The following Nilo-Saharan word lists are from Starostin (2014, 2017). The proto-languages are Starostin's own reconstructions.
Pronouns and numerals
[edit]
| family
|
language
|
I
|
thou
|
we
|
what
|
who
|
not
|
one
|
two
|
| Berta
|
p-Berta
|
*àlì
|
*ŋgo
|
*=/a/ŋ/a/
|
*naN
|
*nda
|
—
|
*ɗuɠu-
|
*kolaŋ
|
| Kunama
|
p-Kunama
|
*a-ba
|
*e-na
|
*á-; *kì-
|
*ay
|
*no
|
*-m-; *-n-
|
*él-
|
*baːr-
|
| Maba
|
p-Maba
|
*a-(mɔ)
|
*y
|
*m-i
|
*ŋV
|
*na
|
*an
|
*to
|
*mbaːr
|
| Fur
|
Fur
|
ka
|
ʓi
|
k-i
|
ka
|
ki
|
a... ba
|
tok
|
aw
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Moru-Madi
|
*m=ā
|
*m=ī ~ *ɲ=ī
|
*à=mā
|
*aɗʊ
|
*aɗɪ
|
*kʊ̄
|
*àlʊ̄
|
*irì
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Lendu-Ngiti
|
*mā
|
*ɲī
|
*mǎ
|
*=ɗū
|
*=ɗī; *íē
|
*ì=nz-
|
*aɗɪ ~ *aɗ̣ɪ
|
*ārʸɔ̄
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbetu
|
*m=á
|
*m=í
|
*à=mà
|
*as/i/
|
*aɗi
|
*kà
|
*k=ànà
|
*s=o(C)ru
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbutu
|
*u=mu
|
*i=ni
|
*a=mu
|
*a-ʓi
|
*a-ɗe
|
*ŋgi-; *ra-
|
*eɗi
|
*=ɖ=uwe
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
|
*m=a
|
*i
|
*ʓɛ
|
*ɗi
|
*ye
|
*nTe; *ale
|
*k=aɗe
|
*riyo
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Kresh
|
*a=m=a
|
*u=mu
|
*a-ga
|
*a=ŋa
|
*a=ni; *ɓi
|
[*ɖi]
|
—
|
*ɓir
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Aja
|
m=a
|
mu-mu
|
a=m=a
|
ɔ=ro
|
ɔ=ŋɔ
|
gu
|
—
|
bira
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Birri
|
m=á
|
mu
|
m=áː
|
wa
|
ŋa
|
ɕa
|
ìlá
|
ukw=aːri
|
| Songhay
|
p-Songhay
|
*ay ~ *agay
|
*ni
|
*yé-ɾì
|
*máy
|
*ma(-)
|
*si; *na
|
*foː
|
*híŋká
|
| Saharan
|
p-Kanuri
|
*wu
|
*ní
|
*y₁-andi
|
*à=bí
|
*ndú
|
*bâ; *ni
|
*tilo
|
*(ì)ndí
|
| Saharan
|
p-Tubu
|
*ta-
|
*n(ǝ)-
|
*ta-
|
*in=ni
|
*ɲa
|
*bV; *ni
|
*tǝro
|
*kyu
|
| Saharan
|
p-Zaghawa-Berti
|
*s₁-
|
*n(V)
|
*t-
|
*n-(tɪ)
|
*n-(aɪ)
|
*-ɔ ~ *-ba
|
*nakkɔ; *saN
|
*su
|
| Koman
|
p-Koman
|
*a=ga
|
*a=i
|
*a=ma; *a=na
|
*tin-; *bi
|
*a=di
|
—
|
*ɗɛ
|
*sʊ-
|
| Gule
|
Gule
|
wɔ
|
aː=na
|
á=núːk
|
éːdè
|
ɛːde
|
—
|
dì=dí-n
|
du=su-it
|
| Gumuz
|
p-Gumuz
|
*=da
|
*=ma
|
*kwa; *ila
|
*in=c-
|
*wod-
|
*=ke
|
*m(=)eta
|
*m=band
|
| Kadu
|
p-Kadu
|
*aʔa
|
*oʔo
|
*a=ŋa; *a=yo
|
*m=ina
|
*m=at̪a
|
*t̪a; *aŋ
|
*ŋɔʈɔ; *iŋwa
|
*ari-a
|
| Shabo
|
Shabo
|
tiŋ
|
ku
|
yiŋ; an
|
na-mbi
|
na-fe
|
be
|
iŋki
|
bab
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nubian
|
*ǝ-y
|
*e(-y)
|
*a-y ₁
|
*nWV- ₁
|
*ŋǝ-y ₁
|
*-a- ₁; *-mVn₂
|
*bɛy(i)r
|
*awr-i ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SW Surmic
|
*an(-ɛta)
|
*in(-eta)
|
*a-g- ₁
|
*nI- ₁
|
*ŋɛnɛ ₁
|
*ŋa ₃; *(k)VRoŋ
|
*oɗo-i ₁
|
*ram(m)a ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SE Surmic
|
*an-ɛ
|
*in-e
|
*a-g- ₁
|
*oŋ
|
*nɪnɛ ₁
|
*ŋa ₃; *-oŋ
|
*ɗo(-)ne ₁
|
*raman ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Majang
|
ɛ̀ːt, č=aː-k
|
íːn
|
ìt-ìŋk
|
ǯík
|
wóɗ
|
ku- ~ kwa- ₄
|
òmò-ŋ
|
pèːy
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Nara
|
ag
|
iŋa
|
a-gg-a ₁
|
nda (←ende=ha)
|
na(-n) ₁
|
ka ₄; ma ₂
|
doko
|
ari(-ga) ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Jebel
|
*a(y) ₁
|
*i(y) ₁
|
*ay(-ga) ₁
|
*ɲi ₁
|
*ŋa ₁
|
*a= ₁; *wǝ(l)
|
*ligi; *ta(m)
|
*waC-; *ɖag
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nyimang
|
*ay ₁
|
*í ₁
|
*ay-g- ₁
|
*(a)ŋi ₁
|
*ŋa ₁
|
*fa
|
*ɲala
|
*ar(m)-(ba)- ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Temein
|
*n=a-n ₁
|
*n=ɪ-n ₁
|
*k=a-t̪ ₁
|
*ŋa-i ₁
|
*ŋa-nɪ ₁
|
*ʓa=... -ŋ ₃
|
*k=ɪɖ(ɔ)- ₂
