Appendix:Proto-Lower Cross River reconstructions
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The following list of Proto-Lower Cross River reconstructions is from Connell (n.d.).
List
[edit]| No. | Gloss | Proto-Lower Cross |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | accompany | *kɔŋ ̀ |
| 5 | animal | *ú-nàm |
| 7 | antelope (1) | *é-lòp / *i- |
| 8 | antelope (2) | *ɛ- ̀sɔ̀ / *i- |
| 9 | arm | *ú-bɔk ́ / *a- |
| 12 | arrow | *í-dáŋ |
| 13 | ashes | *ń-tɔŋ ́ |
| 14 | ask | *bíp |
| 15 | axe | *ˋ-kùt |
| 16 | baby | *ǹ-sɛk ́~ |
| 17 | back | *ɛ- ̀dɛm̀ |
| 18 | bad | *ìdìɔk ́ |
| 19 | bag | *è-kpàt / *a- |
| 21 | bark (of tree) | *í-kpɔk ́ |
| 24 | bat (2) | *é-míàŋ |
| 25 | be (identity) | *dɛ́ |
| 27 | be able | *kɛmɛ́̀̀ |
| 28 | be correct | *nɛn |
| 29 | be enough | *kɛm̀ |
| 33 | beans | *ŋ- ̀kɔt ́ì |
| 38 | bed | *à-kùɔŋ ̀ |
| 39 | bee | *ɔ- ́kúɔk ́ |
| 40 | begin | *tɔŋ ́ɔ́ |
| 41 | belly | *ù-díp / *n- |
| 43 | bird | *í-nùŋɛn ́ |
| 44 | bite | *lóm |
| 46 | black | *ˋ-bít |
| 47 | blind (a.) | *ǹnàn |
| 48 | blood | *!-ɟì:p |
| 49 | blow | *fù:t |
| 50 | blow (wind) | *fùm |
| 51 | blunt | *tɪp ́ |
| 52 | body | *í-lɛḿ |
| 53 | bone | *ɔ- ́kpɔ́ |
| 54 | bow | *ù-tɪgà́ |
| 55 | branch | *ɔ- ́kɔk ́ / *ŋ- |
| 56 | break | *bó:ŋ / *bòm |
| 57 | breast | *é-bá / *a- |
| 58 | breathe | *ŋwɛk ́ / *kóbí ˋ |
| 59 | broom | *á-ɟàŋ |
| 60 | build (house) | *bɔp ́ |
| 61 | bundle | *ɛ- ́bɛk ̀ |
| 62 | bury | *bò:k |
| 63 | bush | *ú-kɔt ́ |
| 65 | buy | *lɛp ́ |
| 66 | calabash | *ˋ-kùm |
| 67 | call | *kúód |
| 68 | canoe | *ù-bóm |
| 69 | carry | *bɛn ́ |
| 70 | carve | *káp / *kúáí |
| 73 | catch | *mɔm̀ |
| 76 | charcoal | *ń-káŋ |
| 77 | cheek | *á-fók / *m- |
| 78 | chest | *í-kpán écìt |
| 79 | chew (eat) | *tá |
| 80 | chief | *ɔ- ́!bɔ: ́ŋ / *i- |
| 81 | child | *ɔ- ́ɟɛn ́ / *E- |
| 83 | chin | *ɛ- ́bɛk ̀ / *a- |
| 84 | choose | *mɛk ̀ |
| 85 | clay (for pots) | *ń-dòm |
| 86 | climb | *dɔ: ́k / *líɔŋ ́ |
| 90 | cocoyam | *í-kpɔŋ ̀ / *ŋm- |
| 92 | come | *dí |
| 93 | complain | *tɔt ̀ |
| 95 | cook | *tɛm̀ |
| 96 | cooking pot | *ò-kò / *ú-sè |
| 97 | corpse | *ó-kpó ógwòm |
| 98 | cough (n.) | *ù-kɔŋ ́ |
| 99 | count | *bàd |
| 101 | cow | *é-nàŋ / *i- |
| 105 | crocodile | *ò-fíŋɛm / *a-̀ |
| 106 | cry / weep | *túá |
| 110 | dance (v.) | *ɟɔp ̀ / *nɛk ́ |
| 113 | dawn | *ú-sɛn ̀ |
| 114 | day | *ú-sɛn ̀ |
| 116 | death | *ŋm̀-kpá |
| 118 | defecate | *tɔɾ ̀ɔ́~ |
| 119 | descend | *sùʀɔ́ |
| 120 | die | *kpá |
| 121 | dig | *dɔk ̀ |
| 122 | divide | *dɛ: ̀mE |
| 123 | do / make | *nám |
| 124 | doctor | *á-fíà ~ |
