk /kal/ ‘steal’) 434
*kʰal ‘carry_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kàj kʰál kʰál kʰál kʰál kʰál kʰál kʰál 434
*kʰál ‘carry on head_2’ v. *Uduk - - - kʰál kʰál - - - - - 434
*kʰālí ‘sheep_1’ n. *Central Koman - - kālí - - kʰālí kʰālı ̋ kʰālı ̋ kʰālı ̋ kʰālı ̋ 434
*kʰàɲ ‘light (the way with torch/flashlight)_1’ v. *Koman kɪ̄n kɪ̄n - kʰāɲ kʰāɲ - - - - - 435
*kʰáŋgá ‘cannabis_2’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kʰáŋgá kʰáŋgá kʰáŋgá kʰáŋgá kʰáŋgá 435
*kʰāpʰā ‘red (be)_2’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kʰāpʰā kʰāpā kʰāpā kʰāpā kʰāpā 435
*kʰar ‘pour_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kál - - kʰár kʰārɪ́ kʰārɪ́ kʰārɪ́ kʰārɪ́ 436
*kʰɛ́ ‘arrive_2’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - kɛ́ cʰɛ́ - - - - - - 436
*kʰɛ̄bɛ̄ ‘vagina_3’ n. *Opo - - - - - - kʰɛ̄bɛ̄ kʰɛ̄bɛ̄ kʰɛ̄bɛ̄ kʰɛ̄bɛ̄ 436
*kʰɛm ‘pierce, cut (grass with sickle)’ v. *Central Koman - - kɛ́m - - - kʰɛ̀m kʰɛ̀m kʰɛ̀m kʰɛ̀m 436
*kʰīd̪í ‘rat_2’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kʰīd̪í kʰıʔ̋ kʰıʔ̋ kʰıʔ̋ kʰıʔ̋ 437
*kʰɪ́ ‘give’ v. *Central Koman - - kɪ̌+k cʰíʔ cʰí kʰɪ́+wā kʰɪ́ʔ kʰɪ́ʔ kʰɪ́ʔ kʰɪ́ʔ 437
*kʰɪ̀l ‘root_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - kʰɪ̀l kʰɪ̀l kʰɪ̀l kʰɪ̀l 437
*kʰɪ́sʼ ‘burn_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kɪ́sʼ cʰísʼ cʰítʼ̪ kʰísʼā kʰɪt̋ ʃʼā kʰɪ́tʃʼā kʰɪ́tʃʼā kʰɪ́tʃʼā 438
*kʰO(r)nOn ‘snore’ v. *Koman kɔ̀nɔ̀n kɔ̀nɔ̀n kɔ̀nɔ̀n kʰūnūn àkʰɔ̄rnɛ̄ʔ kʰʊ̀nʊ̀n kʰʊ̀nʊ̀n kʰʊ̀nʊ̀n kʰʊ̀nʊ̀n kʰʊ̀nʊ̀n 438
*kʰOba ‘chair_1’ n. *Central Koman - - kʊ́bá - - - kʰɔ́bá kʰɔ́bá kʰɔ́bá kʰɔ́bá 438
*kʰOG ‘giraffe_2’ n. *Koman kɔ́k kɔ́k - kʰúʔ kʰúʔ kʰɛ́g - - - kɛ̂k Related to Proto-Nilotic *ko-RI ‘giraffe’ (Dimmendaal 1988:40)? 439
*kʰɔ́ ‘bad (be)_3’ n. *Opo - - - - - - kʰɔ́ kʰɔ́ kʰɔ́ kʰɔ́ 439
*kʰɔba ‘maize_1’ n. *Central Koman - - - kʰɔ́bà à+kʰɔ́bà kʰɔ́bā kʰɔ̀bà kʰɔ̀bà kʰɔ̀bà kʰɔ̀bà 439
*kʰɔɓ ‘bale out (water)’ v. *Central Koman - - kɔ́p kʰɔ̄b kʰɔ̄ɓ kʰɔ́pʰ kʰɔ́pʰá kʰɔ́pʰá kʰɔ́pʰá kʰɔ́pʰá 439
*kʰɔm ‘pound (v.)_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kʰɔ̀m - - kʰɔ́m kʰɔ́m 440
*kʰɔ̀m ‘follow_3’ v. *Opo - - - - - - kʰɔ̀m kʰɔ̀m kʰɔ̀m kʰɔ̀m 440
*kʰɔr ‘stumble_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kɔ̀r+ɔ̀ʃ - - kʰɔ̀kʰɔ̀r kʰɔ̄kʰɔ̄r kʰɔ̄kʰɔ̄r kʰɔ̄kʰɔ̄r kʰɔ̄kʰɔ̄r 440
*kʰɔ́T ‘to prepare earth for farming_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kɔ́t kʰɔ́d kʰɔ́r kʰɔ́tʰ kʰɔ̄tɔ́ kʰɔ̄tɔ́ kʰɔ́t kʰɔ́t 441
*kʰúɲ ‘dig_2’ v. *Uduk - - - kʰúɲ kʰǔɲ - - - - - 441
*kʰūr ‘skin, hide (of animal), bark of tree_5’ n. *Uduk - - - - kʰūr - - - - - 441
*kʰuʃ ‘smoke out (e.g an animal out of a hole)_1’ v. *Koman kʊ̌ʃ kʊ̌ʃ ūs - - húʃ űs űs űs űʃ Also means ‘evaporate’ in Dana. 442
*kʰʊ́sʼ ‘dry (be)’ v. *Koman kúsʼ kúsʼ kʊ́sʼ kʰúsʼ kʰútʼ̪ kʰʊ́sʼ kʰʊ́tʃʼʊ́ kʰʊ́tʃʼʊ́ kʰʊ́tʃʼʊ́ - 442
*kʰwaGʼ ‘fear (be afraid)’ v. *Koman kwāgà kwāgà kɔ̄g kʰɔ̄ʔ kʰɔ̄kʼ kʰɔ́k ~ kʰɔ̀gɔ́ kʰɔ̄gɔ́ kʰɔ̄gɔ́ kʰɔ̄gɔ́ kʰɔ̄gɔ́ 442
*kʰwal ‘steal_2’ v. *Central Koman - - kwál kʰwāl kʰwāl kʰwàlà - - - kʰwālā 442
*kʰwālàɲ ‘fat (from animals)_2’ n. *Uduk - - - kʰwālàɲ kʰwālàɲ - - - - - 443
*kʰwāʃkʰām ‘turtle_2’ n. *Uduk - - - kʰwāʃkʰām à+kʰwāʃkʰām - - - - - 443
*k⁽ʰ⁾a ‘refuse_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kâ kʰà kʰà kʰà kʰà 443
*k⁽ʰ⁾a(ŋ)k⁽ʼ⁾a ‘thorn, sharp (be)’ v. *Koman kāŋà kāŋà kákā kāʔ kǎkā kʰákʰāʔ kʰákʼā kʰákʼā kʰákʼā kʰákʼā 444
*k⁽ʰ⁾akʼas ~ k⁽ʰ⁾asakʼ ‘porcupine_1’ n. *Koman kákʼàʃ kákʼàʃ káʃākʼ - - kásākʼ kʰásākʼ kʰásākʼ kʰásākʼ kʰáʃākʼ 444
*k⁽ʰ⁾ɪd̪ ‘horn (anatomy)_1’ n. *Central Koman - - kɪ̄ cú cɛ́ kɪ̄d̪ kʰɪ̄w kʰɪ̄w kʰɪ̄w kʰɪ̄w 444
*k⁽ʰ⁾ɪ́náj ‘Opo (ethnonym)_1’ n. *Koman kɪ́ná kɪ́ná kɪ́ná cʰínáj - kɪ́náj - - - - 445
*k⁽ʰ⁾ír(a) ‘tear (shred)_2’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kír kʰírá kʰírá kʰírá kʰírá 445
*k⁽ʰ⁾ɪ̀s ‘new_2’ adv. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kɪ̀s kʰɪ̀s kʰɪ̀s kʰɪ̀s kʰɪ̀s 445
*k⁽ʰ⁾ɪs ‘tree_sp. (mahogany, Trichilia emetica)’ n. *Koman kɪ́sɪ̀ ʊ̄+kɪ̄s kɪ̄s cɛ́s cʰís kɪ́s kʰɪ́s kʰɪ́s kʰɪ́s kʰɪ́s 445
*k⁽ʰ⁾ísʼ ~ kʼísʼ ‘cut_1’ v*. *Central Koman - - - cʼísʼ cʼítʰ̪ kʰísʼ kʰıt̋ ʃʼ kʰıt̋ ʃʼ kʰıt̋ ʃʼ kʰıt̋ ʃʼ Meaning is ‘sting’ in Dana-Opo. Possibly not cognate with Uduk. 446
*k⁽ʰ⁾ɪ̀t⁽̪ ʰ⁾(à) ‘right (direction)_1’ adv. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kɪ̀tʰ̪ à kʰɪ̄t kʰɪ̄t kʰɪ̄t kɪ̄tā 446
*k⁽ʰ⁾O ‘say_1’ v. *Koman kɔ̄ kɔ̄ ʊ́ ɔ́ ɔ́ - - - - - 446
*k⁽ʰ⁾Orɛcʼ ‘hoe (n.)_1’ n. *Central Koman - - - kūrɛ́ kʰɔ̄rɛ̂cʼ kɔ̄rɛ́ kɔ̄rɛ́ kɔ̄rɛ́ kɔ̄rɛ́ kɔ̄rɛ́ 447
*k⁽ʰ⁾wal ~ kʼwal ‘want_1’ v*. *Central Koman - - kʼwàl - - kʰwāj kwāj kʰwáj kʰwáj kʰwáj 447
*kájá ‘sun_2’ n. *Gwama kájá kájá - - - - - - - - 447
*kājā ‘day (24 hours)_2’ n. *Gwama kājā kājā - - - - - - - - 448
*kál ‘bypass_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kāl kál kál kál kál kál kál kál 448
*kàn ‘bury_2’ v. *Central Koman - - kàn kān kān kànà - - - - 448
*kānā ‘dog_1’ n. *Gwama kānā kānā - - - - - - - - 448
*kāná+wɔ̀nɛ̀ ‘cross legs_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - kāná+wɔ̀nɛ̀ kāná+wɔ̀n kāná+wɔ̀n kāná+wɔ̀n 449
*kānsʼ ‘pelt_2’ v. *Gwama kānsʼ kānsʼ - - - - - - - - 449
*kāp ‘bring_3’ v. *Gwama kāp kāp - - - - - - - - 449
*kàrà ‘listen_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - kàrà - kàrà kàrà 450
*kàrɔ̀ ‘salt_(from ash of a particular plant/tree)_1’ n. *Opo - - - - - - - kàrɔ̀ kàrɔ̀ kàrɔ̀ 450
*(dʒì+)kārɔ̄ ‘soup_3’ n. *Opo - - - - - - - dʒì+kārɔ̄ zì+kārɔ̄ ʃì+kārɔ̄ 450
*kàs ‘forbid_2’ v. *Gwama kàs kɪ̀s - - - - - - - - 450
*kàsʼmǎná ‘hyena_1’ n. *Gwama kàsʼmǎná kàsʼmǎná - - - - - - - - 451
*kát⁽̪ʰ⁾ ‘protect_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kátʰ̪ - - kát kát 451
*kāw ‘strong (be)_3’ v. *Opo - - - - - - kāw kāw kāw kāw 451
*kEɲ ‘bird_(cattle egret)’ n. *Koman kɪ̄l kɪ̄l à+kɪ́l cɛ́cɛ́nā à+cɛ́ɲ à+kɪ́l à+kɪ́l à+kɪ́l à+kɪ́l à+kɪ́l 452