|
*k=aro ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Tama
|
*wa
|
*i ₁
|
*wa-(y)i
|
*num
|
*na ₁
|
*-to
|
*ku- ~ *ka- ₃
|
*wari ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Daju
|
*a-ga ₁
|
*i-gi ₁
|
*ko
|
*ɗi-; *way
|
*min-; *Ken
|
*-ba ₅; *-ŋ(V) ₃
|
*no-
|
*pidaX
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-W Nilotic
|
*(ʔiy=)aː-(n/ɪ/) ₁
|
*ʔiː-(n) ₁
|
*ʔɔ-(n)
|
*ŋo ₁
|
*ŋa ₁
|
*bV ₅; *kV ₄
|
*kyɛl
|
*=rɪaw ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-E Nilotic
|
*(n=)a(-n/ɪ/) ₁
|
*ɪ-yyɔ ₁
|
*yi- ~ *=yoː-
|
*ɲɔ ₁
|
*ŋa ₁
|
*m-₂; *ɲ- ₃; *ti
|
*bo-; *pe-
|
*arɛ ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-S Nilotic
|
*a-ni ₁
|
*i-ɲ ₁
|
*ɛ-ɕa ₁
|
*ne ₁
|
*ŋo ~ *ŋʌ ₁
|
*ma ₂
|
*a=kɪ ₃
|
*ʌ=ʀi-ɛŋ ₁
|
| Kuliak
|
p-Kuliak
|
*kV-; *ay ₁
|
*bi
|
*gin; *mis
|
*e; *isi
|
*ke; *do
|
*n- ₃; *m- ₂
|
*ɛd ₂
|
*lɛmˀɛc
|
| family
|
language
|
bird
|
dog
|
louse
|
tree
|
leaf
|
meat
|
egg
|
horn
|
tail
|
| Berta
|
p-Berta
|
*mìɕˀé
|
*gàlì
|
*ɗiːɲi
|
*ŋgole; *ɕˀiɕˀi
|
*dùːdù
|
*uʔuŋ
|
*kúlkúlú
|
*búlùŋ
|
*àbàrò
|
| Kunama
|
p-Kunama
|
*šurk-; *eːt-
|
*tay-
|
*ɕiːl-
|
*èl-
|
*durf-
|
*ɲuw-
|
*kokin-
|
*giːʀ-
|
*šiːm-
|
| Maba
|
p-Maba
|
*kuši
|
*iɲ(i)
|
*mese
|
*sʌŋge
|
*səŋa
|
*ɲu(ɲu)
|
*kade-m-
|
*gami
|
*ɔlu
|
| Fur
|
Fur
|
*=ya
|
asa
|
n=ina-ŋ
|
kuru
|
d=alma-ŋ
|
n=iːno
|
*=iro-
|
d=olba
|
d=awi
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Moru-Madi
|
*àrī
|
*ɔ̀kɛ́
|
*òrí
|
*kwɛ̄
|
*bí
|
*èzā
|
*ɓú
|
*ōˀyú
|
*āví
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Lendu-Ngiti
|
*àrɛ̀
|
*ìсē
|
*sī (*sʊ̄ ?)
|
*icu
|
*bɪ
|
*ìzā
|
*īɓī
|
*ōʔyó ~ *ɔ̄ʔyʊ́
|
*ávì
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbetu
|
*áríꜜ
|
*=esi
|
*=tì
|
*=kɪrɛ; *=wò
|
*=bɪ
|
*ɲíꜜɲíꜜ
|
*ɓu
|
*=ígá
|
*=ávìꜛ
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbutu
|
*k=ari
|
*iɓu
|
*t=ɔta
|
*ukpa
|
*ibi
|
*ura
|
*iɓu
|
*k=aʓu
|
*t=aʓa
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
|
*ʔyalɪ
|
*bisi
|
*ŋgisa
|
*k=aga
|
*mbi
|
*i=ɖa
|
*ɓU; *kaɓV
|
*k=aʓU
|
*=ila
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Kresh
|
*sisi
|
*k=ɔnɔ
|
—
|
*kpi-kpi
|
—
|
[*a=ta]
|
*yaka; *ɓo-ɓu
|
*aʓa
|
*kuyu
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Aja
|
weri
|
ɕ=ino
|
—
|
ɕi-ɕi
|
—
|
umbú
|
a=ʔi
|
deɽe
|
so-so
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Birri
|
uɖa
|
ana
|
—
|
kpi
|
—
|
kàká
|
ɓʌ
|
uðö
|
tá
|
| Songhay
|
p-Songhay
|
*kiɾo
|
*há(y)nsì
|
*gáːní
|
*tuguɾi
|
*kobto
|
*ham(u)
|
*guŋguɾi
|
*hilli
|
*ha(m)fe
|
| Saharan
|
p-Kanuri
|
*ŋgúdò
|
*kə́rì
|
*k(=)àŋgə́sù
|
*k(=)èsgá
|
*kálú
|
*dâ
|
*ŋgə́wúl
|
*k(=)àŋgádì
|
*ŋgàv(-)ə̀rè
|
| Saharan
|
p-Tubu
|
*kefuri
|
*kidi
|
*masko
|
*ekke
|
*kolu
|
*yani
|
*sǝli; *kuli
|
*yayi
|
*fudi
|
| Saharan
|
p-Zaghawa-Berti
|
*tarfo
|
*biɽi
|
*(ʔɛ)wɛN
|
*gu; *bɛgɪdʊ
|
[*ʔɔ(ŋ)ɣʊr]
|
*ʔeni
|
*gʊnʊ
|
*tɛdɪ
|
[*kɛrɛn]; [*teski]
|
| Koman
|
p-Koman
|
*ɗi ~ *ɗiu
|
*kˀaw
|
*šu(kˀ)-
|
*čwa
|
*čˀe-
|
*Sum
|
*simpˀ; *om-
|
*kwap; *ke-
|
*cin
|
| Gule
|
Gule
|
a=dadamit
|
aːw
|
ki
|
wɔt
|
—
|
fum
|
is
|
íːgà
|
sisi-n
|
| Gumuz
|
p-Gumuz
|
*mit-
|
*kˀawa
|
*sukun-
|
*gi-
|
*cˀe-n-gi
|
*bičˀ-
|
*iš-
|
*gi-
|
*ci-
|
| Kadu
|
p-Kadu
|
*awi- ~ *wayi-
|
*eːra
|
*=it̪i
|
*afa; *=aːɗi
|
*ʈaːru
|
*=oːɗa
|
*sule
|
*=iːt̪o
|
*iːt̪i
|
| Shabo
|
Shabo
|
holut
|
kaːn
|
nɛnna
|
kˀona
|
ɕˀaːm
|
há
|
tutukan
|
kˀare
|
sun-dum
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nubian
|
*kawir-ti ₁
|
*bǝl
|
*iti-di
|
*pǝr
|
*ulgi (?)
