Appendix:Proto-Nilo-Saharan reconstructions
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Proto-Nilo-Saharan reconstructions from Ehret (2001) are given below.[1]
Ehret (2001)
[edit]Gloss | Proto-Nilo-Saharan |
---|---|
part | *ɓà, *ɓàː |
soak, to | *ɓā |
become drenched | *ɓā |
wide, broad | *ɓad |
nag, to | *ɓàp, *ɓāp |
fat, to be(come) | *ɓàpʰ |
thick, to be(come) | *ɓàpʰ |
burn (intr.), to | *ɓàwt̯, *ɓāwt̯ |
hill | *ɓé |
bark | *ɓeɓ |
hit (with implement), to | *ɓèl |
shine brightly, to | *ɓéːl̪ |
dance, to | *ɓɛ |
leave, to | *ɓɛ́ːh |
many | *ɓı̄ |
much | *ɓı̄ |
mid-shoulder | *ɓiah |
shoulder, mid- | *ɓiah |
sore | *ɓı̀h, *ɓı̀ːh |
ulcer | *ɓı̀h, *ɓı̀ːh |
wound | *ɓı̀h, *ɓı̀ːh |
break open, to | *ɓı́l |
crack, to | *ɓı́l |
slice thin, to | *ɓı̄ɵ |
grow, to | *ɓı̄ṭʰ |
much, to be | *ɓòɓ |
bad happening | *ɓōh |
misfortune | *ɓōh |
conceal, to | *ɓoŋk |
cover up, to | *ɓoŋk |
hip | *ɓoŋkʰ, *ɓoŋk` |
thigh, upper | *ɓoŋkʰ, *ɓoŋk` |
good, to be | *ɓóːr, *ɓóːd |
cattle pen, of thornbush | *ɓórēh, *ɓódēh |
turn (tr.), to | *ɓɔ, *ɓɔh |
upset by, to be | *ɓɔ̀kʰ |
worried by, to be | *ɓɔ̀kʰ |
soak (tr.), to | *ɓɔ̄kʰ |
stay, to | *ɓúː |
hole (in the ground) | *ɓùːr |
pit | *ɓùːr |
female | *ɓwāh |
approach, to | *ɓwɔ |
this one | *ba |
add, to | *bà |
go up, to | *bà |
increase, to | *bà |
put together, to | *bà |
rise, to | *bà |
knock down, to | *bàːɗ |
encase, to | *bāːɠ |
enclose, to | *bāːɠ |
shine brightly, to | *bàːk` |
front | *bap, *bab |
torso | *bap, *bab |
flow out, to | *bás, *báɵ |
proceed, to | *bát̯, *bát̯ʰ |
adze | *báw, *bāw |
body | *bay |
understand, to | *bè |
stay, to | *bē |
ears (pl., dual, or coll.?) | *beːh |
leaves | *beːh |
pole | *bèd, *bēd |
rod | *bèd, *bēd |
meat | *béṭ` |
of | *bɛː |
large | *bɛ́b, *bɛ́ːb |
wide, large | *bɛ́b, *bɛ́ːb |
spread, to | bɛ́ːr |
which one? | *bı́, *bı̄ |
you (ph) | *bi |
raise, to | *bı̀ːd̯ |
buffalo | *bı̄p, *bı̄pʰ |
fast, to run | *bı́r |
run fast, to | *bı́r |
earth | *bı̄y, *bı̄ːy |
ground | *bı̄y, *bı̄ːy |
not go, to | *bò |
face | *bō |
gadfly | *bobo |
body (of person) | *bòd, *bōd |
white | *bòːd |
scratch (skin, surface), to | *bóɗ̣, *bōɗ̣ |
big | *boh |
hot, to be | *boŋ |
shine, to | *boŋ |
migrate, to | *bòːr |
move, to | *bòːr |
travel, to | *bòːr |
dig up, to | *bɔ̀kʰ, *bɔ̀k` |
fluid | *bɔ̄ŋk |
liquid | *bɔ̄ŋk |
tired, to be(come) | *bɔ́r, *bɔ́ːr |
wear out, to | *bɔ́r, *bɔ́ːr |
ground | *bu |
go down, to | *bū |
scrape, to | *būkʰ |
skin, piece of | *bùnd |
chest | *buːr |
handle | *bùt̪` |
cry out, to | *búwákʰ, *búhákʰ |
arm, upper | *àbı̄ |
hippopotamus | *abɔŋ |
light (in sky) | *mbàːd |
two | *mbar |
catch, to | *mbàr |
emerge (from behind or out of), to | *mbèl̪ |
fiber | *mbéyr |
strip, thin | *mbéyr |
grasp and take, to | *mbɛ́r |
take after grasping, to | *mbɛ́r |
water | *mbih, *mbiːh |
heart | *mbı́néh |
fat, to be(come) | *mbo, *mboh |
large, to be(come) | *mbo, *mboh |
thick, to be(come) | *mbo, *mboh |
by, with | *mboː |
with | *mboː |
chest | *mbōd |
take, to | *mbōk` |
take out, to | *mbōk` |
short | *mbɔ̀ |
lap, to | *mbɔ̀ |
decay, to | *mbùɵ |
wear out, to | *mbùɵ |
bear (young, fruit, etc.), to | *mbwà |
immersed, to be | *mbwá, *mbwáh |
abdominal cavity | *mbwɛ̀ |
cavity, abdominal | *mbwɛ̀ |
loins | *mbwɛ̄ːm |
waist | *mbwɛ̄ːm |
for, pertaining to | ?????????? |
produce water, to | *ma, *maː |
interrogative stem | *ma, *mi |
attention, to pay | *máː |
lookout, be on the | *máː |
pay attention, to | *máː |
assemble, to | *máɗ |
join together, to | *máɗ |
where? | *mánē, *mánè |
move back and forth, to | *máːŋ |
move up and down, to | *máːŋ |
oscillate, to | *máːŋ |
wrong, to do | *máːŋk |
gather, to | *máŋkʰ |
put together, to | *máŋkʰ |
wet, to | *mānt̯ |
liver | *máwɲ |
ox | *màːwr |
finger | *máːws |
toe | *máːws |
gently, to do | *máwɵ |
chew up, to | *mày, *māy |
bend (tr.), to | *mé, *méh |
twist, to | *mé, *méh |
body | *mēːɗ, mēːɗ̯ |
self | *mēːɗ, mēːɗ̯ |
palm (of hand) | *mèːnt`, *mēːnt` |
paw | *mèːnt`, *mēːnt` |
ram | *méŋk, *mēŋkʰ |
do, to | *méːy |
make, to | *méːy |
cover up, to | *meːyt` |
glare, to | *mɛ́l |
shine, to | *mɛ́l |
increase, to | *mɛ́l |
lick, to | *mɛ́ːl̪ |
neck | *mɛn, *mɛːn |
voice | *mɛn, *mɛːn |
drip, to | *mɛɲ/miɲ |
flow, to | *mɛɲ/miɲ |
leak, to | *mɛɲ/miɲ |
run, to | *mɛɲ/miɲ |
seep, to | *mɛɲ/miɲ |
pieces, to pull off | *mɛ̀ntʰ, *mɛ̀nt̯ʰ |
pull off pieces, to | *mɛ̀ntʰ, *mɛ̀nt̯ʰ |
narrow | *mɛr |
thin | *mɛr |
do badly, to | *mɛ́ːr |
err, to | *mɛ́ːr |
leopard | *mɛ̀rı́h |
drip, to | *mɛ́s/ mı́s |
sprinkle, to | *mɛ́s/ mı́s |
tick | *mɛṣ |
rise, to | *mɛ̀ːt |
small, to be | *min |
darkness | *mı̀ːr, *mı̄ːr |
cover from view, to | *mı̀ṣ |
obscure | *mı̀ṣ |
smell (intr.), to | *mı́`y |
glow, to | *mō |
heat, to give off | *mō |
heat up, to | *mōá`y |
dung of domestic animal | *móɗı́h |
deceive, to | *mód̪ |
close, to | *móːd̪ |
turn (intr.), to | *mòɠ |
twist (intr.), to | *mòɠ |
abdomen, lower | *mòːl̯òh |
eat soft food, to | *moːɲ |
baboon | *moŋkʰ, moŋk` |
hot, to become | *mòr |
eyes, area around | *mòy, *mōy |
face, upper part of | *mòy, *mōy |
weary, to be(come) | *mɔ̀ːɗ |
tire out, to | *mɔ̀ːɗ |
fat, to be(come) | *mɔ̄ːh |
swell in size, to | *mɔ̄ːh |
curved, to be | *mɔ̀ŋk, *mɔ̄ŋk |
round, to be | *mɔ̀ŋk, *mɔ̄ŋk |
leave (tr.), to | *mɔ́ŋk |
broad, to become | *mɔ̀ːr |
large, to be(come) | *mɔ̀ːr |
wide, to become | *mɔ̀ːr |
spoil (intr.), to | *muɗ |
hull (by rubbing), to | *múh |
husk (by rubbing), to | *múh |
strip (by rubbing), to | *múh |
rub off, to | *muhaɲ (>*mwaɲ) |
sour, to become | *múk |
spoil, to | *múk |
bend (tr.), to | *mūŋg |
bent, to become | *mūŋg |
intend, to | *múr |
biting fly | *múːr, *múːd |
fur | *múːr |
hair of body | *múːr |
pick up, to | *mùṣ/ *mòṣ |
hate, to | *mwāːŋg |
oppose, to | *mwāːŋg |
resist, to | *mwāːŋg |
glow, to | *mweːɲ |
that, which, who (rel. pron.) | *ama, *ma |
this referred to | *ama, *ma |
we (excl.) | *ám |
person | *ámā |
husk | *ómp |
shell | *ómp |
smell (tr.), to | *ɔm |
flow, to make | *ɔ̄ːm |
moisture, to produce | *ɔ̄ːm |
dig a well, to | *d̪àk`, d̪āk` |
well, to dig a | *d̪àk`, d̪āk` |
shell (of hard fruit, egg, etc.) | *d̯àm |
strip, to | *d̪às, *d̪àz |
turn (intr.), to | *d̪às, *d̪àz |
lay bare, to | *d̪è |
speak, to | *d̪èːh |
add onto, to | *d̪èːh |
expand, to | *d̪èːh |
increase, to | *d̪èːh |
entirely | *d̪èːyɛy, *d̪èː`yey |
not see, to | *d̪ɛ́ːɓ, *d̪ɛ́ɓ |
dark, to be | *d̪ı̄s, *d̪ı̄ɵ |
dim, to be | *d̪ı̄s, *d̪ı̄ɵ |
feel bad, to | *d̪ód |
hurt, to | *d̪ód |
cut off, to | *d̪ómp |
leap, to | *d̪u, *d̪uː |
spring, to | *d̪u, *d̪uː |
get, to | *d̪ū |
obtain, to | *d̪ū |
dark | *d̪úr/ *d̪úrm |
darkness | *d̪úr/ *d̪úrm |
fall (of water), to | *d̪ùːr |
spill, to | *d̪ùːr |