*kɛ̌ ‘sweep_4’ v. *Gwama kɛ̌ kɛ̌ - - - - - - - - 452
*kɛ́ntɛ́ʃ ‘stumble_2’ v. *Gwama kɛ́tɛ́ʃ kɛ́ntɛ́ʃ - - - - - - - - 452
*kɛ́nzɛ́ ‘offend_2’ v. *Gwama kɛ́nzɛ́ kɛ́nzɛ́ - - - - - - - - 452
*kɛ́s(ɛ́) ‘roast or fry_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kɛ́ʃ cɛ́s cɛ́s kɛ́s kɛ́sɛ́ kɛ́sɛ́ kɛ́s kɛ́sɛ́ 453
*kɛ̄ʃ ‘curse_3’ v. *Gwama kɛ̄ʃ kɛ̄ʃ - - - - - - - - 453
*kʰàkʰá ‘grandmother_1’ n. *Koman - kàkáʔ kàká - - kʰàkʰá kàká kàká kàká kàká Unclear as to why it’s not voiced in Komo if initial was b and L tone. 453
*kija ‘bed_3’ n. *Central Koman - - - cī à+cī kījā - - - - 454
*kíl ‘sharpen_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kíl cíl cíl - kıl̋ kıl̋ kıl̋ kıl̋ 454
*kiʃ ~ kɪʃ ‘antelope_gazelle’ n*. *Central Koman - - kɪ̄ʃ cíʃ à+cíʃ àkīʃ kʰīs kʰīs kʰīs kīʃ Aspiration likely a POp innovation. 454
*kíw ‘shout_2’ v. *Central Koman - - - cú cú - kıw̋ kıw̋ kıw̋ kıw̋ 455
*kɪl ‘star_1’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - kɪ̌l cúl à+cúl - - - - - 455
*kɪm(V) ‘day (24 hours)_1’ n. *Central Koman - - kɪ́mɪ́ cím à+cím kɪ̀mà - - - - 455
*kɪ̌ntʼ ‘dew_3’ n. *Gwama kɪ̌ntʼ kɪ̌ntʼ - - - - - - - - 455
*kɪ̄sɪ̄ ‘near_2’ v. *Gwama kɪ̄sɪ̄ kɪ̄sɪ̄ - - - - - - - - 456
*kɪ̄sʼ ‘set (heavenly bodies)_2’ v. *Gwama kɪ̄sʼ kɪ̄sʼ - - - - - - - - 456
*kɪ̄ʃ ‘spoil (become spoiled)_3’ v. *Gwama kɪ̄ʃ kɪ̄ʃ - - - - - - - - 456
*kjana ‘tomorrow_1’ adv. *Koman - gɪ̀+kjānā - - - - dʒì+kɛ́n dʒì+kɛ́n zì+kɛ́n ʃì+kɛ́n 457
*kjankʼa ‘cluck (of hen)’ v. *Koman kǎkā kjāŋkʼā kágá - - kágà kɛ̄n kɛ̄n kɛ̄n kɛ̄n 457
*kO(j) ‘cry’ v. *Koman kū kū kɔ̀ kɔ̄ kɔ̄ kɔ̀j kwɛ̄ kwɛ̄ kwɛ̄ kwɛ̄ 457
*kOpʰ ‘carry on head_1’ v. *Koman kǔ kǔ - - - kɔ̄pʰ kɔ̄p kɔ̄p kɔ̄p kɔ̄p 458
*kOr ‘chief_1’ n. *Koman ʊ̄+kʊ̄l ʊ̄+kwɪ̀ jī+kwɪ̀ - - jɛ̀+kɔ̄rɔ̄ - - - - *kOr > kOl > kOj > kwɪ 458
*dʒɪ̌nɪ́+kɔ̄rɛ́ ‘sesame_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - dʒɪ̌nɪ́+kɔ̄rɛ́ dʒɪ̌nɪ+́kɔ̄rɛ́ zɪ̄nɪ́+kɔ̄rɛ́ - 458
*kOta̪ n ‘head pad (for head carrying)_1’ n. *Central Koman - - - - - kʊt̀ ʰ̪ áj; aspirates intervocalically. kɔ̄tìn kɔ̄tìn kɔ̄tìn - 458
*kɔ́ ‘roast or fry_2’ v. *Gwama kɔ́ kɔ́ - - - - - - - - 459
*kɔ́d̪ ‘breast, milk_1’ n. *Central Koman - - kɔ́ kɔ́ à+kɔ́ kɔ́d̪ kɔ́j kɔ́j kɔ́j kɔ́j 459
*kɔ́ndíl ‘count_3’ v. *Opo - - - - - - kɔ́ndíl kɔ́ndíl - - 459
*kɔ́ŋɔ̀ ‘chair_2’ n. *Gwama kɔ́ŋɔ̀ kɔ́ŋɔ̀ - - - - - - - - 460
*kɔ́pʰ ‘pound (v.)_4’ v. *Koman kɔ́p kɔ́p - kúpʰ - - - - - - 460
*kɔ̄pʰ ‘antelope_waterbuck’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - kɔ̄p kɔ̄pʰ kɔ̄pʰ - - - - - 460
*kɔ́s ‘sew_1’ v. *Koman ɔ́s ɔ́s - - - kɔ́s kɔ́s kɔ́s kɔ́s kɔ́s 461
*kɔ̀ʃì ‘skin, hide (of animal), bark of tree_4’ n. *Gwama kɔ̀ʃì kɔ̀ʃì - - - - - - - - 461
*kɔ̀tʰ ‘have’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kɔ̀tʰ kɔ̀tʰ - kɔ̀tʰ kɔ̀tʰ 461
*kūcʼ ‘defecate_3’ v. *Uduk - - - kūʃʼ kūcʼ - - - - - 461
*kuɗ ‘smoke (exhaust)_1’ n. *Central Koman - - kūr kúd à+kúɗ kūɗāʔ kűrā kűrā kűrā kűrā 462
*kúkʰ ‘vagina_2’ n. *Uduk - - - kúʔ à+kúkʰ - - - - - 462
*kum(bi) ‘cover (v.)’ v. *Koman kùmbì kùmbì kúm kūm kūm kúmā kűmá kűmá kűmá kűmá 462
*kúmú ‘egg_3’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kúmú kűmű kűmű kűmű kűmű 463
*kúnā ‘help_3’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kúnā kűná kűná kűná kűná 463
*kūp ‘bamboo_3’ n. *Opo - - - - - - kūp kūp kūp kūp 463
*kúʃ ‘white (be)_3’ v. *Uduk - - - kúʃ kúʃ - - - - - 463
*kʊ̀ ‘brood (v.)_2’ v. *Gwama kʊ̀ kʊ̀ - - - - - - - - 464
*kʊ̀dʊ́s ‘pipe (for smoking)_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - kʊ̀dʊ́s kʊ̀dʊ́s kʊ̀dʊ́s kʊ̀dʊ́ʃ 464
*kʊ̀ɪ̄ ‘rise (oneself)_2’ v. *Gwama kʊ̀ɪ̄ kʊ̀ɪ̄ - - - - - - - - 464
*kʊ̋ká ‘joint_3’ n. *Opo - - - - - - kʊ̋ká kʊ̋ká kʊ̋ká kʊ̋ká 465
*kʊ́má ‘carry on back_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - kʊ́má kʊ́má kʊ́má kʊ́má 465
*kʊman ‘mother, female’ n. *Koman - kūm kʊ̄mán kūmán kūm ~ kūmán kʊ̀m ~ kwàn kʊ̄mán kʊ̄mán kʊ̄mán kʊ̄mán 465
*Kʊ̄ʃʊ̀n ‘shadow_4’ n. *Gwama gʊ̄ʃʊ̀n kʊ̄ʃʊ̀n - - - - - - - - 465
*KUtʰ ‘short (be)_1’ v. *Koman gʊ̄t gʊ̄t kùt kūtʰ kūtʰ - - - - - Cannot explain initial /g/ in Gwama 466
*kwabOʃ ‘steal_1’ v. *Koman kɔ̄bɔ́ʃ kɔ̄bɔ́ʃ - - - - kǎbús kǎbús kǎbús - 466
*kwak ‘cut (split in half lengthwise)_2’ v. *Central Koman - - kwàk - - kwɪ́ kwāk kwāk kwāk kwāk 466
*kwáɲ ‘pick up (small things), peck at_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kwán kwáɲ kwáɲ kwán kwán kwán kwán - 467
*kwàp ‘horn (anatomy)_2’ n. *Gwama kwàp kwàp - - - - - - - - 467
*(gɔ)kwar(a) ‘swagger, arrogant (be)’ v. *Koman - kwárá gɔ̀kɔ̀l kār+īs kār+īs kʰɔ̄r kʰɔ̄r kʰɔ̄r kʰɔ̄r kʰɔ̄r 467
*ʊ=kam kamʊ ‘brother’ n. *Koman kwám kwám kàm kām à+kām āmʊ́ hàm hàm hàm hàm Possibly ʊ+kam → kwam → kam or *kamʊ → kwam → kam 468
*(n(j)a)gaD ‘replace’ v. *Koman nāgát njāgát gàdá gàs gàr gàtá kàrá kàrá kàrá kàrá 468
*gàɗ(am) ‘belch_1’ v. *Central Koman - - gàl gàrà gǎɗ gàràm kʼɛ̄rɛ̄m gàràm gàràm gàràm Cannot account for lack of expected word-inital devoicing befreo *L in Dana-Opo. Cannot account for initial /kʼ/ in Bilugu Opo. 468
*gāgáʔ ‘beeswax_1’ n. *Koman gāgá gāgá - - - gāgá gāgá gāgá gāgá gāgá 469
*gàj ‘termite mound_1’ n. *Central Koman - - gàʔ kʼɔ́pʰāgàj kʼúpʰāɟɛ̀ kʼʊ́kʼàj kàj kàj kàj kàj 469
*gàɟɪ́ ‘sow seeds (by throwing)_2’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - gàɟɪ́ gàdʒɪ́ gàdʒɪ́ gàdʒɪ́ gàdʒɪ́ 469
*gakʼ ‘fast (from drinking or eating)’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - gáʔ gǎ gǎkʼ - - - - - 469
*gàŋ(a) ‘smell (v.)’ v. *Koman kɛ̃̄ kɛ̃̄ gàg - - kàŋà kàŋà kàŋà kàŋà kàŋà 470
*gàŋgārà ‘side of body, rib_3’ n. *Opo - - - - - - gàŋgārà gàŋgārà - - 470
*gǎŋú ‘horse_2’ n. *Gwama gǎŋú gǎŋú - - - - - - - - 470
*gàs ‘celebrate’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - gàs - gàs - - - - - 471