|
*kosi
|
*kumbu
|
*ŋǝ-ǯi ₁
|
*ɛːb ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SW Surmic
|
*kiɓʌlli- ₁
|
*ʊr-ð
|
*iɲa-(ti) ₁
|
*kɛː-t(a) ₁
|
*ɓʌl(l)og- ₁
|
*iɗi(-)ŋ
|
*ɓʊːr- ₁
|
*ot̪t̪on
|
*kuːl- ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SE Surmic
|
*kVbar₁; *šɔwa
|
*ro-s-
|
*iɲ-tyo ₁
|
*kɛ-to ₁
|
*ɓalog- ₁
|
*aču(k)
|
*bur(r)- ₁
|
*kˀer(ǯ-); *šɛ-
|
*kur- ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Majang
|
tìːtòn
|
wár ₁
|
ŋɛ̀tí-ŋ
|
kɛ̀ː-t ₁
|
píːŋòn ₂
|
táàr
|
tùtù-kán
|
kòytɛ́
|
kùːl ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Nara
|
karba ₁
|
wos ₂
|
šiti
|
kel, (*tum)
|
tifin-i ₃
|
no
|
war-i ₂
|
kel-i
|
dawa
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Jebel
|
*miCˀe
|
*a(ː)ɖ; *kal- (?)
|
*ɠiɲ- ₂
|
*ka(y)ča; *gul-
|
*teːpa ₃
|
*oʔoɲ ₁
|
*ǝm-; *kol(o)-
|
*kuzul; *il
|
*pori; *rusu
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nyimang
|
*ór
|
*wil ₁; *gil
|
*(ŋ)un- ₃
|
*t̪úmà
|
*kɔ; *lawa (?)
|
*kun
|
*dámì
|
*gur-t̪i
|
*wey- (?)
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Temein
|
*=awɛ ₂
|
*=we-
|
–
|
*marɛŋ
|
*kabo (?)
|
*ini ~ *ili ₁
|
*war- ₂
|
*kini ₂
|
*rɪŋ-kak
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Tama
|
*wegi-t
|
*wes-i ₂
|
*sin; *ɲiŋ- ₃
|
*ga(ː)n
|
*afol
|
*is-
|
*kuy-; *kob-
|
*ŋaw-₁; *maŋi-
|
*gawu- (?)
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Daju
|
*awa-de ₂
|
*iːs- ₂
|
*tiŋgaɣ-
|
*ewe
|
*une-
|
*iye ₂
|
*ola-
|
*yax-
|
*iːb- ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-W Nilotic
|
*wɪɲ ₃; *dit
|
*gwok
|
*ɲwʌk- ₄
|
*yaːt̪ / *yɛn ₁
|
*yit̪
|
*riŋ ₃
|
*tɔŋ
|
*tuːŋ
|
*yip ₁; *yol
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-E Nilotic
|
*k̚weɲ- ₃
|
*=ŋɔk ₃; *ɗi-
|
*=ɬaɕ-; *=sɪrʊ
|
*k̚aye(-t-/-n-) ₁
|
*=k̚uy-; *=ben-₂
|
*ki=riŋ ₃
|
*k̚atɪl-
|
*ŋuwar-
|
—
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-S Nilotic
|
*tarɪːt
|
*ŋoːk ₃
|
*ɲɔk- ₄
|
*k̚eːt ₁
|
*sɛːŋ-
|
*paɲ
|
*buruŋ- ₁; *kɔy-
|
*kuyin ₂
|
*sarʊr
|
| Kuliak
|
p-Kuliak
|
*gʷa
|
*kudo; *sak
|
*ɠay ~ *ɠɛn ₂
|
*ad; *dakʷ
|
*kak; *rɔm
|
*em; *yey ₂
|
*ɓiɓ
|
*ɛb
|
*tisit
|
| family
|
language
|
head
|
hair
|
eye
|
ear
|
nose
|
tooth
|
tongue
|
mouth
|
| Berta
|
p-Berta
|
*àlú
|
*bùs
|
*àrè
|
*ìlè
|
*àmúŋ
|
—
|
*kàlàː ~ *kàlèː
|
*ndu
|
| Kunama
|
p-Kunama
|
*aŋan-
|
*kiːm-
|
*uw-
|
*ukun-
|
*bobon-
|
*may-
|
*ŋeːl-
|
*wid-
|
| Maba
|
p-Maba
|
*kiʓi
|
*tofi
|
*kas(i)
|
*kɔy-
|
*mundu
|
*saTi
|
*=dilm-
|
*kana
|
| Fur
|
Fur
|
tabu
|
ɲiːlu
|
*=uŋi
|
*=il-
|
d=ormi
|
d=agi
|
d=aːli
|
uto
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Moru-Madi
|
*ɖì
|
*ɓɪ
|
*mī
|
*bí
|
*ɔmvɔ
|
*sí
|
*l=ɛ(n)ɖa
|
*tī
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Lendu-Ngiti
|
*ʓɔ
|
*ká
|
*ɲɪ
|
*bɪ
|
*ɔ̄ndì
|
*=ku
|
*īdà
|
*=cʊ̀ ~ *=cɔ̀
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbetu
|
*ɖùꜛ
|
*áwɛ́
|
*=ŋgɔ̀
|
*=bí
|
*=ámɔ̀ꜛ
|
*=kí
|
*=àꜛɖàꜛ
|
*=tíꜜ
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbutu
|
*uɖu
|
*k=aɗi
|
*uwe
|
*ubi
|
*t=ɔŋgi
|
*usɛ
|
*k=aɖu
|
*uti
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
|
*ɖɔ
|
*bi
|
*kamU
|
*mbi
|
*U=mU
|
*sU; *ŋaŋa
|
*n=ɖɛ
|
*ta[-ra]
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Kresh
|
*ʓu-ʓu
|
*bi-bi
|
*mu
|
*mbi-mbi
|
*u=ŋu
|
*ɕe-ɕe
|
*n=ʓa
|
àkpà
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Aja
|
ʓu-ʓu
|
bi-bi
|
i=ɲi
|
mi-mbi
|
mú-mú
|
u=ku
|
ndi-ndyi
|
—
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Birri
|
ɖru
|
mú
|
mʊ
|
nvö
|
í=mɔ̀
|
sì
|
ì=nɖrɔ́
|
tyi
|
| Songhay
|
p-Songhay
|
*baŋgɔ
|
*hambiɾi
|
*moy
|
*haŋga
|
*nìːnè
|
*hìŋè
|
*dèːnè
|
*miye
|
| Saharan
|
p-Kanuri
|
*kə̀lâ
|
*ku(=)nduli
