Appendix:Proto-South Mande reconstructions
Appearance
The following lists of Proto-South Mande reconstructions are from Vydrin (2005, 2007).
Classification
[edit]Internal classification of the South Mande languages by Vydrin (2005, 2007):
- Proto-South Mande
- Peripheral
- Gban
- Wan, Beng
- Core
- Mwan
- Guro, Yaure
- Mano-Dan
- Mano
- Dan
- Gio
- Blo
- Gweeta
- Kla
- Tura
- Peripheral
Vydrin (2007)
[edit]The Proto-South Mande reconstructions below are from Vydrin (2007).
Consonant inventory of Proto-South Mande by Vydrin (2007):
*p | *t | *c (?) | *k | *kp | |
*b | *d | *j | *g | *gʷ (?) | *gb |
*f | *s | *x (?) | |||
*z | |||||
*ɓ/m | *ɗ/n | *y/ɲ | *ƙ | *ƙʷ (?) | *w/w̃ |
Reconstructed Proto-South Mande lexicon (Vydrin 2007):
English gloss | Proto-South Mande | notes |
---|---|---|
dig (to) | *pɔ̃́ | |
drum | *pīlīŋ | |
fall (to) | *pèlé | |
fell (to) | *pɔ̃́ | |
fill (to) | *pá | |
iron | *pèlì | |
lick | *pã̄nã̄ | |
market | *pɛ́lɛ́ | |
piece | *pɛ̃́ɛ̃́ | |
untie | *púló | |
say | *pē | |
thing | *pã̄ | |
two | *pìì-lāŋ | |
white | *púLú | |
touch (to) | *pá | |
fonio (Digitaria exilis) | *péní | |
house | *pɛ́lɛ́ | |
vomit | *pɛ̄yɪ̀ | |
wash | *pólé | |
small | *pɪ̄ɪ̄-nɛ́ | |
tale | *pḭ̄yã̀ | |
tear | *pīà | |
testicles | *pã̀nã̀ | |
thing | *pɔ̄ | |
twin | *pílàŋ | |
blow | *péyà | |
winnow | *pìyɛ̀ | |
frog | *Ǹ-pōlì | |
trace | *Ǹ-píyé | |
stomach, belly | *Ǹ-pùlù | |
bowl | *páá | |
ant | *fḭ̀ḭ̀ | |
better | *fìlá | |
boil | *fílí | |
breathe | *fḭ́nḭ́ | |
cap | *fã́gã́ | |
donkey | *sòó-fàlī | (may be a loanword from Manding) |
empty | *fílèŋ | |
force | *fã̀gã̄ | |
force | *fúā | |
light (not heavy) | *fūō(-fūō) | |
powder | *fúyè | |
sweat | *fūé | |
sponge (zool.) | *fʊ̀ʊ̄ | |
white metal | *fúáŋ́ | |
dew | *fɛ̃́lḭ́ŋ (*Ǹ-fɛ̃́lḭ́ŋ ?) | |
foam | *Ǹ-fʊ́lʊ́ŋ | |
bury | *bìlìŋ | |
crumb | *bũ̄nũ̄ | |
cut (to) | *bala | |
elephant | *bīyá | |
much | *bèbè | |
mud | *bōlì | |
night | *bḭ́ɛ̃́ | |
paste | *bɔ̃̀lɔ̃̀ŋ | |
run | *bìlàŋ | |
throw (to) | *bīlīŋ | |
bag | *ɓɔ̀lɔ̄ | (< Manding ?) |
bend | *ɓúà(-lá) | |
dry up | *ɓɛ̄lɪ́ | |
eat (to) | *ɓɪ̀lɪ̀ | |
extract | *ɓō | |
fructify | *ɓāā | |
fruit | *ɓɛ̄ɛ̄ŋ | |
go out (to) | *ɓɔ̄ | |
goat | *ɓōlì | |
God | *ɓālɪ̀ | |
head | *ɓō | |
hippopotamus | *ɓólù | |
leaves | *ɓàlā | |
life (subsistence) | *ɓēlí | |
liver | *ɓúlú | |
mute | *ɓʊɓʊ | |
neck | *ɓɔ̄lɔ̄ | |