*g(w)àsʼ ‘person_1, man’ n. *Central Koman - - jī+gwàz wàzí wàtí̪ jɛ̄+kàz ʊ̀+kàdʒ ʊ̀+kàdʒ ʊ̀+kàdʒ ʊ̀+kàdʒ sʼ > z intervocalically then loss of final V sʼ > cʼ in Opo then voicing to [dʒ] intervocalically with loss of final V. 471
*g(w)àsʼ ‘person_2, man’ n. *Central Koman - - gwàz gwàsʼ gwàtʰ̪ kwàz - - - - 471
*gàsʼ ‘husband_1’ n. *Central Koman - - gàz à+kàsʼ kàtʰ̪ kàzūpʼ kàdʒʊ́m kàdʒʊ́m kàdʒʊ́m kàdʒʊ́m *sʼ > z /V_V in Dana. 472
*gaʃa ‘belt, sash’ n. *Koman gáʃà gáʃà - gǎʃ gāʃá gâʃ gātʃ gātʃ gātʃ gâʃ 472
*gɛɗɪʃ ‘broom_2’ n. *Central Koman - - - ɟɛ̀dìʃ ɟɛ̀ɗɛ̀ʃ kɛ̀ɗɛ̀ʃ kʰɛ̀rɪ̀s kʰɛ̀rɪ̀s kʰɛ̀rɪ̀s kʰɛ̀rɪ̀ʃ 472
*gɛnd̪(V)(l) ‘beehive basket’ n. *Koman gɛ́ndɛ́l gɛ̀ndɪ́ kɛ̀ndɛ̄ - - gɛ̀nd̪á gɛ̀ndá gɛ̀ndá gɪ̀ndá gɛ̀ndá 472
*gì(n)sʼ ‘tie (bundle)_1’ v. *Koman kɪ̀nsʼ kɪ̀nsʼ gìsʼ - - - - - - - 473
*gìcʼ ‘enter_1’ v. *Koman kɪ̌sʼ kɪ̌sʼ gìz - cīcʼ - kìtú kìtú kìtú kìtú Alveolar /t/ in Opo cannot be accounted for. 473
*gìrì ‘poor (be)_4’ v. *Gwama gìrì gìrì - - - - - - - - 473
*gɪ̀m ‘pack in, stuff into container_1’ v. *Koman gɪ̀m gɪ̀m - - ɟìm - - - - - 474
*gɪ̀m ‘stuff into_2’ v. *Gwama gɪ̀m gɪ̀m - - - - - - - - 474
*gjapaj ‘dew_1’ n. *Central Koman - - - ɟápɛ̄ʔ ɟápɛ̄ʔ kʰìpʰɔ̂j gīpàj gīpàj gīpàj gīpàj 474
*gOmpʰVja ‘bird_stork (abdim)’ n. *Central Koman - - à+gɔ̀mpíjá - - - à+kʊ̀mpʰūjá - à+kʊ̀mpʰūjá - 475
*gɔ́kʼɔ̀m ‘rough (be)_3’ v. *Gwama gɔ́kʼɔ̀m gɔ́kʼɔ̀m - - - - - - - - 475
*gɔ̀l ‘stumble_3’ v. *Uduk - - - gɔ̀l gɔ̀l - - - - - 475
*gɔ̀n ‘scratch_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - gɔ̀n gɔ̀n gɔ̀n gɔ̀n gɔ̀n 475
*gɔnkʼ(ɔʃ) ‘skin, hide (of animal), bark of tree_1’ n. *Koman gɔ̀kʼɔ́ʃ gɔ̀kʼɔ́ʃ gɔ̀nkʼí gɔ̀kʰ - kɔ̀gɔ̀ kɔ̀gɔ̀ kɔ̀gɔ̀ kɔ̀gɔ̀ gwàŋgɪ́ 476
*gɔ̀r ‘climb_2’ v. *Central Koman - - gɔ̀l - - - kɔ̀r kɔ̀r kɔ̀r kɔ̀r 476
*gùɓ(V) ‘house_1’ n. *Central Koman - - gùbí gùb gùɓ kùʔú kù kù kù kù 476
*gUd̪Um ‘pig_1’ n. *Koman kʊ̀rʊ́m kʊ̀rʊ́m gùdúm - - gùd̪ùm kùdùmà kùdùmà kùdùmà kùdùmà Would expect initial /k/ in Dana before *L (cf. Gwama). 477
*gùr ‘fish_sp (big and fat sized fish)’ n. *Central Koman - - gùr - - gùr gùr gùr gùr gùr 477
*gÙs ‘run (SG)_1, flow, bleed’ v. *Koman gʊ̀s gʊ̀s gùʃ gùs gùs - - - - - 477
*gUsʼ ‘swallow_1’ v. *Koman gùsʼ kùsʼ gʊ̀sʼ - - kʊ̄sʼá kʊ̀tʃʼá kʊ̀tʃʼá kʊ̀tʃʼá kʊ̀tʃʼá 478
*gʊlɪla ‘bird (yellow-billed kite or black kite)’ n. *Koman - gʊ́lːā bāgʊ́lɪ̀lā - - ɓāgʊ̂lːā - ɓāgʊ́lʊ́l ɓāgʊ́lʊ́l ɓāgʊ́là 478
*gʊ̌pʊ̀ ‘pound (v.)_7’ v. *Gwama gʊ̌pʊ̀ gʊ̌pʊ̀ - - - - - - - - 478
*gVs ‘hole_1’ n. *Central Koman - - gìʃ ɟìs ɟìs kùs kùs kùs kùs kùs Vowel must have been /i/ in PKoUd to account for PUd *g > ɟ. 478
*gwàj ‘elephant_1’ n. *Koman kwɪ̀ kwɪ̀ gwà gwàj - - - - - - 479
*gwàj ‘name_3’ n. *Uduk - - - gwàj gwàj - - - - - 479
*gwàlɪ́ ‘bean_3’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - gwàlí gwàlɪ́ gwàlɪ́ gwàlɪ́ gwàlɪ́ 479
*gwama ‘Gwama (ethnonym)’ n. *Koman gwàmá kwāmà gwàmá - - gɔ̀má gɔ̀má gɔ̀má gɔ̀má gɔ̀má 480
*gwǎpʰī ‘fingernail, toenail, claw, hoof_1’ n. *Uduk - - - gwǎpʰī à+gwǎpʰī - - - - - 480
*gwǎr ‘side of body, rib_4’ n. *Uduk - - - gwǎr gwǎr - - - - - 480
*gwàrásʼ ‘broom_1’ n. *Central Koman - - gwàrásʼ - - gwàrásʼ gwàrátʃʼ gwàrátʃʼ gwàrátʃʼ gwàrátʃʼ 481
*gwàtʰá ‘gourd_2’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - gwàtʰá - - - gwàtʰá 481
*gwatʰV ‘head pad (for head carrying)_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - gwàtʊ́ gwǎtʰɛ̄ gwǎtʰɛ̄ - - - - - 481
*gàm ‘find, meet’ v. *Koman kàm kàm gàm gàm gàm kàm kàm kàm kàm kàm 481
*gjama? ‘wound_1’ n. *Koman kāmā kāmā zàmā ɟàmá ɟàmá - - - - - 482
*gɔ̀ɗɔkʼ ‘deep (be)_1’ v. *Koman kwì kwǐ gʊ̀r - - kɔ̀ɗɔ̀kʼ kɔ̄rɔ́ kɔ̄rɔ́ kɔ̄rɔ́ kɔ̄rɔ́ 482
*k(j)asʼVN ‘earth, soil, ground, floor_1’ n. *Koman kʼjáŋásʼ kʼɛ̄sʼɛ́n kʼāsʼɪ̀ - - - - - - - 482
*kʼ(w)ás ‘back_1’ n. *Koman kʼwás kʼwás kʼǎw - - - - - - - 483
*kʼá(n)cʼír ‘chop_3’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kʼácʼír kʼántʃʼír kʼántʃʼír kʼántʃʼír kʼántʃʼír 483
*kʼáɗ ‘soft (be)_1’ v. *Koman kʼátʼ kʼátʼ kʼátʼ kʼád kʼáɗ - - - - - 483
*kʼáɗ ‘sprout (verb)’ v. *Central Koman - - kʼáʔ kʼáj kʼáɗ kʼájī kʼáʔ kʼáʔ kʼáʔ kʼáʔ 483
*kʼáj ‘good (be)_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - kʼáj kʼáj kʼáj kʼáj 484
*kʼājà ‘grab with fingers, pinch_2’ v. *Gwama kʼājà kʼājà - - - - - - - - 484
*kʼalala ‘tonsils_1’ n. *Central Koman - - kʼálálá - - kʼàlálá kǎltʼā kǎltʼā kǎltʼā kǎltʼā 484
*kʼama ‘eat (hard food)’ v. *Koman kʼā kʼā kʼá kʼáʔ kʼá kʼámá kʼámá kʼámá kʼámá kʼámá 485
*kʼándí ‘head pad (for head carrying)_3’ n. *Gwama kʼándí kʼándí - - - - - - - - 485
*kʼaʃ ‘lack (not have)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kʼáʃà kʼáʃ kʼáʃ kʼàʃ kʼās kʼās kʼās kʼāʃ 485
*kʼāʃ ‘red (be)_3’ v. *Gwama kʼāʃ kʼāʃ - - - - - - - - 486
*kʼáw ~ kʼwá ‘dog_2’ n*. *Central Koman - - kʼáw kʼwáʔ à+kʼá - ʔwáj - - - 486
*kʼɛɗ ‘break (destroy or get destroyed)’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - kʼɛ̀r cʼɛ́d cʼɛ́ɗ - - - - - 486
*kʼɛm ‘sing_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - cʼɛ̄m - kʼɛ̀m - - - - 486
*kʼɛ̀r(ɛ́) ‘clear land (for planting)_3’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kʼɛ̀rɛ́ kʼɛ̄r kʼɛ̄r kʼɛ̄r kʼɛ̄r 487
*kʼI(m)Isʼ ‘charcoal or coal’ n. *Koman sʼɪ́sʼɪ́n sʼɪ́sʼɪ́n kìsʼísʼìʔ cʼɛ̄lɛ̄sʼ cʼīlātʼ̪ kʼɪ̀sʼ kʼīmītʃʼ kʼīmītʃʼ kʼɪ̄tʃʼ kʼɪ̄tʃʼ 487
*kʼɪ(mɪ)sʼ ‘chop_2’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - kʼɪ́sʼ cʼīmīsʼ cʼīmītʼ̪ - - - - - 487
*kʼOʃ ‘kill, fight’ v. *Koman kʼʊ́ʃ kʼʊ́ʃ kʼɔ́ʃ kʼɔ́ʃ kʼɔ́ʃ kʼɔ́ʃ kʼɔ́sɔ́ kʼɔ́sɔ́ kʼɔ́s kʼɔ́ʃ 488
*kʼɔ́ ‘sit_1, dwell (live, reside)_PL’ v. *Central Koman - - - kʼɔ́ kʼɔ́ kʼɔ́ʔ kʼɔ́ kʼɔ́ kʼɔ́ kʼɔ́ 488
*kʼɔ̀d+ʃɛ̀ʔ ‘gums_2’ n. *Uduk - - - kʼɔ̀d+ʃɛ̀ʔ kʼɔ̀ɗ+ʃɛ̀ʔ - - - - - 488
*kʼɔj ‘peel_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kʼɪ́ cʼɛ́ cʼɛ́ kʼɔ̀j kʼɛ́ - - - 488
*kʼɔ́kʼɔ́l ‘cheek_2’ n. *Gwama kʼɔ́kʼɔ́l kʼɔ́kí - - - - - - - - 489
