Appendix:Proto-Jen reconstructions
Appearance
The following list of Proto-Jen reconstructions is from Norton & Othaniel (2020).[1]
List
[edit]Gloss | Proto-Jen | Burak | Loo | Maghdi | Mak | Kyak | Moo | Leelau | Tha | Doso | Dza |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
answer (v.) | *ɡwə̤̀b | ɡɑ̀b | ɡə̀b dɛ̄ | ɡɑ̀b ɲwā | ɡə̀b | ɡwə̀b | ɡwə̀b | ɡwə̀b | ɡwə̀ | ɡwə́ŋ | kwə̤̀ |
arm, hand | *na̤ | nɑ̤̂ | ná̤ | nɑ̀ | nɑ̌ | nɑ́ | nɑ̌ | nɑ́ | nɑ̀ | nɑ̀, nɑ̂ | nɑ́ |
arrow | *ɓu | (ɑ̂ɾ-fjɔk) | ʔɛɾ-ɓwí | (təù) | (núŋ-tə̂u) | ɓu-t͡ʃí | ɓú-t͡ʃí | ɓú-t͡ʃí | m̩̀bũ̀ | ɓù-t͡sə̀ | bú-t͡ʃí |
ashes | *ɡwe̤; *t͡swəŋ | gwī | gwí | d͡ʒwê | twəŋ̌ | gwī | sɔ́ŋ | sóŋ | cwə́ŋ ɥɑ́ | vəù | fō̤ |
ask | *ɓíp | ɓíp | bép | ɓíp | ɓíp | ɓí | ɓíp | ɓìp bɑ́ | bìm | ɓí | bí |
back | *məl | mə̀l | mə́l | ɗɨmɑ̀l | mə̌l | mwə̀l | mwəľ | mwə̀l | (jə̀kũ̀) | (t͡swɑ̀) | (t͡swɑ̀) |
bad | *aɓo | ɓə̀k-lɛ́ | ɑ̀ɓɔ̀ | (ɲínɑ̀kō) | mɑ̀ɓó | ɑ̀ɓò | ɑ̀ɓɔ̀ | mɑ̀wó | (ɲə́w) | (ɥ̥iŵ ) | ɑ̀bē |
bark (cf. tree) | *kwə̀ŋ | kɔk-lɛ̀ | kɔ-lɛ̄ | kɔŋ̂ kə̀p | kwə̀ŋ kə̀p | pwə̀m | pɔ̀ŋ | kwɔŋ̀ kəp | kwə̀ŋ kɑ̀ | pwə́ | pwə̀ |
basket | *ɗok | ɗɔ́k | ɗɔ̀k | ɗɔ́k | ɗɔ́k | kùɗɔk̀ | kə́-ɗɔk̀ | ɗòk | kə̀ləú | kə̀lō | lò |
beer | *mín | mìn | mín | mín | mín | mín | mín | mín | mɨì | mìm | mí |
belly, stomach | (*fu); (*ɥá) | fû | fū | fū | fû | wɑ́ | wɑ́ | wɑ́ | ɥɑ̀ | ɥɑ̀ | ɥɑ́ |
beneath | *pi; *bo̤ 'leg' | bī | vō | bī | bí | pí | pī | pì-swɑ̀ | bò | bù | pū |
big | *ɡoŋ | (kə́mùɾí) | (mút) | gɔ̀ŋ | gwə̂ŋ | gɔž ī | āŋgã̄ | ɑ́ŋgã̄ | nɑ́gò | ɑ́ŋgɑ̃̀ | ɑ̀kɑ̃̄ |
bite | *lum; *cwĩ | lúm | pəí | ɥi᷇ | ɥí | t͡swɛ̃̄ | ɲɛ̄ | cwɛ̃̀ | dũ̀ | t͡swi ̃̂ | t͡swi ̃̄ |