|
*sîm
|
*sə́mò
|
*kə́(=)nǯà
|
*tímì
|
*t(ə́)lam
|
*kǝyi
|
| Saharan
|
p-Tubu
|
*da(h)u
|
*tọnosu
|
*samo
|
*simo
|
*kya
|
*tome
|
*tlǝm
|
*kɔi
|
| Saharan
|
p-Zaghawa-Berti
|
*tafa; *yaNV
|
*(w)ui; *wer
|
*s₁ɪN
|
*kɛmɛ
|
*sɪna ~ *sano
|
*margɪ; *ʔikoN
|
*tam(ɪ)sɪ
|
*ʔaː
|
| Koman
|
p-Koman
|
*kˀup
|
*mbar-
|
*ya/y/-
|
*čˀe
|
*šʊnš
|
*šɛ(y)
|
*lɛtˀ; *tˀakal
|
*tˀwa
|
| Gule
|
Gule
|
gàdé
|
ʔif
|
yaː-n
|
iːg-ǝn
|
fufa-n
|
seː-n
|
adatˀ-wai
|
ʔitə-n
|
| Gumuz
|
p-Gumuz
|
*ilu=kˀ/ʷ/a
|
*beː-
|
*ke-
|
*cˀe-
|
*it-
|
*kˀos-
|
*kˀo=tˀatˀ-
|
*=s-
|
| Kadu
|
p-Kadu
|
*=at̪u
|
*awu
|
*=yV
|
*=ɛːsɔ
|
*=mbarɔ; *=moː
|
*=ki(-)ni
|
*=ŋaɗɔ
|
*=iːno
|
| Shabo
|
Shabo
|
kˀoyi
|
ɕˀeːka
|
se
|
kˀiti
|
šona
|
k(ˀ)aw
|
handa
|
kaw
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nubian
|
*or ₁
|
*dɛl-
|
*miɲ ₁
|
*ulgi
|
*esi-ŋi; *sori-ŋ
|
*ɲǝl- ₁
|
*ɲalT- ₁
|
*agul ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SW Surmic
|
*ɔː
|
*immʌ ₁
|
*kɛbɛr-ɛ ₂
|
*i-t̪a(t) ₁
|
*ʊŋɛ- ₁
|
*ɲɪgɪt ₂
|
*ʌgʌːt ₂
|
*ʊt̪ʊ(-)k ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SE Surmic
|
*sab(b)-
|
*čˀɔrɛ
|
*kabar-i ₂
|
*ɲab-
|
*giroŋ
|
*ɲigi ₂
|
*kaːt ₂
|
*tuk ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Majang
|
ɔ̀ːɗɔ̀h
|
àm-ùn ₁
|
tàːmá
|
wìːná ₂
|
ɛ́ŋɛ́-n ₁
|
ŋídá-n
|
kàɗà ₂
|
átó ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Nara
|
kel-e
|
sab-i
|
no
|
tus
|
demo
|
nihi
|
haga
|
awlo
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Jebel
|
*ola ₁
|
*ǯeke ₂; *sugu-
|
*eti
|
*sigi-; *win- ₂
|
*potor; *muː ₂
|
*ɲigi ₂
|
*kala(-di)
|
*Ud- ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nyimang
|
*ɔr- ₁
|
*yi-
|
*āŋ(w)- ₃
|
*ɲɔgɔr-
|
*(a)ŋud̪-
|
*ŋil- ₁
|
*ŋal(d)- ₁; *ɔl-
|
*ŋal-
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Temein
|
*=ʊlo ₁
|
*ʓɛ-t̪ ₂
|
*=aŋ- ~ *=aɲ- ₃
|
*wen(-a) ₂
|
*=mɪn- ~ *=t̪ɪm-
|
*=ay-
|
*=kanɖɪma-
|
*=t̪ʊ- ~ *=ʊt̪- ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Tama
|
*(ŋ=)ur- ₁
|
*isigi-t
|
*emeɲ- ₁
|
*(ŋ=)us-
|
*(a=)miʓi
|
*ŋeʓ-
|
*laɲa-
|
*(o=)kul ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Daju
|
*is- ₂
|
*apaɣ
|
*aŋo- ₃
|
*une- ₂
|
*mu-ne ₂
|
*ɲiɣi ₂
|
*ɲabir-e
|
*uk-e ₃
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-W Nilotic
|
*wiɕ ₂
|
*yer
|
*waŋ ₃
|
*yi-t̪ ₁
|
*ʔum ₂
|
*lak / *lɛk
|
*lɛ(ː)p
|
*t̪ɔk ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-E Nilotic
|
*k̚we ₂
|
*k̚opir-
|
*k̚ɔŋ- / *k̚ɔɲ- ₃
|
*k̚i- ₁
|
*k̚ume ₂
|
*k̚ela- ₃
|
*ŋaʓɛp
|
*kʊ=tʊk ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-S Nilotic
|
*met; *uːʀ ₁
|
*puːt
|
*k̚ɔːŋ ₃
|
*iː-t ₁
|
*ser-
|
*k̚ɛːɬ- ₃
|
*ŋaɬɛp
|
*k̚ʊːt ₂
|
| Kuliak
|
p-Kuliak
|
*ik
|
*sicˀ
|
*ɛkʷ
|
*bos ~ *bes
|
*ɲab-; *aɠat
|
*kʷay-
|
*nakˀaf; *ɛdɛɓ
|
*ak ₃
|
| family
|
language
|
hand
|
claw (nail)
|
foot
|
heart
|
blood
|
bone
|
| Berta
|
p-Berta
|
*tàbá
|
*máːɕù
|
*kùː
|
*bìɕí
|
*ɠápà
|
*kˀàːrà
|
| Kunama
|
p-Kunama
|
*kon-
|
*ikiN-; *uɕum-
|
*mind-
|
*ulf-
|
*kokob-
|
*saŋ-
|
| Maba
|
p-Maba
|
*kara
|
*ŋgirm-
|
*ǯaw; *daw-
|
*kuli
|
*fal-; *ari
|
*kanʓi
|
| Fur
|
Fur
|
*=oŋa
|
ka(ː)ru
|
taːr
|
k=ilma
|
*=ewa
|
*=aːru
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Moru-Madi
|
*ɖí
|
*ɔ́ɲí
|
*pá
|
*ásí
|
*àrī
|
*kwà
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Lendu-Ngiti
|
*ɔ̄cʊ́; *(V)θɔ́
|
—
|
*=/V/kɔ́; *=pɔ̀
|
*=āθí
|
*āžū
|
*=kpa
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbetu
|
*=tɛ́
|
*=ɛ́ꜜwɛ́ꜜ
|
*=ɔ́ꜜnzɔ́ꜜ
|
*=ísúꜜ
|
*áli
|
*=kpɔ̀ꜛ
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbutu
|
*eɗi ~ *aɗi
|
—
|
*k=aru
|
*ɓoru
|
*k=otu
|
*ikpi
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
|
*ʓi
|
*ɲal (?)