other | *ɓáá | |
pangolin | *ɓàà- | |
press (to) | *ɓʊ̀lʊ́ | |
sheep | *ɓálá | |
termite (flying, ephemera) | *ɓɛ̄lɛ́ŋ | |
this | *ɓɛ̄ | |
venom | *ɓàā | |
wound (a) | *ɓīlē | |
yams (wild) | *ɓɛ́ɛ́ | |
bird | *mã̀ã̀ | |
broom | *mã̄ã̀ | |
cowrie | *mɛ̃̀nɛ̃́ | |
drink (to) | *mḭ́nḭ̀ | (cf. *swallow) |
hear (to) | *mã̄ | |
human | *maɛ̃̄ | |
last (to) | *mɔ̃́ | |
mango | *mã̄gólóŋ | |
moon | *mã̄nɛ̃̀ŋ | |
mouse | *mɔ̃̀ɔ̃̀ | |
on (postposition) | *mã̀ | |
rice | *mã̀nṹŋ | |
ripen (to) | *mā | |
snake | *mɛ̃̀nã̄ | |
strike | *mã̀ã̀ | |
swallow (to) | *mã̄nḭ́ | (cf. *drink) |
thank | *mámá | |
what? | *mɛ̃́ã̄ | |
grave | *bũ̄ŋ | |
harmattan | *bùù | |
rot | *bɔ̃́ | |
send | *bɔ̄ | |
ten | *bū | |
wake up | *bùò | |
carry | *bũ̄ | |
end | *bʊ̄ | |
flower | *bũ̄ḭ́ | |
porcupine | *bùlíŋ (?) | |
plural marker | *bɔ̀ | |
alive | ? *ɓɪ́ɪ̀ | |
be | ? *ɓɪ̄ | |
bunch | ? *ɓè | |
eagle | ? *ɓìɓí | |
garbage | ? *ɓílíŋ̀ | |
horn | ? *ɓèlí | |
powder | ? *mũ̀mṹ | |
rope | ? *ɓàlɪ́ | |
respect | ? *ɓɛ̄lɛ́ | |
shine | ? *ɓílí | |
dry season | ? *bɛ̀lɛ̀ | |
lie (untruth) | ? *bēlē | |
by (a postposition) | ? *bà | |
mush | ? *bàá | |
squirrel | ? *báòŋ̀ | |
antelope | ? *ɓɛ̄lɛ̄ | |
big | ? *ɓɛ̀lɛ́ | |
friend | ? *ɓɛ̄ɛ̀ | |
here | ? *ɓɛ́ | |
viper | ? *ɓèlí | |
granary | ? *ɓɛ̀ŋ́ | |
powder | *bḭ̀ɛ̃̀ | |
grass | *bɪ́ɪ̀ | |
rain (to) | *bã̄ | |
dig (to) | *pɔ̃́ | |
black | *tīī | |
charcoal | *tṹnɛ̃ | |
close (to), shut (to) | *tã̄ | |
darkness | *tēlē | |
draw (to; water) | *tɔ́ŋ | |
drop, point | *tʊ̄ʊ̄ | |
earth | *tɔ̄lɛ́ | |
ear | *tɔ́lɔ́ŋ | |
fart | *tɔ̃́ | |
father | *tɪ́ | |
go (to) | *táá | |
hill | *tɔ̃̄ɔ̃̄ | |
law | *tɔ́ŋ̄ | |
mongoose | *tōkō | |
mush | *tòó | |
mushroom | *tʊ́lʊ́ | |
name | *tɔ́ | |
orphan | *tɪ̀ɪ́ | |
porcupine | *télí | |
profit | *tɔ̃̀nɔ̃̀ | |
red | *tɛ̃́ɛ̃́ | |
red | *tã́nã̄ | |
remain | *tʊ́ | |
spoon | *tɔ́lɔ́ | |
stranger | *tálìŋ | |
then | *tV | |
time | *tʊ́ŋ̄ | |
tomorrow | *tɔ̄lɛ̄ | |
weave (to) | *tã́ | |
yet | *tũ̄ã̀ | |
surface | *tà | |
fire | *tɛ́ | |
sneeze | *tīsé | |
dance | ? *tã́ | |
oil | ? *túlú | |
sauce | ? *tʊ̀ʊ́ | |
sow (to) | ? *tã̄ | |
chest | ? *tóŋ̀ | |
paternal aunt | *Ń-tɛ̃́nɛ̃̀ | |
heap | *tḭ̀ŋ̀ | |
ant | *dɔ̄nã̄ | |
beer | *dɔ̀lɔ̀ŋ | (< Jula dɔ̀lɔ́, dɔ̀rɔ́) |
borrow | *dɔ̃̀nɔ̃́ | |
cook (to) | *dɔ̃̀nɛ̃́ | |
cold | *dɔ̀ɔ̀lɔ̄ | |
deep | *dũ̀ŋ | |
fall (to) | *dìlá | |