bitter | *ɲɛ | (ɥɑ́) | ɲɛ̄t | (ɥɑ̀) | (ɥɑ́ɥɑ̀) | ɲî | ɲì | ɲí-θə̀ | ɲwī | nínì | ɲǐ |
black | *ɓil | ɓílīŋ | ɓíl | ɓílīm | ɓɨ́lɨ̀m | ɓɨ́lɨ̀m | ɓìl | à ɓìlìm | nɑ̀ɓì | ɓî | bī |
blood | *ɥe/*zwi ̤ | wě | (dùm) | ɥē̤ | ɥē | zwī | zǐ | zi ̃̄ | vì | ǹ̩ɥ̥i ̤̀ | ɥ̥i ̤̌ |
bone | *kub | kúp | kúp | kóp | kwə́b | kɨ̄p | kūb | kùkùp | kùkù | kùkʊə̀ | kùkú |
bow (cf. arrow) | *kə(n)-to | (kə́-fjɔk) | təù | kə́ptəù | kə̀ntəû | kɑ́ntɔ̃̄ | kə́ntɔ̀ | kə̀ntəù | g͡bɑt̀ əú | kə̀ntɑw̃̀ | kɑ́ntwə̀ŋ |
break (v.) | *ob/*ab | (kɑ)̌ | (kɑ́) | òp | ʔɔ́b | ɑ́b | ɑ̀b | ɑ̀b | gwə̀ | ʊɑ̀ | wə́ |
breast (cf. swallow) | *mi | mî | mí | mì | mí | mí | mǐ | mí | mī | mì | mì |
breathe | *hum | úmé | úmə́ | ùmɑ̀-lɛ̀ | ŋə́mɑ́ | ŋɔ̂ | ŋɔ́ | ŋwə̀ɲì | hũ̄ | hṹ | hṹ |
brother, sister | *ɲin; (*ɥəŋ) | ɲín mì | ɲɪ́n | ɲîn | ɲîn | jwə̄ŋ | (ɲɔ-ŋɔm) | ɥə́-ŋə̀m | ɥə̀ | ɥ̥i ̃̂ | ɥ̥i ̃̌ |
burn | *swen | (kɔɾɑ́) | (kʊ́ɾɑ́) | ʃwɛnɛ́ | swēn | (lī) | swén(lǐ) | (lì) | cwē | t͡swə̂m | t͡swə̃́ |
bury | *t͡su | tú | tǔ | tú | tǔ | sú | sú | sú | tù | t͡swî | t͡swì |
bush | *daŋ- 'grass' | dɑ̀-kɑ̀ | də̀-kɑ̀ | dɨ-ka᷇ | dɑ̀-kɑ̀ | (wɛ-gūk) | (wē-gūk) | dɑ̀ŋ-gùk | tɑ́ŋ-gù | ɓɨŋ-vù | bɨŋ-hù |
calabash | *ɗɛ | ɗɛ̄ | ɗɛ̄ | ɗəí | ɗəī | ɗɛ̄ | ɗē | ɗəì | ləì | lì | d͡ʒì |
call (v.) | *lu-be | lú | lú | lúvəì | vɨnɨ ́ | lɨbē | lɨbē | lùbəí | dúbì | ɗúpɨ ̀ | d͡zúpɨ ̀ |
carving axe | *sa | (dùmkɔlɔ)́ | sɑ̀ | ʃɑ̀ | sɑ́ | sã́ | sɑ́ | θɑ̃́ | ɟé ɑ́ θɑ́-nɨŋ̀ | sɑ̀ | sɑ́ |
cassava | *we; *kum | wē-kúmɑ́ | wì-kɨmə́ | bə̃ì | ɥé-kúmɑ́ | (ɾógó) | (zə̀ŋ)- kwə̀m | (ðə̀n) | (júkə̄) | wəì | we |
