Appendix:Proto-Atlantic-Congo reconstructions
Appearance
Proto-Western Nigritic reconstructions from Mukarovsky (1976) are given below. Mukarovsky's Proto-Western Nigritic is roughly equivalent to Proto-Atlantic-Congo (or Proto-Niger-Congo but excluding Kordofanian, Ijaw, and Dogon).[1]
Mukarovsky (1976)
[edit]No. | English gloss | Proto-Western Nigritic |
---|---|---|
1 | oil palm | *-bá- |
2 | to be | *ba |
3 | put away | *ba- |
4 | they (human beings) | *ba, *bi- |
5 | be bitter | *bab- |
6 | door | *-bado- (*-buda-, *-bhula) |
7 | hoe | *-bag- |
8 | jaw | *-baga- (*-banga) |
9 | build | *bák- |
10 | marry, take or become husband | *bál- |
11 | kind of palm | *-bále |
12 | twin, two | *-bàli |
13 | carry on back (a child) | *bamb- (*bhamb-?) |
14 | wing | *-bámbàm- |
15 | be flat | *bat- (*pat-) |
16 | split, tear | *bat- (*pat-) |
17 | rat | *-béte (*-bénte) |
18 | bad | *-bí- |
19 | seed | *-bi (*-bii) |
20 | bear, give birth to | *bi- |
20a | child | *-bí |
21 | war | *-bi |
22 | kind of bird of prey | *-bibi- |
23 | hide, take cover | *bik- |
24 | become cooked, ripe | *bíl- (*bíd-) |
25 | boil up, be hot | *bil- (*buil-) |
26 | call, name | *bíl- |
27 | tell | *bil- |
28 | female breast; milk | *-bíl- (*-bíd-) |
29 | oil palm; frond or nut of oil palm | *-bíl- (*-bílà) |
30 | body | *-bili (*-buili) |
31 | round | *bilu- |
32 | excrements | *-bín- |
33 | be soft | *bòb- |
34 | dumb | *-bobo (*-bui-) |
35 | be rotten | *bòd- |
36 | part of the head | *bomb- (*-bomp-) |
37 | bind | *bop- |
38 | wear (clothes) | *bu- |
39 | baobab | *-bu- |
40 | arm | *-buak- |
41 | shoulder | *-buaka- (*-bueka-) |
42 | get lost, be lacking | *búd- |
43 | kill | *bud- |
44 | rain, rain cloud | *-buda |
45 | goat | *-búdi (*-búadi) |
46 | stone | *-búi |
47 | relative | *-buk- |
48 | hit | *bul- |
49 | speak; tell | *bul- |
50 | be abundant, numerous | *bul- |
51 | hair on body | *-buli |
52 | harvest | *bun- |
53 | mosquito | *-búne |
54 | waterhole, river | *-bung- |
55 | worm | *-bunk- |
56 | beget, sow | *but- |
57 | break, smash | *bu- (*bud-) |
58 | bow down, crouch | *bu- (*but-) |
601 | give birth, beget | *bad- |
602 | knife | *-bak- |
603 | rat | *-beb- |
604 | dislike, hate | *beng- |
605 | announce, tell | *bik- |
606 | be lazy | *bil- |
59 | father (grandfather) | *-bhàbhá |
60 | rib | *-bhad- |
61 | scar | *-bhal- |
62 | to shine, light | *bhal- |
63 | open place | *-bhal- |
64 | side | *-bhan- |
65 | shine brightly | *bhang- |
66 | spot, speck | *-bhat- |
67 | thou, you (sing.) | *-bhi- |
68 | dirt | *-bhin- |
69 | be wet | *bho- (*bhom-) |
70 | dog | *-bhúa- |
71 | fear | *bhug- |
72 | create, mould | *bhum- (*bhumbh-) |
73 | brain | *-bhunko |
74 | penis | *-bhun- (*-bhunt-) |
607 | stable | *-bhag- |
608 | burn | *bha- (*bhak-) |
609 | bundle | *-bhom- (*-bhomb-) |