female | *dā | |
hibiscus | *dà | |
hook (fishing) | *dūlēŋ | |
means | *dàwílí | (< Manding dàbári < Ar. dabbara take measures; machinate) |
measure (to) | *dã̄ | |
noise | *dḭ̄ŋ̄ | |
one | *dʊ̄ | |
ostrich | *dùgóŋ | |
pot | *dɔ̀kɔ́ | |
spear | *dḭ́ | |
spider | *dɔ̃̄ã̄-nɛ́ | |
stand (to) | *dɔ̄ | |
teach (to) | *dã̀nã̄ | |
termite (flying, ephemera) | *dɔ̀gɔ̄ | |
that (conjunctive) | *dɔ̄ɔ̄ | |
wasp | *dɔ̃̄nɔ̃̄-dɔ̃̄nɔ̃̄ | |
web (of spider) | *dūláŋ | |
who? | *dē | |
axe | *dũ̀ã̄ | |
bud | *dɔ̃̄ṹ | |
buffalo | *dùò | |
cow, cattle | *dùlī | |
deep | *dũ̀ | |
hang | *dũ̄ẽ̄ | |
cough | ? *dɔ̃́nũ̄ | |
francolin | ? *dʊ̄ʊ̄ | |
know (to) | ? *dɔ̃̄ | |
lie down | ? *dà | |
new | ? *dɔ̄lɛ̀ | |
father | *Ń-dɛ̀ɛ̄ | |
snail | *dũ̀nḭ̄ | |
advice | *ɗìò | |
buy | *ɗɔ́ | |
call | *ɗɛ̀ɛ̀ | |
desire | *ɗɔ̀ɔ̄ | |
front | *ɗíé | |
hare | *ɗʊ̀ʊ̀ | |
leaf | *ɗɛ́ɛ́ŋ | |
leave (go away) | *ɗó | |
lemon | *ɗɔm- (?) | (a loanword from European languages?) |
lip | *lé | |
market | *ɗɔ́ɔ́ | (< Manding *ɗɔ́gɔ́ ?) |
at | *ɗā (postposition) | |
rain | *ɗā | |
round | *ɗɪ̄ɗɪ̄ | |
sky | *ɗɛ̀ɛ̀ | |
speak | *ɗìáŋ́ | |
thorn | *ɗùùlé | |
woman | *ɗɪ̄ | |
come | *nũ̄ | |
fasten | *nã̀ã̀ | |
give (to) | *nɔ̃̄ | |
grandmother | *nã̄ã́ | |
milk | *nɔ̃́nɔ̃́ | (< Manding nɔ́nɔ́) |
plural marker | *nù | |
taste | *nɛ̃́nɛ̃́ | |
wife | *nã̄ | |
count | *ɗōŋ́ɗōŋ́ | |
daughter | *ɗú | |
place | *ɗɛ̀ŋ | |
postposition - for | *ɗɛ̀ŋ | |
sky | *ɗàŋ | |
slave | *ɗùàŋ | |
turn | *ɗìā | |
bat | *nã̄ɛ̃̀ | |
child | *nɛ̃́ | |
cold | *nɛ̃́nɛ̃́ | |
life (spirit) | *nḭ́ḭ̄ | |
shadow | *nḭ̄nɛ̃̄ŋ | |
tongue | *nã̄nɛ̃́ | |
mouth | *ɗé | |
hunger | *ɗī | |
elder brother | *Ń-ɗòò | |
mother | *Ń-ɗēā | |
fog | *ɗólú | |
dirt | *ɗùlì | |
dirt | *tílíŋ | |
arrive | *sí(-lá) | |
beautiful | *sʊ̀ɛ́ŋ̀ | |
bow (weapon) | *sã́ã̄ | |
call | *síí | |
cat | *sɛ́sɛ́-nɛ́ | |
chew | *sʊ̄gʊ̄ | |
cloth | *sɔ̄ | |
comb | *sààkāà | |
corner (external) | *sōŋ̄ | |
eight | *sɔ́ɔ́ɗʊ́-ta-yààkā | |
fast | *súŋ | (< Manding sṹ < Arab. ṣawm) |
fire | *síé | |
five | *sɔ́ɔ́-ɗʊ́ | |
horse | *sògō | |
insult | *sɔ̃̄nɔ̃́ | |
insult | *sí | |
knife | *sã̄nɛ̃́ | |
life (timespan) | *sīī | |
mat | *sāɛ́ | |
nail | *sɔ̃̀nɛ̃́ | |
near | *sɔ̄-nɔ̃́ | |
nine | *sɔ́ɔ́ɗʊ́-ta-yììsḭ̀ḭ̀yã́ | |
oil palm grain | *sɪ̄ | |
pay (to) | *sàlā | (< Manding sàrá ?) |
pepper | *súlɛ̀ | |
pig | *súā | |
please (to) | *sɔ́ | |