hold in the mouth, to | *ɗah |
mouth, to hold in | *ɗah |
palate | *ɗáhn |
block, to | *ɗàːp |
prevent, to | *ɗàːp |
stop, to | *ɗàːp |
spread (tr.), to | *ɗās |
fan, to | *ɗáːṣ |
flap, to | *ɗáːṣ |
flutter, to | *ɗáːṣ |
one (adj.) | *ɗéh |
rat | *ɗér, *ɗēr |
skin, strip of | *ɗɛ̀pʰɛ̄h |
strip of skin | *ɗɛ̀pʰɛ̄h |
deictic root | *ɗı́ |
young | *ɗı̀ |
seize, to | *ɗı̀, *ɗı̄ |
heat, to | *ɗı̀ːh |
gluey (of sap, etc.), to be | *ɗı̀ŋ |
sticky (of sap, etc.), to be | *ɗı̀ŋ |
stay, to | *ɗı̀ːr, *ɗı̄ːr |
close, to be | *ɗı̀ṣ, *ɗı̀ːṣ |
near, to be | *ɗı̀ṣ, *ɗı̀ːṣ |
move (tr.), to | *ɗōː |
earth | *ɗoh |
soil | *ɗoh |
moisten, to | *ɗòk` |
wet, to make | *ɗòk` |
not move, to | *ɗóŋ |
bend (tr.), to | *ɗòŋkʰòl |
curve (tr.), to | *ɗòŋkʰòl |
roll (tr.), to | *ɗòŋkʰòl |
hurt, to | *ɗòr |
smoke, to give off | *ɗúː, *ɗūː |
smoke, to give off | *ɗúkw |
steam, to give off | *ɗúkw |
vapor, to give off | *ɗúkw |
take, to | *ɗùm |
thigh | *ɗūpʰún |
frog | *ɗwak` |
calabash, kind of | *ɗút̪, *d̪út̪, *ɗútʰ, *d̪útʰ |
gourd, kind of | *ɗút̪, *d̪út̪, *ɗútʰ, *d̪útʰ |
take out, to | *dáːy |
correct | *dàyāh |
right | *dàyāh |
inspect, to | *deh |
look at carefully, to | *deh |
watch, to | *den |
bind, to | *déŋk |
fix in place, to | *déŋk |
baboon | *dɛ̄wɛ̀h, *dāwɛ̀h |
stop (intr.), to | *dı̀, *diː |
fill up, to | *dil |
bug, insect | *diːl̪ |
insect | *diːl̪ |
worm | *diːl̪ |
fat, to be(come) | *dó, *dō |
look at, to | *dòl |
above | *dól |
grow up, to | *dóːɲ |
rise, to | *dóːɲ |
tall, to become | *dóːɲ |
strand | *dúːl, *dūːl |
strip | *dúːl, *dūːl |
warm, to be(come) | *dùŋg, *dùŋk |
chase, to | *dwaːr |
log | *dwèŋk` |
mix, to | *dwɛ̀mp |
join, to | ??????????? |
put together, to | *dwɛ̄ːr |
breast (woman’s) | *éyd, *ēyd |
look at, to | *dı́, *d̪ı́ |
easy, to be | *dòk`, *d̪òk` |
loose, to be | *dòk`, *d̪òk` |
slack, to be(come) | *dòk`, *d̪òk` |
slow, to be | *dòk`, *d̪òk` |
soft, to be | *dòk`, *d̪òk` |
enclosure of homestead | *dɔ̄ŋ, *d̪ɔ̄ŋ |
yard | *dɔ̄ŋ, *d̪ɔ̄ŋ |
short | *dúŋk`w, *d̪úŋk`w |
short | *dùŋk`ùr, *d̪ùŋk`ùr |
conceal oneself, to | *dér, *d̪ér, *ɗér |
termite | *dùzùh, *d̪ùzùh, *ɗùzùh |
this/that one close by | *nda/ *ndi |
what? (comment?) | *nda |
cheat, to | *ndàːɗ |
deceive, to | *ndàːɗ |
which? | *ndé |
tie together, to | *ndèd |
twist together, to | *ndèd |
also | *ndi/ *ndà/ *ndáye |
and | *ndi/ *ndà/ *ndáye |
still | *ndi/ *ndà/ *ndáye |
yet | *ndi/ *ndà/ *ndáye |
what? | *ndi, *ndiː |
who? | *ndoː |
bend around, to | *ndóp |
fold, to | *ndóp |
roll (tr.), to | *ndɔ́ŋk, *ndɔ̄ŋk |
call out loudly, to | *ndɔ́ːr, *ndɔ̄ːr |
attached, to become | *ndùkʰ |
join, to | *ndùkʰ |
raise, to | *ndúkʰ |
that | *náː |
what (rel. pron.) | *náː |
catch up with, to | *ná, *náh |
reach, to | *ná, *náh |
rise, to | *náː, *náːh |
reject, to | *nàkʰ |
suck, to | *nàk`w, *nàːk`w |
eat up, to | *nām |
observe, to | *này |
attention (extended), to pay | *nàyı̀s |
pay (extended) attention to | *nàyı̀s |
here | *ne/ *na |
there | *ne/ *na |
look at, to | *nèː |
utter, to | *nèh |
perceive (with ear, nose), to | *nel |
grasp, to | *nèm, *nēm |
grip, to | *nèm, *nēm |
earth | *nɛh |
woman | *nɛŋ, *anɛŋ |
bring, to | *nɛŋ |
recline, to | *nı̄ |
coil, to | *ni, *nih, *niː, *niːh |
drink up, to | *ni |
tooth | *nikʰ, *niːkʰ |
not move, to | *nóː |
pick up, to | *nóŋ |
listen, to | *nɔːh |
observe, to | *nɔːh |
watch, to | *nɔːh |
stick to, to | *nɔ̀ːk, *nɔ̄ːk |
loosen, to | *nɔ̀ŋ, *nɔ̄ŋ |
slack, to be(come) | *nɔ̀ŋ, *nɔ̄ŋ |
drip from body, to | *nɔ́rɛ́h |
tread on, to | *nuːd |
heat | *nún |
decline, to | *nuŋ, *nuːŋ |
descend, to | *nuŋ, *nuːŋ |
wither, to | núr, *núːr |
move with difficulty, to | *nwád |
we (inch) | *ánā |
you (sing.) | *ı̄nı́ |
she, he, it | *únū |
go, to | *ᶑa |
walk, to | *ᶑa |
daughter | *ɖa |
girl | *ɖa |
moisture | *ɖāːb |
wetness | *ɖāːb |
active, to be | *ɖád |
energetic, to be | *ɖád |
lively, to be | *ɖád |
speak at length, to | *ɖàːp, *ɖàːb, *ɖàːɓ |
high, to become | *ɖàːr |
tall, to become | *ɖàːr |
chew on, to | *ɗ̣awk` |
large, to be(come) | *ɗ̣èh |
old, to become | *ɗ̣èhèn |
beat (thing), to | *ɗ̣ēm |
cut off, to | *ɗ̣ēːr |
hole in, to make | *ɖèːs, ɗ̣ēːs |
waste away, to | *ɗ̣ɛ̀ːd̪ |
weaken, to | *ɗ̣ɛ̀ːd̪ |
shake, to | *ɗ̣ɛ́n, *ɗ̣ɛ̄n |
tremble, to | *ɗ̣ɛ́n, *ɗ̣ɛ̄n |
hot, to become | *ɗ̥ɛ̀ːr |
bad shape, to be in | *ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp |
badly, to be done | *ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp |
disorder, to be in, to do in disorderly fashion | *ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp |
shape, to be in bad | *ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp |
tie knot, to | *ɗ̣ı̄ːb, *ɗ̣ı̄ːɓ, *ɗ̣ı̄ːp |
knot, to tie | *ɗ̣ı̄k/ *ɗ̣ēk |
tie, to | *ɗ̣ı̄k/ *ɗ̣ēk |
deaf | *ɗ̣ı́ŋgwı́r |
many, to be | *ɗ̣ı̀ŋkʰ |
much, to be | *ɗ̣ı̀ŋkʰ |
much | *ɗ̣iŋkʰir |
hit hard, to | *ɗ̣ı́ːɲ |
fight with, to | *ɗ̣ı̄ns̩ |
struggle against, to | *ɗ̣ı̄ns̩ |
dig, to | *ɗ̣ı̀ːp, *ɖı̀ːp` |
crest | *ɗ̣ir, *ɗ̣iːr |
surface, raised | *ɗ̣ir, *ɗ̣iːr |
top | *ɗ̣ir, *ɗ̣iːr |
fat (adj.) | *ɗ̣ı́s, *ɗ̣ı̄s |
go up, to | *ɗ̣òːk |
rise, to | *ɗ̣òːk |
swing, to | *ɗ̣ōːl, *ɗ̣ōːl̪ |
calf of leg | *ɗ̣óŋkʰòl, *ɗ̣óŋkʼòl |
not move, to | *ɗ̣òŋkʰw |
stay in place, to | *ɗ̣òŋkʰw |
close, to | *ɗ̣òr |
speak, to | *ɗ̣óːt, *ɗ̣óːtʰ |
move about secretly, to | *ɗ̣úːkʼ |
stealthy, to be | *ɗ̣úːkʼ |
not let do, to | *ɗ̣wāːr |
restrain, to | *ɗ̣wāːr |
fat (adj.) | *ɗ̣wèːm, *ɗ̣wēːm |
thick | *ɗ̣wèːm, *ɗ̣wēːm |
prod, to | *ɗ̣wı́kʰ |
push, to | *ɗ̣wı́kʰ |
jackal | *àɗ̣áwlā |
field, cultivated | *ɔɗ̣omp |
monkey | *ɗɔ́kwɛ̀l, *dɔ̄kwɛ̀l, *ɗ̣ɔ́kwɛ̀l |
morning | *ɗur, *dur, *ɗ̣ur |
brother | *ɗuːr, *duːr, *ɗ̣uːr |
there | *ɖ- (*ɖā) |
rise, to | *ɖáːɓ |
fast, to make | *ɖàːkʼ |
fasten, to | *ɖàːkʼ |
make fast, to | *ɖàːkʼ |
lie (down), to | *ɖàːn, *ɖāːn |
sway, to | *ɖāŋ, *ɖāːŋ |
swing, to | *ɖāŋ, *ɖāːŋ |
swear, to | *ɖé |
carry, to | *ɖèb, *ɖèɓ, *ɖèp, *ɖèpʼ |
convey, to | *ɖèb, *ɖèɓ, *ɖèp, *ɖèpʼ |
chop, to | *ɖépʰ |
break into pieces, to | *ɖèr |
crumble, to | *ɖèr |
blind, to be | *ɖɛl̪, *ɖɛd̪ |
hurt, to | *ɖɛ̀m |
sick, to make | *ɖɛ̀m |
enter, to | *ɖı́ŋg |
shake, to | *ɖı̀ŋkʼ |
back and forth, to go | *ɖōŋg |
go up and down, to | *ɖōŋg |
leak, to | *ɖɔ̀l |
crown of head | *ɖúːd̪, *ɖúːɗ |
head, crown of | *ɖúːd̪, *ɖúːɗ |
flow out, especially from body, to | *ɖūɖ |
alight, to | *ɖùmp |
hump (on body) | *ɖūŋkʰ |
swelling (on body) | *ɖūŋkʰ |
skid, to | *ɖùːr |
scrape out, to | *ɖùːr |
dig out, to | *ɖwàːk, *ɖwàːg, *ɖwàːɠ |
scoop out, to | *ɖwàːk, *ɖwàːg, *ɖwàːɠ |
talk loudly, to | *ɖwàl, *ɖɔ̀ːl, *ɖwàl̪, *ɖɔ̀ːl̪ |
spotted | *ɖwaːr |
streaked | *ɖwaːr |
hump | *ɖwɛ̀ |
raised area | *ɖwɛ̀ |
bare, to make | *ɖwɛ́ːd |
strip, to | *ɖwɛ́ːd |
scrape, to | *ɖwɛ̀ŋk |
inhale, to | *ɖwı̀kʰw |