child | *yu ‘person’; (*mzən) | jū | jū | jú | júkúɲə̂ŋ | (wɨŋðə́ŋ) | (wī) | (ɥì)-mðə̀n | (ɥì) | ìmwə̀n | ìmwə̀ |
clay | *dwəb, *swəb | dòp | dɔ̀b | ʃōp | swə̀b nɨŋ-mwí | swɑ́p | swɑ́p | swáp | ɟúɟwɑ̀ | ɥ̥ə̀ | ʍə̀ |
clean | *i | ɗí | ɗí | ɗí nɨ ̀ | ɨ̂n | ǐŋ | í | ìθə́ | kɑ̃̀ | ì | ki ̃́ |
cloud | *tɛ(-rum) | túɾūm | túɾūm | túɾúm | teî | tɛ̄ | tê | təì | dùlè | t͡ʃî | t͡ʃì |
cobra | *muŋ/*ŋwam | ŋə́-múk | ŋə̀-mɔḱ | ɑ́-mɔk̀ | ŋə́-mú | bjɔŋ- mùŋ | bēk- ŋwɑ̀m | bjɛk- ŋwɑ̀m | ɟəùŋù | ɲwɑ̀m | ɲwɛ́ |
cold | *tə́ma | tə́mɑ́ | tə̀mə̄ | tə́mā | tə́mɑ́ | tém | tém | témθə́ | tɨ ̃́ | tɑ̃̀ | tɑ̃́ |
come | *yə/*wə | jí | jɨ ́ | jí | jə́ | wɛ̀ | wɑ́ | wə̀ | wə̀ | wə̀ | wú |
cook | *yo | jǒ | jō | jəùwē nūŋ | jəû | jō | jǒ | jò | jəù | ɥì | ɥì |
count | (*dəba); (*zə̤n) < *d͡zə̤n? | də̀bɑ̀ | dɨɓɑ̀ | dɑ́bā | də̀bɑ́ | zēn | zēn | ɑ̀ ðə̂n | (hò) | zɑ̀m | sɑ̤̀ |
crab | *bɨŋ̤; *ɡə̤ŋ | d͡ʒɛŋɛ̀ | bɨŋ̤ | bə᷇ŋ | bɨ́ŋ | bûŋ | bûŋ | ǹ̩būŋ | ŋ̩̀gə̀lə̀ŋ | ǹ̩gɨj̃́ə̀ŋ | kə̄ŋ |
crocodile | *ʃɨb | ʃɨ́p | ʃɨ́p | ʃɨ́p | sɨ̪ ́b | swə́m | sɨ̀p | θìp | sɨ ̀ | sɨ ̀ | ʃɨ ́ |
cut | *ɡəb | gə̀b | kə̌p | gə̀b | kɨ́p | kū | kū | (ɓɑ̀ɾ) | gə̀ | kwəì | kə̀ |
dance (cf. drum) | *dəŋ | (d͡ʒí nūŋ) | (d͡ʒí nūŋ) | də̂ŋ | də̀ŋ | də̂ŋ | də̄ŋ | də̀ŋ | də́ŋ | də̀ŋ | də̀ŋ |
demolish | *dVre | (mōɾè) | (móɾè) | dú, dúlē | ɗúɾ | dɨ̀ɾ | dɨ̂ɾ | dɨ̀ɾ | dwé | deì | dè |
die | *ɓwi | ɓwɛ-́ ɾɛ̀ | ɓú-ɾɛ̄ | ɓí-lɑ̀ | ɓē-ɾɑ́ | ɓwì | ɓwì | ɓwì | ɓwí | ɓwîŋ | bwí |
dig | *ya/*za | jɑ̌ | jā | jɑ̀ | jɑ́ | zɑ̀ | zɑ̀ | ðɑ̀ | ðɑ̀ | hɑ̀ | hɑ̀ |
dirty | *ɓil | líɾīŋ | ɓíl | ɓíl | ɗɨ́ɾɨ́ŋ | ɓɨ́l | ɓɨ̀lɨ́ŋ | ɓìlìŋ | ɓì | ɓìŋ | bí |