610 | roar | *bhung- |
75 | cut | *cet- |
76 | country, ground | *-cí |
77 | horn | *-cín- |
78 | fall in drops | *cod- (*col-) |
79 | prick with point | *cok- |
80 | be pointed | *con- |
81 | pierce | *co- (*cot-) |
82 | urine | *-cú (*-cwi) |
83 | broth | *-cul- |
84 | bad humour | *-cun- |
85 | wash | *cu- (*cuk-) |
611 | charm | *-cang- |
612 | pestle | *-ci |
613 | cupping horn | *-cuk- |
86 | lie down, sleep | *dád- (*dál-) |
87 | be mad | *dád- |
88 | crawl, spread | *dad- |
89 | jaw, chin | *-dàd- |
90 | old | *-dada |
91 | buy | *dàl- |
92 | be in health | *dám- |
93 | relative by marriage | *-dém- (*-diam-) |
94 | to be | *di |
95 | eat | *di- |
96 | righthand | *-dí-, *-dio- |
97 | allow | *diak- |
98 | tend, heed | *dik- (*dink-) |
99 | extinguish | *dim- (*dium-) |
100 | darkness | *-dim- (*-dium-, *-tim-) |
101 | spirit | *-dim- (*-dium-) |
102 | today | *-dina- (*-diant-) |
103 | fire | *-dìná |
104 | night | *-do (*-dua) |
105 | look at, love | *dol- |
106 | ashes | *-dot- |
107 | lie, sleep | *dua- |
107a | drip, leak | *dug- (*du-) |
108 | tribe, clan | *-dug- |
109 | knee | *-dui- |
110 | bite | *dúm- |
111 | pull | *dut- |
614 | be angry | *da- |
615 | debt | *-dantu |
616 | be slack | *ded- |
617 | tread | *dibat- |
112 | (fishing) net | *-gabu |
113 | lie (down, on back) | *gal- |
114 | hunger | *-gál- (*-gyál-) |
115 | to love | *gand- |
116 | hindred | *-gà (*-gàna) |
117 | scale of fish | *-gemp- (*-giamp-) |
118 | avoid | *gep- (*gyep-) |
119 | locust | *-giguni (*-guniguni) |
120 | fire-place | *-gik- |
121 | avoid (taboo), abstain | *-gìl- |
122 | egg | *-gíla- |
123 | stand | *gim- (*gium-) |
124 | be thin, lean | *gond- |
124a | fat, oil | *-gú- (*-gút-) |
125 | groundnut | *-gugi- |
126 | sky (above) | *-gúlu- |
618 | be insane | *gad- |
619 | intoxicating beverage | *-gad- |
620 | clan | *-gan- (*-gin-) |
127 | yesterday | *-ghàná |
128 | blood | *-ghìá |
129 | stranger, guest | *-ghína- |
130 | fly; (to fly) | *-ghi (*-ghwyi?) |
131 | be alive | *ghi- (*ghim-) |
132 | name | *-ghínà |
133 | steal (thief) | *ghiu- |
133a | top, head | *-ghiu- (*-ghidu) |
134 | to fly | *ghul- (*ghyul-) |
135 | become rotten | *ghund- |
621 | increase | *ghand- |
136 | to fall | *gwa |
137 | divide | *gwàb- |
138 | hook | *-gwab- (*-kwab-) |
139 | look at, examine | *gwabh- |
140 | arm, hand | *-gwal- |
141 | to flow | *gwàl- (*gwyèl-) |
142 | speak | *gwam- |
143 | dry (in the sun) | *gwan- |
144 | hang (up) | *gwàng- |
145 | split | *gwá- (*gwát-) |
146 | answer | *gwa- (*gwya-t-) |
147 | string, rope | *-gwe- |
148 | mane | *-gwendi |
149 | go | *gwìa |
150 | leopard | *-gwìl- |
151 | deny, refuse | *gwím- |
152 | sing | *gwím- (*gwyím-) |
153 | dust | *-gwimbe |
154 | pour | *gwit- |
155 | female genitals | *-gwo |