grasp, to | *ɖwı̀r, *ɖwı̀d |
grasp and pull, to | *ɖwı̀r, *ɖwı̀d |
belch, to | *nɖal, *nɖal̪ |
rumbly stomach, to have | *nɖal, *nɖal̪ |
stomach, to have rumbly | *nɖal, *nɖal̪ |
smell, to | *nɖàmp |
sniff, to | *nɖàmp |
tell, to | *nɖéŋ |
turn (intr.), to | *nɖòk |
anus | *nɖōkʰ |
squeeze, to | *nɖɔ́, *nɖɔ̄ |
squat, to | *nɖɔ́ːd, *nɖɔ̄ːd |
leak, to | *nɖúl̪ |
seep out, to | *nɖúl̪ |
doctor, to | *nɖwák |
chew, to | *nðàkʰ, *nðàkʼ |
stalk | *nðap, *nðab, *nðaɓ |
stem | *nðap, *nðab, *nðaɓ |
rub (with a tool), to | *nðɛ̄pʼ |
scrape, to | *nðɛ̄pʼ |
occasion | *nðò, *nðòh |
time | *nðò, *nðòh |
bite into, to | *nðókʰ |
break off, to | *nðɔ̄ːkʼ |
loose, to pick | *nðɔ̄ːkʼ |
pick loose, to | *nðɔ̄ːkʼ |
suck, to | *nðɔ̀ːT2 |
rise up, to | *nðùl |
suck, to | *nðùːn |
move quickly, to | *nðūr, *nðūd |
quickly, to move | *nðūr, *nðūd |
who? | *ɲa |
expand, to | *ɲà, *ɲàɲà |
female | *ɲáh |
jaw, to move the | *ɲàkʰ |
move the jaw, to | *ɲàkʰ |
burn,to | *ɲáːl |
shine, to | *ɲáːl |
crocodile | *ɲàːŋ |
grow greatly, to | *ɲapʰ |
break into small pieces, to | *ɲè |
small | *ɲél̪ |
chew, to | *ɲèm |
sheath (for weapon) | *ɲɛ́h |
do without, to | *ɲɛ̀kʼ |
twist, to | *ɲı́ːr |
turn, to | *ɲı́ːr |
bend (intr.), to | *ɲı́ːr |
joint (of body, meat) | *ɲo |
anoint, to | *ɲóːh |
smear, to | *ɲóːh |
close together, to be pressed | *ɲòkʰ, *ɲòːkʰ |
pressed close together, be | *ɲòkʰ, *ɲòːkʰ |
squeeze with the fingers, to | *ɲom |
bite, to | *ɲɔ̀, *ɲɔ̀h |
chew, to | *ɲɔ́áʼy, *ɲɔ́háʼy |
present, to | *ɲɔ́ː |
put forth, to | *ɲɔ́ː |
send out, to | *ɲɔ́ː |
dirt | *ɲɔ̀ːh |
rubbish | *ɲɔ̀ːh |
break (tr.), to | *ɲɔ̀m |
do poorly, to | *ɲɔ̄ŋkʼ |
do without effect, to | *ɲɔ̄ŋkʼ |
move aimlessly, to | *ɲɔ̄ŋkʼ |
angry, to be | *ɲɔ̀ːr |
slight, to be | *ɲɔ́ːt̪ʼ |
thin, to be(come) | *ɲɔ́ːt̪ʼ |
weak, to be(come) | *ɲɔ́ːt̪ʼ |
put fluid into, to | *ɲúh |
water to, to apply | *ɲúh |
claw, nail | *ɲur, *ɲuːr |
scratch with nails, claws, to | *ɲur, *ɲuːr |
lick, to | *ɠaːɲ |
bestow, to | *ɠàpʰ |
present, to | *ɠàpʰ |
proffer, to | *ɠàpʰ |
hull, to | *ɠapʼ |
shell, to | *ɠapʼ |
hull (n.) | *ɠapʼɔtʱ |
shell | *ɠapʼɔtʱ |
encircle, to | *ɠaː̀r |
enclose, to | *ɠaː̀r |
cross, to | *ɠáːr, *ɠáːd |
repute, of good | *ɠàyn, *ɠāyn |
immersed, to be | *ɠéb/ *ɠı́b |
moist, to be(come) | *ɠéb/ *ɠı́b |
goat, he- | *ɠènt |
he-goat | *ɠènt |
anger | *ɠér |
bad feeling | *ɠér |
note of, to take | *ɠɛ̄m |
observe, to | *ɠɛ̄m |
louse | *ɠɛ́n |
stomach | *ɠɛ̀wāːh |
someone | *ɠı̄ |
something | *ɠı̄ |
perceive (with ear, nose), to | *ɠı̀d |
sense (with ear or nose), to | *ɠı̀d |
grass stalk | *ɠı̀ːt, *ɠı́ːtʰ |
stalk, of grass | *ɠı̀ːt, *ɠı́ːtʰ |
bring, to | *ɠò |
crested crane (?) | *ɠòbàr, *ɠòɓàr |
pick up, to | *ɠóh, *ɠōh |
hold, to | *ɠòn |
put around, to | *ɠop |
animal, young domestic | *ɠor |
heifer (?) | *ɠor |
move (toward), to | *ɠɔ |
let loose, to | *ɠɔɲ, *ɠɔːɲ |
loosen, to | *ɠɔɲ, *ɠɔːɲ |
cut off, to | *ɠɔ́ŋg |
rub together, to | *ɠúːɗ̣ |
take apart, to | *ɠuɖ, *ɠuːɖ |
owl | *ɠùːm |
dust | *ɠùr, *ɠūr |
scratch, to | *ɠwàd |
adult | *ɠwáɵ, *ɠwáːɵ |
grownup person | *ɠwáɵ, *ɠwáːɵ |
burn (tr.), to | *ɠwéːb, *ɠwéːɓ |
go up, to | *ɠwéɗ |
eat (hard, tough things), to | ɠwèːr |
munch on, to | *ɠwɛ́ːɲ |
look at, to | *ɠwı̀l, *ɠwı̄l |
pierce with blade, point, to | *ɠwór |
puncture with blade, point, to | *ɠwór |
poke, to | *ɠwòrp |
prick, to | *ɠwòrp |
call, to | *ɠwɔ̄ː |
observe, to | *ɠwɔ́ɲ |
I | *aɠa |
among | *aɠw |
between | *aɠw |
within | *aɠw |
you (ph) | *iɠwe |
immature | *gà |
young | *gà |
argue, to | *gab, *gaɓ |
quarrel, to | *gab, *gaɓ |
grip, to | *gāːb, *gāːɓ, *gāːp, *gāːpʼ |
hold in the hand, to | *gāːb, *gāːɓ, *gāːp, *gāːpʼ |
keep in sight, to | *gáːl |
sight, to keep in | *gáːl |
watch, to | *gáːl |
acquire (in return for something else) | *gɛ̀ |
obtain (in return for something else) | *gɛ̀ |
edge | *gɛ̄p |
rim | *gɛ̄p |
flatten, make flat, to | *giːb, *giːɓ |
level, to make | *giːb, *giːɓ |
recline, to | *gı̀d |
repose, to | *gı̀d |
pole | *gōb, *gōɓ |
stick | *gōb, *gōɓ |
wood | *gōb, *gōɓ |
bend, to | *gɔ́ŋ |
heat, to | *goŋkʰ |
left (hand) | *gor, *god, *goɗ |
step, to | *gòːr |
swell up, to | *gɔ̀ŋg |
throw, to | *gùp |
male | *gwáh |
remain, to | *gwàːp |
stay, to | *gwàːp |
scrape (with fingers, nails), to | *gwápʰ |
increase, to | *gwı̀ |
rise, to | *gwı̀ |
swell, to | *gwı̀ |
toss, to | *gwı̄nɖ |
meat, joint of | *gwopʰ, *gwopʼ |
drive away, to | *gwɔ̀ːr |
not do, to | *gáh, *ɠáh |
catch fire, to | *gáːh, *ɠáːh |
fire, to catch | *gáːh, *ɠáːh |
increase (in longitudinal dimension), to | *gàːl, *ɠàːl |
rise, to | *gàːl, *ɠàːl |
shoulder | *gapʰ, *ɠapʰ |
cover oneself, to | *gı̄ɲ, *ɠı̄ɲ |
covered, to be | *gı̄ɲ, *ɠı̄ɲ |
scratch into, to | *gı́r, *ɠı́r |
burn (intr.), to | *gòː, *ɠòː, *gòːh, *ɠòːh |
shine, to | *gòː, *ɠòː, *gòːh, *ɠòːh |
stagger, to | *gòl, *ɠòl |
stumble, to | *gòl, *ɠòl |
do secretly, to | *Gōnd, *Gontʼ |
breastbone | *Gɔp, *Gɔb, *Gɔɓ |
fast, to make | *Gūb, *Gūɓ |
make fast, to | *Gūb, *Gūɓ |
tighten, to | *Gūb, *Gūɓ |
island | *gúŋkʼ, *ɠúŋkʼ |
beat, to | *gúːr, *ɠúːr |
deep, to be | *Gúːs, *Gúːɵ |
angry with, to be | *gwàɖ, *ɠwàɖ |
rind | *gwàŋk, *ɠwàŋk |
scrape (surface), to | *gwāːɵ, *ɠwāːɵ |
scratch (surface), to | *gwāːɵ, *ɠwāːɵ |
look for, to | *gweːd, *ɠweːd |
babble, to | *gwɛ̀l̪, *ɠwɛ̀l̪ |
chatter, to | *gwɛ̀l̪, *ɠwɛ̀l̪ |
gabble, to | *gwɛ̀l̪, *ɠwɛ̀l̪ |
scratch, to | *gwɛ́ːs, *ɠwɛ́ːs |
rain | *Gwiː, *Gwiːh |
cloud over, to | *gwı́ːl̪, *ɠwı́ːl̪ |
dark, to become | *gwı́ːl̪, *ɠwı́ːl̪ |
waist | *gwı̄nd, *ɠwı̄nd |
low, to be(come) | *gwòːd, *ɠwòːd |
lower oneself, to | *gwòːd, *ɠwòːd |
demonstrative of topic | *ŋgá |
share (in doing), to | *ŋgàːd, *ŋgāːd |
dung | *ŋgáːd̪ |
speak, to | *ŋgal |
arise, to | *ŋgàːl |
get up, to | *ŋgàːl |
raise, to | *ŋgāp |
grasp and pick up, to | *ŋgaT, *ŋgaːT3 |
block, to | *ŋgēpʼ |
roll (tr.), to | *ŋgér |
turn round and round (tr.), to | *ŋgér |
rind | *ŋgɛ̀b, *ɳgɛ̀p |
shell | *ŋgɛ̀b, *ɳgɛ̀p |
skin, hard | *ŋgɛ̀b, *ɳgɛ̀p |
long | *ŋgɛ́ːɗ, *ŋgɛ̄ːɗ |
forget, to | *ŋgɛ́ːd̩ |
miss, to | *ŋgɛ́ːd̩ |
pick, to | *ŋgɛ́t̯, *ŋgɛ́t̪ʼ |
pluck, to | *ŋgɛ́t̯, *ŋgɛ́t̪ʼ |
cut off, to | *ŋgı́ːk, *ŋgı́ːg, *ŋgı́ːɠ |
grip tightly, to | *ŋgı̄ːl |
creak, to | *ŋgı̀ːr |
squeak, to | *ŋgı̀ːr |
earth | *ŋgòr |
call, to | *ŋgɔ, *ŋgɔː |
look, to | *ŋgɔl |
cut, to | *ŋgùr |
bend at the knees, to | *ŋgūːr |
kneel, to | *ŋgùːrùːm |
run, to | *ŋgùːz |
what? | *ŋgwa |
side | *ŋgwáːd |
little, to be(come) | *ŋgwànd |
throat | *ŋgwɛd |
chin | *ŋgwɛːm |
herbivore, large homed or tusked | *ŋgwı́ːr |
hippopotamus | *ŋgwı́ːrént̯ |
be (in a place), to | *ŋgwōː |
run out (water), to | *iŋg |
spill (water), to | *iŋg |
bite into, to | *ŋà, *ŋā |
loins | *ŋāb, *ŋāp |
extend, to | *ŋàm |