do | *nə; (*t͡ʃo) | nɛ̄ː | nɛ̄ | na᷇ | nɑ́ | tó | t͡ʃó | tó | nə̀ | t͡sweì | t͡swè |
dog | *ɗwa | ɗwɑ̌ | ɗwɑ́ | ɗwɑ̀ | ɗwɑ́ | d͡zwâ | wìɗwɑ̀ | ɗwɑ̀ | ɥìɥɑ̀ | jíɗwɑ̀ | ìd͡zwɑ́ |
dream | *mu-rV | mɔ-ɾɑ́ | mú-ɾɑ̀ | mwɑ̀-lɑ̀ | mwɑ̀ | mwèn | mwèn | mwə̀nì | mwìmwì | mwí-ɾɨ ̀ | mwí-lɨ ́ |
drink | *ɲo/*ŋwa; (*nu) | ɲɔ̌ | ɲwə́ | ɲɔ́ | núʔú | ŋwɑ̀ | ŋwɑ̀ | ŋwɑ̀ | nù | ŋwɑ̀ | ŋwɑ́ |
drum (cf. dance) | *dəŋ | də̀ŋ | də̀ŋ | də̄ŋ | də̄ŋ | də̀ŋ | də̂ŋ | də̀ŋ | (gə́ŋgə̀ŋ) | də̂ŋ | də̀ŋ |
dry | *kwe | kwē-lē | kwəí | kwaí | kwaí | kwí | kwí | cwí | ɥ̥ìjē | t͡ʃìŋ | t͡ʃī |
dust | *kuntɨr; (*vo̤k) | kwìntìɾì | cûndɨɾɨ ̀ | (bə̀p) | kúnɗúɾ | vùk | kúnɗúɾ | kùnɗùɾ | kúʃí | vəù | fō̤ |
ear | *t͡swi | twe᷇ | twí | ʃwê | ɗɔk-swē | t͡ʃwī | ɗɔk-fī | ɗɔk-swî | ɓwɑ̀-cwì | t͡swì-t͡swì | t͡ʃwì-t͡ʃwí |
earth | *ɡwam | (bíjélé) | (bílɨ)́ | lò-gôm | lò-gwɑ́m | lùŋ-gwə̀m | lò-gwə́m | lóŋ-gwɑ̀m | jə̀fɑ́ŋ-gwé | fɑ̀ŋ-gwɑ̀m | fɑ̀ŋ-ɡwɑ̀ |
eat | *tə́ŋ | tə́ŋ | tə́ŋ | tə́ŋ | tə́ŋ | tə́ŋ | tə́ŋ | tə̀ŋ | tə́ŋ | tə̀ŋ | tə́ŋ |
egg | *bəŋ | bə̄ŋ | bə̄ŋ | bə̀ŋ | bə́ŋ | bùŋ | bùŋ | būŋ | bɨ̄ŋ | bɨ̀ŋ | pɨ̄ŋ |
egret | *loɲək; (*t͡ʃiŋt͡ʃõ) | ʃēmlòɲɛḱ | sèmlóɲɛk̄ | nūŋlòɲɛk̀ | (júlúŋbílɑ)̀ | t͡ʃṹt͡ʃɔ̃̀ | zɑlōɲə̀k | cīŋcəù̃ | ɲ̩̀ɲɑ́lē | t͡ʃìnt͡ʃəù̃ | sɔś ɔ̃̀ |
elephant | *zo̤k | d͡ʒʊ́k | d͡ʒʊ́k̚ | d͡ʒɔk̀ | zʊ́k | zòk | zɔ̀k | zɔ̀k | ðəù | zò | sō̤ |
eye | *núŋ | nû | núŋ | núŋ | núŋ | núŋ | nɨ́ŋ | núŋ | ɓwɑ́-nú | nɨ̀ŋ | nɨ́ŋ |
fall | *o | wō | wǒ̤ | jəù | jə́w | ō | ō | ò | ʔò | ò | ō |
far | *t͡ʃu | (g͡bɛnɛ)̄ | túrə̄ | túlɑ̀ | tú | t͡ʃû | t͡ʃū | tû | cwē | t͡ʃwí hiw̃̂ | t͡swī |
