Appendix:Proto-Eastern Nilotic reconstructions
Appearance
The following list of Proto-Eastern Nilotic reconstructions is from Vossen (1982: 449-458).
List
[edit]Gloss | Proto-Eastern Nilotic | Proto-Teso-Ateker-Maa | Proto-Lotuko-Maa |
---|---|---|---|
blood | *-(a)k₃ɔt | *-k₃ɔt- | |
kill v. | *-ar- | ||
fight (between two persons) (sg) | *-ar-a | ||
two | *-rɛ-(k) | *-arɛ-(k) | *-arɛ-(k) |
soda ashes/alkaline salt | *-balaŋ- | *-balaŋ-; *-makat- | *-balaŋ- |
breed v. | *-bar- | ||
shave v. | *-barɪn- | *-barɪn- | |
turn v. | *-bel-, *-bɛl- | ||
leaf | *-ben- | ||
one | *-bo- | ||
dig v. | *-bɔk- | *-bɔk- | *-bɔk- |
salt-lick | *-boli- | ||
ritual expert ("medicine man", rainmaker, sorcerer) | *-bon-i(t) / *-bon-ok | *-muro-ni / *-muro-k | *-(i)bon-i / *-(i)bon-ok |
hyena | *-bou- | ||
shield (sg) | *-buk-u | *-buk-u | |
fig tree | *-bʊl-ɛ | *-ŋa-bol-i / *-ŋa-bol-o | |
belch v. | *-kyɛr- | *-kyɛr- | *-cɛr- |
cold, be - v. | *-(Ci-)lɪk- | *-(ɪ)rɔbɪ | |
all | *daŋ | ||
suck v. | *-n(₂)ak- | *-das-; *-n(₂)ak- | |
pluck fruits v. | *-dɛ- | *-dɛ- | *-dɛ- |
bewitch v. | *-dɛm- | ||
harvest/reap (by breaking) v. | *-deŋ- | *-deŋ- | *-dɛŋ- |
dog | *-di- | *-ŋɔk- | |
neglect (a person)/be jealous v. | *-dɪŋ- | ||
small | *-dɪt- | ||
red, be - v. | *-dɔ- | ||
frog | *-dɔk- | *-k₁ɪ-dɔdɔk | |
beat repeatedly/(forge/castrate completely) v. | *-doŋ- | *-doŋ- | *-doŋ- |
mountain | *-doŋ₂- | ||
pluck out/take out v. | *-dot- | *-dot- | |
cloud/sky | *-dou- | ||
build v. | *-duk- | *-duk- | |
cut v. | *-duŋ- | *-duŋ- | |
wedge/raise the cooking-pot upon the fire-stones v. | *-dʸɪp- | ||
utensil for cooking or roasting | *-dʸɪp-ɛt | ||
sleeping-place | *-dʸot- | ||
sleep v. | *-dʸot-o | *-per- | |
castrate (by removal of testicles) v. | *-gelem- | ||
tattoo v. | *-gɛr-; *-gɪr- | *-gɛr-; *-gɪr- | *-gɛr- |
hard/strong, be - v. | *-gol- | *-gol- | |
hard/strong, become-/ (coagulate) v. | *-gol-on | ||
brew (?) beer v. | *-gur- | ||
churn v. | *-(ɪ)pɔt₂- | ||
speak v. | *-(ɪ)rɔ | ||
heavy, be - v. | *-(i)rot₂i | ||
you (sg) | *iyye | ||
broom | *-or- | *-ɟain-, *-ɟaɪn-; *-piet- | |
enter v. | *-ɟɪŋ-, *-ɟiŋ- | ||
entrance | *-ɟɪŋ-ɛt | ||
raid | *-ɟor-e | ||
village/homestead | *-kaŋ / *-kaŋ-it(i)e | ||
arrow/bow | *-kauw- | *-kauw- | |
left | *kedieɲ-, *kɛdɪɛɲ- | ||
notch/cut up meat v. | *kɛr | ||
night | *-kɛ-wardʸ-e; *-kuardʸ-e | *-kuari-e | *-kuari-e |
door(way)/entrance to house | *-(kV-)kat- | *-(kɪ-)kat- | |