stretch out, to | *ŋàm |
ground, bare or hard | *ŋaːɲ |
seek, to | *ŋáp |
sprain | *ŋāːr |
limb, injured | *ŋāːr |
make a deep sound, to | *ŋàːr |
sound, to make a deep | *ŋàːr |
recount, to | *ŋát |
talk about, to | *ŋát |
tell, to | *ŋát |
look for, to | *ŋáːt̪ |
big (in size, amount), to become | *ŋáwp |
neglect, to | *ŋáːʼw |
not take care of, to | *ŋáːʼw |
attention to, to pay | *ŋāy |
pay attention, to | *ŋāy |
yes | *ŋè |
scratch, to | *ŋē |
cut off, to | *ŋér |
burn (intr.), to | *ŋet̪ʼ |
tongue | *ŋɛ̀l |
lap, to | *ŋɛ̀mpʰ |
woman, young | *ŋɛ̀r, *ŋɛ̀ːr |
move about (intr.), to | *ŋɛyl̪ |
flesh, exposed | *ŋı̀ár |
skin, raw | *ŋı̀ár |
flash, to | *ŋid |
wet, to be(come) | *ŋı́ːl̪ |
look at, to | *ŋı́ɵ |
watch closely, to | *ŋı́ːt̩ʼ, *ŋı́ːt̩ |
cut off, to | *ŋoɗ |
break up (tr.), to | *ŋɔ́ |
fragment (tr.), to | *ŋɔ́ |
do continually, always, to | *ŋɔ̀l |
groin | *ŋɔ́ːl̪ |
above | *ŋɔ́ːr |
top | *ŋɔ́ːr |
grow poorly, to | *ŋúr |
stunned, to become | *ŋúr |
growl, to | *ŋùːr |
prominence | *ŋùːt, *ŋūːt |
protruberance | *ŋùːt, *ŋūːt |
raised thing | *ŋùːt, *ŋūːt |
burn (intr.), to | *ŋwaːd |
open (tr.), to | *ŋwɛ́ːl |
forehead | *ŋwim |
open (intr.), to | *áŋ |
fly | *aŋw |
elephant | *òŋòr |
four | *ɔŋwal |
grind grain coarsely, to | *ŋaK, *ŋgaK, *ŋaG, *ŋgaG |
buffalo | *aŋɛr, *aŋgɛr |
look for, to | *pád |
leather sack | *pàːɗ |
sack, leather | *pàːɗ |
examine, to | *pál, *páːl |
look closely, to | *pál, *páːl |
back, lower | *pànd |
call, to | *páːŋ |
out, to take or put | *páːş, *pāːş |
put out, to | *páːş, *pāːş |
remove, to | *páːş, *pāːş |
take off, to | *páːş, *pāːş |
take out, to | *páːş, *pāːş |
complete, to be | *pén |
body, lower | *pér, *péd |
grow (of plants), to | *pèːr, *pèːd |
hand | *pɛh |
turn, to | *pɛ̀r |
fly, to | *pɛr |
bird | *kʰipɛr |
come along, to | *pı́ |
go down, to | *pı̀d, pı̄d |
descend, to | *pı̀d, pı̄d |
gather (tr.), to | *pı́d̪ |
take out of, to | *pı̄ːɖ |
separate out, to | *pı̄ːɖ |
put apart, to | *pı̄ːɖ |
wipe, to | *pı̀r |
shake (tr.), to | *pı́ːr |
slight | *pı́s, *pı̄s |
little | *pı́s, *pı̄s |
go out, to | *pı́ş |
rise, to | *pı̄t̪ |
wooden vessel | *póːkúːr, *póːkʰúːr, *póːkʼúːr |
grow, to | *pol |
come apart, to | *poːr |
fall apart, to | *poːr |
hit repeatedly, to | *pɔ́k |
beat, to | *pɔ́k |
liquid, to become | *pɔ́r |
flow, to | *pɔ́r |
flow strongly, to | *pɔris |
spoil (intr.), to | *pɔ́ːş |
peel, to | *pɔ́t̪, *pɔ́t̪ʰ |
bright | *pɔ̄ːw |
bright-colored, especially white or yellow | *pɔ̄ːw |
edible small seed | *pú, *pū |
deny, to | *púː, *púːh |
burn (tr.), to | *pùd, *pūd |
ash | *pùd |
smell (intr.), to | *púmp |
separate (tr.), to | *pwákʰ |
take apart, to | *pwákʰ |
break, to | *pwáːɵ |
rhinoceros | *óːpı̀ɗ̣, *óːbı̀ɗ̣ |
nose | *pɔhin, *bɔhin, *ɓɔhin |
strip, to | *pʰád |
tear off (outer layer), to | *pʰád |
divide up (intr.), to | *pʰàːg, *pʰàːɠ |
foot | *pʰàh |
leg | *pʰàh |
pole | *pʰāl |
stick, large | *pʰāl |
wide, to become | ?????????? |
snatch up (for oneself), to | *pʰàl̪ |
tray, woven winnowing | *pʰānt, *pʰāntʼ |
come alongside, to | *pʰānt̩ |
blow (with mouth), to | *pʰaŋ |
call out, to | *pʰár |
bright | *pʰar, *pʰaːr |
run away, to | *pʰàːr |
lost, to become | *pʰāːtʰ |
burn (intr.), to | *pʰàːy |
separate forcefully or suddenly (tr.) | *pʰáːʼy |
separate grain from chaff, to | *pʰáʼyɵ |
separate out rubbish, to | *pʰáʼyɵ |
fat (n.) | *pʰè |
pluck out, to | *pʰéɗ |
loosen, to | *pʰèd̪ |
undo, to | *pʰèd̪ |
stand, to | *pʰéːɗ̣ |
speak out, to | *pʰèh |
reveal, to | *pʰél |
abandon, to | *pʰént̪ |
forsake, to | *pʰént̪ |
scratch off (with paws, claws, etc.) | pʰér |
cattle (coll.) | *pʰeːr |
grow, to | *pʰéw |
water, to | *pʰéy |
wet down, to | *pʰéy |
go up, to | *pʰɛ̄ |
rise, to | *pʰɛ̄ |
undo, to | *pʰɛ̀ː, *pʰɛ̀ːh |
spread (mat), to | *pʰɛ̄ːd̪ |
jerk (intr.), to | *pʰɛ̄kʼ |
waver, to | *pʰɛ́kʼɛ́l |
wobble, to | *pʰɛ́kʼɛ́l |
cut a hole in, to | *pʰɛ́nṭʼ |
hole in, to cut | *pʰɛ́nṭʼ |
feel, to | *pʰɛ́ŋ |
hear, to | *pʰɛ́ŋ |
sense, to | *pʰɛ́ŋ |
feather | *pʰɛ́tʰ |
feel unwell, to | *pʰɛːt̪ʰ, *pʰɛːtʰ |
unwell, to feel | *pʰɛːt̪ʰ, *pʰɛːtʰ |
leap, to | *pʰı́ːɗ |
spring, to | *pʰı́ːɗ |
separate (tr.), to | *pʰı́ːd̪ |
dirt | pʰı́ːh |
stick, thin | *pʰı̄l |
swell, to | *pʰı́ːl, *pʰı̄ːl |
overflow, to | *pʰı̀ːŋ |
spin (tr.), to | *pʰı́r |
shin | *pʰı́r, *pʰı́d, *pʰı́ɗ, *pʰı́d̪ |
talk, to | *pʰò, *pʰō |
throw, to | *pʰó |
light (in weight), to be | *pʰòːɗ |
slight, to be | *pʰòːɗ |
hole (not in the ground) | *pʰól |
flee, to | *pʰōr |
call, to | *pʰótʰ |
cry out, to | *pʰótʰ |
flow, to | *pʰoṭ |
liquid, to become | *pʰɔ́ |
ooze, to | *pʰɔ́ |
seep, to | *pʰɔ́ |
consecrate, to | *pʰɔ̀ːk, *pʰɔ̀ːkʰ |
raise, to | *pʰɔ̀ŋk |
expand, to | *pʰú |
spread out, to | *pʰú |
blow (with mouth), to | *pʰù |
decay, to | *pʰúh, *pʰúːh |
spoil, to | *pʰúh, *pʰúːh |
lungs | *pʰùh |
hornet | *pʰùːl |
moisten, to | *pʰúːl |
come out, to | *pʰúl̪, *pʰúːl̪ |
smell (tr.), to | *pʰúːn |
move suddenly, to | *pʰuŋk |
throw, to | *pʰúr |
blow (something) out of the mouth | *pʰūr |
puff up, to | *pʰùːr |
swell up, to | *pʰùːr |
chop, to | *pʰuːr |
trunk, upper part of | *pʰuːr |
swell up, to | *pʰutʰ |
bad, to be | *pʰuːɵ |
dirty, to be(come) | *pʰuːɵ |
nasty, to be(come) | *pʰuːɵ |
hole in, to make | *pʰwɛ̀ |
puncture, to | *pʰwɛ̀ |
peel, to | *pʰwɛ̀ɗ |
skin, to | *pʰwɛ̀ɗ |
absent, to be | *pʰwı̄ |
not be, to | *pʰwı̄ |
bicep | *pʰwı̀l |
rib cage | *ápʰóh |
torso, upper | *ápʰóh |
bathe, to | *úpʰ |
come into view, to | *p`āːŋk |
view, to come into | *p`āːŋk |
bubble up, to | *p`āːwṭʰ |
foam, to | *p`āːwṭʰ |
froth, to | *p`āːwṭʰ |
spread out, to | *p`áːy, *p`áː`y |
wide, to become | *p`áːy, *p`áː`y |
red | *p`èd |
hit, to | *p`éd |
apart, to pull | *p`ēd̪ |
bow, to pull | *p`ēd̪ |
open, to pull | *p`ēd̪ |
pull bow, to | *p`ēd̪ |
pull open or apart, to | *p`ēd̪ |
grinding stone, upper | *p`eyl |
ground | *p`ɛ́ |
wing | *p`ɛːp` |
isolate, to | *p`i |
leave alone, solitary, to | *p`i |
hill | *p`ı̀ɗ, *p`id̪ |
twist (tr.), to | *p`ı́d̪ |
remove (covering layer) from, to | *p`ı́l̪ |
thump, to | *p`im |
cover, to | *p`ı̄ːn |
husk | *p`ı́p`, *p`ı́ːp` |
shell | *p`ı́p`, *p`ı́ːp` |
break off (piece), to | *p`ı̀s |
complete, to | *p`ı́s, *p`ı̄s |
nape | *p`ı̄t`ı̄h |
turn (intr.), to | *p`óŋg, *p`ōŋg |
peel, to | *p`óːɲ |
shell, to | *p`óːɲ |
roll, to | *p`oːr |
rise (of things), to | *p`ùk` |
heap | *p`úŋk |
lump | *p`úŋk |
mound | *p`úŋk |
pull out, to | *p`ūt̪ |
flit about, to | *p`wéɗ |
rush about, to | *p`wéɗ |
father | *àp`à |
moon | *àp`áːy |
buttock(s) | *eːmp` |
fish | *púːn, *p`úːn |
grasp, to | *t̯ā |
hold of, to take | *t̯ā |
take hold of, to | *t̯ā |
stick (something) out, to | *t̪àm |
do poorly (in task, activity), to | *t̪áːpʰ |