pray (to) | *sélí | (< Maninka sáli, Baman séli < Arab. ṣalla) |
rib | *sḭ̄ɛ̃́ | |
rice | *sáká | |
root | *sɛ̄-nḭ́ | |
sacrifice, alm | *sálákà | (< Manding sáráká < Arab. ṣaḍaqa) |
seven | *sɔ́ɔ́ɗʊ́-ta-pììlā(ŋ) | |
six | *sɔ́ɔ́ɗʊ́-tà-dʊ̄ | |
small | *sɛ́ɛ̀ | |
shoe | *sã̀ɓālā | (< Manding sàbára, sànbára < Ar. sabbaat or Portugese sapata) |
spoil | *sɪ̀lɛ́ | |
take | *sí(-lá) | |
tear off | *sʊ̄ʊ̄-lá | |
tiredness | *sɛ̀ɛ̄ | |
tooth | *sɔ̃̀ɛ̃́ | |
torch | *sɔ̄-nã́ | |
totem | *sɔ̃́-nɛ̃́ | |
village | *sʊ́ɔ́ | |
write | *sɛ́bɛ̄ | (< Manding sɛ́bɛ < Arab. ṣafḥa) |
four | *yìì-sḭ̀ḭ̀yã́ | |
gold | *sã̄ŋ́ | |
affair, matter | *zāà | |
again | *zíŋ̄ | |
agama lizard | *zʊ̄ʊ̄ | |
agent suffix | *-zã̀ | |
antelope bushbock | *zʊ̀lʊ̀ | |
bee | *zɔ̄lɔ̄ | |
borassus palm | *zɛ̄ | |
caterpillar | *zèkèlè | |
descend | *zḭ̀-la | |
grandfather | *zílè | |
hatred | *zà | |
heart | *zʊ̄lʊ̄ŋ | |
husband | *zɔ̃nã́ | |
magician | *zʊ̀ʊ́ | |
pound (to) | *zɔ̃̄ | |
road | *zīlàŋ | |
sauce | *zḭ̄ã̀ | |
scorpion (black, Pandinus gambiensis) | *zɛ̄ŋ- | |
tip | *zɔ̄ɔ̄ | |
wash | *zūlū | |
pierce | *zūā | |
here | *zèē | |
ant | *zūlūŋ (? *Ǹ-sūlūŋ) | |
bean | *zɔ̃̀lɛ̃̀ (? *Ǹ-sɔ̃̀lɛ̃̀) | |
mosquito | *zɔ̃́ɛ̃́ (? *Ǹ-sɔ̃́ɛ̃́) | |
today | *zɔ̃̄ | |
pangolin | *Ǹ-zɔ̄ | |
copper | *Ǹ-sḭ̄nã̄ | |
tobacco | ? *zālā | |
red | *zɔ̃́nɔ̃̀ | |
bottom | *zùō | |
monitor lizard | *zʊ̄lɛ̀ɪ̀ | |
old | *zīī | |
kill | *cɛ̄ | |
middle | *cḭ̄nã̄ | |
back | *kōlī | |
bark (of tree) | *kɔ̄lɛ̄ | |
bend | *kūlà | |
boat | *kóŋ | |
breast | *kūgū | |
calabash | *kɔ̄ɛ̀ | |
catch | *kṹ | |
chameleon | *kɔ̃̄nɛ̃́ | |
cotton | *kɔ̃́nɔ̃́nḭ́ | (< Manding kɔ́tɔ́ndí < Arab. quṭn-un) |
country | *kɛ́lɛ́ | |
crab | *kālòŋ | |
dig | *kūlī | |
do | *kɛ̄lɛ̄ | |
healthy | *kɛ̃́nɛ̃́ | |
hammer | *kɔ̄kɔ̄ | |
hoe | *káɛ́ | |
house | *kɔ̃́ã́ | |
hump | *kɔ̃̄nɔ̃̄ | |
hundred | *kɛ̃̀mã̄ | (< Manding kɛ̀mɛ́) |
initiation | *kɛ̃́nɛ̃́ | |
load | *kɔ̃̀nɛ̃́ | |
mat | *kálɛ́ŋ | |
mosquito | *kã̄nã̄ | |
negative copula | *ká | |
penis | *kʊ̄lɪ̄ | |
piece | *kúlù | |
sate | *kã́ | |
scratch | *kũ̄gã́ | |
shell (of snail) | *kɔ̄lɛ̄ | |
spoon | *kūlú | |
that (conjunctive) | *ké | |
tie | *kūlū | |
useless | *kōlō | |
well (water hole) | *kɔ̀lɔ̀ŋ̄ | (< Manding?) |
certain | *kɪ̄ | |
cut (to) | *kɛ̃́ɔ̃́ | |
cut | *kḭ́nḭ́ | |
hair | *kʊ́ɛ̀ŋ | |
pepper | *kɛ̀lɪ́ | |
reciprocal pronoun | *kɪ́ɔ̀ŋ | |