sheep dung | *-ki-leleŋ- | *-ki-leleŋ- | *-ki-leleŋ- |
shiver v. | *-REDUPL-kɪr- | *-REDUPL-kɪr- | |
path/road | *-k₁ɪ-kɔ(ɪ) tʸ- | *-kɔɪt- | |
steal v. | *-kɔkɔ- | *-kɔkɔ- | |
chicken | *-kɔr- | *-kɔ-kɔr- | |
puppy | *-kui- | ||
body | *-kuan- | ||
land/world | *-kuap / *-kuap-i- | ||
armpit | *-kʊdɪ- | *-kʊdɪ- | |
head | *-kue- / *-kue-t₂i(k) | *-kue- / *-kue-t₂i(k) | |
bird | *-kuɛɲ- | *-kuɛɲ- | *-kuɛɲ- |
soil/earth | *-(ku-)lup- | ||
nose (sg only) | *-ku-me / *-ku-me-t₂ik | *-ku-me / *-ku-me-t₂ik | *-ku-me / *-ku-me-t₂ik |
coward(ly) | *-kurdʸ-a- | *-kuri-a | |
gun (thunderbolt) | *-k₁ɪ-pɪatʸ, *-k₁ɪ-piadʸ | *-ku-tiol- | |
egg | *-k₁attɪl- | ||
foot/leg | *-k₁ɛɟ-ʊ | *-k₁ɛɟ-ʊ | |
container, wooden- | *-k₁i-doŋ- | *-k₁i-doŋ- | |
thorn | *-k₁i-kua-, *-k₁u-kua- | *-k₁i-kua-, *-k₁u-kua- | *-k₁i-kua-, *-k₁u-kua- |
fire | *-k₁ɪ-ma- | *-k₁ɪ-ma- | *-k₁ɪ-ma- |
millet sp. | *-k₁ɪmatʸ- | *-k₁ɪma- | *-k₁ɪma- |
breast(s) of woman | *-k₁ɪn₂- | *-k₁ɪn₂- | *-k₁ɪn₂- |
goat, (she-) | *-k₁i-nedʸ | *-k₁i-ne | *-k₁i-ne |
crocodile | *-k₁i-ɲaŋ- | *-k₁i-ɲaŋ- | *-k₁i-ɲaŋ- |
seed/sesame (sg) | *-k₁i-ɲom-(it), *-k₁a-ɲom-(it) | *-k₁i-ɲom-(it), *-k₁a-ɲom-(it) | |
year | *-k₁ɪ-ŋa- | *-k₃ar- | |
water | *-pi- | *-k₁i-pi- | *-k₁i-pi- |
meat/flesh | *-k₁i-riŋ- | *-k₁i-riŋ- | *-k₁i-riŋ- |
cow/cattle | *-k₁ɪ-t₁ɛŋ / *-k₁ɪ-t₂(ʊ)k, *-k₁i-t₂u(k) | *-k₁ɪ-t₁ɛŋ / *-k₁ɪ-t₂(ʊ)k, *-k₁i-t₂u(k) | *-k₁ɪ-t₁ɛŋ / *-k₁ɪ-t₂(ʊ)k, *-k₁i-t₂u(k) |
big | *-k₁ɪtt-ɔk | ||
tear n. | *-k₁iyyo- | *-k₁iyyo- | |
belly | *-k₁ɔcɔk- | *-k₁ɔcɔk- | |
termite | *-k₁ɔ-ŋa- | ||
ashes | *-k₁uruo-(n) | *-k₁uruo-(n) | |
mouth/language | *-k₁ʊ-t₁ʊk- | *-k₁ʊ-t₁ʊk- | *-k₁ʊ-t₁ʊk- |
sandal/shoe | *-k₂a-muk- | *-k₂a-muk- | *-k₂a-mʊk-ɛ / *-k₂a-mʊk-a |
scratch v. | *-k₂oɟ- | *-k₂oɟ- | |
barren | *-k₂o-lup-i | *-k₂o-lup-i | |
bite v. | *-k₂ɔɲ- | *-k₂ɔɲ- | |
slime (?) | *-k₃abʊr- | ||
house | *-k₃adʸi | *-k₃aɟi | *-k₃aɟi |
rain | *-k₄udʸu | *-k₃ai , *-k₃aɪ | |
arm/hand | *-k₃aɪn- | *-k₃aɪn- | *-k₃aɪn- |
wing | *-k₃ai-puk- | ||
tooth | *-k₃ela- | *-k₃ela- | *-k₃ala- |
season, dry-/(famine) (sg) | *-k₃amei-(u) | *-k₃amei-(u) | |
saliva | *-k₃amʊl-ak | *-k₃amʊl-ak | *-k₃amʊl-ak |
river/(water) | *-k₃ar-ɛ / *-k₃ar-ɪa(k) | *-k₃ar-ɛ / *-k₃ar-ɪa(k) | *-k₃ar-ɛ / *-k₃ar-ɪa(k) |
name | *-k₃a-rɪn- | ||
fly n. | *-k₃ɔ-dʸAŋ-a-; *-pirr- | *-k₃ɔ-ɟAŋ-a-; *-pirr- | |
leopard | *-k₃o-gwor- | *-k₃o-uwor- | |
bone | *-k₃oyV-t₁- | *-k₃oi-t₁(o) | *-k₃oi-t₁(o) |