156 | become, be bent | *gwob- |
157 | be straight | *gwol- |
158 | strength | *-gwol- (*-gwel-) |
159 | fall asleep, sleep | *gwol- (*gwon-) |
160 | snore | *gwon- |
161 | sheep (goat) | *-gwu- |
162 | to cover | *gwub- |
163 | shin, (lower) leg | *-gwùl- |
164 | buy, barter | *gwul- (*-gwyul-) |
165 | bird | *-gwùn- (*-gwyùn-) |
622 | hippopotamus | *-gwab- |
623 | tell a tale | *gwan- |
624 | cover | *gwin- |
625 | accustom | *gwog- |
166 | be quick, hurry | *-ghwak- (*-ghwyak-) |
167 | snake | *-ghwákà (*-ghwyákà) |
168 | child | *-ghwyán- |
169 | hair | *-ghwíli (*-ghwyíli) |
170 | sun | *-ghwín |
171 | thorn | *-ghwyu (*-ghwuni) |
172 | year | *-ják- (*-gwyák-?) |
173 | woman (female) | *-jali |
174 | animal (meat) | *-jam- |
175 | shine, be white | *jel- |
176 | moon | *-jél- |
177 | come from | *ji- |
178 | compound, settlement | *-ji- |
179 | fear | *jid- (*jit-) |
180 | build | *jing- |
181 | dance | *jo- (*jol-) |
182 | burn (fire) | *-jot- |
626 | cross a river | *jab- (*jamb-) |
627 | enclosure | *jag- |
628 | kind of frog | *-jul- |
183 | home | *ka- |
184 | hand, arm | *-ka (*-kya) |
185 | chase | *kak- |
186 | be, make dry | *ka- (*kak-) |
187 | sour | *kak- (*kaky-) |
188 | grandfather, master | *-kaka |
189 | blood | *-kàl- |
190 | sit (down), remain | *kàl- |
191 | fierce | *-kal- |
192 | long ago | *-kal- |
193 | crab | *-kála |
194 | squeeze out | *kam- |
195 | deny, refuse | *kan- |
196 | day, daylight | *-kán- (*-kyán-) |
197 | shell (of snail) | *-kande |
198 | be tired, tire | *kat- |
199 | headpad | *-káà (*-kátà) |
200 | tooth | *-kéka |
201 | small | *-keke (*-ken-) |
202 | cut | *kél- |
203 | split | *ken- |
204 | gnaw, bite | *ket- (*keket-) |
205 | village (settlement) | *-ki (*-kyi, *-ci) |
206 | to dawn | *kì-, *kìa |
207 | laugh | *kiak- |
208 | side | *-kian- |
209 | woman, wife | *-kíe |
210 | eyebrow | *-kig- |
211 | tail | *-kíla |
212 | press | *kin- |
213 | be silent | *kin- |
214 | kind of palm tree | *-kint- |
215 | to end | *kit- |
216 | abhor, refuse | *kit- |
217 | moon | *-kiul- |
218 | crow, cackle (cock, fowl) | *kol-, *kolkol- |
219 | hollow | *kom- |
220 | become crooked | *kom- |
221 | fold, bend | *kon- |
222 | woodpecker (knock) | *-kont- (*-koa-) |
223 | bend, stoop | *kòt- |
224 | big lizard (crocodile) | *-kóti |
225 | urinate | *ko- |
226 | kill | *ku- |
227 | go | *kua- |
228 | relative by marriage | *-kua- (*-kyua-) |
229 | seize | *kua- (*kuat-) |
230 | smithery | *-kuabi (*-kuba) |
231 | to cough | *kual- |
232 | guinea-f owl | *-kuang- |
233 | scrape (off) | *kuap- |
234 | rust | *-kuata |
235 | gnaw | *kuekit- |
236 | firewood | *-kui, *-kuni |
237 | to tie | *kuk- |
238 | fowl, chicken | *-kuki |
239 | heap | *kú- (*kúk-) |
240 | be old; ancestor | *-kú, *-kúku |
241 | draw out (water) | *kul- |
242 | be old | *-kúl- |