skin | *kɔ̄lɛ́ | |
theft | *kũ̀nã́ | |
hand, arm | *kɔ̄ | |
louse | *Ǹ-kàlàŋ-gbá | |
turtle | *Ǹ-kúlè | |
beard | *gùŋ | |
bell | *gāɔ̄ŋ-gāɔ̄ŋ | |
bord | *gḭ́nḭ́ | |
chest | *gɔ̃̀nɛ̃̀ | |
cockroach | *gōlò | |
crocodile | *gʊ̀lɛ̀ | |
deep | *gùlūŋ | |
do | *gɔ̃̄ | |
fence | *gɔ̀lɛ̀ŋ | |
go away (to) | *gʊ́ | |
grasshopper | *gã̀ŋgã̀ŋ | |
hearth | *gṹnḭ̀ | |
hill | *gɔ̃̀ŋ | |
hoe (mattock) | *gúáŋ | |
hyena | *gāló | |
indigo | *gàlā | |
maize, corn | *gòò | |
measure (to) | *gɔ̃̄ɔ̃̀ | |
play | *gɔ̀ɛ̄ | |
pull (to) | *gã̄nã́ | |
quarter (of a village) | *gɔ̃̀nɔ̃̄ | |
rest | *gòlō | |
search | *gḭ̀nḭ̀ | |
sell | *gɔ̃̄ | |
stomach, belly | *gō | |
thorn | *gḭ̄nɛ̃́ | |
widow | *gã̄nã̄{-ɗē} | |
Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) | *gã̄ɛ̃̄ | |
hole | *gùlù | |
divide | *gùlì | |
leopard | *gʊ̄lɛ́ | |
peanut (Arachis hypogaea) | *gʊ̄ɛ́ | |
sweep | *gòlò | |
wall | *gʊ̀lɛ̄ | |
war | *gùlì | |
boat | *gɔ̄ŋ̀ | |
bone | *gāŋ | |
jackal | *gʊ̀ɛ̄ | |
rub (to) | *gīè | |
postposition in | *gí | |
banana | *ƙɔ̄lɔ̄ | |
boat | *ƙōló | |
burn | *ƙɪ́lɪ́ | |
cola nut | *ƙɔ̄lí | |
die | *ƙā | |
foot, leg | *ƙã̄nɛ̃̀ | |
male, man | *ƙɔ̃̄nɛ̃́ | |
pumpkin | *ƙɛ̃̄ | |
river | *ƙũ̄ã̄ | |
proverb | ? *ƙɔ̃̄nã̄ŋ̀ | |
look (to) | ? *ƙɛ̄ā | |
round | ? *ƙùlí | |
bend | *kpḭ̄nḭ̄ | |
all | *kpɛ́ | |
centipede | *kpã̄ | |
chair | *kpé | |
cowrie | *kpɔ̃̀nɔ̃̀ | |
dry | *kpálá | |
fish (water dweller) | *kpɔ̄ | |
knee | *kpíōŋ | |
put | *kpá | |
shin | *kpālɛ̄ŋ | |
short | *kpētē-kpē | |
stone | *kpōtī | |
unripe | *kpōlēŋ | |
cheek | ? *Ǹ-kpḭ̄nḭ́ | |
hump | ? *Ǹ-kpɔ̄lū | |
road | ? *kpɔ̃̄ḭ̄ŋ̀ | |
arm | *gbɛ̄ŋ | |
baboon (Papio cynocephalus) | *gbɔ̀ŋ̄ | |
bachelor | *gbḭ̀ã̄ | |
bamboo | *gbã̀ɔ̃̄ | |
bat | *gbã̄ã̄ | |
branch | *gbɛ̃̄ŋ̄ | |
bucket | *gbɔ̃́ŋ́gbɔ̃́ŋ́ | |
chase (to) | *gbḭ̀ | |
cry | *gbāŋ | |
drive in | *gbã̄ | |
give (to) | *gbã̀ | |
granary | *gbã́ | |
heavy | *gbḭ́nḭ̀ | |
intestine | *gbɔ̃́nɔ̃̀ | |
long | *gbɛ̄lɛ̄ŋ | |
night | *gbēlī | |
pot | *gbɔ̄ | |
roof | *gbà | |
son | *gbɪ̄ | |
thigh | *gbã̄nã̄ | |
thunder (to) | *gbálàŋ | |
tick | *gbélè | |
tobacco | *gbòsóró | |
wait | *gbɛ̃̄ | |
calf (anat.) | *ƙã̄nɛ̃̀-gbɔ̄ | |
excrement | *gbʊ̄ | |
pull (to) | *gbìlā | |
trace | *gbílóŋ | |
big | *gbɛ̃̄(-tɛ̃̀) | |
shoulder | *gbɛ̀lāŋ | |
difficult | *gbālé | |
shed | *gbáŋ́ | |
squirrel | *gbèléŋ | |
smoke | *gbã̄nḭ́ | |