sun | *-k₃ɔlɔŋ- | *-k₃ɔlɔŋ- | *-k₃ɔlɔŋ- |
face/forehead | *-k₃OmON | *-k₃omoN | |
eye | *-k₃ɔŋ- / *-k₃ɔɲ- | *-k₃ɔŋ- / *-k₃ɔɲ- | *-k₃ɔŋ- / *-k₃ɔɲ- |
feather/hair | *-k₃opir- | *-k₃opir- | *-k₃opir- |
rope | *-k₃opit- | ||
boundary | *-k₃ɔr- | *-k₃ɔr- | *-k₃ɔr- |
he-goat | *-k₃ɔr- / *-k₃or- | ||
giraffe | *-k₃o-ri- | *-k₃o-ri- | *-k₃o-ri- |
back | *-k₃orioŋ- | ||
buffalo | *-k₃o-soku-an | *-k₃o-soku-an | |
bee | *-k₃o-t₁or- | ||
count v. | *-k₄ɛn- | *-k₄ɛn- | |
python | *-k(₄)i-t₁un / *-k(₄)i-t₁uɲ | ||
charcoal | *-k₄uk- | *-k₄uk- | *-k₄uk- |
knee | *-k₄ʊŋ- | *-k₄ʊŋ- | *-k₄ʊŋ- |
thirst (and hunger) | *-k₄ʊrɛ | *-k₄ʊrɛ | *-k₄ʊrɛ |
worm | *-k₄ur-ut- | *-k₄ur-ut- | *-k₄ur-ut- |
blow v. | *-k₄ʊt- | *-k₄ʊt- | *-k₄ʊt- |
loosen/untie v. | *-lak- | *-lak- | |
cross (a bridge) v. | *-laŋ- | *-laŋ- | |
foot-bridge | *-laŋ-ɛt | *-laŋ-ɛt | |
oil | *-la-ta | ||
milk n. | *-lɛ- | *-lɛ- | *-lɛ- |
milk v. | *-lep- | *-lep- | |
filter/strain v. | *-lɪ- | ||
knot v. | *-lɪd | ||
drizzle v. | *-lɪlɪm- | *-lɪlɪm- | |
angle/(fish with rod) v. | *-lɔk- | *-lɔk- | |
trap | *-lɔk-ɛt | *-lɔk-ɛt | |
louse | *-ɬac-, *-lyac- | ||
moon/month | *-ɬapatʸ-, *-lyapatʸ- | *-ɬapa-, *-lyapa- | *-ɬapa-, *-lyapa- |
locust | *-mayat- | *-maat- | |
field/garden (sg) | *-man-a | *-man-a | |
rib | *-mar- | *-mar- | *-mar- |
fence (around homestead) | *-marɪŋ- | ||
finger millet (beer) | *-marua | ||
drink v. | *-mat- | *-mat- | |
tick | *-mat₂er- / *-mat₂ɛr- (?) | *-mat₂er- / *-mat₂ɛr- (?) | |
liver | *-mauɲ- | *-mauɲ- | *-mauɲ- |
ghost/spirit | *-mɛnɛŋa- | ||
mountain/stone | *-meor- | *-mor-u | |
drunk, be - v. | *-mɛr- | *-mɛr-a | |
ram | *-merekeky- | ||
enemy | *-merok (pl) | ||
pain | *-mi- | *-mi- | |
five | *-miet- | ||
rat | *-mɪrdʸ- | ||
cow dung | *-wɔrɔ- | *-mod- | |
old | *-mɔdʸɔŋ- | ||
tomorrow/in future | *mo(i)tʸ-, *mɔ(ɪ)tʸ- | *moi- | |
intestines | *-mɔɲɪt- | *-mɔɲɪt- | |
speak secretly v. | *-mɔŋ- | ||
bull/ox | *-mɔŋ-ɔ | *-mɔŋ-ɔ | |
spear shaft | *-mɔrɔk-, *-muruk- | *-mɔrɔk-, *-muruk- | |
pot | *-mot₁i- | *-mot₁i- | |
snake | *-munu- | *-munu- | |
vein | *-murr- | *-murr- | |
mutilation (of body) | *-ɪnʊrʊn- | ||
neck | *-murut- | *-murut- | *-murut- |
wear v. | *-tʸop-, *-tʸɔp- | *-n₁ap- | *-tʸop-, *-tʸɔp- |
carry on the back v. | *-n₁ap- | *-n₁ap- | |
hear v. | *-n₁iŋ- | *-n₁iŋ- | |
I | *n₂an₃- | *n₂an₃- | |
bury v. | *-n₂ʊk- | *-n₂ʊk- | *-n₂ʊk- |
eat v. | *-ɲa(m)- | *-ɲa(m)- | |
buy v. | *-ɲaŋ- | ||
udder | *-ɲawa | ||