|
*=nɖi ~ *nʓa
|
*ŋguL
|
*ma=ma
|
*ɕʊŋɔ
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Kresh
|
[*rɛke]
|
*kakpi (?)
|
[*laga]
|
[*suru]
|
*Usa
|
*kpɔ-kpɔ
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Aja
|
ruɓu
|
kiŋgbi
|
kaɕa
|
mágú
|
usa
|
ɕuŋgu
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Birri
|
iɲi
|
=isi
|
uŋgba
|
—
|
ɔtɔ
|
kpɔ
|
| Songhay
|
p-Songhay
|
*kambe
|
*boyo
|
*ke (← *kaw-i?)
|
*binɛ
|
*kúɾí
|
*biɾi
|
| Saharan
|
p-Kanuri
|
*(N=)doko
|
*ŋgur-
|
*sî
|
*k(=)aɣur(ǝ)ɣǝ
|
*bû
|
*sílà
|
| Saharan
|
p-Tubu
|
*kɔbɛ
|
*turkɔn(o)
|
*say; *digi
|
*aɣɔr
|
*gɔrɛ
|
*suru
|
| Saharan
|
p-Zaghawa-Berti
|
*mai
|
*targʊ; *ergiN
|
*dei; *wata
|
*todu
|
*ʔagu
|
*s₁iruN
|
| Koman
|
p-Koman
|
*mbitˀ
|
*čˀikir
|
*čoŋkˀ
|
—
|
*сˀama
|
*swi
|
| Gule
|
Gule
|
bitˀɛ-n
|
=gamaːl
|
suma-n
|
—
|
gɔ=ʓɔb
|
fiː-fi
|
| Gumuz
|
p-Gumuz
|
*el-
|
*kˀwa=cic-
|
*čog-
|
*kˀu=bic-
|
*m(=)ax-
|
*žok-
|
| Kadu
|
p-Kadu
|
*=iːso
|
*laːka; *ŋgoro
|
*aw-
|
*=nug-
|
*a=rit̪o
|
*kuɓa
|
| Shabo
|
Shabo
|
efu ~ ifu
|
seŋgi
|
biɕɕa
|
dundet
|
yɛrom
|
emenan
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nubian
|
*ǝsi ₁
|
*suŋ-di
|
*oy- (*os-?)
|
*ail-
|
*ǝger
|
*kǝsi-di
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SW Surmic
|
*ʌði ₁
|
*vallag- ₁
|
*ðoː-
|
*ðini ₁
|
*ɓɪyɛ
|
*ammɛ- ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SE Surmic
|
*si(y)- ₁
|
*falag- ₁
|
*ǯagar-
|
*šan(-i) ₁
|
*ɲa(ː)ɓ-
|
*giɠ-
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Majang
|
*ʔàrì
|
čò=pòlk-òy ₁
|
ɗèrà-n
|
ɓàːyè ₂
|
yɛ́rʊ́m
|
ɛ́mɛ̀-nán ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Nara
|
aːt
|
ši
|
bala
|
asim-a ₃
|
kito
|
ket-i
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Jebel
|
*čarʸo; *as ₁
|
*mVsi
|
*luː-
|
*iyo; *Pon
|
*ɠefa(-di)
|
*ɠam
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nyimang
|
*ayi ₂; *at̪a
|
*fál-
|
*kir- ₁
|
*t̪ilum
|
*úlè
|
*ám- ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Temein
|
*=ɛn(-a) ₃
|
*=ol-
|
*=alwa- (?)
|
*om (?) ₄
|
*moni-
|
*am- ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Tama
|
*awg-
|
*ŋosa-
|
*war
|
*samil- ₃
|
*ya-i
|
*kiŋa-ti
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Daju
|
*a-n- / *a-s- ₂
|
*ɲuɣ-
|
*eɣe-
|
*=omigaɣ- ₄
|
*tami-
|
*ŋay
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-W Nilotic
|
*ɕɪn-
|
*rop-; *kʊr-
|
*kɪːr ₁
|
*pyɛw- (?) ₂
|
*rɪm ₁
|
*ɕog-
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-E Nilotic
|
*k̚ay- ₂
|
—
|
*k̚ɛʓ- / *moko-
|
*taw-
|
*=akɔt; *rɪm- ₁
|
*k̚ɔyʊ
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-S Nilotic
|
*k̚aː-tit ₂
|
*pu(ː)l-; *sɪːʀ
|
*k̚ɛːɬ
|
*(mu)kuleːl
|
*k̚ʌrʌtiː-; *woːy-
|
*k̚ʌːw- ₂
|
| Kuliak
|
p-Kuliak
|
*kʷɛt; *an ₃
|
*kɔrɔk; *sak
|
*tɛgʷ
|
*gur
|
*sɛ(ʔ)
|
*ɔk ₂
|
| family
|
language
|
drink
|
eat
|
hear
|
die
|
kill
|
| Berta
|
p-Berta
|
*méːr-
|
*tìŋ
|
*kàːl-
|
*múɕ-
|
*pi/y/-
|
| Kunama
|
p-Kunama
|
*=no
|
*=ŋa
|
*=tik-
|
*=tu
|
*=yay-
|
| Maba
|
p-Maba
|
*aŋ
|
*ɲɔ
|
*in-
|
*ɔy
|
*uy-
|
| Fur
|
Fur
|
*ba
|
*=am
|
kel-am
|
*way
|
fu-
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Moru-Madi
|
*mbū
|
*ɲā
|
*=rí
|
*ɖà
|
*fū
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Lendu-Ngiti
|
*=mbʊ̀
|
*ɔ̄=ɲʊ̀ ~ *ɔ̄=ɲɔ̀
|
*ī=rī
|
*=ðɛ̀
|
*ō=fó ~ *(ɔ)=fɪ
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbetu
|
*=ɔmvu-ɔ
|
*=aɲɔ
|
*=ɔ̀gà
|
*=onzi
|
*=ɔfʊ
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbutu
|
*a=mvu
|
*a=nu
|
*=ŋgɪ
|
*=nde
|
*=fu
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
|
*à=wɛ̄ (=yɛ̄ ?)