dog | *gbɛ̃̄nã̀ | |
bug | *gbālīŋ | |
nest | *kɔ̄lɛ̄ | |
year | *kʊ̄ɛ̀ | |
loom | *kɔ́lɛ̀ | |
door | *kóŋ̄ | |
iroko tree | ? *gʷɛ̄ɛ̄lɛ̀ | |
stomach, belly | ? *gʷí | |
ceiba tree (Ceiba pentandra) | ? *ƙʷã̄ɛ̃̀ | |
stone | ? *ƙʷɛ̄lɛ̄ | |
bear, give birth | *yāā | |
bitter | *yɔ̃́nã̄ | |
breast | *yɔ̃̄ŋ́ | |
camel | *yɔ̃̀gɔ̃̀mɛ̃́ | (< Manding ɲɔ̀gɔ̀mɛ́) |
cane rat | *yã̀nã̀ | |
carve (to) | *yã́nã́ | |
day | *yī | |
dream | *yḭ̄-ɛ̃̀ | (*sleep + ?) |
evil | *yáɔ̄ | |
flow (to) | *yʊ̄lʊ̄ | |
good | *yíē | |
grass | *yã́ɛ̃́ | |
fetish, idol | *yʊ̄ | |
lie down | *yḭ̄-nã̀ | (*sleep + ?) |
nose | *yṹã̄ | |
pit | *yɛ̀lɛ̄ | |
postposition with | *yã̄ | |
push | *yɔ̃̄nũ̀ | |
sit (to) | *yà(-na) | |
sleep | *yḭ̄ | |
sufferance | *yã́nã̄ | |
sun | *yɛ̃́nã̄ | |
trade | *yáō | |
water | *yí | |
work | *yɛ̃́nã̄ | |
yam (Dioscorea gen.) | *yã́ɔ̃́ | |
eye | *yũ̀ã́ | |
oil | *yũ̄nɔ̃́ | |
oil palm | *yɔ̄ | |
yesterday | ? *yɔ̃́nã̄ | |
blood | *yɔ̃̀mũ̄ | |
break (to) | *yɛ́lɪ́ | |
laugh (to) | *yélí | |
sand | *yɛ̃́nɛ̃̀ | |
ashes | *yʊ́ɓɪ́ | |
break (to) | *yɛ́lɪ́ | |
egg | *yɔ̃̄nã̄ | |
end | *yḭ̄ɛ̃́ | |
hide | *yōlí | |
illness | *yʊ̄á | |
see (to) | *yɪ̄ | |
shame | *yélā | |
three | *yààkā | |
descend | *yɔ̄ɔ̀ | |
tie, bind | *yɪ̀lɪ̀ | |
tree | *yílí | |
cat | *jã̀ũ̀mã̄ (or Ǹ-jã̀ũ̀mã̄?) | |
chain | *jɔ̀lɔ́ | |
fence | ? *jásá | (< Jula jása ?) |
lion | *jàlā | |
onion | *jàbā | |
? *júfà | (< Manding júfá < Arab. jawf cavity, hollow ?) | |
thread | ? *jēsé | |
net | ? *jɔ̀lɔ̄ | |
affair, matter | *wḭ́ | |
break (to) | *wɪ̄ɪ́ | |
cry | *wūō | |
do | *wō | |
enter | *wɔ̄lā | |
face | *wɛ̄lɛ̄ | |
knife | *wálá | |
lie down | *wɔ̄ | |
meat, animal | *wɪ̄ | |
monkey | *wɛ̃̀nḭ̄ | |
negative copula | *wā | |
oil palm grain | *wɔ̃̄nɛ̃̀ | |
pestle | *wɛ̃̀nḭ̀ | |
pour (to) | *wɛ̃̀ŋ̀ | |
search | *wɛ̀ɛ̀ | |
tail | *wã̄nḭ̄ | |
thousand | *wágá | |
time | *wáátí | (< Arab. waqt) |
voice | *wʊ̄ʊ̀ | |
speak | *wɪ́ɪ́ | |
bone | *wɔ̃́nɛ̃́ | |
firewood | *wɔ́ŋ́ | |
mortar | *wɛ̃́nḭ́ | |
wine | *wɛ̃̀ã̄ | |
louse | *wèlì | |
pick up | *wōlō | |
rise (to) | *wɛ̀lɛ́ | |
under | *wùlè | |
worm | *wɔ̃́nɛ̃́ | |
gray hair | *wɔ̃́nã́ | |
hair | *wũ̄nḭ́ | |
urine | *wũ̄ |
Vydrin (2005)
[edit]The Proto-South Mande reconstructions below from an earlier paper by Vydrin (2005) are provided for reference. (Note that Vydrin 2007 is the more extensive revised version.)