poorly, to do | *t̪áːpʰ |
fall lightly (rain), to | *t̪àt̩` |
rain lightly, to | *t̪àt̩` |
move (toward), to | *t̪é, *t̪ó |
ignite, to | *t̪èm |
set afire, to | *t̪èm |
clear, to | *t̪ɛ́l |
spread apart (tr.), to | *t̪ɛ̀r |
spread open, to | *t̪ɛ̀r |
examine, to | *t̪ı́áp |
observe closely, to | *t̪ɛ́áp |
reed | *t̪ı̄ːkʰ |
strand, thin | *t̪ı̄ːkʰ |
distribute, to | *t̪ı́p |
divide into portions, to | *t̪ı́p |
cease to function, to | *t̪ı́s, *t̪ı́ːs |
finished, to be | *t̪ı́s, *t̪ı́ːs |
used up, to be | *t̪ı́s, *t̪ı́ːs |
new | *t̪ı́ːɵ, *t̪ı̄ːɵ |
spill, to | *t̪ı̀ːt̪`, *tı̄ːt̪ʰ |
complete, to | *t̪ı́wm |
finish, to | *t̪ı́wm |
remove, to | *t̯óːd̪ |
strike with a pointed object, to | *t̯ɔ̀ːk |
blade, narrow | *t̪ɔ́n |
point, narrow | *t̪ɔ́n |
put, to | *t̪ɔ̀s |
set, to | *t̪ɔ̀s |
low, to be(come) | *t̪ùːl, *t̯ūːl |
lower oneself, to | *t̪ùːl, *t̯ūːl |
follow, to | *t̪úŋkʰ |
bad thing | *t̪úɵ, *t̪úːɵ |
increase in length, height, to | *t̪ʰaŋ |
stretch out, to | *t̪ʰaŋ |
bull | *t̪ʰàŋ, *t̪ʰāŋ |
ox | *t̪ʰàŋ, *t̪ʰāŋ |
pound (in making tool), to | *t̪ʰàːt` |
do quickly, to | *t̪ʰɛ́t` |
hurry, to | *t̪ʰɛ́t` |
stick | *t̪ʰı̄ŋk` |
afire, to set | *t̪ʰı́t̪`, *t̪ʰı́ːt̪` |
set afire, to | *t̪ʰı́t̪`, *t̪ʰı́ːt̪` |
bend (intr.), to | *t̪ʰól |
curve (intr.), to | *t̪ʰól |
turn (intr.), to | *t̪ʰól |
raise, to | *t̪ʰɔ́ɲ |
cold | *t̪ʰɔ́s, *t̪ʰɔ́ːs |
strike with hafted tool, to | *t̪ʰūːd |
not work (right or well), to | *t̪ʰúːt` |
cease to function, to | *āt̪ʰ, *āːt̪ʰ |
fail, to | *āt̪ʰ, *āːt̪ʰ |
burn (of fire, intr.), to | *t̪ʰɔ́ɲ, *t̪óɲ |
burn, to make | *t̪`à, *t̪`ā |
kindle, to | *t̪`à, *t̪`ā |
bad feeling, to have | *t̪`āːp |
feel bad, to | *t̪`āːp |
help, to | *t̪`é |
difficult to do, to be | *t̪`ēk |
heavy, to be | *t̪`ēk |
whirl (tr.), to | *t̪`èːkʰ, *t̯`ēːkʰ |
fall, to be about to | *t̪`él |
teeter, to | *t̪`él |
stay in place, to | *t̪`èyj`, *t̪`ēyk` |
nit | *t̪`ɛ́ŋkw |
sharp, to be | *t̪`ɛ́ːr |
liver | *t̪`ɛ́z |
set apart, to set down, to | *t̪`ı́ |
rub, to | *t̯`ı̀ |
scrape off, to | *t̯`ı̀ |
wipe, to | *t̯`ı̀ |
drain (intr.), to | *t̪`ı́ |
run out, to | *t̪`ı́ |
short | *t̯`ı́l |
small | *t̯`iːn |
thin | *t̯`iːn |
grab, to | *t̪`ı́r |
hold tightly, to seize and | *t̪`ı́r |
seize, to | *t̪`ı́r |
heavy, to be very | *t̯`ı́r |
constricted (of opening), to be | *t̪`ı́t, *t̪`ı́tʰ |
tight, to be | *t̪`ı́t, *t̪`ı́tʰ |
pour in narrow stream, to | *t̪`óːɵ |
flow, to | *t̪`òr |
cease to function, to | *t̯`ɔ̀w |
stop doing, to | *t̯`ɔ̀w |
rub, to | *t̪`úr |
wet, to be(come) | *t̪áy, *t̪ʰay, *t̪`ay |
cow (generic) | *T̯ɛ́, *T̯ɛ́h |
sour, to become | *t̯ɛr, *t̪ʰɛr, *t̪`ɛr |
bowl, wooden | *T̪ūp, *T̪ūb |
drag, to | *T̪útʰ, *T̯ʰùt̯ʰ |
bile | *ét̪, *ét̪ʰ, *ét̪` |
gall | *ét̪, *ét̪ʰ, *ét̪` |
one (indef. pron.) | *tà/ *tı̀ |
someone | *tà/ *tı̀ |
something | *tà/ *tı̀ |
which one? | *tá |
be (in a place), to | *tāː |
find out, to | *ták |
leak, to | *táːm, *tāːm |
run out, to | *táːm, *tāːm |
seep, to | *táːm, *tāːm |
flatten, make flat, to | *tàːr |
level, to make | *tàːr |
make level, flat, straight, to | *tàːr |
straight, to make | *tàːr |
twist, to | *tàːş, *tāːş |
rise up, to | *tēːb, *tēːp |
strike (originally in making a stone tool), to | *téd |
one | *téːk |
smell good, to | *tér, *tēr |
pick up, to | *téːr, *tēːr |
bite, to | *tɛ́ːş, *tɛ̄ːş |
we, us (inch subordinate) | *ti |
step, to | *tı́ːp, *tı́ːb, *tı́ːɓ |
tread, to | *tı́ːp, *tı́ːb, *tı́ːɓ |
strand | *tiːl |
strip, to | *tiːl |
prop up, to | *tı́ŋk |
support, to | *tı́ŋk |
join (tr.), to | *tóŋkʰ |
dig, to | *tɔ́ːk |
stick into ground, to | *tɔ́ːk |
part, upper | *tɔŋkʰ |
top | *tɔŋkʰ |
accumulate | *túːl |
assemble, to | *túːl |
pile up, to | *túːl |
stick into, to | *túpʰ |
strike with a tool, to | *túr |
increase (in size, amount), to | *túr |
look at, to | *twı́ |
here (direction) | *tʰ- |
that nearby | *tʰ- |
fold together, to | *tʰáːɓ |
have in mind to do | *tʰàːk` |
intend, to | *tʰàːk` |
stamp with the feet, to | *tʰàːm, *tʰāːm |
put low, to | *tʰàn, *tʰān |
set apart, to set down, to | *tʰàn, *tʰān |
dirt | *tʰāp` |
dust | *tʰāp` |
belly | *tʰā`w |
build, to | *tʰé, *tʰèh |
fashion, to | *tʰé, *tʰèh |
make, to | *tʰé, *tʰèh |
satisfy, to | *tʰéː |
to let leak, let run out or down | tʰél̯ |
stagger, to | tʰéŋ |
totter, to | tʰíŋ |
silence | tʰéŋk |
flatten, make flat, to | tʰēpʰ |
pour off, to | tʰēːr |
spill down, to | tʰīːr |
tie, to | tʰéːr |
to rise up, go out | tʰɛ̄ŋ |
louse | tʰil, tʰil̯ |
cover, to | tʰím |
heavy, stout, to be | tʰíŋ |
hair, clump of | tʰipʰ |
continue (doing) (intr.), to | tʰír |
persist (intr.), to | tʰír |
to touch, come into contact | tʰíːr, tʰīːr |
finger, toe | tʰòd |
to show, explain | tʰóːd |
plait (hair), to | tʰód̯ |
tie up, to | tʰúd̯ |
to wear out, become weary | tʰòd̯, tʰōd̯ |
pound lightly, to | tʰòːkʼ |
marrow | tʰól |
rub with the fingers, to | tʰóːṭ, tʰóːṭʰ |
to disturb, disarrange | tʰóːṭʼ |
blister | tʰɔ́ːtʰɔ́ːl |
stick into, to | tʰúː, tʰū |
to strike aganist, collide with | tʰūh |
break open, to | tʰúl, tʰūl |
turn, to | tʰùŋkʰ |
to be thick, dense | tʰūp |
troop off, go away in a group, to | tʰūr |
first; the first (one) | tʰwàkʼ |
to pull loose, pull off | tʰwàṭʰ |
raise a little, to | tʰwék |
to pull off, tear off, scrape off | tʰwɛ̀r |
hit, to | tʰwiːm |
depression, shallow | tʰwɔ̀ːŋkʰ |
arm, upper | tʰa᷅b, t̯̋ʰa᷅p |
to drip, make pots | tʰɔ̀ːl, t̯ʰɔ̀ːl |
pots, to make | tʰɛyd, tɛyd |
pick up, to | T1àpʼ |
gullet | T1āwād |
bend (intr., of a part of the body) | T1ēkʼ |
strike (thing), to | T1òːpʼ |
three | ɔT1waːnz |
to err, do wrong | T2àːl |
nephew, niece | T2áwpʼ |
log, pole, branch | T2ar |
brightness | T2él |
to be tired, weary | tʼáp |
turn around, to | tʼāmp |
lick, to | tʼèl̯ |
tongue | tʼèl̯am |
foliage, leaves (suppl. pl.) | tʼeypʰ |
to become longer, lengthen | tʼɛːyn |
small, very | tʼī |
smoke, to give off | tʼoːl |
smoke | tʼóːl |
soft, to be | tʼor |
to snap, break, cut | tʼor |
to strike off, cut off | tʼur |
cut ends off, to | tʼúrúp, tʼūrūp |
break into small pieces, to | tʼɔ́h |
elephant, female | tʼɔm |
soak, to | tʼɔ́pʰ, tʼɔ́pʼ |
to hack( vegetation), chop | tʼɔ́ːs |
squeeze, to | tʼú |
to sow, plant | tʼūm |
pick up and remove, to | tʼúmp |
put together, to | tʼúmp |
say, to | tʼwàː , tʼwāː |
mouth | tʼwàːh, tʼwāːh |
to shine, become bright | tʼwāɗ |
burst, to | tʼwàːk, tʼwāːk |
end, to | tʼwáːm, tʼwāːm |
to descend, go down | tʼwɔ̀ṣ |
stone | itʼ, itʰ |
lean, to | tʼìŋkʰ, t̯ʼìŋkʰ, tʼìŋkʼ, t̯ʼìŋkʼ |
pot | Téw, T̯éw |
to rise, grow, increase | ṭàː |
taste, to | ṭām |
to tie, fasten | ṭámp |
hare | ṭaːwr |
to wake | ṭe, ṭeh |
to scrape off | ṭéːl |
smooth by peeling, to make | ṭēl̯ |
hop, to | ṭér, ṭēr |
to set afire | ṭéṣ |
cheat, to | ṭēːṣ |
bind, to | ṭèṣ , ṭēṣ |