243 | kind of antelope | *-kul- |
244 | love, desire | *kul- |
245 | satiate (thirst) | *kul- |
246 | smooth (by rubbing) | *kul-, *kulun- |
247 | to roll | *kul-, *kulun- |
248 | weep (tear) | *kul- (*kyul-) |
249 | millipede | *-kúlan- |
250 | kind of ant | *-kum- |
251 | bean | *-kun- |
252 | fill a mouth | *kun- |
253 | bug | *-kun- |
629 | tortoise | *-kamb- |
630 | to cry | *ku- |
631 | bend (eal) | *kung- |
254 | woman (wife) | *-khál- (*-khánd-) |
255 | charcoal | *-khál- |
256 | cut (off) | *khant- |
257 | sand | *-khan- (*-khyan-) |
258 | sand | *-kheke |
259 | hiccough | *-khikue |
259a | charcoal | *-khila |
260 | possess; owner | *khin- |
261 | to play | *khin- (*kwyin-?) |
262 | fish | *-khiuni, *-khuini |
263 | be crooked | *khok- |
264 | hole, hollow | *-kholo- |
265 | scratch, scrape off | *khuat- |
266 | crocodile | *-khúìn- |
267 | ask for | *khum- |
268 | swell | *khum- |
269 | copulate | *khun- (*khuin-) |
270 | fog | *khun- |
271 | eyelid | *khupa |
272 | rub | *khut- |
273 | sheep (goat) | *-khutan- |
274 | cough | *-kwác- (*-kwánc-) |
275 | rub, wash | *kwak- |
276 | cheek | *-kwakw- (*-kwyakw-) |
277 | kind of hawk | *-kwal- |
278 | snore | *kwal- |
279 | frog | *-kwal- (*-kwyal-) |
280 | kind of antelope | *-kwal- (*-kwyal-) |
281 | captive, prisoner | *-kwal- |
282 | meet, assemble | *kwam- |
283 | fence | *-kwam- |
284 | arm, hand | *-kwán- |
285 | scrape | *kwán- |
286 | squirrel | *-kwándi (*-kwyándi) |
287 | shake | *kwank- (*kwink-) |
288 | nape of the neck (neck) | *-kwànt- |
289 | path, track | *-kwánt- |
290 | bag, basket | *-kwapo |
291 | ring | *-kwat- |
292 | cut | *kwèk- (*kwyèk-) |
293 | to cover | *kwind- |
294 | tick | *-kwipa |
295 | scar | *-kwod- |
296 | hate (be ugly) | *kwol- |
297 | become drunk | *kwol- |
298 | heart, breastbone | *-kwol- |
299 | to spy | *kwol- (*kwyol-) |
300 | set (of sun) | *kwu- (*kwyu-) |
301 | dry, hard | *kwua- |
302 | termite | *-kwua (*-kwyua) |
303 | skin (bark, husk) | *-kwuba |
304 | knee | *-kwudi-, *-kwunt- |
305 | be big | *-kwul- |
306 | tortoise (turtle) | *-kwúlu (*-kwúlui) |
307 | navel | *-kwuna- |
308 | knot (tie knot) | *kwund- |
309 | gather (up) | *kwúng- |
310 | shake (off) | *kwùnk- |
311 | fist | *-kwunt- |
312 | short | *-kwup- |
313 | pour out, empty | *kwut- |
314 | oil, fat | *-kwúa (*-kwút-) |
315 | snail | *-khwab- |
316 | kind of vulture or hawk | *-khwab- (*-nkhwab-) |
317 | partridge | *-khwád- |
318 | war | *-khwán- |
319 | to peel | *khwel- (*khwend-) |
320 | across | *khwig- |
321 | elbow | *-khwol-, *-khwulkhwul- |
322 | fish-trap | *-khwon- |
323 | return (home) | *khwot- (*khwod-) |
324 | embrace | *khwub- |
325 | die (dead person, death) | *kwwú-, *khwúi |
326 | anus | *-khwul- |
327 | bone | *-khwúpà |
632 | jealousy | *-khwupa- |