Consonant inventory of Proto-South Mande by Vydrin (2005):
p | t | c ? | k | |
b | d | j | g | gʷ ? |
f | s | x ? | ||
z | ||||
ɓ/m | ɗ/n | y/ɲ | ƙ | ƙʷ |
Reconstructed Proto-South Mande lexicon (Vydrin 2005):
English gloss | Proto-South Mande |
---|---|
iron | *p̰èlì |
say | *pē |
house | *pɛ́lɛ́ |
vomit | *pɪ̄ì |
wash | *p̰ólé |
frog | *Ǹ-pōlì |
trace | *Ǹ-píyé |
stomach, belly | *Ǹ-pùlù |
bowl | *páá |
force | *fã̀gã̄ |
light (not heavy) | *(-)fūō |
power | *fúyè |
dew | *(N-)fẽ́lḭ́ŋ |
bury | *bìlìŋ |
elephant | *bīyé |
run | *bìlàŋ |
eat (to) | *ɓɪ̀lɪ̀ |
fructify | *ɓāā |
press (to) | *ɓʊ̀lʊ́ |
bird | *mã̀ã̀ |
moon | *mẽ̄nɛ̃̀ŋ |
snake | *mɛ̃̀nɛ̃̄ |
grave | *bũ̄ŋ |
rot | *bɔ̃́ |
send | *bɔ̄ |
ten | *bū |
wake up | *bùò |
carry | *bũ̄ |
end | *bō |
flower | *bũ̄ḭ́ |
porcupine | *bùlíŋ |
plural marker | *bɔ̀ |
garbage | *ɓílíŋ̀ ? |
horn | *ɓèlí ? |
rope | *ɓàlɪ́ ? |
shine | *ɓílí ? |
dry season | *bɛ̀lɛ̀ ? |
lie (untruth) | *bēlē ? |
by (a postposition) | *bà ? |
mush | *ɓàá ? |
termine (flying, ephemera) | *ɓɛ̄lɛ́ŋ |
big | *ɓɛ̀lɛ́ ? |
friend | *ɓɛ̄ɛ̀ ? |
viper | *ɓɛ̀lí ? |
granary | *ɓɛ̀ŋ́ ? |
powder | *bḭ̀ɛ̃̀ |
grass | *bɪ́ɪ̀ |
rain (to) | *bã̄ |
dig (to) | *pɔ̃́ |
go (to) | *táá |
name | *tɔ́ |
weave (to) | *tã́ |
surface | *tà |
fire | *tɛ́ |
sneeze | *tīsé |
dance | *tã́ ? |
oil | *túlú ? |
sow (to) | *tã̄ ? |
paternal aunt | *Ń-tɛ̃́nɛ̃̀ |
heap | *tḭ̀ŋ̀ |
measure (to) | *dã̄ |
one | *dʊ̄ |
teach | *dã̀nã̄ |
axe | *dũ̀ã̄ |
bud | *dɔ̃̄ṹ |
buffalo | *dùò |
cow, cattle | *dùlī |
hang | *dũ̄ẽ̄ |
cough | *dɔ̃́nũ̄ ? |
francolin | *dùō ? |
new | *dɔ̄lɛ̀ ? |
father | *Ń-dɛ̀ɛ̄ |
snail | *dũ̀nḭ̄ |
buy | *ɗɔ́ |
leaf | *ɗɛ́ɛ́ŋ |
rain | *ɗā |
come | *nũ̄ |
give (to) | *nɔ̃̄ |
taste | *nɛ̃́nɛ̃́ |
daughter | *ɗú |
sky | *ɗàŋ |
slave | *ɗùàŋ |
child | *nɛ̃́ |
cold | *nɛ̃́nɛ̃́ |
life (spirit) | *nḭ́ḭ̄ |
mouth | *ɗé |
hunger | *ɗī |
elder brother | *Ń-ɗòò |
mother | *Ń-ɗēā |
fog | *ɗólú |
turn | *ɗìā |
dirt | *ɗùlì |
dirt | *tílíŋ |
cloth | *sɔ̄ |
five | *sɔ́ɔ́-ɗʊ́ |
tooth | *sɔ̃̀ɛ̃́ |
four | *yìì-sḭ̀ḭ̀yã́ |
gold | *sã̄ŋ́ |
grandfather | *zílè |
road | *zīláŋ |
wash | *zūlū |
pierce | *zūā |
here | *zèē |
ant | *zūlūŋ (*Ǹ-sūlūŋ ?) |
bean | *zɔ̃̀lɛ̃̀ (*Ǹ-sɔ̃̀lɛ̃̀ ?) |
mosquito | *zɔ̃́ɛ̃́ (*Ǹ-sɔ̃́ɛ̃́ ?) |
today | *zɔ̃̄ (*Ǹ-sɔ̃̄ ?) |
pangolin | *Ǹ-zɔ̃ (*Ǹ-sɔ̃ ?) |
copper | *Ǹ-sḭ̄nã̄ |
tobacco | *zālā ? |
red | *zɔ̃́nɔ̃̀ |
bottom | *zùō |