|
*V=ɲʊ; *u=sa
|
*=wo
|
*=yo
|
*=pʊ
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Kresh
|
*ɔ=mɔ
|
*ɔ=ɕɔ
|
*o=go
|
*ili
|
*=fu
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Aja
|
a=mu
|
a=ɲ
|
a=yi
|
iri
|
a=pʌʔi
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Birri
|
a=ya
|
ɔ=ɲɔ
|
ša
|
ayi
|
à=wì
|
| Songhay
|
p-Songhay
|
*nin; *haŋ
|
*ŋwa
|
*maw
|
*bún
|
*wi
|
| Saharan
|
p-Kanuri
|
*yá
|
*bú
|
*fàn-
|
*nú
|
*yid-
|
| Saharan
|
p-Tubu
|
*ya
|
*bu
|
*bas-
|
*nɔ-s
|
*yid-
|
| Saharan
|
p-Zaghawa-Berti
|
*ya-
|
*sɛ-
|
*tan-
|
*nʊ-
|
*ni-
|
| Koman
|
p-Koman
|
*pi-; *tˀob-
|
*šwa
|
*čikʰ-; *kˀeb-
|
*wVy
|
*kˀoš-
|
| Gule
|
Gule
|
si
|
mə-s
|
gìdɛ́s
|
=wɔi
|
=tɔs
|
| Gumuz
|
p-Gumuz
|
*f/a/
|
*s/a/
|
*gas-
|
*š/a/
|
*ša-kˀ/ʷ/-
|
| Kadu
|
p-Kadu
|
*a=wɛ
|
*a=ku
|
*=fiɲo
|
*a=yV
|
*=t̪aː-
|
| Shabo
|
Shabo
|
wo
|
tˀa
|
ɛɕɛt
|
kˀo
|
ka
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nubian
|
*niː-
|
*kɔl- ₁
|
*gi(ǯ)-
|
*diː- ₁
|
*pay-ir
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SW Surmic
|
*kʊɗ-
|
*ɗak-
|
*ðig- ₁
|
*ir- ₂
|
*rʊk
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SE Surmic
|
*mat- ₁ / *ir-
|
*am- ₂ / *us-
|
*šig- ₁
|
*ɛr- ₂
|
*in-
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Majang
|
út-
|
ɗám- ₃
|
tíy-
|
reː-r- ₃
|
ɓòkòt- ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Nara
|
liː- ₂
|
kal ₁
|
wo-s-; esel-
|
diː- ₁
|
si- (←*say-?)₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Jebel
|
*maʈ- ₁
|
*ɲam-
|
*eːr-; *piŋ-
|
*tugir
|
*poz(i)
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nyimang
|
*li ₂; *d̪a(y)i
|
*tam ₃ / *t̪=(k)al
|
*ki(l)d-
|
*lu- ₃
|
*ni
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Temein
|
*awɪs-
|
*lam-
|
*t̪ɔŋʷ-
|
*bu(l)-
|
*ɔt̪u
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Tama
|
*li- ₂
|
*ŋan-; *gey-
|
*sig- ₁
|
*iye-
|
*siy/ɲ- ₂; *yi-
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Daju
|
*wuɣ-
|
*si-
|
*suw- (?)
|
*ǝɣ(s)-
|
*pax- ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-W Nilotic
|
*maːd̪- ₁
|
*ɕam-
|
*wiɲʓ-; *t̪iŋ-
|
*t̪ɔw- ₁
|
*nʌk-
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-E Nilotic
|
*=mat- ₁
|
*=ɲi-; *=am- ₂
|
*=niŋ-; *=yɪŋ- ₂
|
*twa- ₁; *yɛ-
|
*=ar
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-S Nilotic
|
*ʀɛ ₂
|
*am ₂
|
*iːɲ ₂; *kas
|
*mɛːʀ
|
*par-; *nuːs-
|
| Kuliak
|
p-Kuliak
|
*wɛt
|
*n(V)kʼ-; *gab-
|
*Nis-
|
*ɲal-; *geɕ-
|
*kɛy-
|
| family
|
language
|
sun
|
moon
|
star
|
water
|
rain
|
stone
|
smoke
|
fire
|
ashes
|
| Berta
|
p-Berta
|
*mù(n)ʓú
|
*ʓìgì
|
*íʒ́ù
|
*pèrì
|
*rôː
|
*bèlè
|
*ɗùːtà
|
*mû
|
*bùbùdà
|
| Kunama
|
p-Kunama
|
*uw-
|
*teːʀ-
|
*šund-
|
*bi-
|
*ŋoːr-
|
*ug-
|
*duːd-
|
*tom-
|
*(h)ay-na
|
| Maba
|
p-Maba
|
*aɲi-ŋ-
|
*aɲi-ɛ-
|
*kɛyɛ
|
*s₁aː
|
*s₁aː
|
*komʌ
|
*uruŋi
|
*nusʊ
|
*ʔawun
|
| Fur
|
Fur
|
d(=)ule
|
d=uwal
|
wiri
|
k=oro
|
kwi
|
d=ito
|
suːl
|
*utu
|
diː
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Moru-Madi
|
*ìtú
|
*ìmbā
|
*ɓɪɓɪ
|
*igi
|
*ɔ̄zɛ̄; *ɓu
|
*írà; *óní
|
*kà
|
*ācí
|
*ɔ̄=fò
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Lendu-Ngiti
|
*āʒ́ī
|
*àbī
|
*ʒ́ʊ̄; *lī
|
*ɪɗa
|
*īʓē
|
*ōʓū
|
*ɪkɔ
|
*k=àzʊ̄
|
*ōhū
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbetu
|
*=iko
|
*=aŋgwɛ
|
*=tulu
|
*=gwò
|
*=k=ʊma
|
*=óꜜpíꜜ
|
*=kɔ
|
*=ago
|
*ápùꜛ
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbutu
|
*Oyi
|
*t=imba
|
*r=iɓi ~ *ɓi-ɓi
|
*uwe
|
*t=iɓo
|
*k=ina
|
*t=enu
|
*akɔ
|
*t=ɛdu
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
|
*k=aɖa
|
*napay ~ *lapay
|
*KɛL-
|
*m=anɛ
|
*n=ɖi
|
*ku
|
*sa
|
*paɗʊ
|
*buru
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Kresh
|
*=aʓa
|
*ɕe-ɕe
|
*ɛpɛ
|
*u=yu
|
*n=ʓi
|
*aŋba
|
*ka-ka
|
*oɕo
|
*reka
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Aja