fat | *ɲwi | nwí | nwī | ɲwɛ̂ | ɲwí | ɲwī | ɲwī | nwì | ɲwì | nwì hiw̃̂ | ɲwī |
father | *ta | tɑ̂ | têt | tɑ́ | tə́ | tō | tâ | dɑ̂ | dɑ̀ | dɑ̀ | tɑ̌ |
fear | *vɨli, *sɨ | vílí | vílí | vìlì | sùvɨlə́ | vɨ́l | vɨɾí | vɨlì | (núdə́) | (ɓì) | sɨbí |
feather | (*byəŋ) = hair | (fɪ)̂ | (fī) | (ba᷇) | (bā) | bjə̀ŋ | bjə̄ŋ | bjə̀ŋ | ɟɛ̃̂ | d͡zɑ̀m | t͡sà̤ |
faeces | *ɓwe/*ɓwɨŋ | ɓújē | ɓwaí | ɓoī | ɓoí | búŋ | búŋ | ɓúŋ | wì | ɓɨ̀ŋ | bɨ́ŋ |
fencing mat | *ko; *ɡe̤ | d͡ʒī kɔ-ɾɛ̀ | kú-ɾɛ̄ | kó-lì | kó-ɾɨ ̀ | gē | kwə̄ŋ d͡ʒē | gəì | gi ̤̄ | gi ̤̀ | ki ̤̄ |
fetch | *nə̤ | núŋ-ɲí | nɛ̄ | na̤᷇ | (ɓɑ́) | (ɓɑ̀) | (ɓā) | (ɓɑ̀) | nə̀ | tə̀ | tə̀ |
few | *t͡ʃwəb | tòp | tɔ̂p | tóp | t͡swə̀b | t͡ʃwə̀b | t͡ʃwə̀b | t͡ʃwɑ̀b | (t͡ʃíɗɑ́ŋ) | t͡swə̀nî | t͡swə̀nî |
fight | (*vwə̤m) | (ʃə́p) | (t͡ʃə́b) | (túlɑ̀) | zwə̄ | vɨ̄m | vɨ̀m | vɨm̤ | (m̩̀bē) | vwə̀m | ʍə̄ |
finish (v.) | (*fanV); (*Cɨŋ) | fɑ́nɔ́ | fānɛ̄ | fɑ́ːnɛ̄ | fɑ́nɨ ́ | ðɨm̀ mə́ŋ | zɨm(ɨŋ) | ðə̀mɨŋ́ | cɛ̃̀ | tɨ̂ŋ | tɨŋ, jə́ŋ |
fire | *lwa | lwɑ̀ | lwɑ̀ | lwâ | lwɑ́ | ɗwɑ̀ | ɥɑ̀ | lwɑ̀ | ɥɑ̀ | ɗwɑ̄ː | d͡zwɑ̀ |
fish | *se/*sɨŋ | ʃíjɛ̀ | t͡ʃē | ʃəī | seí | θɨ́ŋ | sɨ́ŋ | θɨ́ŋ | θìŋ | ɥ̥ɨ̀ŋ | jɨ̥ ̀ŋ |
float | *lo-mu | ləúnɑ̀lòmɛ̌ | lwê | tòl lǒ | lómwì | lòmúŋ | lwēŋlô | lòmûŋ | wíkòmɨŋ̀ | pə̀m | pɑ́ |
flow | *cəl | ʃí, ʃí-lí | (jɑ̀k) | (fɑ́nɛ)̄ | cɑ́l | zɛ̄l | (nɑ̀pʰin) | cə̀l | ʒì | zē | sē |
flower | *vɨn-lV | bìlē | bɨlèlé | vìnlɛ̌ | vɨnɨ ̀ kə̀p | vɨ̀n | vìnú | vɨ̀n | fɨ ̄ | fɨŋ, fɨŋ-ɾɨ ̀ | fɨŋ-lɨ ́ |
fly | *wu-rV | wúrí nɑ̄ | wùɾɨ ́ | wílí | wùɾɑ̀ | wúɾé-jɨŋ́ | wùrí-njí | ɨɾɨ-jí | wí-jè | (jɑ̀) | (jā) |