| 125 | dog | *é-búá / *i- |
| 126 | doorway | *é-dìkɛt ̀ |
| 127 | draw water | *kóbí ~ |
| 128 | dream (v.) | *lápá |
| 129 | dream (n.) | *ń-lá:p |
| 130 | drink (v.) | *ŋwɔŋ ́ |
| 131 | drop | *ɟàk ~ |
| 133 | dry (a.) | *ˋ-cát |
| 134 | dry (v.) | *cát / *ŋʷàn |
| 137 | dumb | *ˋ-mû:m |
| 138 | dust | *ó-búmò |
| 139 | dwell | *dóŋ |
| 140 | ear | *ú-tɔŋ ́ / *a- |
| 141 | eat | *líá |
| 142 | egg | *ń-kíɛn ̀ |
| 143 | elbow | *é-kùɔŋ ̀ |
| 145 | elephant | *é-nì:n / *i- |
| 147 | enter | *lók |
| 148 | err | *lùgɛ̀ |
| 151 | extinguish | *nɪmɛ́́ |
| 152 | eye | *ɛ- ́ɲɛn ̀ / *a- |
| 153 | face | *í-só éɲɛn ̀ |
| 154 | faeces | *dùʀɔ́ |
| 156 | famine | *à-káŋ |
| 158 | farm | *ì-ŋʷáŋ / *ú-kɔt ́ |
| 160 | father | *è-tɛ́ / *a- |
| 163 | feather | *ń-tàŋ / *í-bâ / *m- |
| 167 | fight (v.) | *ŋʷáná |
| 169 | finish | *ú-káŋ |
| 171 | firewood | *í-fíá |
| 172 | first | *òkpá |
| 173 | fish | *é-ɟák / *i- |
| 174 | flesh | *ɔ- ́bɔk ́ |
| 175 | flog | *míŋá |
| 176 | fly | *ɟá / *fùlú |
| 177 | follow (behind) | *kɔŋ ̀ |
| 178 | food | *ù-líá |
| 179 | foot | *ì-kpàt / *ŋm- |
| 180 | forest | *á-kàì |
| 181 | forget | *fɛɾ ̀ɛ́ |
| 182 | fowl | *ú-nɔn ̀ / *i- |
| 186 | fry (in sand) | *sáŋ / *káŋ |
| 187 | full | *ɟɔk ́ |
| 188 | funeral | *í-kpó |
| 189 | gather | *táŋ |
| 191 | ghost | *é-kpó |
| 192 | gift | *ɛ- ̀nɔ |
| 193 | give | *nɔ̀ / *ɲì |
| 194 | give birth | *màn ~ |
| 195 | go | *kàɰá |
| 196 | goat | *é-bót / *i- |
| 197 | God / god | *à-bàsì |
| 202 | grass | *í-bí:t |
| 203 | grave | *ù-lì |
| 204 | greet | *kɔḿ |
| 205 | grind | *kɔk ́ |
| 206 | ground | *í-sɔŋ ̀ |
| 208 | guest | *ò-cɛn ́~ / *e- |
| 209 | hair | *í-dɛt ̀ |
| 210 | hand (palm) | *è-kà úbɔk ̀ |
| 211 | hard | *cíɔŋ ́ |
| 212 | hat | *ì-tàm |
| 213 | have | *ɲɛ́ |
| 215 | he-goat | *ò-kpó ébòt |
| 216 | head | *ú-búkòd / *m- |
| 219 | heart | *é-cìt / *a- |
| 220 | heavy | *lóp |
| 221 | here | *mó |
| 222 | hide | *líp |
| 223 | hippopotamus | *è-càǹtìm / *i- |
| 225 | hit | *ɟɔp ̀ |
| 226 | hoe (n.) | *ɔ- ́dɔk ̀ |
| 227 | hoe (v.) | *dɔk ̀ |
| 228 | hold | *mɔm̀ |
| 229 | hole | *ó-dú |
| 230 | horn | *ó-dòk / *n- |
| 232 | house | *ú-fɔk ̀ / *a- |
| 233 | housefly | *ú-sùŋ / *n- |
| 234 | hunger | *ɔ- ́bíɔŋ ́ |
| 236 | husband | *ó-lóm / *è-bɛ́ |
| 237 | illness | *ù-lɔŋ ́ɔ́ |
| 238 | in-law | *ú-kòt |
| 239 | insult (n.) | *ù-cíɔŋ ́ɛɲ ́ɛn ̀ |
| 240 | insult (v.) | *cíɔŋ ́ɛɲ ́ɛn ̀ |
| 241 | intestines | *ǹ-sìà |
| 243 | jaw | *m̀-báŋ / *ù-kà |
| 244 | jump | *ɟa / *fòló |
| 245 | kill | *gʷòd |
| 249 | knee | *ɛ- ́lɔŋ ́ / *n- |
| 251 | know | *dìɔŋ ̀ɔ́ |
| 252 | kola | *í-bɔŋ ́ |