328 | jaw | *-lak- |
329 | stick to | *làm- (*làbh-) |
330 | lick | *lam- (*liam-) |
331 | shine | *lan- (*lian-) |
332 | tongue | *-lélum- (*-lúm-) |
333 | heavy, difficult | *lèm- |
334 | lame | *lém- |
335 | family, clan | *- li |
336 | be tired | *liam- |
337 | hang down, dangle | *liang- |
338 | bird-lime | *-lìm- (*-lìmb-) |
339 | tongue | *-líma (*-líami) |
340 | pit, hole | *-lind- |
341 | to watch | *lind- |
342 | water | *-lingi |
343 | shade, shadow | *-liuli (*-lindi) |
344 | root | *-líul- (*-líl-) |
345 | hit; kill | *liup- (*lip-) |
346 | heavy | *lìut- (*lìt-) |
347 | catch fish (fish) | *lob- |
348 | wound, sore | *-lónd- |
349 | dream | *lot- (*lod-) |
350 | be ill | *lú- (*lúa-) |
351 | dip in | *lúb- |
352 | drip, leak | *lùg- (*lù-) |
353 | put on, wear clothes | *lui- (*lu-) |
354 | go out | *lùi- (*lù-) |
355 | shut (invers, open) | *luig- (*lug-) |
356 | bewitch | *lùk- (*lòg-) |
357 | plait, weave | *lùk- (*lù-) |
358 | be bitter (bile) | *lùl- |
359 | shouting, noise | *lul- |
360 | rain | *lùmb- |
361 | be or put straight | *lumb- (*lun-) |
362 | clouds | *-lund- |
363 | knee | *-lúnku- (*-dúnku-) |
633 | look for | *lab- |
634 | renounce | *lant- |
635 | tread | *liat- (*lat-) |
636 | look (at) | *lod- (*lud-) |
637 | suff er | *lum- |
364 | finish, be finished | *mal- |
365 | mother, grandmother | *-mà, *-màma |
366 | dew | *-màni- (*-mìna) |
367 | know | *man- |
368 | be full | *mem- (*mam-?) |
369 | I, me | *mi, *ami |
370 | silent | *mi- (*mil-) |
371 | swallow | *mìl- |
372 | throat | *-mìl- |
373 | nose | *-míl-, *-míla |
374 | nasal mucus | *-mìlá |
375 | know | *min- |
376 | press, sqeeze | *mín- |
377 | see | *món- (*bhón-) |
378a | thou, you (sing.) | *mu- |
378b | you (plur.) | *mui |
379 | knife, razor | *-mua, *-muo |
380 | back, spine | *-mua, *-uma |
381 | to shine | *mual- |
382 | laugh | *muam-, *muamuat-, *muat- |
383 | close the mouth; be mute | *mum- |
384 | to suck | *mún- |
385 | to suck | *mung- |
638 | be astonished | *mang- (*mak-) |
639 | one; first | *-mot- |
386 | wash | *nabh- |
387 | animal, meat | *-nam- |
388 | four | *-nán- |
389 | I, me | *ni (*ine) |
390 | defecate | *ní- |
391 | rain | *ni- (*nia-) |
392 | you (plur.) | *-ni-, *-nia |
393 | four | *-ní- (*-nía-) |
394 | elephant; tusk | *-ní-, *-níang- |
395 | big, stout | *-nian- |
396 | mouth | *-níana |
397 | eight | *-niani |
398 | give | *nik- |
399 | tooth | *-nín- (*-níghin-) |
400 | mother | *-nina, *-ninu |
401 | eye | *-nín-, *-nínu |
402 | person, man | *-nintu (*-nitu) |
403 | buffalo | *-nitati |
404 | mouth | *-níuna (*-núa) |
405 | bird | *-nùni |
406 | to drink | *ŋiu- (*ŋium-, *ŋu-) |
407 | to smell | *ŋun- (*ŋunk-) |
408 | to scratch | *ŋwa- |
409 | nose | *-ŋwá- (*-ŋwyá-, *-ŋwúna) |
410 | smoke | *-ŋwákì (*-ŋwátì) |
411 | moon | *-ŋwál- |