monitor lizard | *zʊ̄lɛ̀ɪ̀ |
old | *zīī |
kill | *cɛ̄ |
middle | *cḭ̄nã̄ |
catch | *kṹ |
house | *kɔ̃́ã́ |
sate | *kã́ |
reciprocal pronoun | *kɪ́ɔ̀ŋ |
skin | *kɔ̄lɛ́ |
theft | *kũ̀nã́ |
hand, arm | *kɔ̄ |
louse | *Ǹ-kàlàŋ-gbá |
turtle | *Ǹ-kúlè |
with | *ká |
deep | *gùlūŋ |
do | *gɔ̃̄ |
measure (to) | *gɔ̃̄ɔ̃̀ |
pull (to) | *gã̄nã́ |
Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) | *gɛ̃̄ɛ̃̄ |
hole | *gùlù |
divide | *gùlì |
war | *gùlì |
boat | *gɔ̄ŋ̀ |
bone | *gāŋ |
jackal | *gʊ̀ɛ̄ |
rub (to) | *gīè |
postposition in | *gí |
die | *ƙā |
foot, leg | *ƙã̄nɛ̃̀ |
pumpkin | *ƙɛ̃̄ |
fish (water dweller) | *kpɔ̄ |
knee | *kpíōŋ |
put | *kpá |
cheek | *Ǹ-kpḭ̄nḭ́ ? |
hump | *Ǹ-kpɔ̄lū ? |
road | *kpɔ̃̄ḭ̄ŋ̀ ? |
cry | *gbāŋ |
pot | *gbɔ̄ |
son | *gbɪ̄ |
calf (anatomy) | *ƙã̄nɛ̃̀-gbɔ̄ |
excrement | *gbʊ̄ |
pull (to) | *gbìlā |
trace | *gbílóŋ |
big | *gbɛ̃̄-tɛ̃̀ |
shoulder | *gbɛ̀lāŋ |
difficult | *gbālé |
shed | *gbáŋ́ |
squirrel | *gbèléŋ |
smoke | *gbã̄nḭ́ |
dog | *gbɛ̃̄nã̀ |
nest | *kɔ̄lɛ̄ |
year | *kʊ̄ɛ̀ |
door | *kóŋ |
iroko tree | *gʷɛ̄ɛ̄lɛ̀ ? |
stomach, belly | *gʷí |
ceiba tree (Ceiba pentandra) | *ƙʷɛ̃̄ɛ̃̀ |
stone | *ƙʷɛ̄lɛ̄ |
breast | *yɔ̃̄ŋ́ |
day | *yī |
nose | *yṹɛ̃̄ |
blood | *yɔ̃mũ̄ |
eye | *yʊ̃̀ã́ |
oil | *yũ̄nɔ̃́ |
oil palm | *yɔ̄ |
yesterday | *yɔ̃́nã̄ ? |
laugh (to) | *yélí |
sand | *yɛ̃́nɛ̃̀ |
ashes | *yʊ́ɓí |
break (to) | *yɛ́lɪ́ |
egg | *yɔ̃̄nɛ̄ |
end | *yḭ̄ɛ̃́ |
hide | *yōlí |
illness | *yʊ̄á |
see (to) | *yɪ̄ |
shame | *yélā |
three | *yààkā |
tie, bind | *yɪ̀lɪ̀ |
tree | *yílí |
cat | *(Ǹ-)jã̀ũ̀mã̄ |
chain | *jɔ̀rɔ́ |
lion | *jàlā |
onion | *jàbā |
break (to) | *wí |
monkey | *wɛ̃̀nḭ̄ |
voice | *wʊ̄ʊ̀ |
speak | *wɪ́ɪ́ |
bone | *wɔ̃́nɛ̃́ |
firewood | *wɔ́ŋ́ |
mortar | *wɛ̃́nḭ́ |
wine | *wɛ̃̀ɛ̃̄ |
louse | *wèlì |
pick up | *wōlō |
rise (to) | *wɛ̀lɛ́ |
under | *wùlè |
worm | *wɔ̃́nɛ̃́ |
gray hair | *wɔ̃́nã́ |
hair | *wũ̄nḭ́ |
urine | *wũ̄ |
References
[edit]- Vydrin, Valentin. 2005. Reconstruction of initial consonants in Proto-South-Mande. In: Koen Bostoen & Jacky Maniacky (eds.). Studies in African comparative linguistics. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa, pp. 43-88.
- Vydrin, Valentin. 2007. South Mande reconstruction: Initial consonants. In: Аспекты компаративистики 2. Orientalia et classica XI: Труды Института восточных культур и античности. М.: Издательство РГГУ, 2007. С.409-498.