| 253 | language | *ù-sɛm̀ |
| 254 | last | *òkpà tùɾé |
| 255 | laugh (v.) | *cák |
| 256 | laughter | *í-màm |
| 257 | leaf | *ú-fâŋ / *i- / *m- |
| 258 | learn | *kpɛ: ́p |
| 260 | left | *ùfìŋɛn ́ |
| 261 | leg | *ú-kót / *a- |
| 262 | leopard | *é-kpè / *i- |
| 265 | lie down | *ná |
| 266 | life | *ú-gwɛm |
| 268 | lips | *ŋḿ-kpɔk ́ínúà |
| 269 | listen | *kpàŋ ~ |
| 270 | live (exist) | *dù |
| 271 | lizard (gen.) | *ˋ-kpɔk ́ |
| 272 | load | *m̀-bìòmó |
| 274 | look at | *cé |
| 275 | look for | *ɟɛm / *fɛt ̀́ |
| 277 | louse | *ó-láŋ / *i- |
| 278 | love / like | *má |
| 282 | male (animal) | *á-ɟát |
| 283 | man | *ó-dè:n ógʷòm |
| 285 | many | *wák |
| 286 | market | *ù-dùà |
| 287 | marry | *lɔ́ |
| 289 | mat (sleeping) | *ḿ-bít / *è-ɟásá |
| 291 | meat | *ú-nàm |
| 292 | medicine (trad.) | *í-bɔk ́ |
| 294 | metal / iron | *ú-kúàk |
| 295 | money | *ò-kók |
| 296 | monkey | *ɛ- ́bɔk ̀ / *i- |
| 297 | moon | *ɔ- ́fíɔŋ ́ |
| 299 | mortar | *ú-dɔŋ ̀ |
| 300 | mosquito | *é-bɔŋ ́ / *a- |
| 301 | mother | *è-kà / *a- |
| 302 | mould (pot) | *bót |
| 303 | mountain / slope | *ó-bód / *i- |
| 304 | mouth | *í-núà |
| 306 | mud | *í-bát |
| 307 | muscle | *ó-sìp |
| 308 | music / song | *í-kúɔ́ |
| 309 | nail | *ù-bàlá / *m- |
| 310 | name | *ɛ- ́ɟɛn ́ |
| 312 | navel | *é-kóp / *a- |
| 314 | neck | *ù-tɔŋ ́ |
| 316 | new | *ˊ-fá |
| 320 | nose | *í-búkó |
| 322 | oil | *á-dàn |
| 323 | oil palm | *é-ɟòp / *a- |
| 324 | okro | *é-tíkɛ́ / *a- |
| 325 | old | *ákánà |
| 328 | paddle (n.) | *ú-dɛŋ ̀ |
| 329 | paddle (v.) | *gʷàt |
| 330 | palm kernel | *í-cíp |
| 331 | palm wine | *ḿ-mín ~ |
| 335 | pay | *kpé |
| 339 | person | *ó-gwóm / *e- |
| 342 | pierce / stab | *kúm |
| 343 | pig | *é-dì / *i- |
| 345 | plait | *táŋ ~ |
| 348 | play | *bìɾé |
| 351 | pound | *tím |
| 353 | pull | *dɔt ̀ |
| 356 | put on (clothes) | *sɪn ́ɛ́ |
| 362 | rain (n.) | *é-dìm |
| 363 | rain (v.) | *dɛp ̀ |
| 365 | rat | *è-kpú / *é-kú |
| 367 | refuse | *ɟɛn ̀ |
| 369 | reply | *bɔɾ ̀ɔ́ |
| 370 | resemble | *bí:t |
| 372 | right (side) | *ùlóm |
| 373 | river | *ó-kpá |
| 374 | road | *ɔ- ́kpɔ́ édìkɛt ̀ |
| 375 | roast / burn | *fɔp ́ |
| 380 | root | *ɔ- ́lɔŋ ̀ |
| 381 | rope | *ó-lók |
| 383 | rub | *fíɔŋ ́ɔ́ |
| 387 | salt | *ú-nùŋ |
| 388 | sand | *ń-tán |
| 389 | scratch | *gwàk / *dɛ: ́p |
| 392 | see | *kút |
| 393 | seed | *ú-cíp |
| 394 | sell | *ɲàm |
| 395 | send (s.o.) | *dɔŋ ́ |
| 397 | shake | *ɲɛk ̀ |
| 400 | sheep | *ɛ- ́dɔŋ ̀ / *i- |
| 402 | shin | *é-cíán / *a- |
| 406 | shoulder | *ù-kɔk ̀ɔ / *̀*á-fáɾá |
| 407 | show | *gʷɔt ́ |