|
k=údyò
|
kápá
|
ŋgʌ́dʌ́
|
ɓa-ɓa
|
ɓa-ɓa
|
gìsí
|
kó-kó
|
uɕa
|
kuku
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Birri
|
uɖrà
|
áfí
|
daŋgi
|
wu
|
n=ɖri
|
aŋbà
|
ka-ka
|
usi
|
kuvu-tu
|
| Songhay
|
p-Songhay
|
*wayn-i/o
|
*handi/u
|
*hand-aɾi
|
*(h)áɾí
|
*kiliŋgi
|
*tóndì
|
*dullu
|
*nunE; *huɾu
|
*bóːsí
|
| Saharan
|
p-Kanuri
|
*kǝ(=)ŋgâl
|
*kə́=mbàl
|
*sim-logu
|
*ŋgî
|
*dùr-o
|
*k(=)âu
|
*k(=)àngê
|
*k(=)ánnú
|
*buː
|
| Saharan
|
p-Tubu
|
*ize
|
*awri
|
*teski
|
*(i)yi
|
*ŋeli
|
*emi
|
*ǝzzi
|
*wuni
|
*tifi; *wuni-
|
| Saharan
|
p-Zaghawa-Berti
|
*ʔɪdɔN(V)
|
*wɛrɪ
|
*maːr
|
*bi
|
*mVzVN; *bodu
|
*fa; *wi
|
*gɛnǯʊ; *do
|
*y(i)e; *aza
|
*sobu
|
| Koman
|
p-Koman
|
*tay
|
*ɕˀiawan
|
*kɛl
|
*ayi ~ *yiʔi
|
—
|
*ɔš
|
*kuɗ
|
*antˀ; *watˀi
|
*pˀiki-n
|
| Gule
|
Gule
|
taʔ
|
àyún
|
kèːlú
|
aːye
|
rus
|
ɔf
|
ʓurɛd
|
kəs
|
ufu-n
|
| Gumuz
|
p-Gumuz
|
*ok-
|
*ɓigi-
|
*biːž-
|
*ay-
|
*dam-
|
*giš-
|
*ɗakˀ/ʷ/-
|
*m(=)angi
|
*=of-
|
| Kadu
|
p-Kadu
|
*aya
|
*t̪arɛ
|
*=at̪iki
|
*ɓiːt̪i
|
*=fVɗɔ; *ni
|
*=isi ~ *=usi
|
*ʈiːko
|
*isi
|
*=ʈoːlo
|
| Shabo
|
Shabo
|
oka
|
kasip
|
roːga
|
wo
|
ɗimu
|
maːna
|
ɕˀimbu
|
ɕ(ˀ)uwa
|
punkˀa
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nubian
|
*maša(l); *eːs-
|
*(ɲ)un-
|
*waɲe (*oɲe?) ₁
|
*ǝs-ti
|
*are ₁
|
*kuli
|
*gume-di
|
*usi-gi ₁
|
*ubur-ti ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SW Surmic
|
*iː; *kɔr
|
*ɲɛlɔ-k
|
*muɲuɲ- ₂
|
*maːm ₁
|
*ta(m)mu
|
*ɓɛy-
|
*ɓure-t ₁
|
*gu-o ₂
|
*bur ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SE Surmic
|
*sus
|
*tagi-s(i)
|
*muɲuɲ- ₂
|
*ma ₁
|
*guy-ot ₂
|
*bay-i
|
*ɓure- ₁
|
*gu- ₂
|
*bur ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Majang
|
wàwì, ? iɗi
|
ɛ̀ːyɛ̀n ₁
|
màrìò-n
|
máːw ₁
|
tùl
|
gìɗè
|
tɔ̀ːr ₂
|
má(-)ɗ ₃
|
tàɗàpù ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Nara
|
kos
|
feta
|
wini ₁
|
mba ₁
|
hala
|
tan-e
|
asuru
|
ši(-)ta ₁
|
hib(-)id
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Jebel
|
*biːdi; *tel
|
*turi; *aguwa
|
*mbaǯU(rʸ)
|
*pe- ₂; *či
|
*koyi ₂
|
*mi(d); *pela
|
*purʸu ₁; *ɲugu
|
*moʔa ₃
|
*tudo ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nyimang
|
*ɲiŋ
|
*k(e)wur
|
*midi
|
*bɔ́ŋ
|
*ar-iŋ- ₁
|
*mid-; *mVr-
|
*ŋɛši; *los-
|
*mér
|
*fin(-)an
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Temein
|
*n(ɪ)=onu(-k)
|
*kaw
|
*ɖuli- ₃
|
*=mʊŋ
|
*n̚o(-)k
|
*kʊrɛ-t̪
|
*kɪ=t̪ʊmʊ(-k)
|
*paɖɪŋ
|
*ul(u)- ₃
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Tama
|
*ari
|
*ayi(-wi)- ₁
|
*miɲ- ₂
|
*kaːl
|
*ar ₁; *ŋoːri
|
*kad-
|
*turu- ₂
|
*usg- ₁
|
*or-ŋo ₃
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Daju
|
*uɣoŋ-e
|
*asime-ɣe
|
*ɲeŋ-
|
*ama ~ *uma ₁
|
*koɣ-
|
*ŋaɲ
|
*lug-e
|
*maːse ₃
|
*usuku-
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-W Nilotic
|
*ɕʌŋ
|
*pay
|
*kwɛl ₄; *ɕɛːr
|
*piː ~ *piw ₂
|
*kɔt̪
|
*pʌːm; *kid-
|
*yir- ₃; *tol
|
*maːɕ ₃
|
*buːr ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-E Nilotic
|
*k̚ɔlɔŋ
|
*ɬapaɬ
|
*k̚akɛr-
|
*pi ₂
|
*k̚uʓ-
|
*mɔr-
|
*puri- ₁
|
*kɪ=ma ₃
|
*k̚uri-o- ₃
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-S Nilotic
|
*asɪːs ~ *asɛːt
|
*ɬeː-ta
|
*mɛːŋ ₂; *k̚ɔkɛl ₄
|
*peʀ-
|
*rɔːp
|
*kɔʀ
|
*iːʀ ₃
|
*ma ₃
|
*ɔr- ₃
|
| Kuliak
|
p-Kuliak
|
*gi; *pet
|
*aragʷan; *asan
|
*ɗɔɬ- ₃
|
*kʷɪɛh
|
*war; *didi
|
*gʷas; *sɔg
|
*cˀud; *ar
|
*dakʷ; *cˀaɗ
|
*ukʷ; *kaw-
|
Adjectives and others
[edit]
| family
|
language
|
black
|
night
|
new
|
dry
|
name
|
| Berta
|
p-Berta
|
*mìlí
|
*kabi
|
—
|
*kòɕàl-
|
*kùː
|
| Kunama
|
p-Kunama
|
*um-
|
—
|
*taːm-
|
*=lab-
|
*kiːd-
|
| Maba
|
p-Maba
|
*du(ː)
|
*ise
|
*ŋɔndi
|
*bǝy
|
*meli
|
| Fur
|
Fur
|
diko
|
luːl
|
=iwwo
|
futto
|
k=ona
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Moru-Madi
|
*i=ni
|
*ŋgákī