fog | *kokəm; (*bɨCɨŋ) | kɔ̄m | kɔ̄m | kɔ́kɔ̀m | kwə̀xə̀m | bɨ̀vɨ́ŋ | zɨnɗɨɾ̀ | kùɣɑ̀m | (dúlé) | bùt͡sûŋ | tə̀búd͡ʒɨŋ̀ |
food | thing-eat | nūŋ- tə́ŋ(ɛ)̄ | nùŋ- tə́ŋ(ə́) | nūŋ- tə̀ŋ(ɛ)̀ | núŋ-tə́ŋ | nùŋ-tə́ŋ | nɨŋ-tə́ŋ | nùŋ-tə́ŋ | nɨŋ-tə̀ŋ | nɨŋ-tə̀ŋ | nɨŋ-tə́ŋ |
front | *t͡ʃí | tî | tí | tí | sí | sílɛ̄ | sí | θɑ̌ʃí | cì | t͡ʃì | t͡ʃí |
fruit (cf. tree) | *t͡ʃu-rV | túɾí | túɾí | ʃwíɾí | súɾ kə̀p | sǐw | sí kə̀p | sì kə̀p | cì kə̀ nɨŋ̀ | t͡ʃì-ɾɨ ̀ kə̀ | t͡ʃí-lɨ ́ |
full | *yi,; (*yɨlə) | (ɓɔt) | jí | jin̤ î | jìdə́ | jɨ̀lɨ̀ŋ | jɨ̂ŋ | jìθə̀ | jí | jɨlə̀ | jɨlə̂ |
give | *(d)ə | fɔ-lɛ́ | fɑ́ | ɛ̄ | ə̀ | dɛ̄ | dɨ ̄ | də̀ | ɗə̀ | də̀ | tə̀ |
go | *ɗV; (*tə) | ɗót | ɗwɑ́t | ɗɔ̀ | tɑ́ | tɛ́ | tə́ | tə̀ | ɗɨ ̀ | tə̀ | tə́ |
good | *ɲin(a) | ɲí, ɲí-nɑ́ | ɲínɑ́ | ɲínɑ̀ | mɑ́ʔín | ɲîn | ɲîn | mɑ̀ɗíŋ | nɑ́lɑ̀ŋ | ɥ̥iɥ̃́ ̥iw̃̀ | hi ̃̌ |
gourd | *kuluk | (d͡ʒɑ̀ɾɛ)̀ | (d͡ʒɑ̀ɾɑ̀) | kúlùk | kúlùk | kūlūk | kúlùk | kùlùk | gɨ́w | kù | lɑ̀ |
grass | (*ka); (*ɡṳk) | kɑ̂ | kâ | kɑ́ | kâ | (bā) | gūk | gùk | gù | vù | hṳ̄ |
gray hair | *swẽ*bu | ʃwe᷇ | t͡ʃwé | vūŋ | bū | fī | fí | m̩̀bù | ʒɑ̀ŋkú ɑ́ vɨ | ̃̀ fi ̃̀ | swi ̃́ |
greet | *ɡum | gùm-lí | gùmē | gòm | gùm | gwə̀mbē | gūm | gūm | (dè) | (t͡sɑ̤̄) | (t͡sɑ̄ː) |
grind | *nəm | nə̀m | ném | nə́m | nə̀m | nə̀m | nə́m | nə̀m | mè | nə́ | nə́ |
groundnuts | *ɡwɛ | g͡bɛɾɛ̄ | g͡bɨɾɛ̄ | (ʒùlɑ̀) | (nūŋ- d͡ʒúɾā) | gwī | nɨŋ-gwî | nùŋ-gwì | nú-ɥé | nɨŋ-d͡zɛì | nɨŋ-t͡sɛː̄ |
gruel | *dəm | (ɓíjɑ̀) | (ɓíjɑ̀) | də́m | məì-dɑ́m | mɨn-də́m | mɨn-də᷈m | mùŋ-də́m | (mɨŋ) | (mɨŋ-ló) | (lō) |