whole, entire | ṭı́ɗ, ṭı̄ɗ |
hear, to | ṭı̄ːk |
enter, to | ṭı̀ŋkʰ |
dark, to be very | ṭı́r |
to sit, stay, stop | ṭòŋkw |
to be begrudging, recalcitrant | ṭōr |
see, to | ṭɔː , ṭɔːh |
to rise, go up, climb | ṭū |
to enclose, tie up | ṭūːd |
touch, to | ṭùkʰ |
phlegm | ṭūl, ṭūl̯ |
drip, to | ṭùmp |
call out, to | ṭúʼw , ṭúw |
stick | ṭwáː |
travel, to | ṭwáːkʰ |
to sparkle, glitter | ṭwɛ̀l , ṭwɛ̄l |
to kneel, ben the knee | ṭwi |
lower leg | ṭwíːkw |
wet, to | ṭwíːkʰw |
leather strap , thong | ṭeB , tʰeB , T̯eB |
that nearby | ṭʰi |
that over there | ṭʰạ |
to be clear , be right | ṭʰá |
milk | ṭʰa |
pass (intr.), to | ṭʰà , ṭʰàː |
stop (intr.), to | ṭʰāb , ṭʰāːɓ |
to fool, make foolish | ṭʰàkʰ , ṭʰàːkʰ |
darken, to | ṭʰar |
black | ṭʰáràh |
to remove, take away | ṭʰàypʰ |
to scatter, disperse (intr.) after gathering | ṭʰém |
to drain off, let flow | ṭʰɛ̄ː, ṭʰɛ̄ːh |
appear, toto appear, emerge, come into being | ṭʰɛ́k |
shout, to | ṭʰɛ́l |
wet, to | ṭʰɛ̄mpʰ |
to bring forth, put forth | ṭʰì |
to bend, turn (intr.) | ṭʰìŋ, ṭʰīŋ |
point , tip , edge | ṭʰít̯ʼ |
rain heavily, to | ṭʰóː |
to revolve, go round | ṭʰóːɗ̣ |
to secrete or emit fluid(from body) | ṭʰòl |
stick into, to | ṭʰòŋkʼ |
quiver (of arrows) | ṭʰóŋkʼóh |
weak, to be(come) | ṭʰɔ́ɗ |
poke, to | ṭʰɔ̀ːl |
flowing water | ṭʰɔ́ːr |
to become long, tall,deep | ṭʰwaːl |
to keep apart, keep separate | ṭʼàːn |
tip | ṭʼàwpʼ |
to tear off, tear out;to extract incisor tooth | ṭʼáːy |
incisor tooth | ṭʼáːym |
ears (pl., dual, or coll.?) | ṭʼéː |
leaf | ṭʼéːm |
to call out | ṭʼeːkʰ, ṭʼeːkʼ |
to slip, slide | ṭʼèl |
sand | ṭʼɛ̄ːṣ |
small, young(of child | ṭʼì, ṭʼìː |
stem,stalk,trunk | ṭʼí, ṭʼíː |
spit through gap of teeth, to | ṭʼíd̯ |
to die(of fire),be extinguished | ṭʼíːl |
sneeze, to | ṭʼīs |
to annoy, harass(verbally) | ṭʼóːŋ |
to bend, curve, turn | ṭʼóŋk |
to rot, decay, fall into ruin | ṭʼópʼ |
hot, to become | ṭʼɔ̄kʰ |
front of the body,belly | ṭʼɔ́ːl |
push, to | ṭʼɔ́r, ṭʼɔ̄r |
dimmer, to | ṭʼúd |
glow, to | ṭʼúd |
to see up close, see with one's own eyes | ṭʼúːd |
to set apart, put apart | ṭʼūk |
clean, to | ṭʼùl |
chaw on slowly, to | ṭʼúm |
go round, to | ṭʼúːr |
jaw | ṭʼwáɠ |
to rap, tap, peck at | ṭʼwàːkʰ, ṭʼwāːkʰ |
hand out, to | ṭʼwɛ́ːd |
scrape off, to | ṭʼwɛ́ːd |
suck, to | ṭʼwíːṭʼ |
dirt, filth | iṭʼ |
that | ka |
this | ki |
with | kà, kā |
homestead | kàː , kāːh |
move (intr.), to | kàn |
grab and take out, to | káp |
to fill out, expand, widen(intr.) | kápʰ, káːpʰ |
face, lower part of | kāːpʼ |
tie up, to | kátʰ |
remember, to | kàʼy, kāʼy |
with, at | ke |
rumble (of stomach), to | ked, ker |
seeds | kéːn |
scratch, to | kéyk, kéyg, kéyɠ |
run, to | kès |
face | kɛ̀y |
edge | kɛ̀y |
front edge of anything | kɛ́ynàh |
with, by, by means of | kí |
tremble, to | kít̯ |
utter, to | kób |
thin, to be(come) | kōd |
to join, put together | kóɗ |
hyena | kògēr |
to knock, tap, hit repeatedly | kókʰ, kòkʰ |
to be round, to curve | kól |
wind (tr.), to | kònt̯ |
call out, to | kɔ̄ |
monkey | kɔ̀dɔ́h |
elephant | kɔːwɔn |
palm, sole | kuː |
well, waterhole | kúl, kúl̯ |
go around, to | kúːl |
to bend over, bend down (intr.) | kúm |
cover, to | kúm |
to be much, many | kum |
carnivore, large | kwá, kwā |
small fly, gnat | kwɛl̯ |
breast (woman’s) | akó, kó |
bone | ɔ̀k |
seed | kʰàɓ, kʰàːɓ |
split (intr.), to | kʰád |
to frown, look angry | kʰáːd |
rise, to | kʰàh |
grow (of plants), to | kʰàːkʰ |
to sip, sniff, taste | kʰál |
call out, to | kʰál̯ |
to become little, few | kʰám |
press together, to | kʰámp |
lap up, to | kʰán |
to direct, guide, send | kʰáːn |
mix, to | kʰàːṣ |
break off, (tr.) to | kʰày |
to cease, come to an end | kʰáy |
completion | kʰāyìh |
to be little, small | kʰáyn, kʰāyn |
move circuitiously, to | kʰéṣ, kʰéṬ |
care about, care for, to | kʰēṭʼ |
open the mouth (to put something in it), to | kʰɛ̀ːl̯ |
to scratch, mark by scratching | kʰɛ́nṣ |
pubic area | kʰɛ̄ntʰèh |
pare, to | kʰɛ́pʼ |
to alight on, land on, go down onto | kʰɛ́ːṭ |
reckon (number or amount of), to | kʰɛ̄ʼyɛ̀l |
utter, to | kʰìː |
mouth, inside of | ākʰíː, akʰa |
to come | kʰí |
go | kʰá |
to tickle; | kʰil, |
armpit | kʰìlkʰìl |
loud sound, to make a | kʰìl |
take off, to | kʰìːl |
lizard, kind of | kʰīt̯íh |
smell good, to | kʰíy |
to curve, go round | kʰól̯ |
thick (of liquid), to be | kʰōm |
hump, lump, mound | kʰōm |
shoulder, outer | kʰòmból |
move (tr.), to | kʰónd |
hit, to | kʰòpʰ |
to tear off, rip off, cut off | kʰòːr |
belly | kʰoseh |
speak loudly, to | kʰóṭʼ |
to stir up, shake | kʰóṭʼ |
cough,to | kʰɔ̄kʼɔ́tʰ |
take hold of, to | kʰɔ́l |
shell | kʰɔ́ːɲ |
stick into, to | kʰɔ́ŋk |
to arrange, put in order | kʰɔ̄r |
burn (intr.), to | kʰɔ̀r |
to itch, have a ras | kʰɔ́s |
rub, to | kʰɔ́ːt |
to pull off, pull out, pull apart | kʰɔ́ṭʼ |
to join, meet up with | kʰúb, kʰúɓ |
turn (tr.), to | kʰúd̯ |
to call out, make a loud noise | kʰùːd |
pole | kʰúːd |
gourd, kind of | kʰúl, kʰūl |
bend (intr.), to | kʰùl |
to foam, forth, billow, bubble | kʰúmpʰ |
wooden vessel | kʰúːr |
hide, skin | kʰúːr, kʰúːd |
dusty or sandy ground | kʰúṣ, kʰúṬ |
apart, to take | kʰwáh |
clear (of sky), to | kʰwáːkʼ |
to grasp and take | kʰwal̯ |
to branch off, take a divergent route | kʰwámp |
to dig up, scoop out | kʰwáɲ |
cracked (of skin), to be | kʰwār, kʰwād |
get up, to | kʰwɛ́ːkʼ |
entrails | kʰwíɲ |
cover, to | K1òb, K1òp |
to tell | kʰɔ̀ːm, kɔ̀ːm |
to go out, depart | kʰúkʰ, kúkʰ |
to crack, break open (intr.) | kʰwīl, kwīl |
to take into the mouth | kʼá |
to be soft, weak | kʼáːɓ, kʼāːɓ |
cut into, to | kʼád |
to depart, go away | kʼàh |
split (tr.), to | kʼàkʼ |
eat, to | kʼàp |
scrape off, to | kʼáːp |
to scrape or scratch the surface of | kʼát̯ʰ |
to scratch out, scratch off | kʼàːy |
cold | kʼayl |
chew, to | kʼáʼy |
small, to be | kʼéɗ |
tip, end, extremity | kʼéːl̯ |
ewe lamb, famale kid | kʼér |
twist (intr.), to | kʼér |
horn | kʼéyl |
sink (tr.), to | kʼíl |
to slit, rip ( with claw, sharp point) | kʼíːr |
cough,to | kʼít, kʼíːt |
today | kʼó |
hole, to make a | kʼól |
chew, to | kʼól |
unpleasant (taste, condition, etc.), to become | kʼòṭʼ |
be, to | kʼɔ́ |
neck, base of | kʼɔ̀ːɗ |
abdomen, lower | kʼòmp |
snake | kʼɔːŋkʼ |
to take into the mouth | kʼɔŋ |
blood | kʼɔ́pʰ |
swell, to | kʼúːl |
pole, thick | kʼúl̯, kʼūl̯ |
to pick out, extract(with fingers) | kʼùːl |
scrape, to | kʼūːr |
fold (arm, leg), to | kʼúːṭ, kʼúːṭʰ |
to be little, few | kʼwáɗ |
tough | kʼwakʰar |
scrape, to | kʼwɛ́r |
fingers (suppl. pl.) | kʼwɛy |
chest, organ of (heart?) | kʼwìl̯māh |
chew, to | kʼwíṭ, kʼwíṭʼ |
cold, to become | kʼèːr, kʰèːr |
to not move, be still | kʼóːs, kʰśːs |
break off, (tr.) to | kʼùz, kʰúz |
bottle gourd | K1ɛ̀rɛ̄h, K1ɛ̀dɛ̄h |