*kʼɔlɔ ‘hand_2’ n. *Central Koman - - kʼɔ̀lɔ̀ - - - kʼɔ̄j kʼɔ̄j kʼwī - 489
*kʼɔ́tʃʼɔ́ ‘earth, soil, ground, floor_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - kʼɔ́tʃʼɔ́ kʼɔ́tʃʼɔ́ kʼɔ́tʃʼɔ́ kʼɔ́tʃʼɔ́ 489
*kʼúɓ ‘finish_2’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - kúpʼ - kʼúɓ - - - - - 490
*kʼūcʰūr ~ kʼūcʼūr ‘rinse mouth_2’ v. *Uduk - - - kʼúʒūr kʼūcʰūr - - - - - 490
*kʼúl ‘deep (be)_2’ v. *Uduk - - - kʼúl kʼúl - - - - - 490
*kʼúmú ‘navel, umbilical cord’ n. *Central Koman - - kʼúmú - - kʼúmú kʼűmű kʼűmű kʼűmű kʼűmű 491
*kʼúnsʼ ‘bite (by animal)_2’ v. *Gwama kʼúnsʼ kʼúnsʼ - - - - - - - - 491
*kʼūɲ ‘tasty (be)_4’ v. *Uduk - - - kʼūɲ kʼūɲ - - - - - 491
*kʼúpʰ ‘to stew (food)_4’ v. *Uduk - - - kʼúpʰ kʼúpʰ - - - - - 491
*kʼuT̪ ‘clear land (for planting)_1’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - kʼúʃ kʼús kʼútʰ̪ - - - - - 492
*kʼʊkʼʊl ‘crow (verb)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - kʼʊ̀kʼʊ̀l - - kʼʊ́kʼʊ́l kʼʊ́kʼʊ́lʊ́ kʼʊ́kʼʊ́lʊ́ kʼʊ́kʼʊ́lʊ́ kʼʊ́kʼʊ́lʊ́ 492
*kʼʊ́mkɛ̃ ‘termite_3’ n. *Gwama kʼʊ́mkɛ̃ kʼʊ́mkɛ̃ - - - - - - - - 492
*kʼʊ̄mpʼ ‘fingernail, toenail, claw, hoof_2’ n. *Gwama kʼʊ̄mpʼ kʼʊ̄mpʼ - - - - - - - - 493
*kʼʊ́p ‘head’ n. *Koman kʼʊ́p ʔʊ́p kʼʊ́p kʼúpʰ kʼúpʰ kʼʊ́pʰ kʼʊ́p kʼʊ́p kʼʊ́p kʼʊ́p 493
*kʼʊ́s ‘throat’ n. *Koman k’úʃ k’úʃ kʼʊ́ʃ kʼús kʼús kʼʊ́s kʼʊ́sʊ́ kʼʊ́s kʼʊ́s kʼʊ́s 493
*kʼʊ́s(V) ‘river_1’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - kʼʊ́sī kʼʊ́sʊ́+dʒì kʼʊ́sʊ́+dʒì kʼʊ́sɪ́+zì kʼʊ́sɪ́+sì 493
*kʼʊ̄̃sʼ ‘scratch_3’ v. *Gwama kʼʊ̄̃sʼ kʼʊ̄̃sʼ - - - - - - - - 494
*kʼʊ́t ‘cut_2’ v. *Gwama kʼʊ́t kʼʊ́t - - - - - - - - 494
*kʼʊt ̪ kʼut ̪ ‘cough’ v*. *Koman kʼʊ́kʼʊ́t kʼʊ́kʼʊ́t kʼùt kʼútʰ kʼútʰ kʼútʰ̪ kʼútʼù kʼútʼù kʼútʼù kʼútʼù 494
*kʼVkʼVr ‘rough (be)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - ʃʼɛ́gɛ̄r - kʼàkʼàr kʼɛ̄kʼɛ̄r kʼɛ̄kʼɛ̄r kʼɛ̄kʼɛ̄r kʼákʼár If a, vowel must have shifted to /ɛ/ in Proto- Uduk to account for kʼ > cʼ > ʃʼ shift in; Yabus Uduk. 495
*kʼwà ‘gourd_3’ n. *Uduk - - - kʼwà kʼwà - - - - - 495
*kʼwàd̪(ɪ́) ‘dig (for water)_1’ v. *Koman kʼwī kʼwī kʼɔ̀ kʼwā - kʼwàd̪ɪ́ kʼɔ̄j wārɪ́ wādɪ́ kʼwārɪ́ Loss of initial /kʼ/ in Modin and Pame Opo. 495
*kʼwàntʼ̪ ‘tick’ n. *Koman kʼwāntʼɪ́ʼkwāntʼ kʼwāntʼɪ́ʼkwāntʼ kʼwàtʼ kʼwātʰ à+kʼwāɗ kʼwàtʼ̪ kʼwātʼ kʼwātʼ kʼwātʼ kʼwātʼ 496
*kʼwǎʃà ‘bean_2’ n. *Gwama kʼwāʃà kʼwǎʃà - - - - - - - - 496
*s(w)à ‘dance_1’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - ʃwà sā sā - - - - - 496
*s(w)am ‘warm oneself’ v. *Koman sɔ́m sɔ́m ʃɔ́m sām sām sɔ̀m sɔ̄m sɔ̄m sɔ̄m ʃɔ̄m 496
*sā ‘court (v.), flirt with_2’ v. *Gwama sā sā - - - - - - - - 497
*sáɗ(á) ‘calf of leg’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - ʃárá sád à+sáɗ - - - - - 497
*sāmpʼ ‘side of body, rib_5’ n. *Gwama sāmpʼ sāmpʼ - - - - - - - - 497
*sàmún ‘maize_3’ n. *Gwama sàmún sàmún - - - - - - - - 498
*sáŋkʼ ‘swim_3’ v. *Gwama sáŋkʼ sáŋkʼ - - - - - - - - 498
*sàzà ‘dry out_2’ v. *Gwama sàzà sàzà - - - - - - - - 498
*sE ‘sow seeds (by planting)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - ʃɛ̀ʔ sī sī sɛ̀ sɛ̄ sɛ̄ sɛ̄ - 499
*sɛl ‘climb_1’ v. *Koman sál sɛ̄l - sɛ̄ sɛ̄ - - - - - 499
*sɛ́nɛ̄ʔ ‘one (1)_2’ n. *Gwama sɛ́nɛ̄ʔ sɛ́nɛ̄ʔ - - - - - - - - 499
*sí ‘lay (v.)_2’ v. *Gwama sí sí - - - - - - - - 499
*sīɓ ‘sand_1’ n. *Uduk - - - sīb à+sīɓ - - - - - 500
*sìl ‘heavy (be)_2’ v. *Gwama sìl sìʔ - - - - - - - - 500
*símpʼ ‘egg_2’ n. *Gwama símpʼ símpʼ - - - - - - - - 500
*sīnkʼ ‘smoke (exhaust)_2’ n. *Gwama sīnkʼ sīnkʼ - - - - - - - - 501
*sír ‘dive_3’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - sír sır̋ sır̋ sır̋ sır̋ 501
*sIrE ‘tooth (canine)_1’ n. *Central Koman - - ʃɪ̀l - - sírɛ́ sır̋ á sır̋ á sır̋ á sır̋ á 501
*sīzì ‘crocodile_2’ n. *Gwama sīzì sīzì - - - - - - - - 501
*sɪ́ɗ(a) ‘hang up_1’ v. *Central Koman - - ʃɪ́r ʃír ʃír sɪ́ɗā sɪ́r sɪ́r sɪ́r sɪ́r 502
*sɪ́l(ɪ) ‘cut (meat into one long piece)_2’ v. *Koman ʃɪ́lɪ̀ ʃɪ́ - - - - sɪ́ - - - 502
*sɪ̀tʼ̪ ‘far (be)_1’ v. *Koman - ʃɪ̄tʼ ʃɪ̀tʼ sīd sīɗ sɪ̀tʼ̪ sɪ̄tʼ sɪ̄tʼ sɪ̄tʼ sɪ̄tʼ 502
*sɪ́tʼɪ̄n ‘back_4’ n. *Opo - - - - - - sɪ́tʼɪ̄n sɪ́tʼɪ̄n sɪ́tʼɪ̄n sɪ́tʼɪ̄n 503
*sjã ‘penis_2’ n. *Gwama sjã sjã - - - - - - - - 503
*sjãkʼúʃ ‘tonsils_2’ n. *Gwama sjãkʼúʃ sjãkʼúʃ - - - - - - - - 503
*sɔ ‘run_PL_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - sɔ̄ - - sɔ́ sɔ́ sɔ́ sɔ́ 504
*sɔ́D ‘offend_3’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - ʃɔ́t sɔ́d sɔ́r - - - - - 504
*sɔ́p ‘stab_1’ v. *Koman sɔ́ sɔ́ - - - - sɔ́p - sɔ́p - 504
*sɔ̄sɔ́r ‘poor (be)_3’ v. *Opo - - - - - - sɔ̄sɔ́r sɔ̄sɔ́r sɔ̄sɔ́r sɔ̄sɔ́r 504
*sud̪(i) ‘beer’ n. *Koman ʃʊ́l ʃwɪ́ ʃùʔí sū à+sū sùd̪ sī swī swī swī Gwama presumably u > ʊ and then s > ʃ 505
*sūkʼ ‘stab_3’ v. *Uduk - - - sūkʼ sūkʼ - - - - - 505
*sūsá ~ sʊ̄sá ‘push_1’ v*. *Dana-Opo - - - - - sūsá sʊ̄sá sʊ̄sá sʊ̄sá sʊ̄sá 505
*sūtʼā ‘dip food in sauce with fingers_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - sūtʼā sūtʼā sūtʼā sūtʼā 506
*sʊkʼa ‘two’ adv. *Koman swījā swījā sʊ̄ sú sú sʊ́kʼà sʊ̄kʼá sʊ̄kʼá sʊ̋kʼá sʊ̋kʼá 506
*sʊm ‘python_1’ n. *Koman ʃʊ̄ʃʊ́m ʃʊ̄ʃʊ́m ʃʊ̌m - súm sʊ̄mʊ́ sʊ̄mʊ́ sʊ̄mʊ́ sʊ̄mʊ́ sʊ̄mʊ́ 506
*sʊs ‘lead (guide)_1’ v. *Koman ʃʊ́ʃ ʃʊ́ʃ ʃʊ́ʃ sús sús sʊ́ʔ - - - - 507
*swāl ‘house_2’ n. *Gwama swāl swɪ̄ - - - - - - - - 507
*swɪ́ ‘pour_3’ v. *Gwama swɪ́ swɪ́ - - - - - - - - 507
*ʃa ‘eat (soft food)_SG’ v. *Koman ʃā ʃā ʃá ʃwá ʃwá úʃā; changes tone for sg/pl opposition. sá sá sá ʃá PCtrl innovates *uʃa for plural, Uduk metathesizes plural for both singular and plural, 507
*ʃ(w)atʼ̪En ‘children_1’ n. *Central Koman - - ʃwàtʼɪ́n - - ʊ+̀ ʃàtʼ̪ɛń bì+tʼí - - - 508
*ʃàdɪ́ ‘hot (be)_2’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ʃàdɪ́ - - - ʃàrɪ́ 508
*ʃákáná ‘empty (be)_3’ v. *Gwama ʃákáná ʃákáná - - - - - - - - 508