| 408 | sing | *kúɔ́ |
| 410 | skin | *í-kpá / *í-kpɔk ́ |
| 411 | sky | *í-kpá ɛ́!ɲɔŋ ́ |
| 413 | sleep (n.) | *í-lá:p |
| 414 | sleep (v.) | *lá:p |
| 417 | smoke | *ń-sùŋ úkàŋ |
| 419 | snail | *ɛ- ́kúɔŋ ̀ / *i- |
| 425 | soup | *ɛ- ́fɛɾ ́ɛ́ |
| 427 | spear (fishing) | *ù-sám |
| 428 | spear (hunting) | *é-dúàt |
| 432 | squeeze | *ɟìmɛ́ |
| 433 | stand (up) | *làʀá |
| 436 | steal | *ɟìp |
| 437 | stomach | è-kpà |
| 438 | stone | *ú-tíkát |
| 440 | stop | *tùɾɛ́ |
| 441 | story | *ú-dɔk ̀ / *n- |
| 442 | straight | *nɛn ̀ |
| 443 | stream | *ú-dɩm̀ |
| 444 | strong | *cíɔŋ ́ |
| 445 | suck | *gwɔp ́ / *fíp |
| 446 | sun | *ú-tɪn ́ |
| 447 | sunshine | *é-ɟè / *ù-ŋwàn |
| 448 | surpass | *kàn |
| 449 | swallow | *mɛn ̀ |
| 451 | sweep | *fìàn |
| 453 | swim | *gwɔk ́ |
| 455 | tail | *ù-sìm / *n- |
| 458 | talk | *táŋ |
| 460 | taste | *tàp |
| 461 | tear | *gwàk |
| 464 | thank | *kɔḿ |
| 467 | thief | *ì-nɔ́ |
| 469 | thing | *ŋḿ-kpɔ́ |
| 470 | think | *kɛɾ ́ɛ́ |
| 473 | thorn | *ú-kú-kúm / *ŋ- |
| 475 | throw | *tóp |
| 477 | tie | *bɔp ́ |
| 479 | time | *ì-nì |
| 480 | toad | *ì-kùɔt ̀ |
| 483 | tomorrow | *ŋɱ ̀-kpɔŋ ́ |
| 484 | tongue | *ɛ- ́lɛmɛ̀́ / *a- |
| 485 | tooth | *é-dɛt ̀ / *a- |
| 486 | tortoise | *ú-kút / *ŋ- |
| 487 | touch | *tó:k |
| 489 | tree | *é-tíé! |
| 490 | trunk (of tree) | *é-kpát ~ |
| 491 | truth | *á-kpán íkúɔ̀ |
| 493 | untie | *tát |
| 494 | urinate | *tɔk ́~ |
| 495 | urine | *ú-kûm |
| 496 | vagina | ú-tút / *n- ; á-ták |
| 501 | vulture | *ú-sín |
| 503 | walk | *sàŋá |
| 505 | want | *ɟɛḿ |
| 506 | war | *ɛ- ́kɔŋ ́ / *a- |
| 507 | wash | *ɟɛt ́ |
| 508 | water | *ˊ-mɔ:́ŋ |
| 510 | waterpot | *á-báŋ |
| 511 | weave | *lɔk ̀ |
| 514 | white | *àfìá |
| 516 | wife | *ŋʷân |
| 517 | wind (n.) | *ó-fùm |
| 518 | wine | *ḿ-mín |
| 519 | wing | *ú-bâ / *m- |
| 521 | witch | *ì-fɔt ́ / *m- |
| 522 | woman | *ˊ-ŋʷân |
| 523 | word | *í-kúɔ̀ |
| 524 | work (n.) | *ú-tóm |
| 525 | work (v.) | *nám útóm |
| 526 | worry / annoy | *fɪná́ |
| 527 | write | *gʷɛd ̀ |
| 528 | yam | *à-bíàn |
| 530 | year | *!-súkà |
| 533 | one | *cè:d |
| 534 | two | *ìbà |
| 535 | three | *ìtá |
| 536 | four | *ìnìàŋ |
| 537 | five | *ìtíòn |
| 538 | six | *ìtíòcè:n |
| 539 | seven | *ìtíòàbà |
| 542 | ten | *lùgòp |
| 547 | fifteen | *èfút |
| 550 | twenty | *édíp |
| 560 | hundred | *íkíɛ̀ |
| 561 | two hundred | *íkí ìbà |
| 562 | I | *àmì |
| 563 | you (sg.) | *òfò |
| 564 | she / he / it | *ómò |
| 565 | we | *àɟìt |
| 567 | they | *émɔ̀ |
References
[edit]- Connell, Bruce. n.d. Comparative Lower Cross wordlist. Unpublished manuscript.