to suck | kùːl, kʰùːl, kʼùːl |
we, us (excl. subordinate) | θa |
goat or sheep that has not yet born young | θáɡw, θáɠw |
spill (intr.), to | θàːkʼw |
fringe of hair | θaːm |
cut up, to | θayr, θayD |
with, at | θéh |
chest | θeyn |
remove (covering layer) from, to | θɛ́yb, θɛ́yp |
more, to become | θìh, θīh |
seep, to | θòh |
revile, to | θòp, θòb, θòɓ , θopʼ |
tear (out, off), to | θɔ̀h, θɔ̀ːh |
to sink, go down | θu, θuː |
to sniff | θùm |
to mix, st,r together | θùmp, θūmp |
to inhale | θùnt̯ |
move fluid around in mouth, to | θuŋk |
dry (tr.), to | θwà, θwàh |
to eat | θwáː |
to stiffen, harden, dry up | θwáw, θwāw |
flow (n.) | íθ |
how? | ıθ |
burn,to | θùn, θo᷅ùn |
put together (several), to | saːʼw |
thin, to be(come) | say, saːy, saʼy |
spill out, to | sàʼy |
to move briskly | sàːʼy, sāːʼy |
to rise, go up | sè |
strong, stout, to be | seɠ |
sand | séːkʼ |
clean, to | séyl̯ |
to stab, stick into | sì, sìː |
this one | sí |
strip, thin stick, switch | sīːl |
plait, to | sìm |
dust | sīŋkʰw |
move (intr.), to | sōkʼ |
dampen, to | sópʰ |
sniff (tr.), to | sór |
make fun of, to | sóːr |
put above, to | sɔ̄d |
dust | sɔːd |
bend (intr.), to | sɔ́ŋ |
juice, fluid part of anything | súː |
to stretch out, lengthen(intr.) | súːɗ̣ |
cook, to | suk |
bend, to | sùkʰ |
to be on fire, give off heat | sūːl |
worm,thin strand | swīl, swīl̯ |
skin | ìs, īs |
ineffective, to be(come) or make useless,inoperative | ùːs, ūːs |
to whip, strike repeatedly | swéːT̯, θwéːT̯ |
to fight, quarrel | ás, áθ |
leave, to | ṣākʼ |
seep, to | ṣàl |
gather (tr.), to | ṣámp |
hit (person) repeatedly, to | ṣámpʼ |
straight, even, level | ṣéh |
stick into, to | ṣèk, ṣèɡ |
shake (tr.), to | ṣeːkʼ |
talk someone into doing, to (try to) | ṣèṣ |
split (tr.), to | ṣɛ́ːl |
to take a breath, catch oneʼs breath | ṣɛ́ːy |
sniff, to | ṣɛ̀ːym |
bite into, to | ṣɛ̄ʼy |
tooth | ṣɛ̄ʼyh |
to sink down, collapse | ṣíɓ, ṣīɓ |
twist (tr.), to | ṣíːd̯ |
to not function,be(come) useless | ṣíh |
wet, to be(come) | ṣít |
heat, to | ṣíl |
to descend, sink | ṣòːd |
to move close together, bring into concact | ṣōm |
strand, strip | ṣoŋ |
move (intr.), to | ṣór |
to be slight, light(in weight) | ṣòːr |
many, much | ṣɔ́ːh, ṣɔ̄ːh |
dissolve, turn to liquid, to | ṣɔ̀l, ṣɔ̀ːl |
to arrange, put in order | ṣɔ̄ːl |
to lead off, start off | ṣúː |
to appear, emerge into view | ṣúɓ |
intestines | ṣūːɗ |
vein, tendon | ṣuh, ṣuːh |
drive (animals), to | ṣúːk |
leak out, to | ṣúl̯ |
to put together | ṣúːm |
to yell, cry or call out | ṣup, ṣuːp |
remove by lifting off, to | ṣūːtʰ |
black, to be | ṣwēl |
burn (intr.), to | ṣwɛ́ |
put together parts in fashioning, especially a tool, to | ṣwíl |
lie (down), to | iːṣ |
grass | ṣɛ, sɛː |
someone, something | zá, zè |
hit repeatedly, to | zá |
immature, young | záː |
to behave foolishly | zàːm, zāːm |
reach out (for), to | zél |
to have diffculty doing, be slow in doing | zénd |
to put in line, put in order | zèr |
back, small of | zɛ̀h, zɛ̀ːh |
to be(come)damp, moist | zɛ̀m |
watch, to | zíkʰ |
stomach | zim, ziːm |
mumble, to | zìm |
joint (of body) | zìmàh |
push, to | zō, zōːh |
roast, to | zókʰ |
trot, to | zòkʰ |
rise, to | zōːl |
to raise,lift | zòŋkʰ |
to cram together, put many in one place | zoṭʼ |
fur | zukʰ |
flow out, to | zúpʼ |
to move abruptly or suddenly | zùːr |
forearm | ɔ́ːz, ɔ̄ːz |
to bubble up, foam, froth | zéːɗ, séːɗ |
to scratch, scrape, pierce(skin, etc.) | zékʼ |
alluvium, sediment | zíb, síb |
to run away, flee(of many) | zɔ̀, sɔ̀ |
thorn | aːs, aːθ, aːz |
shelter, temporary | sàːB, ṣàːB, zàːB |
that one | r-, re, ra, ri |
to sink down, become low | ràb, ràːb |
pour down (intr.), to | ráːɡ, ráːŋk |
burn (intr.), to | ráːɡw |
to make, prepare | ràːk, ràːɠ |
put together, to | ràːk, ràːkʰ |
joint of leg or arm | ramp |
strike (person, animal), to | rápʼ, rāpʼ |
membrane, soft skin | rāwpʼ |
cut in two, to | ré, rē |
to fasten, make fast | réɗ |
stiff, hard, to be | rēd̯ |
lift, to | rèːk, rèːɠ |
hit, collide with, to | rémp |
thin, to be(come) | rémpʰ |
stop (intr.), to | rēp |
to join, connet, to tie together | répʰ, rípʰ |
to match, fit, to arrange to fit | rɛ́kʰ, rikʰ |
to seep, discharhe fluid;to bleed | rɛ́ːy |
fear, to | rī, rīh |
tie up, to | rìk |
injure, to | ríŋ, ríɡ |
body (of animal) | rìŋ, rìɡ |
go down, to | ŕp, ŕɓ |
wet, to be(come) | ròː, rōː |
look at, to | róː, róːh |
put together, join (two things), to | rókʰ |
weak, to be(come) | rōl̯ |
pay back, recompense, to | ròmb |
large, to grow | róp, rōp |
take hold of, to | rɔ́ːh, rɔ̄ːh |
join, connect (tr.), to | rɔ́p, rɔ́ɓ |
self/body | ru, ruh |
aversion to, to have an | rùː, rùːh |
watch, look after, to | rūk |
strike, to | rùkʰ, rūkʰ |
attack and seize, to | rúm |
collapse, to | rúm, rúb |
stem, thin | rúp |
rumble, to | rùr |
to speak, especially forcefully;to pester, bother verbally | rwíkʰ |
fat, to be(come) | rwís |
intestines | àːr |
two | àré |
white | āeó, àró |
go/come, to | or, er |
raised surface | ùr, úr |
hill | kʰúr |
that one | ili |
this one | ɛlɛ |
talk rapidly, to | láb, láɓ, láp |
separate (tr.), to | lák, láːk |
eat soft food, to | lákʰ, láːkʰ |
drench, wet thoroughly, to | lal, laːl |
call out to (someone), to | làːl |
wash (other than hands), to | lám |
not want, to | laŋ |
grasp, to | láʼw |
reach out to take, to | làwtʰ |
slow down, to | láʼy, lāʼy |
depart (from/to), to | lè, lò |
to seep | léh |
to moisten, wet down | líh |
to watch, obverse | lēːh |
to grasp, hold | lēpʰ |
feeble, to be | léːpʼ |
disappear, to | léyl |
in, at | lɛ̀ |
place | àlɛ́ |
lap, to | lɛy |
to be(come)wet | líb, líɓ, líp |
moisten, to | lim |
shrink back, sink down, to | líːm |
swallow, to | líːŋkʼ |
horn, detached (as container, instrument) | lòːb, lòːɓ |
miss, fail, to | lòːb, lòːɓ |
land | loɠ, loɡ |
swell up, to | lòːkʰ |
spill out, to | lòːl̯, lōːl̯ |
collect and take away, to | lóːl̯ |
crown of head | lóŋkʰ |
immersed, to be | lóːs |
blade, point (of tool) | lɔ́ |
take loose, take apart, to | lúh |
leaf out, to | lúh, lúːh |
go out, come out, to | lúːk, lúːkʰ, lúːɡ |
bend, curve (tr.), to | lúːɡ |
drip, to | lwátʰ |
dry out (intr.), to | l̯aɓ, l̯ab, l̯apʼ |
pat, to | l̯áːɓ, l̯áːpʼ |
rise, go higher, to | l̯āːw |
far | l̯áːw |
shake (intr.), to | l̯àːwŋ |
harm, to | l̯áːʼw |
rise, to | l̯éː, l̯ēː |
sweet, to be | l̯él, l̯él̯ |
rub, scrub (surface of), to | l̯èːl |
eager for, assiduous, to be | l̯èl̯ |
cut apart, to | l̯ér |
hurry, to | l̯éːr |
light, kindle, to | l̯ɛ̀h |
leave off, to | l̯ɛ̀l̯ |
turn back and forth, to | l̯ɛŋ, l̯iŋ |
darken (of sky), to | l̯ɛ́ːyl |
fight, kill in fighting, to | l̯í, l̯íː |
to darken(of sky) | l̯ím |
scrape (with implement), to | l̯ìt̯ʼ, l̯īt̯ʼ |
tip | l̯òd |