412 | star | *-ŋwát- |
413 | bee; honey | *-ŋwo- |
414 | rub, smear | *pak- |
415 | put high | *pak- |
416 | border, boundary | *-pak- (*-pank-) |
417 | meet | *pak-, *pa- |
418 | spread | *pal- |
419 | shoulder, wing | *-papa- |
420 | seize | *pat- |
421 | alone | *pek- |
422 | become finished | *pel- |
423 | shine | *pem- |
424 | beat | *pi- |
425 | roast, cook | *pi- |
426 | sweep; broom | *pí- (*píd-) |
427 | stone, rock | *-pí- |
428 | accompany | *piad- |
428a | moon | *-pìal- (*-pìan-) |
429 | kind of antelope | *-píala (*-pála) |
430 | blow, fan, winnow | *piap- |
431 | wind | *-píap- |
432 | seize | *piat- |
433 | rub with fingers | *pik- |
434 | to hide | *pik- |
435 | arrive, come | *pík- (*bhík-?) |
436 | wing | *-piko |
437 | pus | *-pil- |
438 | lie across | *pin- (*ping-) |
439 | press, squeeze out | *pìn- |
440 | handle, hilt | *-pin- |
441 | suck | *pip- (*piop-) |
442 | hyena | *-piti |
443 | kind of antelope | *-pok- |
444 | knead | *pok- (*pong-) |
445 | become rotten | *pót- |
446 | cease, finish | *pu- |
447 | suffer from diarrhoea | *puak- |
448 | resemble | *puan- |
449 | bark (skin) | *-puk-, *-puak- |
450 | mature | *puk- |
451 | strip off | *pul- |
452 | go or come out | *pum- |
453 | blind | *-pum- (*-pup-) |
454 | rub off | *punk- |
455 | blind | *-puo- (*-pio-) |
456 | beat | *put- (*pun-) |
457 | bend, fold | *put- |
458 | stomach, belly; intestines | *-pút- |
459 | wound, sore | *-puta (*-puna) |
640 | be bent sideways | *pek- (*peng-) |
641 | nostril | *-pel- |
642 | knife | *-pi- |
643 | be against | *pik- |
644 | plait | *ping- |
645 | be healthy | *pit- |
646 | escape | *pon- |
460 | give | *phá- |
461 | scrape; scratch | *phal- |
462 | cutlass | *-phán- (*-pháng-) |
463 | give | *phe- (*pha.i-?) |
464 | the itch | *-phèli |
465 | breathe | *phem- |
466 | blow the nose | *phem- |
467 | blow, fan, winnow | *phet- |
468 | spit out, vomit | *phi- |
469 | burn (fire) | *phi- (*phai, *phia) |
470 | cold | *-phíàp- |
471 | kind of millet | *-phila |
472 | to pass | *phit- |
473 | speak | *phoph- |
473a | new | *-phua-, *phwai- |
474 | to blow | *phud- |
475 | to dig | *phuk- |
476 | to blow, breathe; lungs | *-phuk- (*-phung-) |
477 | mouse, rat | *-phuki |
478 | boil up, seethe | *phul- |
479 | foam | *-phúl- |
480 | lungs | *-phul-, *-phulphul- |
481 | breathe | *phum- |
482 | nose | *-phúna |
483 | pigeon, dove (flap wings) | *phup- |
484 | wind, blowing of wind | *-phúph- (*-phún-, *-phunphun-) |
485 | be light (in weight) | *phu- (*phuph-) |
486 | bow (shoot w. bow) | *-tá- |
487 | father | *-tá, *-tata |
488 | kind of trap | *-tagi (*-tangi) |
489 | chew | *ták-, *tákun- |
490 | look at | *tal- |
491 | bridge | *-tal- |
492 | grasshopper | *-talitali |
493 | overpower | *tam- |
494 | walk, travel | *tamb- |
