Appendix:Proto-Tuu reconstructions
Appearance
The following lists of Proto-Tuu reconstructions are from Güldemann (2005) and Starostin (2021).
Güldemann (2005)
[edit]English gloss | Proto-Tuu |
---|---|
child | *ʘa |
father | *a̰a |
mother | *qa > *ka̰ > *kx(o)a̰ |
name | *ǀãe, *ǁae |
people, men | *tuu |
spouse | *ǀha- ~ *(ⁿ)ǀha- |
woman | *ǀa- |
beard | *nǀum |
bite, ache | *tsʼii |
cough | *ǀho̰ ~ *(ⁿ)ǀho |
defecate | *t(h)xa(i) |
die | *ǀʼaa |
ear | *nǂ(u)i |
eat | *ãa, *ãi |
eye (or see ?) | *tsʼaa |
hand, arm | *ǀkxʼaa |
hair | *ǀkhu |
head | *nǀaa |
lungs | *ǁʼon |
mouth | *thu |
neck | *ǂkxʼa(-u) > *ǂkxʼu |
nose | *nǀu, *nǀũ |
shoulder | *gǁa̰e |
skin | *tũ- |
tired | *ǀkhu, *ǀkho |
tongue | *ǀʼãri > *ǀʼani |
tooth | *ǁkha(i) |
bee, honey | *ǀkho |
bird | *ǀhui |
bow | *ǀha(u) |
egg | *gǂu(i) |
fat | *sõe, *sã̰a |
gemsbok | *!hai, *!ha̰i |
hartebeest | *(g)!aʼa |
horn | *ǁã(i) |
hunt | *ǀkxʼõa, *ǀkxʼãa |
leopard | *!ab- > *!au |
meat | *ʘo-, *ʘa- |
ostrich | *qoe > *to̰e |
porcupine | *ǀhõ ~ *(ⁿ)ǀhõ |
ground, earth | *!ʼã(u) |
hut, shelter | *nǁa(i) |
sun, day | *ǁʼõe, *ǁʼũi, *ǁʼã |
tree, wood | *ʘho, *nʘo, *nʘa |
water, rain | *!khaa |
wind | *ǂ(k)hue, *ǂ(k)hoe |
carry (child) | *ǀqam |
call, shout | *!ʼai |
come | *saa, *sii |
cook, roast | *ǁa(u) |
give | *nǀa |
go | *ǁʼa- |
help | *hui |
own, possess | *ǁʼãi, *ǁʼai |
see | *nǀa, *nǀi |
sense, feel | *t(h)ã̰a |
sit | *tshoo |
sleep | *ʘõ(n), *ʘãi(n) |
walk, travel | *tã̰i |
Starostin (2021)
[edit]Classification
[edit]- Tuu family
- !Ui branch [also known as !Kwi] (languages: ǀXam, Nǁng, ǁXegwi)
- Taa branch (languages: !Xóõ and all of its dialects, as well as Bleek's Kakia and Nǀuǁen)
- Nossob subgroup (languages: ǀʼAuni, ǀHaasi)
List
[edit]No. | English gloss | Proto-Tuu | Proto-!Ui | Proto-Taa | Proto-Nossob |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | all | *ku | *kU-kaˤ | ||
2 | ashes | *!qui | |||
3 | bark | ||||
4 | belly | ||||
5 | big | *!xa-(i) | *o-si ~ *u-si | ||
6 | bird | *ǀqʰui | *ǀ̰u(ʢ)- | *si=ǀ̰u | |
7 | bite | *siʔi | *c’i | *siʔ- | |
8 | black | *!(ʰ)oe | *ǂaʔ- | ||
9 | blood | *ǁxau | *!̃aˤ | *ǁxau | |
10 | bone | *ʗ(°)a | *ǂã | ||
11 | breast (chest) | *ǁ̃uiŋ | |||
12 | burn (tr.) | *ǁa | |||
13 | claw (fingernail) | *ǁqu-rV | *ǁqo-rV | *ǁqu-; *ǁ̰aʔm | |
14 | cloud | ||||
15 | cold | *ǁãʔũ | |||
16 | come | *si ~ *sa | *si ~ *sa | *si ~ *sa | *s[’]i ~ *sa |
17 | die | *ǀʼa | *ǀʼa | *ǀʼa | |
18 | dog | *ǂʰɔ- | *ǂʰu- | *ǂqʰa- | *ǂʰɔŋ |
19 | drink | *kxʼa(ʰ)- | *kxʼa- | *kxʼaʰ- | *kxʼa- |
20 | dry | *ǁoˤ- | *ǁo | ||
21 | ear | *ǂ̃u- | *ǂ̃u- | *ǂ̃u- | *ǂ̃u- |
22 | earth (sand) | *!(q)ʼãũ | *ǂx’um | (?) *!̪aʔa | |
23 | eat | *ʔã | *ʔã | *ʔã | *ʔa ~ *ʔã |
24 | egg | (?) *ǂaʔwi | *ǂ̰u- | ||
25 | eye | *cʼa-xu | (?) *ǂʼũ- ~ *!ʼũ- | (?) *cxo | |
26 | fat (n.) | *sɔˤ- | *so- | *sãˤ | *so- |
27 | feather (hair) | ||||
28 | fire | *ǀ’i | *ǀ’i | *ǀ’a- | *ǀ’i |
29 | fish | ||||
30 | fly (v.) | *ʒ(o)eˤ | *ǁ/ʰ/au; *zeˤ | *ʒõẽˤ | |
31 | foot | *ʗ̃a | *ǂ̃u- | *!Xai | |
32 | full | *!qauŋ | *!̪um | ||
33 | give | *a | *!qʰa- | ||
34 | good | ||||
35 | green | *ǀ̰aiˤ- | |||
36 | hair | *ǀʰu- | *ǀʰu | *ǀ̰qʰu- | *ǀʰo |
37 | hand | *ǀx’a | *ǀx’a | *ǀx’a | *ǀx’a/N/ |
38 | head | *ǀ̃a | *ǀ̃a | *ǀ̃a- | *ǀ̃a; *xu |
39 | hear | (?) *tu | *tu | *tãˤ | |
40 | heart | *ǀq’a(-i) | *ǀ[’]ai | *ǀq’a- | *ǀ[’]e |
41 | horn | *ǁã- | *ǁãĩ | *ǁã- | |
42 | I | *ŋ | *ŋ | *ŋ | *ŋ |
43 | kill | *ǀʰa ~ *ǀʰi | *qa- | ||
44 | knee | *ǀ̃u- | *ǁ̰xũ | ||
45 | know | *ǁxae | |||
46 | leaf | *ǀ̰ana | |||
47 | lie | *ta ~ *tu | *ta | *tu | |
48 | liver | *ǁ̃aN | *ǁ̃aN | *ǁ̃am | |
49 | long | *ǀʼa | |||
50 | louse | *ʘ̃u- | *ʘ̃u- |
References
[edit]- Güldemann, Tom (2005) ‘“Tuu”: A New Name for the Southern Khoisan Family’, in Tom Güldemann (ed.), Studies in Tuu (Southern Khoisan). University of Leipzig Papers on Africa, Languages and Literatures, 23 (Leipzig: Institut für Afrikanistik, University of Leipzig), pp. 2–9.
- Starostin, George (2021). Lexicostatistical studies in Khoisan II/1: How to make a Swadesh wordlist for Proto-Tuu. Journal of Language Relationship / Вопросы языкового родства 19(2): 99–135.