*ʃàkʼà ‘carry_4’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ʃàkʼà sākʼā sākʼā sākʼā sākʼā 509
*ʃali ‘cloud, fog_1’ n. *Central Koman - - ʃɛ̀lí ʃīlá ʃīláʔ àpàjʃàlíʔ - - - - 509
*ʃalɪ ‘offend_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ʃàlɪ́ sálɪ̄ sálɪ̄ sálɪ̄ ʃál 509
*ʃám ‘love_4’ v. *Gwama ʃám ʃám - - - - - - - - 510
*ʃám ‘want_2’ v. *Gwama ʃám ʃám - - - - - - - - 510
*ʃàpɔ́ ‘salt_1’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - à+ʃàbɔ́ à+sàpɔ́ à+sàpɔ́ à+sàpɔ́ à+ʃàbɔ́ʔ 510
*ʃāpʼ ‘rain (v.)_2’ v. *Gwama ʃāpʼ ʃāpʼ - - - - - - - - 510
*ʃāʃ(ā) ‘birth pangs (pain)’ n. *Koman ʃɛ́ ʃɛ́ ʃāʃ - - ʃāʃā sāsā sāsā sāsā ʃāʃā 511
*ʃáw ‘pain, be hurt_2’ v. *Central Koman - - ʃáw - - ʃáw sáw sáw sáw ʃáw 511
*ʃāwā ‘slippery, smooth (be)_1’ v. *Gwama ʃāwā ʃāwā - - - - - - - - 511
*ʃE ‘tooth’ n. *Koman ʃī ʃī ʃɛ̀ ʃɛ̄ ʃɛ̄ ʃɛ̄ sɛ̄ sɛ̄ sɛ̄ ʃɛ̄ 512
*ʃɛ̀ɗ ‘sweep_2’ v. *Central Koman - - ʃɛ̀r - - ʃɛ̀ɗ - - - - 512
*ʃɛ́ŋgɛ́l ‘light weight (be)_2’ v. *Gwama ʃɛ́ŋgɛ́l ʃɛ́ŋɪ́ʔ - - - - - - - - 512
*ʃɛ̄t(ʰ) ‘antelope_1’ n. *Koman ʊ̄ʃɛ̄t ʃɛ̄t ʃɛ̄t ʃɛ̄tʰ à+ʃɛ̄tʰ - - - - - 512
*ʃíɗ ‘tie up (tether)_2’ v. *Uduk - - - ʃíd ʃīɗ - - - - - 513
*ʃij(a) ‘shiver_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ɛ̀s+ʃìjà ɪs̄ +sıj̋ á ɪs̄ +sıj̋ á ɪs̄ +sıj̋ á ɪs̄ +sıj̋ á 513
*ʃìjà ‘dance_3’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ʃìjà sījā sījā sījā ʃījā Most likely not cognate with ‘dance_1’ as /ʃ/ in Dana would indicate *ʃ and /ʃ/ in; Uduk is lacking. 513
*ʃīkānā ‘tooth (canine)_2’ n. *Gwama ʃī+kānā ʃīkānā - - - - - - - - 514
*ʃɪ́kʼ ‘long or tall (be)_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - sɪ́kʼ sɪ́kʼ sɪ́kʼ ʃɪ́kʼ 514
*ʃin ‘pelt_3, throw’ v. *Central Koman - - ʃìn ʃīn ʃīn ʃìnà sīnā sīnā - - 514
*ʃìpʰá ‘knife’ n. *Central Koman - - ʃìpá - - ʃìpʰá - - - - 515
*ʃɪ́ ‘rain (v.)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - ʃɪ́ - - ʃɪ́ sɪ́ sɪ́ sɪ́ sɪ́ 515
*ʃɪ́g ‘bad (be)_1’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - ʃɪ́g ʃíʔ ʃíʔ - - - - - 515
*ʃɪntʼ ~ ʃintʼ ‘blow nose’ v. *Koman ʃɪ̄ntʼ ʃɪ̄ntʼ ʃīn+ʃʊ̀nʃ ʃīn ʃīn ʃìnà+ʃʊ̀ʃ sın̋ á sın̋ á sın̋ á sın̋ á 515
*ʃɪ́ʃ ‘extinguish_2’ v. *Gwama ʃɪ́ʃ ʃɪ́ʃ - - - - - - - - 516
*ʃO ‘grass’ n. *Koman ʃʊ́ʃʊ̄ ʃʊ́ʃʊ̄ʃʊ̄ ʃɔ̀ʔí ʃɔ̄ à+ʃɔ̄ ʃɔ̄ʔɔ́ sɔ̀ sɔ̀ sɔ̀ sɔ̀ Possibly reduplicated in Gwama. 516
*ʃOkʼ(VN) ‘louse_1’ n. *Koman - ʃʊ̄gʊ̀n ʃùwɛ̀n ʃɔ̄kʼɔ̄m à+ʃɔ̄kʼɔ̄m ʃùkʼnáj sūkʼɛ́n sūkʼɛ́n sūkʼɛ́n ʃūkʼɛ́n 516
*ʃOl(V) ‘stuff into_3’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ʃɔ̀lɔ́ sʊ̄lɪ́ sʊ̄lɪ́ sʊ̄lɪ́ ʃʊ̄lɪ́ 517
*ʃɔ́ ‘sew_2’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - ʃɔ́ ʃɔ́ ʃɔ́ - - - - - 517
*ʃɔ̀d ‘scootch (move over)_2’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - ʃɔ̀d ʃɔ̄r ʃɔ̄r - - - - - 517
*ʃɔkʼ ‘rain (precipitation)_2’ n. *Koman - ʃʊ́ ɔ́ ʃɔ̄kʼ à+ʃɔ̄kʼ - hɔ́ hɔ̌ hɔ̌ - 518
*ʃ > s > h in Opo? ‘rain (precipitation)_2’ n. *Koman 518
*ʃɔnkʼ ‘foot or leg_1’ n. *Koman sɔ̄ŋkʼ sɔ̄ntʼ ʃɔ̀g ʃɔ̄kʼ ʃɔ̄ʔ ʃɔ̀g - - - - Cannot account for final /tʼ in Lowland Gwama. 518
*ʃɔŋ(V) ‘pack in, stuff into container_2’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ʃɔ̀ŋɔ́ sɔ̄ŋɪ́ sɔ̄ŋɪ́ sɔ̄ŋɪ́ ʃɔ̄ŋɔ́ 518
*ʃudaj ‘hair_3’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ʃùdáj sūjɛ́ sūjɛ́ sūjɛ́ sūjɛ́ 518
*ʃUImakʼ ‘bone’ n. *Koman sí sí ʃúmákʼ sīmāʔ à+sīmāʔ ʃʊ́j sʊ́j sʊ́j sʊ́j sʊ́j 519
*ʃukʼ(i) ‘wake (trs.)_1’ v. *Koman sūgì sūgì ʃùg ʃūkʼ - ʃùg sūg sūg sūg ʃūg 519
*ʃukʼin ‘breathe’ v. *Koman ʃɪ̌nʃɪ́ ʃɪ̄nʃɪ̀ ʃùʔɛ̄n ʃīʔīn ʃīʔīn ʃìkʼ sīkʼ sīkʼ sīkʼ sīkʼ 519
*ʃum(a) ‘meat, animal’ n. *Koman sūm sūm ʃùm ʃūm ʃūm ʃùmà sūmā sūmā sūmā ʃūmā 520
*ʃúm+īs ‘stuff into_1’ v. *Uduk - - - ʃúm+īs ʃúm+īs - - - - - 520
*ʃúmā ‘brood (v.)_4’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ʃúmā sűmá sűmá sűmá sűmá 520
*ʃutʼ ? ‘rope_1’ n. *Koman ʃʊ̄dʊ̀l ʃwītʼìn ʃʊ̀ʔɪ́ ʃí à+ʃí ʃʊ́l - - - - 521
*ʃʊ ‘buy_3, sell’ v. *Central Koman - - ʃʊ̀ - - ʃʊ̀ sʊ̄ sʊ̄ sʊ̄ sʊ̄ 521
*ʃʊ(n)kʼ ‘tendon, vein’ n. *Koman ʃʊ̄nkʼ ʃʊ̄nkʼ ʃʊ̄ ʃúʔ à+ʃúʔ ʃùkʼ sʊ̄kʼ sʊ̄kʼ sʊ̄kʼ ʃūkʼ 521
*ʃʊ́ɓ ‘copulate (animal)_3’ v. *Koman ʃʊ́pʼ ʃʊ́pʼ - ʃúb ʃúɓ - - - - - 521
*ʃʊnʃ ‘nose’ n. *Koman ʃʊ̃̄ʃ ʃʊ̃̄ʃ ʃʊ̀nʃ ʃūʃ ʃūʃ ʃʊ̀ʃ sʊ̀sʊ̀ sʊ̀s sʊ̀s ʃʊ̀ʃ 522
*ʃʊ̄nʊ̄ ‘brain_3’ n. *Gwama ʃʊ̄nʊ̄ ʃʊ̄nʊ̄ - - - - - - - - 522
*ʃʊ́ʃʊ́ ‘polygamous (be)_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - sʊ́sʊ́ sʊ́sʊ́ sʊ́s ʃʊ́ʃ 522
*ha ‘come, come_SG’ v. *Koman hɔ̌ hɔ̌ hà + ʊ́ - - - - - - - 523
*haɗ ‘pull, pull off, drag’ v. *Central Koman - - hàd - hǎɗ hàdí hādɪ́ hādɪ́ hādɪ́ hādɪ́ 523
*háɗìkʼ ‘hiccough_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - - àhǎɗkīʔ háɗìkʼ ha̋rīkʼ hárìkʼ hárìkʼ - 523
*hag(a) ‘have sex_1’ v. *Koman hã́ʔ hã́ʔ hág - háʔ - hágá hágá hágá hágá 523
*ham ‘yawn_1’ v. *Central Koman - - hám hám à+hāmɛ̄ hâm hām hām hām - 524
*hàntʼà ‘big (be)_2’ v. *Gwama hàntʼà hàntʼà - - - - - - - - 524
*hasʼ ‘trample, ruminate’ v. *Koman - hāsʼɪ̀ hásʼ hásʼ hátʼ̪ hásʼ hátʃʼ hátʃʼ hátʃʼ hátʃʼ 524
*hāsʼ+kʼɔ̀d ‘poor (be)_5’ v. *Uduk - - - hāsʼ+kʼɔ̀d hātʼ̪+kʼɔ̀ɗ - - - - - 525
*hatʼ̪is ‘sneeze_1’ v. *Koman hǎtʼìʃ - - - - hátʼ̪ìs ha̋tʼīs ha̋tʼīs ha̋tʼīs ha̋tʼīs 525
*hāwā ‘yawn_2’ v. *Gwama hāwā hāwā - - - - - - - - 525
*hɛ́gɛ̀ ‘frighten_1’ v. *Gwama hɛ́gɛ̀ hɛ́gɛ̀ - - - - - - - - 526
*hīgìm ‘hiccough_3’ v. *Gwama hīgìm hīgìm - - - - - - - - 526
*hǐmì ‘fight_3’ v. *Gwama hǐmì hǐmì - - - - - - - - 526
*hísʼ ~ jísʼ ‘dress up_1’ v*. *Central Koman - - jíz jísʼ hítʼ̪ hízá hıd̋ ʒá hıd̋ ʒá hıd̋ ʒá hıd̋ ʒá 526
*hɪ̀ntʼ ‘lost (be)_2’ v. *Gwama hɪ̀ntʼ hɪ̀ntʼ - - - - - - - - 527
*hɔ̄ ‘go’ v. *Gwama hɔ̄ hɔ̄ hà - - - - - - - 527
*hɔcʼ ‘bite_1’ v. *Central Koman - - wɔ́sʼ wɔ̌ʃʼ wɔ̌cʼ hɔ́cʼ hɔ̄tʃʼɔ̄ hɔ̄tʃʼɔ̄ hɔ̄tʃʼ hɔ̄tʃʼ 527
*hɔ̄j ‘hunt_1’ v. *Central Koman - - hɔ̄j - - - hɔ̄j hɔ̄j hɔ̄j hɔ̄j 528
*hɔ̀sà ~ wɔ̀sà ‘frighten_4’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - wɔ̀sà hɔ̄sā hɔ̄sā hɔ̄sā hɔ̄sā 528