green, be - v. | *-ɲɔrɪ | ||
tongue | *-ŋa-dʸɛp- / *-ŋa-dʸɛp-a | *-ŋa-ɟɛp- | *-ŋa-ɟɛp- |
share v. | *-ŋar- | *-ŋar- | |
help v. | *-ŋar-akɪn₁/₂- | ||
lion | *-ŋat₁uɲ- | ||
new | *-ŋeɟuk- | ||
reap by cutting/tear v. | *-ŋɛr-, *-ŋer- | *-ŋɛr-, *-ŋer- | *-ŋɛr-, *-ŋer- |
yesterday | *ŋole-, *ŋɔlɛ | ||
shoot (a bow) v. | *-ŋor- | *-ŋor- | |
wife/woman | *-ŋor- | ||
fatty residue (of milk or grains) | *-ŋɔrɔnɔ | ||
four | *-ŋuan | *-ŋuan | *-ŋuan |
day (time) | *-paran- | ||
spear n. | *-pɛr-ɛ / (*-pɛr-ɪa) | ||
sharp, be - v. | *-pɪ(tʸ) | *-pɪ | |
fat, be - v. | *-pirr- | *-pirr- | |
thread, animal tendon- | *-pʊt- | *-pit- | |
flour | *-pop- | ||
smoke | *-puruo- | *-puruo- | *-puruo- |
grey, (bluish-) | *-pʊs | ||
pick/take off v. | *-put- | *-put- | |
full, be - v. | *-pʊt- | ||
pierce/spear v. | *-rem- | ||
grind v. | *-rɪa-, *-ria- | ||
sew v. | *-rɪp- | *-rɪp- | |
needle | *-rɪp-ɛt- | ||
pay/reward v. | *-rɔp- | *-rɔp- | |
dream v. | *-rudʸ- | ||
prod (e.g. ear lobe) v. | *-rum- | ||
unstring/uproot v. | *-rut- | *-rut- | *-rut- |
inherit v. | *-rʊt- | ||
bad | *-rrɔ-n / *-rrɔ-k | *-rrɔ-n / *-rrɔ-k | *-rrɔ-n / *-rrɔ-k |
hump of cow | *-rrʊk- | *-rrʊk- | |
cowry | *-sɪkɪra- | ||
sand | *-sɪŋ₂- | *-sɪŋ₂- | |
mosquito | *-sʊrʊ- | ||
calf, female-/heifer | *-tagw- | *-tauw- | |
you (pl) | *-taɪ | ||
rainbow | *-taluk- | ||
porridge | *-tapa | *-tapa | |
pool | *-tapar- | ||
guinea-fowl | *-tapIN-, (*-tapiŋ-) | *-tapeŋ- | |
vulture | *-taruk- | ||
right | *-tat₁ɛn- | *-tat₁ɛn- | |
heart | *-tau(dʸ)- | *-tauɟ- | *-tauɟ- |
animal | *-tiaŋ- | ||
dry, be - v. | *-toi- | ||
voice | *-toil-o- | ||
axe | *-tolu- | *-tolu- | |
elephant | *-tɔm-ɛ / *-tɔm-ɪa | *-tɔm-ɛ / *-tɔm-ɪa | *-tɔm-ɛ / *-tɔm-ɪa |
ten | *-tomon , *-tɔmɔn | *-tomon , *-tɔmɔn | |
dead, be-/die v. | *-tuan- | *-tuan- | *-tuan-; *-yɛ- |
person | *-tʊŋan- | *-tʊŋan- | |
flower | *-tur- | ||
forest | *-ttɪm-, *-ttim- | ||
tree | *-tʸani | ||
skin | *-tʸoni | ||
three | *-uni- (f) , *-kuni- (m) | *-uni- (f) , *-kuni- (m) | |
grasslands, uninhabited-/steppe | *-waka | ||
leak/lick v. | *-wo- | *-wo- | *-wo- |
marry v. | *-yɛm- | *-yam- | |
marriage | *-yɛm-a | *-yam-a | |
yawn v. | *-yama | ||
tie v. | *-yɛn- | ||
breathe v. | *-yɛŋ- | ||
herd/rear v. | *-yok- | *-yok- | |
know v. | *-yyen- | ||
flay/slaughter v. | *-yyeŋ- |
References
[edit]- Vossen, Rainer. 1982. The Eastern Nilotes: Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. →ISBN.