|
*ɗí
|
*ʔʷī
|
*rú
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Lendu-Ngiti
|
*tì
|
*īkū
|
*ɔ̄=wʊ́
|
*=ʔyù
|
*ɔðɔ
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbetu
|
*=ɛkʊ
|
*=k=ìꜛnìꜛ
|
*=adi
|
*=onɖu; *=ɛŋgɔ
|
*=rʊ
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Mangbutu
|
*=sa
|
*ɓoku
|
*=ɓu
|
*o=nɖi
|
*aɓɛ
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
|
*=lu
|
*nɖɔ
|
*i=ʒ́i
|
*tutu; *àfā
|
*ri ~ *ro
|
| Central Sudanic
|
p-Kresh
|
*=iri
|
*nʓo-nʓo
|
[*raŋi]
|
*=aŋa; *=iši
|
*=iri
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Aja
|
iri
|
—
|
reɓe
|
ɔŋgko
|
k=iri
|
| Central Sudanic
|
Birri
|
=nɖi
|
ʌtyí
|
žya
|
—
|
iri
|
| Songhay
|
p-Songhay
|
*bi
|
*kigi(ni)
|
*tagi
|
*koːg-
|
*man
|
| Saharan
|
p-Kanuri
|
*čə́lə́m
|
*búné
|
*bə̀lîm
|
*ŋgâm-
|
*čû
|
| Saharan
|
p-Tubu
|
*yasku
|
*dọgọso
|
*eski
|
*ŋkyor-
|
*kyu; *čero
|
| Saharan
|
p-Zaghawa-Berti
|
*mɪ̃ɛ̃
|
*gɪnɪ
|
*ʔɪm(m)ʊ
|
*kʊya-
|
*ʔɛtʊr
|
| Koman
|
p-Koman
|
*cˀi-; *šwala-
|
*cˀin-
|
*ʒɪs
|
*kut̪ˀ
|
—
|
| Gule
|
Gule
|
arwu-
|
kə=səmsi
|
—
|
=gɔʓ-
|
—
|
| Gumuz
|
p-Gumuz
|
*=xiː-
|
*=gak/ʷ/-
|
*kike-
|
*=keʔe-
|
*cˀe-
|
| Kadu
|
p-Kadu
|
*=ɗu; *=luːɲ-
|
*=oːso
|
*=t̪iki
|
*a=rumɛ
|
*yarɛ ~ *ɛrɛ
|
| Shabo
|
Shabo
|
ɕˀiN
|
depu
|
kˀina
|
iːɕˀi; sˀoto
|
wɔŋga-
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nubian
|
*ud(m)-
|
*awar ₁; *kol
|
*ɛːr ₁
|
*sow/y-₁; *siː-
|
*ǝri
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SW Surmic
|
*kolli ₁
|
*ɓʌl- ₂
|
*čʊla(-)k (?)
|
*=ɗɔɗɔg- ₂
|
*ðaːra ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-SE Surmic
|
*kɔrɔy ₁
|
*bar- (*ɓ-) ₂
|
*čagi
|
*ɗɔrɔgɔ- ₂
|
*sarya ₁
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Majang
|
kɔ̀yʊ́ŋ
|
káːy ₃
|
(ìn)tɔ̀ːn
|
pàːlkíŋ ₃
|
tíríyá
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
Nara
|
sur-ku ₂
|
kiše
|
wor-ku
|
dise-gu
|
a(ː)d-e ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Jebel
|
*oro; *du
|
*kay ₃; *oro
|
*yaː-
|
*kekebe; *am-
|
*sa(C)a-
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Nyimang
|
*=bī-
|
*t̪únì
|
*ɲɛr-
|
*far- ₃
|
*aŋɛ- ₃
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Temein
|
*=ʈuʈi-
|
*=ʓoni
|
*=ŋan ₂
|
*raːri
|
*kalɪŋ
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Tama
|
*kidi-
|
*war ₁
|
*(a)suw-
|
*lab-
|
*(ŋ=)at ₂
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-Daju
|
*ʒ́ul ₂
|
*woŋ-
|
*taʓ-
|
*ka=maːs
|
*aŋg-e ₃
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-W Nilotic
|
*ɕɔːl ₂
|
*wʌːr ₁
|
*ɲʌːn ₂
|
*t̪wɔ ₄
|
*rɪn ₄
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-E Nilotic
|
*=rwɔ-
|
*k̚ɛwar(-ɪ) ₁
|
*=ŋeʓu-;*lʊdʊ-
|
*=toy- ₄
|
*k̚arɪn ₄
|
| Eastern Sudanic
|
p-S Nilotic
|
*tʊʀ
|
*aw- (*aʀ-)
|
—
|
*yaːm
|
*k̚aʀɪn ₄
|
| Kuliak
|
p-Kuliak
|
*im-; *buɗam
|
*mir-; *muk-
|
*eruc (?) ₁
|
*cai-
|
*(y)ed ₂
|
Names of each language or proto-language in Russian and English:
| Russian name |
English name
|
| Берта |
*Berta
|
| Кунама |
*Kunama
|
| Маба |
*Maba
|
| Фур |
Fur
|
| Мору-мади |
*Moru-Madi
|
| Ленду-нгити |
*Lendu-Ngiti
|
| Мангбету |
*Mangbetu
|
| Мангбуту |
*Mangbutu
|
| СББ |
*Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
|
| Креш |
*Kresh
|
| Аджа |
Aja
|
| Бирри |
Birri
|
| Сонгай |
*Songhay
|
| Канури |
*Kanuri
|
| Тубу |
*Tubu
|
| Загава-берти |
*Zaghawa-Berti
|
| Команские |
*Koman
|
| Гуле |
Gule
|
| Гумуз |
*Gumuz
|
| Каду |
*Kadu
|
| Шабо |
Shabo
|
| Нубийский |
*Nubian
|
| Юг.-зап.-срм. |
*SW Surmic
|
| Юг.-вост.-срм. |
*SE Surmic
|
| Маджанг |
Majang
|
| Нара |
Nara
|
| Джебельские |
*Jebel
|
| Ньиманг |
*Nyimang
|
| Темейн |
*Temein
|
| Тама |
*Tama
|
| Даджу |
*Daju
|
| Зап.-нилотские |
*W Nilotic
|
| Вост.-нилотские |
*E Nilotic
|
| Юж.-нилотские |
*S Nilotic
|
| Кулякские |
*Kuliak
|