495 | extend, spread | *tànd- |
496 | kind of palm tree | *-tandi |
497 | be first, in front | *tang-, *tiang- |
498 | spittle | *-táni (*-itan-) |
499 | to tear | *tatul-, *tiat- |
500 | name | *-télà |
501 | cut down | *tem- |
502 | burn | *tem- |
503 | make | *tend- |
504 | tree | *-tí |
505 | inside | *-ti |
506 | middle, amid | *-ti-, *-titi- |
507 | bind | *tiak- |
508 | shake, tremble | *tiantiam- |
509 | rub | *ti- (*tik-) |
510 | hiccup | *-tikue |
511 | driver ant | *-tilaku |
512 | to dig | *tim-, *tium- |
513 | stick into the ground, plant | *tìm-, *tìmb- |
514 | heart (liver) | *-timu |
515 | root (trunk) | *-tin- |
516 | cut | *tin- (*ten-) |
517 | cut, cut off | *ting- |
518 | small | *-titua (*-tin-) |
519 | we | *-tiu |
520 | navel | *-tont- (*-tonton) |
521 | to pound | *tú- (*itu-, *tiu-) |
522 | mortar | *-tudi, *-tudu |
523 | head | *-túi |
524 | work | *-túim- |
525 | belly; abdomen | *-tuimb- (*-temb-, *-tumb-) |
526 | to curse | *tuk- (*tiuk-) |
527 | to boil, be hot | *tuk- |
528 | go down | *tul- |
529 | to forge | *tul- |
530 | throw, shoot | *tu-, *tum- |
531 | roast, cook | *tumb- (*tun-) |
532 | cohabit | *tu- (*tumb-) |
533 | pestle | *-tun- |
534 | hurt a sore | *tun- |
535 | build | *tu- (*tun-) |
536 | instruct (punish) | *tund- |
537 | hill, mountain | *-túnda |
538 | spit (vomit) | *túph- |
539 | carry | *tut- |
647 | carry | *teb- |
648 | cloud | *-tu- |
649 | basket | *-tung- |
540 | war | *-thá |
541 | stone (rock) | *-thála, *-tháli |
542 | three | *-tháthu |
543 | put; put into | *thi- (*ti-) |
544 | father | *-thí (*-thía, *-thína) |
545 | slip, be slippery | *thíal- (*thíalil-) |
546 | grind, rub | *thìd- |
547 | leave | *thi-, *thig- |
548 | remain, stay | *thi-, *thig- |
549 | stand | *thim-, *thium- |
550 | night | *-thithuka |
551 | leopard, wild cat | *-thimb- |
552 | dirt, morass, mud | *-thòp- |
553 | carry (on head) | *thu- (*thud-, *thuk-) |
554 | river, water-place | *-thu, *-thua |
555 | pierce, perforate | *thubh- |
556 | ear | *-thúi, *-thú- |
557 | come from | *thu-, *thuk- |
558 | send | *thum- |
559 | mouth, lips | *-thum- |
560 | ashes | *-thún- |
561 | urinate | *thúnd- |
650 | backbone | *-than- |
562 | five | *-tsánu? (*-tánu) |
563 | star | *-tsondua? (*-tondua) |
564 | stick | *-tsuang-? (*-tuang-) |
565 | be silent | *tsun-? (*tun-) |
566 | open the mouth | *yak- (*yakam-) |
567 | kind of ape | *-yan- |
568 | borrow, lend | *ya- (*yali-) |
569 | armpit | *-yap- |
570 | boat | *-yat- |
571 | eye | *-yíc - (*-yínc-, *níc-) |
572 | name | *-yítu |
573 | call (by name) | *yí- (*yít-) |
574 | live | *yom- |
652 | taboo | *-yiku (*-kui) |
653 | the other day | *-yilo |
References
[edit]- ^ Mukarovsky, Hans. 1976. A study of Western Nigritic, vol. 1. Wien: Institut für Ägyptologie und Afrikanistik, Universität Wien.