*hɔ̄ʃɔ́ʃ ‘sap_3’ n. *Gwama hɔ̄ʃɔ́ʃ hɔ̄ʃɔ́ʃ - - - - - - - - 528
*hwaj ‘love_1’ v. *Central Koman - - hwāj - - ɔ́j ɔ́já ɔ́já ɔ́já ɔ́já 528
*ràkʰ ‘cloud, fog_3’ n. *Uduk - - - ràkʰ ràkʰ - - - - - 529
*rOk⁽ʰ⁾Oɲ ‘corner’ n. *Koman rɔ́kɔ̀n rɔ́kɔ̀n rɔ́kɔ̀n rúgùɲ à+rúkūɲ rɔ́kʰɔ̀n rʊ́kʊ̄n rʊ́kʊ̄n rʊ́kʊ̄n rʊ́kʊ̄n 529
*RUKa ‘basket’ n. *Koman lúkà lúkà lùg rǔgà - rɔ̀kʰà rùwà rɔ̀kà rɔ̀kà rɔ̀kà 529
*rukʼ(i) ‘tie (knot)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - rūkʼ rūh rwí rwì rwì rwì rwì 530
*rúm ‘frighten_3’ v. *Uduk - - - rúm rúm - - - - - 530
*lala ‘crawl_2’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - lálá lālá lālá lālá lālá 530
*làlɪ́ ‘annoint (with oil)_5’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - làlɪ́ làlɪ́ làlɪ́ làlɪ́ làlɪ́ 531
*lám+ɛ̄ ‘rinse face_2’ v. *Uduk - - - lám+ɛ̄ lám+ʔɛ̄ - - - - - 531
*langarɛt ‘bed_1’ n. *Koman ángàr - ángàr áŋgàr - - làŋgàrɛ́t àŋgàrípʰ àŋgàrípʰ àŋgàrípʰ 531
*latɔ̪ n ‘cotton, thread, spider web_2’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - látʰ̪ ɔ̄n; aspirates voiceless interdental intervocalically. lǎtɔ́n lǎtɔ́n lǎtɔ́n lǎtɔ́n 531
*làwà ‘cut (meat into one long piece)_3’ v. *Opo - - - - - - làwà làwà - - 532
*lEtʼ̪a ‘tongue_1’ n. *Central Koman - - lɛ̀tʼ lɛ̀d à+lɛ̀ɗ lɪ̀tʼ̪á lītʼá lītʼá lītʼá lītʼá 532
*lɛ̀pʰɛ́ ‘claves (instrument)_1’ n. *Koman lɛ̀pɛ́ àlàpɛ́ lɛ̀pɛ́ lɛ̀pʰɛ́ - lɛ̀pʰɛ́ àlɛ̀pʰɛ́ àlɛ̀pʰɛ́ àlɛ̀pʰɛ́ àlɛ̀pʰɛ́ 532
*lili ‘sink (descend)’ v. *Koman līlí līlí lìlí - - līl līlí līlí līlı ̋ līlí 533
*lìtʰ ‘large bird’ n. *Opo - - - - - - lìtʰ lìtʰ lìtʰ lìtʰ 533
*lɪ̄ ‘extract tooth_3’ v. *Opo - - - - - - lɪ̄ lɪ̄ lɪ̄ lɪ̄ 533
*lɔ̀b ‘play_3’ v. *Uduk - - - lɔ̀b lɔ̀ɓ - - - - - 533
*lɔ̀gɔ́ ‘tell_2’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - lɔ̀gɔ́ - - - lɔ̀gɔ́ 534
*lɔ̀j ‘antelope_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - lɔ̀j lɔ̀j - - 534
*lɔ̀lɔ̀kʼ ‘brain_1’ n. *Central Koman - - lɔ̀lɔ̀kʼ - - lɔ̀lɔ̀ʔ lɔ̀lɔ̀kʼ lɔ̀lɔ̀kʼ lɔ̀lɔ̀kʼ lɔ̀lɔ̀kʼ 534
*lɔ̀ŋɔ̀ ‘testicles_2’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - lɔ̀ŋɔ̀ lɔ̀ŋɔ̀ lɔ̀ŋɔ̀ lɔ̀ŋɔ̀ lɔ̀ŋɔ̀ 535
*lɔ́s ‘swallow_2’ v. *Uduk - - - lɔ́s lɔ́s - - - - - 535
*lud̪(a) ‘copulate (animal)_2’ v. *Central Koman - - lùd - - lùd̪á lūdá lūdá lūdá lūdá 535
*lus ~ rus ‘hide (sth.)_1’ v*. *Central Koman - - lùs - - rùs lùs lùs rùs - 536
*lut⁽̪ ʰ⁾u ‘trunk (of elephant)_1’ n. *Central Koman - - lūd; voices intervocalically: *t ̪ > d /V_V. Subsequent loss of final vowel in Komo - - lùtʰ̪ ú - - - - and retention of word-final /d/. 536
*lùtʼ̪ ~ lʊt̀ ʼ̪ ‘testicles_1’ n. *Koman dūtʼ dūtʼ lʊ̀tʼ lùd à+lùɗ - - - - - Reduplication *lùtʼ̪ > lùtʼ̪ūtʼ̪ > lùd̪ūtʼ̪ > lùdūtʼ > dutʼ in Gwama? 536
*lʊm ‘bird_vulture (white-backed)_1’ n. *Koman ʊ̄+lʊ̌m - lʊ̌m lùʔ - lʊ̄m lʊ̌m lʊ̌m lʊ̌m lʊ̌m 537
*mà(ʔV) ‘food_1’ n. *Central Koman - - mɛ̀ʔí mà mà màʔá mǎ mǎ mǎ mǎ 537
*mā+kɪ́kjātà ‘women_2’ n. *Gwama mā+kɪ́kjātà mā+kɪ́kjātà - - - - - - - - 537
*mǎjā ‘criticize_2’ v. *Gwama mǎjā mǎjā - - - - - - - - 537
*mákʰ ‘fox_3’ n. *Uduk - - - mákʰ à+mákʰ - - - - - 538
*mal(at) ~ mɔl ‘not know (how)_1’ v*. *Central Koman - - màlàt mɔ̀l mɔ̀l - tā+mál tā+mál tā+mál tā+mál 538
*mal(i) ‘fish (v.)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - māl mālí - màl màl màl màl màl 538
*màm(a) ‘carry on back_1’ v. *Koman màm màm màmá màm màm màmá màmā màmā màmā màmā 539
*mǎn ‘children_3’ n. *Gwama mǎn mǎn - - - - - - - - 539
*mǎn ‘young people_2’ n. *Gwama mǎn mǎn - - - - - - - - 539
*maɲa ‘saliva_1’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - mālà màɲà màɲà - - - - - 539
*màʃ ‘wife_1, marry, wedding’ n. *Koman - pʼā+màʃ màʃ màʃ màʃ màʃ màs màs màs màs Range of meanings: ‘wife’ in Gwama, ‘wedding’ in Komo, wife and ‘marry’ in Dana, wife in Opo 540
*mɛ ‘goat_1’ n. *Central Koman - - mɛ́ mɛ̀ mì mɛ̄ mɛ̀ mɛ̀ mɛ̀ mɛ̀ 540
*mɛ́ʃɛ́ ‘sharpen_2’ v. *Gwama mɛ́ʃɛ́ mɛ́ʃɛ́ - - - - - - - - 540
*mɛt(̪ i) ‘chase’ v. *Central Koman - - mɛ̀tí - - mɛt́ ʰ̪ mɛ́tī mɛ́tī mɛ́tī mɛ́tī 541
*mɛ̀tʼ̪ ‘hand_1’ n. *Koman bɪ̀tʼ mɪ̀tʼ - mɛ̀d mɛ̀ɗ mɛ̀tʼ̪ mɪ̀tʼɪ́ mɪ̀tʼɪ́ - mɛ̀tʼ 541
*mililu ~ milili ‘bird_cormant (whistling duck)’ n*. *Central Koman - - à+mīlílū - - mīlílū mīlílì mīlílì mīlílì mīlílì 541
*mítʼī ‘grind (fine)_2’ v. *Gwama mítʼī mítʼī - - - - - - - - 542
*mɪmɪ ‘mosquito_2, firefly’ n. *Koman mɪ̌mɪ́ mɪ̌mɪ́ mɪ̌mɪ́ mǐmī - - - - - - Meaning is ‘firefly’ in Yabus Uduk. 542
*mɪ̄n ‘tie (bundle)_2’ v. *Opo - - - - - - mɪ̄n mɪ̄n mɪ̄n mɪ̄n 542
*mɪ́s ‘sky_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - mɪ́ʃ mís mís - - - - - 543
*Kɪ̀-mɪ́s ‘rise (oneself)_4’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - gɪ̀mɪ́ʃ cì+mís cì+mís - - - - - Unsure whether initial consonant was voiced or voiceless. 543
*mɪʃ ‘know or be able_2’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - mɪ̀ʃ míʃ míʃ - - - - - 543
*mɔ̀nd̪ɛ̀ɗ ‘farm (n.)_2’ n. *Uduk - - - mɔ̀nzɛ̀d mɔ̀nd̪ɛ̀ɗ - - - - - 543
*mɔra ‘fat (from animals)_1’ n. *Central Koman - - mɔ̌rá - - mɔ́rá mɔ̄rá mɔ̄rá mɔ̄rá mɔ̄rá 544
*mɔ̀s ‘clan_1’ v. *Central Koman - - mɔ̀s - - mɔ̀s mɔ̀s mɔ̀s mɔ̀s mɔ̀s 544
*mùr ‘hair_1’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - mùl mùr à+mùr - - - - - 544
*mùsʼ ‘rinse face_3’ v. *Gwama mùsʼ mùsʼ - - - - - - - - 545
*mùsʼ ‘soup_2’ n. *Gwama mùsʼ mùsʼ - - - - - - - - 545
*mùtʰa̋ ‘finish_3’ v. *Opo - - - - - - mùtʰa̋ mùtʰa̋ mùtʰá mùtʰá 545
*mʊ̀sʼ ‘wring_3’ v. *Gwama mʊ̀sʼ mʊ̀sʼ - - - - - - - - 546
*mVsʼ(a) ‘shut_1, close eyes’ v. *Koman mɪ̀sʼ mɪ̀sʼ mʊ̀sʼ músʼ+ɛ̄ mútʼ̪+ɛ ̄ mìsʼà mʊ̀tʃʼà mʊ̀tʃʼà mʊ̀tʃʼà mʊ̀tʃʼà Cannot account for the variation in vowels. 546
*nǎ ‘pick up (small things), peck at_2’ v. *Gwama nǎ nǎ - - - - - - - - 546
*nàbɔ̀ng(w)à ‘bird_pelican (brown)’ n. *Koman - ʊ̄+nàbɔ̀ŋà nàbɔ̀ŋà - - nàbɔ̀ŋgɔ̀ nàbɔ̀ŋgɔ̀ nàbɔ̀ŋgɔ̀ nàbɔ̀ŋgɔ̀ nàbɔ̀ŋgɔ̀ 546