Guinea corn | (*yV); (*mɨn) | (jɑ)̌ | (jā) | (íʃɑ̀) | (jɨtā) | mɨ̀n | nɨŋ́ mīn | núŋ mìn | mù | mùm | mwú |
hair | (*byəŋ) | (fē) | (fî) | ba᷇ | bā | bɑ̀-lò | bjə̄ŋ | bjə̀ŋ | ʒɑ̀ŋkù | d͡zɑ̀m | t͡sɑ̀ː |
head, on | *lo(*ku) | lô, lwē | lō, lwē | lō | ləū | lò | lô | lō | jə̀-kù | kù | kú |
hear | *li | lɑ́ɾɛ̀ | lɑ́ɾə̀ | lɑ́lɛ̄ | lɑ̀ɾɨ ́ | lî | lɨ ́ | lɑ̀ | lɑ̀ | lì | lí |
heart | *d͡zu; *ɲi | nígɔ̀ | dú | dṳ̀ | dṳ̄ | lòɲí | zū | zû | ɲínɑ́ | t͡swə̀m | twé |
heavy | *ɓinə | ɓùnɔ́ | ɓúnə́ | ɓínɑ̀ | ɓínā | ɓwə̀ŋdɨŋ̀ | ɓwēn | ɓùn | mùmù | mwì | mwí |
hit | *ɡ͡bə́b | g͡bə́p | g͡bə́b | g͡bə́b | g͡bə́b | g͡bə̀b | ɓóp | ɓwɑ̀p | g͡bɑ́ | g͡bə́ | g͡bə́ |
hoe | (*bəŋ) | (ʃùkɑ́) | (dɨmə́) | (dōp) | (dūp) | gwɑ́mbɑ̀ | bə́ŋ | bɨŋɑ̀ | bə̀ŋ | bɨ̀m | pɨ ̃̄ |
hole | *ɓwa | ɓwɑ᷅ | ɓwɑ̀ | ɓwɑ̀ | ɓwɑ̀ | ɓwɑ̀ | ɓwɑ̀ | ɓwɑ̀ | ɓwɑ́ | ɓwɑ̀ | bwɑ̀ |
honey | *t͡swəŋ | (ɲwìnɔnɔ)̀ | tē | məì-tə́ŋ | məí-tʌŋ̀ | swə̀ŋ | mùŋ-sɔŋ̀ | sɔ̀ŋ | cwə́ŋ | mɨŋ-t͡swə̀ŋ | ɲwì-twə́ŋ |
horn | *ɓi | ɓwɛḱ | ɓɔ̄k | ɓí kə̀p | ɓi᷇ | ɓí | ɓí | ɓì | lòɓì | ɗì | d͡ʒí |
husband | *ɓe | ɓɛ-mì | lɨbə̄ | ɓē | ɓəì-mɨ ̀ | ɓɛ̄ | ìɓēgwē | ɓə́m | ɓì | ɓù | bwū |
hyena | *zə-tu | d͡ʒɑ̀d͡ʒú | (ɲwɑɾɨḱ ìm) | (dɨɓə̀) | (nâdūmlɨ)̀ | zə̀zū | zɔzū | zwɑ́tù | tù | t͡ʃwî | t͡swí |
kill | *wə̀b/*zə̀b | wòb | wə̀b | wòp | wə̀b | zə̀p | zə̀p | ðə̂p | θə̀ | jə̀ | jə̀ |
king | *ɡwə̤b | gúb | gwə̀b | gṳ̄b | gūb | jì-gwɛ̂ | jɨ-gwē | jɨ-gwəì | kú | jì-və́ | í-və̀ |
knee | *lwəŋ | lɔ̀k | ɲwɑ́lɔḱ | lɔ̀k | nwālwə̀ŋ | fiə́ŋ | ŋwɑzìɥɑŋ́ | ŋwɑ̀lwə́ŋ | lòjɑ̀ŋ | ɗwə̀ŋ | d͡zwə́ŋ |
knife | (*swən) | (tɔlɔ)́ | (tɔlɔ)́ | (ɓí) | (ɓì) | swèn | swēn | swɑ̀n | θɑ̃́ | ɥ̥ə̀m | ɥ̥ɑ̀ |