to tell, pronounce on a matter | l̯òk |
spill, flow out, to | l̯óːkʰ, l̯óːkʼ |
run, to | l̯óŋ, l̯ōŋ |
dig a hole, to | l̯ɔ́h, l̯ɔ̄h |
call, to | l̯ɔ̀ŋk |
keep watch for, to | l̯ú, l̯ū |
sip, to | l̯u, l̯uh |
dark, black | ùl̯, l̯ùl̯ |
darkness | kʰul̋ |
earth | làpʼúh, l̯àpʼúh |
leaf | láw, l̯áw |
grass, tall, for thatching | léyl, l̯éyl |
side (of body) | Lɛ́kʼ, Lɛ́ɠ |
drenched, to become | Liŋ, Liːŋ |
tie together, to | lípʼ, l̯ípʼ |
make a hole, to | lod, l̯od |
deep, thick-layered | lòːl̯, l̯òːl̯ |
skin, piece of | lɔ́pʼ, l̯ɔ́pʼ |
soak, to | Lùk, Lùkʰ, Lùkʼ |
third person indefinite pronoun | wá |
to pick, pull off | wá |
pour, to | wá |
to move, to come | wa, we |
grow, to | wa |
me | wah |
return, to | wáːl |
side (of body) | wànt, wànt̯ |
female | wàɲ, wāɲ |
woman | wánt̯ |
eye | wāŋ |
termite | waŋw |
thrust aside, to | wāpʰ |
wipe, to | wáːpʰ, wāːpʰ |
go up, to | wár |
take, to | wàr |
spring, bound away, to | wár |
burn brightly, to | wāːr |
grow large, to | wàs |
bubble, to | wáːṣ |
comrade, close friend | wát |
ten | wáyéh |
light, give off, to | waːy |
fire | wàːyn |
light, ignite, to | wàːyṣ |
speak loudly, to | wèl |
to shine, brun | wēːl |
you (ph) | wém |
lack strength, to | wēpʰ |
to go round, to revolve | wēnt, wīnt |
increase (in size, amount), to | wér |
mud | wér, wéd |
wet down, to | wéθ |
remove, dispose of, to | wèt̯, wèt̯ʰ |
you (pl.) | wɛ́ |
eyes (suppl. pl.) | wɛ̀ |
observe, to | wɛ̀ːn |
disapprove of, deny, to | wɛ̀ŋk |
angry, to be | wɛ́r |
to crack, tear, split | wɛ́ːr |
strip, clear away, to | wɛ́t̯, wɛ́t̯ʰ, wɛ́ṣ |
die, to | wɛ́y |
to dig out, dig up | wɛ̄yr |
look at, to | wɛ̄ʼy |
listen, to | wikʰ, wikʼ |
ear | wikʰin, wikʼin |
spill, flow out, to | wìr |
turn (intr.), to | wìːr |
blow (with mouth), to | wís, wíṣ |
liquid, to become | wìy, wìʼy |
detach, take loose, to | wíːy, wíːʼy |
to grow | ʼwáːl |
fire | ʼwāntʼ |
carnivore, large | ʼwaːr |
blow, to | ʼwè, ʼwèh |
tell, to | ʼwé |
fly, to | ʼwed |
pour, spill (intr.), to | ʼwɛ̀l |
to bruise, wound | ʼwèl |
mouth | ʼwéːt̯ |
windpipe, throat | ʼwéy |
grind (stone blade), to | ʼwéːy |
point,tip | ʼwéːyh |
stay the night, to | ʼwɛ̀ |
gulp, to | ʼwɛ́d |
hunger | ʼwɛ̀d |
to sink down, become low | ʼwɛ́nḍ |
dog | ʼwɛ̀ns |
ear | ʼwɛ́ŋ |
cry out, to | ʼwìː |
go back and forth, up and down, to | ʼwìɡ, ʼwīɠ |
burn (tr.), to | ʼwīh |
shine (of sun, etc,), to | ʼwír |
tail | àʼwèːyh |
to grow dark, become night | waːd, ʼwaːd |
to dig up, dig out | wàɗ, ʼwāɗ |
illness, injury | wāɗ̣, ʼwāɗ̣ |
light, set afire, to | wàl, ʼwàl |
speak out, to | wàːl, ʼwàːl |
to grow(in size), grow up | wap, ʼwap |
rain, to | wàr, ʼwàr |
chew on, to | wáṭʼ, ʼwáṭʼ |
grain, edible | waːy, ʼwaːy |
seed-corn | kʰwaːy, kʰʼwaːy |
sheep | wèd, ʼwèd |
fight, to | wéːɗ̣, ʼwéːɗ̣ |
sip, to | wet̯ʰ, ʼwet̯ʰ |
ram | wɛl̯, ʼwɛl̯ |
goat, he- | wɛr, ʼwɛr |
husk | ʼwɛːr |
protruberance | wík, ʼwík |
hip | wìl, ʼwìl |
buttock(s) | kʰwil, kʰʼwil |
clear off, clear out, to | wìl, ʼwìl |
breathe out, to | wìl, ʼwìl |
tear down (residence), to | wil̯, ʼwìl̯ |
night | awaːd, aʼwaːd |
bull | òwìŋ, oʼwìŋ |
interrogative stem | y- |
that nearby | yá |
this referred to | yí |
mother | yā |
flow, to | yà |
hurt (intr.), to | yà, yā |
come/go, to | yà, yɛ, yɔ |
drink, to | yá, yáh |
to say a name, speak to by name | yád |
grasp, to | yāːd̯ |
to flow in, flow over | yáh |
flow in, flow over, to | yákw, yáɡw, yá |
young, to be | yàkʼ, yākʼ |
spread (tr.), to | yàːkʼ |
to go fast | yāːp |
wet, to become thoroughly | yáːs |
water (animals), to | yàt̯ |
heat over low fire, to | yàːwpʰ |
body (of animal) | yàːy |
cow (generic) | yáːyr |
eyes (suppl. pl.) | yē |
string, strand | ye, yeh |
fatty portion of meat | tēn |
expand in size, to | yēŋ |
stretch, enlarge (tr.), to | yént̯ʼ |
spill, flow out, to | yɛ́ːd̯ |
lie (down), to | tɛ̄h |
they | yɛ́h |
projection, anything sticking up/out | yɛ́ːp |
to twist, bend | yíd, yīd |
grass | yīh |
to notice, pay attention to | yíːl |
call, to | yíːl, y,́ːl̯ |
calf of leg | yód |
call out, to | yóɡ, yóɠ |
drive herd, to | yókw |
sink (intr.), to | yóːl |
part, come away, to | yɔ́ːl |
not be, to | yɔ́ːm |
leak, to | yú |
to make collapse, cause to fall | yùːd |
fluid | yūh |
goat | āy, āy |
belly | àyí |
other | áyr |
body, front of | ɛ̀ːy, ɛ̀ːyaw |
body | ɛːyl |
tree | ʼya |
strike repeatedly and hard, to | ʼyá, ʼyáh |
shake (tr.), to | ʼyāk |
fearful, to be | ʼyākʼw |
exclaim, to | ʼyál |
swallow, to | ʼyáŋ, ʼyāŋ |
tell, to | ʼyé |
escape, to | ʼyá |
to burn, shine | ʼyē |
country, locality | ʼyé |
throw, to | ʼyép |
heat (by sun or fire), to | ʼyéːr |
grasp and bring toward, to | ʼyɛ̀ːn |
be (in a place), to | ʼyìː |
to produce sap, juice | ʼyīm |
to live, be alive | ʼyìːŋ |
grow old, to | ʼyó |
horn | ʼyokʼw |
turn back and forth, to | ʼyud̯ |
to bear fruit; fruit | ʼyuk, ʼyukʰ, ʼyukʼ |
joint of leg or arm | aʼy |
palm of hand | ʼáʼyr |
to drop abruptly | yùːK, ʼyùːK |
to pant | yùːpʰ, ʼyùːpʰ |
mountain | àːy, àːʼy |
ask, to | ha, haː |
gulp down, to | hāb |
take, to | hāb, hāɓ |
eat up, to | hàbùr |
to produce(fruit, growth,offspring) | háh |
to pick up(many things) | hàːkʰw |
avoid, do without, to | hàkʼ, hàːkʼ |
extend, to | hákʼ, háːkʼ |
hair, long | hál |
wet, to | hàːl |
grass stalk | hàlm |
hair | hàm |
joint of meat | hám |
moisten, to | hám |
gather food, to | hām |
afraid, to be | hámp |
fingers (suppl. pl.) | hàn, hān |
fingers | háns |
put in order, to | háːns |
breathe, to | háːŋ |
flow, to | hàr |
rain | hár |
lacking, to be | hàr, hàːr |
to burn, glow | haːr |
chew at length, to | hát̯ʼ |
flap, wave (limbs), to | hāːw |
bone of limb, long bone | haːwah |
hot, to be | háʼw, háːʼw |
belly | hàʼwm, hàwm |
person | háyt̯ |
lie, tell a lie, to | hékʼ |
move toward in order to get, to | hɛ̀ṣ, hɛ̄ṣ |
gather (tr.), to | hɛ́w |
to obtain, take possession of | hí |
to grind | hí, híh |
three | híno᷅āh |
circle, encircle, go around, to | híːr |
to pluck, pick | hóː |
shell, hard covering | hólk |
increase, to | hōr |
to recline, lie | hɔ́ŋɡ |
bend (intr.), to | hùŋɡ |
sniff (intr.), to | húŋk |
house | hwèy |
burn low, smoulder, to | hwɛ̀mpʼ |
me | āh |
I | āhāy |
us (excl.) | ahìl̯ |
I | kʰàh |
we, us | kʰahih |
her, him, it | ɛ̄h |
she, he, it | kʰɛh |
her, him, it | nɛh |
call out, to | ɔ̄ːh |
stalk, stem | áːd, háːd |
stalk, stem | ɛl, hɛl |
path, road | ɔ̀ːd, hɔ̀ːd |
intestinal tract | uːr, huːr |
sit down, to | ùṭʼ , hùṭʼ |
flow, to | hìh , ʼyìh |
wasp | áː |
first person singular marker of verb | -án |
first person singular marker of verb | na- |
you (sing.) | í |
you (sing. obj.) | áì |
you (sing.) | aina |
move (tr.), to | ìːw |
cow, head of cattle | hɛ́w |
to twist, turn, bend (intr.) | ŋíːr |
cotton | ŋiːrih |