*nàm ‘ask (inquire)_2’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - nàm - - nàm nàm 547
*nāmā ‘trade or barter_2’ v. *Gwama nāmā nāmā - - - - - - - - 547
*nap(a) ‘disabled (be), angry (be)’ v. *Koman nǎpá nǎpá nǎpá - nápʰɛ̄ nápʰ nāp nāp nāp nāp 547
*nɛ́kʰ ‘bird_hammerkopf_1’ n. *Koman - ʊ̄+nɛ́k à+nɛ́k nɛ́kʰ à+nɛ́kʰ à+nɪ́kʰ - - à+nɪ́kʰ à+nɪ́kʰ 548
*nɪ̀ ‘antelope (dikdik, small deer)_2’ n. *Gwama ʊ̄+nɪ̀ nɪ̀ - - - - - - - - 548
*nɪ̄nɪ̄ ‘hide (sth.)_2’ v. *Gwama nɪ̃̄ nɪ̄nɪ̄ - - - - - - - - 548
*njansʼɛsʼ ‘honey badger’ n. *Koman jānsʼɛ́sʼ ɲɛ̄nzɛ́sʼ nɛ̀z nɛ̀sʼ à+nɛ̀tʼ̪ nɛ̀s nɛ̀dʒɛ̀ - nɛ̀dʒɛ̀ - 549
*nokʼa ‘spoil (become spoiled)_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - nɔ́kʼà nɔ̌kʼá nɔ̌kʼá nɔ̌kʼá nɔ̌kʼá 549
*nɔg ‘blame (somebody)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - nɔ̀g - - nɔ̂g nɔ̀gá nɔ̀gá nɔ̀gá nɔ̀gá 549
*nɔ́kɔ́ ‘good (be)_3’ v. *Gwama nɔ́kɔ́ nɔ́kɔ́ - - - - - - - - 549
*nɔ́s ‘pottery, pot_3’ n. *Uduk - - - nɔ́s à+nɔ́s - - - - - 550
*nʊpʼ ~ nʊmpʼ ‘bury (sideways)’ v*. *Koman ʊ̄mpʼ ʊ̄mpʼ - - - nʊ̀pʼá - - - - 550
*ànùrɛ̀ ‘bird_hammerkopf_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - ànùrɛ̀ ànùrɛ̀ - - 550
*ɲa(n) ‘goat_2’ n. *Koman njã̄ njã̄ - - - - - - - - 551
*ɲàrá ‘girl_4’ n. *Uduk - - - ɲàrá ɲàrá - - - - - 551
*ɲáw ‘cat_2’ n. *Uduk - - - ɲáw à+ɲáw - - - - - 551
*ɲɔ̀kʰ ‘try (test)_3’ v. *Uduk - - - ɲɔ̀kʰ ɲɔ̀kʰ - - - - - 551
*ɲɔ̀r ‘pain, be hurt_4’ v. *Uduk - - - ɲɔ̀r ɲɔ̀r - - - - - 552
*ɲú ‘wring_4’ v. *Uduk - - - ɲú - - - - - - 552
*ɲùrúɲ ‘hyena_2’ n. *Uduk - - - ŋūríŋsʼíʔ à+ɲùrúɲ - - - - - 552
*ŋápʰ ‘want_3’ v. *Uduk - - - ŋápʰ ŋápʰ - - - - - 553
*ŋEɟ ‘teach_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ŋɪ̀ɟ ŋɛ̀tʃ - - ŋitʃ 553
*àŋɛ̀ràŋ ‘arrow_1’ n. *Opo - - - - - - àŋɛ̀ràŋ - àŋɛ̀ràŋ - 553
*ŋwan ‘four_3’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - ŋwān hwàn hwàn hwàn hwàn Borrowed from or related to *ŋwan Proto-Nilotic (Dimmendaal 1988:39). 554
*(w)àʃ ‘wife_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - wàʃ āʃ āʃ - - - - - 554
*wa ‘break (v.)_1’ v. *Koman wǎ wǎ wà wá wá - - - - - 554
*wà ‘dwell (live, reside)_5’ v. *Opo - - - - - - wà wà wà wà 554
*wa(n)tʼ̪(Iʃ) ‘fire or firewood’ n. *Koman āntʼ āntʼ wàtʼíʃ ɔ̄d ɔ̄ɗ ɔ̀tʼ̪ wʊ̄tʼɪ́ wʊ̄tʼɪ́ wʊ̄tʼɪ́ ʊ̄tʼɪ́ 555
*wàɓ ‘boar (wild)_1’ n. *Koman wàpʼ wàpʼ wàpʼ wàpʰ à+wàɓ - - - - - 555
*waC(a) ‘fast (velocity)_1’ adv. *Central Koman - - ɪ́+wàʃà ŋwácʰà wácʰà wātʰ̪ wāt wāt wāt wāt 555
*wàcʼà ‘fish (n.) general term’ n. *Koman wàsʼ wàsʼ wàsʼ wàʃʼ wàcʼ wàcʼà wàtʃʼà wàtʃʼà wàtʃʼà wàtʃʼà 556
*wad̪ ‘home, place_2’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - wád̪ - - - wǎtʰ 556
*wàg ‘criticize_1’ v. *Central Koman - - wàg wàkʰ wàkʰ wàg wàg wàg wàg wàg 556
*wàkʰ ‘clan_4’ n. *Uduk - - - wàkʰ wàkʰ - - - - - 556
*waŋa ‘chicken_1’ n. *Koman wāŋā wāŋā wàgá ŋwá à+ŋwá - - - - - 557
*wǎŋʊ́ ‘fox_2’ n. *Gwama wǎŋʊ́ wǎŋʊ́ - - - - - - - - 557
*wār ‘child_1’ n. *Gwama wār wāl - - - - - - - - 557
*wárkɪ̀n ‘shallow (be)_3’ v. *Gwama wárkɪ̀n wálkɪ̀n - - - - - - - - 558
*was(ikʼ) ‘boil (of liquid)_1’ v. *Koman wǎʃ wàʃí wàʃíkʼ - - wás wās wās wās wās 558
*wasakʼ ‘hail, ice_1’ n. *Koman wàsà wàsà wàʃākʼ wàsáʔ à+wàsáʔ - - - - - 558
*wata̪ la ‘fox_1’ n. *Central Koman - - wātálà - - à+wātʰ̪ álā à+wātálà à+wātálà à+wātálà à+wātálà 559
*wɛ́ ‘dress up_2’ v. *Gwama wɛ́ wɛ́ - - - - - - - - 559
*wɔ ‘tell_3’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - wɔ̀ ɔ́ ɔ́ - - - - - 559
*wɔ̀d̪ ‘help_1’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - wɔ̀l wɔ̀s wɔ̀tʰ̪ - - - - - 559
*wɔ̀j ‘axe_5’ n. *Opo - - - - - - wɔ̀j wɔ̀j wɔ̀j wɔ̀j 560
*wɔ̀nɛ̀ ‘foot or leg_2’ n. *Opo - - - - - - wɔ̀nɛ̀ wɔ̀nɛ̀ wɔ̀n wɔ̀n 560
*wɔ̀r ‘river_4’ n. *Uduk - - - wɔ̀r wɔ̀r - - - - - 560
*wɔ̀ʃ ‘stone or rock_1’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - ɔ̀ʃ wɔ̀ʃ wɔ̀ʃ - - - - - 561
*wɔ̀tʰ̪ ‘mediate_5, help’ v. *Uduk - - - wòs wɔ̀tʰ̪ - - - - - 561
*wúpʰ ‘brood (v.)_3’ v. *Uduk - - - wúpʰ wùpʰ - - - - - 561
*wUs ‘sky_1’ n. *Koman wús wús - - - - wʊ̀s wʊ̀s wʊ̀s wʊ̀s 561
*wúsʼ ‘enset_1’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - wúsʼ wúsʼ à+wútʼ̪ - - - - - 562
*wutʰ ‘bird_ostrich_1’ n. *Koman - wǔt wǔt útʰ à+útʰ - hűtʰ hűtʰ hűtʰ hűtʰ Possibly borrowed from W.Nilotic (cf. Kurmuk /ʔúuɗù/ (Andersen 2007:75)) 562
*wVɗ ‘become, become angry’ v. *Koman wɛ̌t wɛ̌t wàl wár wáɗ wâl - - - - 562
*(pa)jasʼ ‘vomit_1’ v. *Koman pājàsʼ pājàsʼ jàʔ ɟǎʔ jǎʔ - - - - - 563
*jàgàl ‘sweat (substance)_2’ n. *Koman jàgàl jàgɪ̀ - - - - dʒīkʼāj dʒīkʼāj zīkʼāj ʃīkʼāj Possibly not cognate between Opo and Gwama. Opo most likely compound water +; good meaning ‘good water’. 563
*jàhút ̪ ‘fish_(small, small scales)’ n. *Koman jàhú jàhú jàhú - - àhútʰ̪ àhű àhű àhűwı ̋ àhűj 563
*jàkʼ ‘son’ n. *Central Koman - - jà jàʔ jàʔ jàkʼ dʒàkʼ dʒàkʼ zàkʼ sàkʼ 564
*jàn ‘pray, beg_2’ v. *Gwama jàn jàn - - - - - - - - 564
*jàsʼ ‘wet_2’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - jɛ̀sʼ jàsʼ jàtʼ̪ - - - - - 564
*jawa ? ‘stone or rock_3, grindstone (bottom)’ n. *Central Koman - - wàʔí jɔ̀ʔ à+jɔ̀ jàwà dʒàw dʒàw zàw ʃàwà Narrowing of meaning to ‘grindstone’ in PKoUd. 565
*jEkʰ ‘sow seeds (by throwing)_1’ v. *Koman jɪ̀ jɪ̀ jɛ̀k jɛ̀kʰ jɛ̀kʰ - - - - - 565
*jEn(ɪ) ‘oil (organic substance)_1’ n. *Central Koman - - jɛ̀n jìn à+jìn jɪ́n dʒɪ̄nɪ́ dʒɪ̄nɪ́ zɪ̄n ʃɪ̄n 565
*jEsI ‘wet_1, slippery’ v. *Koman ɪ́ʃɪ̀ ɪ́ʃɪ̀ jɛ̀ʃ jɛ̀s jɛ̀s sìʔ - - - - 565
*jɛkʰ ‘extract tooth_2’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - jɛ̀ʔ ɛ́kʰ - - - - - - 566
*jɛ̀sʼ ‘tree_sp.’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - jɛ̀sʼ jɛ̀sʼ à+jɛ̀tʼ̪ - - - - - 566
*jìcʼ ‘skin, hide (of animal), bark of tree_3’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - jìsʼ jìnʒà jìcʼ - - - - - *cʼ > ʒ /V_V in Yabus Uduk. 566
*jiɗ ‘skin, hide (of animal), bark of tree_2’ n. *Central Koman - - - jīd à+jǐɗ jɪ̀ɗ+mà+ʃúmà - - - - 567
*jiɗE ‘water’ n. *Koman ìjáʔ ìjáʔ jǐ wùdíʔ jìɗɛ́ʔ jìʔí dʒì dʒì zì ʃìʔ Cannot explain initial /wu/ in Yabus Uduk. 567
*jigi ‘protect_2’ v. *Central Koman - - jìgíʔ - - - dʒīgí dʒīgí - - 567
*jikin ‘shake (sth.)_4’ v. *Uduk - - - jígìn jǐkʰīn - - - - - 568
*jíl ‘play_2’ v. *Gwama jíl jí - - - - - - - - 568
*jílɔ́ŋ ‘shadow_1’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - jílɔ́ŋ - - - jıl̋ ɔ́ŋ 568
*jìman ‘sap_1’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - ìmàn+sá - jìmán - - - - - 568
*jìʃ ‘maggot_3’ n. *Uduk - - - jìʃ à+jìʃ - - - - - 569
*jɪ ‘play (instrument)_2’ v. *Koman jɪ̀ jɪ̀ - - - - dʒɪ̄ dʒɪ̄ zɪ̄ ʃɪ̄ 569
*jɪ̌ ‘leave_1’ v. *Gwama jɪ̌ jɪ̌ - - - - - - - - 569
*jɪ̄d̪ ‘axe_2’ n. *Central Koman - - jɪ̄ʔ - - jɪ̄d̪ - - - - 570
*jɪ̄pʼ ‘stab_2’ v. *Komo-Uduk - - jɪ̄pʼ jípʰ jípʰ - - - - - Deglottalization word-finally *pʼ > pʰ in Proto-Uduk? 570
*jɔ́l ‘buy_2’ v. *Uduk - - - jɔ́l jɔ́l - - - - - 570
*jɔ́l ‘sell_2’ v. *Uduk - - - jɔ́l jɔ́l - - - - - 571
*jɔ̀r ‘grind (dry)_4’ v. *Uduk - - - jɔ̀r jɔ̀r - - - - - 571
*jú ‘pour_5’ v. *Uduk - - - jú jú - - - - - 571
*juga ‘call_2’ v. *Central Koman - - - júkʰ júkʰ - dʒùgà dʒùgà zùgà ʃùgà Also means ‘sing’ in Chali Uduk 571
*jVl ‘set (heavenly bodies)_3’ v. *Uduk - - - jíl júl - - - - - 572
*T̪A(tʰ̪ ) ‘arrow_3’ n. *Central Koman - - sá sá à+tá̪ sɛt̄ ʰ̪ - tʃɛ̄ - tʃɛ̄ Cognacy of KoUd with DaOp is questionable. 572
*T̪ál ‘resemble (reflect)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - sál sál tá̪ l hálà tʃál tʃál tʃál tʃál 572
*T̪in ‘tail (of animal)_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - sìn sīn tī̪ n - - - - - 573
*(a)T̪ina ? ‘nosebleed_1’ n. *Central Koman - - zīnà - - - àtʃwìnà àtʃwìnà àtʃwìnà àtʃwìnà Cannot account for voicing in intial /z/ in Komo. 573
*T̪is ‘lost (be)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - - tís tí̪ s sís sísī sísī sísī sísī 573
*T̪isʼ(a) ‘urinate_3’ v. *Central Koman - - - - tī̪ tʼ̪ - tʃītʃʼá tʃītʃʼá tʃītʃʼá tʃītʃʼá 574
*T̪Ol(a) ‘descend (land)’ v. *Koman - ʃʊ̀ - sūl tū̪ l - tʃɔ́já tʃɔ́já tʃɔ́já tʃɔ́já 574
*T̪út⁽̪ ʰ⁾(a) ‘set (heavenly bodies)_4’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - sútʰ̪ ā - - - tʃútʰá 574
*T̪ʊ(n)G ‘guinea fowl_1’ n. *Koman ʃʊ̌nkʼ ʃʊ̌nkʼ zʊ̀g - tū̪ kʰ sʊ̄kʰ tʃʊ̄gʊ́ tʃʊ̄gʊ́ tʃʊ̄g tʃʊ̄g 574
*D̪a ‘go_SG’ v. *Central Koman - - jà jà jà d̪ā dʒà dʒà zà ʃà 575
*D̪akʼa ‘vomit_2’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - d̪ákʼà dʒākʼá dʒākʼá zākʼá ʃākʼá 575
*D̪E ‘eye_1’ n. *Koman zì zì - ī ɛ̄ d̪ɛ̀ dʒɛ̀ dʒɛ̀ zɛ̀ ʃɛ̀ 575
*D̪E(se) ‘seed_1’ n. *Koman zì zì - - - d̪ɛ̀sɛ̂ dʒɛ̀sɛ̄ dʒɛ̀sɛ̄ zɛ̀sɛ̄ sɛ̀sɛ̄ Cf. ‘eye’ 576
*D̪i ‘doze off_1’ v. *Koman sɪ́sɪ̄ sɪ́sɪ̄ zìzí - - - dìsì dìsì zìz sìs 576
*D̪ìbàl ‘bird_Quelea (Red-billed)’ n. *Central Koman - - dìbàl - - - à+dʒìbà à+dʒìbà à+dʒìbà à+dʒìbà Cannot account for lack of expected initial /z/ in Komo. 576
*D̪ir ? ‘green_1’ v. *Koman zı̃̀ zĩ̂ zì zì d̪ì sīsī tʃìr tʃìr tʃìr tʃìr 577
*D̪ ita̪ ‘person_2’ n. *Koman sīt sīt - - - d̪ítà̪ - - ʊ̀+zìtà ʊ̀+ʃìtà 577
*D̪ǐtʰ ‘shadow_5’ n. *Central Koman - - zǐt - - - dʒǐtʰ dʒǐtʰ zǐtʰ ʃǐtʰ 577
*D̪ɔm ‘string (v.) (e.g. beads)_1’ v. *Central Koman - - ɔ̀m wɔ̌m hɔ́m d̪ɔ̀m dʒɔ̀m dʒɔ̀m dʒɔ̀m ʃɔ̀m 577
*d̪ɔtʰ̪ ɛn ‘snake_1’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - d̪ɔ̄tʰ̪ ɛ̀n dʒɔ̌ dʒɔ̌ zɔ̌ ʃɔ̌ 578
*D̪uga ‘name_1’ n. *Central Koman - - zāgà - - - dʒùgà - - ʃùgà 578
*D̪ùkʼà ‘grind (dry)_1’ v. *Dana-Opo - - - - - dùkʼà dʒùkʼà dʒùkʼà zùkʼà ʃùkʼà Would expect initial /d̪/ in Dana. 578
*D̪Vʃ ‘maggot_1’ n. *Dana-Opo - - - - - dìʃ dùsù dʒùs zùs ʃùʃ Would expect initial /d̪/ in Dana. 579
*zàl ‘sit_2’ v. *Gwama zàl zɛ̀ - - - - - - - - 579
*zɪ́nzɪ̀ ‘thin (be)_2’ v. *Gwama zɪ́nzɪ̀ zɪ́nzɪ̀ - - - - - - - - 579
*zjaɗa(j) ‘chili pepper_1’ n. *Koman zɛ́t zɛ́t zjàntʼá - - à+zātʰ̪ ɛʔ̄ dʒɛ̀rà - - - 580
*zūgū ‘stand_2’ v. *Gwama zūgū zūgū - - - - - - - - 580
*zʊj ‘antelope (dikdik, small deer)_2’ n. *Central Koman - - zwɪ̀ wí à+ʔúj zʊ̀j à+ʔʊ́jʊ́ à+ʔʊ́ɪ́ à+ʔʊ́ɪ́ - 580
*ʔja ‘go_PL’ v. *Central Koman - - ɪ̀ ī ī - ʔjá ʔjá ʔjá ʔjá 580
*ʔjamVn ‘seed_2’ n. *Komo-Uduk - - ʔjāmʊ́n ɛ̄mɛ́n ɛ̄mɛ́n - - - - - Also means ‘kidney’ in Uduk. 581
*ʔù ‘grind (dry)_3’ v. *Gwama ʔù ʔù - - - - - - - - 581

Further reading

[edit]
  • Otero, Manuel A. 2020. Associated motion, direction and (exchoative) aspect in Ethiopian Komo. Studies in Language.
  • Otero, Manuel A. 2018. Directional verb morphology in Ethiopian Komo. In Helga Schröeder, & Prisca Jerono (eds.), Nilo-Saharan issues and perspectives, 165-177. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  • Otero, Manuel A. 2018. Aspects of Ethiopian Komo (morpho-)phonology. Linguistic Discovery 16(2). 136-178.
  • Otero, Manuel A. 2015. [+ATR] dominant vowel harmony except when it’s not? Evidence from Ethiopian Komo. In Ruth Kramer, Elizabeth C. Zsiga, & One Tlale Boyer (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 212-220. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
  • Otero, Manuel A. 2015. Dual number in Ethiopian Komo. In Angelika Mietzner, & Anne Storch (eds.), Nilo-Saharan: Models and descriptions, 123-134. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  • Otero, Manuel A. 2015. Nominal morphology and ‘topic’ in Ethiopian Komo. In Osamu Hieda (ed.), Information Structure and Nilotic Languages, 19-35. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bender, Lionel. 1983. "Proto-Koman Phonology and Lexicon." Afrika und Übersee 66: 259-298.
  2. ^ Otero, Manuel Alejandro. 2019. A Historical Reconstruction of the Koman Language Family. Doctoral thesis. Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon.
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