know | *í | ɛ-ɾɛ̄ | ɛ-ɾɛ́ ʃɔ̄ | í-lɑ̀ nɛ̄ | í-ɾɑ̀ | í | ɨ̌ŋ | ìbəí | ǹ̩jē | íbɨ ̀ | jí |
laugh | *mə́m | mə́m | mə́m | mə́m | mə̀m | mə́m | mə̌m | mə̀m | mɨí | mə̀m | mə́ |
leaf | *yə̀ŋ | jə̌ŋ | jə̀ŋ | ɲə̀ŋ | jə́ŋ | jɔ̀k | jə̀ŋ | jə̀ŋ | jə̀ŋ | jə̀ŋ | jə̀ŋ |
left (side) | *mɛ | mɛ̄ | mɑ́ɾə̀ | mɑ̀lɛ̀ | məī | mɛ̄ | mɛ̄ | məì | mɨì | mì | mì |
leg, foot | *bo̤ | vō̤ | vō̤ | vò̤ | bō | bō, ɓúk | bō | bò | kə́-bò | kə́-bù | kə́-pū |
lie (down) | *ló | ləú | ləú | ləú | lʌū | ló | lǒ | ló swɑ̀ | ləú | lweì | lwé |
light (not heavy) | *yəb | jə̀blɑ́ | (ɓùnóbɔ)̀ | jə́blɛ̄ | jə̀blɨ ̀ | (wènɾû) | jēb | jə̀bí | (mùŋ̩́) | jē | jéfɨlə́ŋ |
lion | *zwa̤ | (bēdə̀ŋə̀) | d͡ʒwē̤ | d͡ʒwā̀ | zwà̤ | zwā̤ | zwɑ̀ | zwɑ̀ | zwɑ̀ | ɥ̥ɑ̤̀ː | ɥ̥ɑ̤̄ |
live | *u | ú lí | wú lè | wù cí | ɓù lɨ ́ | kú | (ə̀) | (ə̀) | nə́wù | kú | kú lè |
liver | *ɲí | ɲi᷇ | ɲí | ɲí | ɲí | ɲwíɲwí | ɲí | ɲí | ɲì | nìnì | ɲíɲí |
locust bean tree | *lwe | (mɛʃɛ)̀ | (mɛʃɛ)̀ | lwəī | lwəī | ɗwí | ɗwí kə̀p | kə̀p lwí | kə́jí | kə́-ɗwì-jɛ̃̄ | d͡zwì-sɔtɔ́ |
long | *ɡwenV | g͡bɛnɛ́ | g͡bɨnə́ | d͡ʒúnā | d͡ʒúnā | gwɛǹ | gwēn | ɑ́ gónì | ŋùŋwì | vi-̄ lə̀ | fi ̃̄ |
maize | (*yə-bo); (*kun-a) | jɑ̀ɓô | jə́bô | g͡bɨg͡bɑ̀nì | jɨɾɑ̀kwâŋ | kũ̀nɑ́ | mūŋ-kúnɑ̀ | mìŋ-kúnɑ̀ | mì-ci ̃́ | mɨŋ-kwɛ̃̀ | í-ʍɛ̃̀ |
man | *li-ɓe | lí-ɓɛ̄ | lú-bɨ ̀ | lɨ-bəī | lɨ-bəì | (jǔ =‘person’) | ì-ɓé | lì-ɓeí | nìm-ɓì | jì-bwî | í-bwì |
many | (*k͡pã) | (wě) | (wé dɑ̀mə̀jɛ)̀ | (ɗə̀ŋɑ̀) | lɨk͡pal̄ ì | k͡pal̀ ɛ̌ | k͡pã̄ | k͡pɑd̀ íŋ | (bɨbəì) | k͡pɑl̀ ə́ | íjañ̀ ɨ̂ŋ |
meat | *ɲə́m | ɲə̂m | ɲə́m | ɲə́m | ɲə̀m | ɲə̌ | ɲə̌m | ɲə́m | ɲē | ɥ̥ə̃m̀ | jə̃́ |
metal | *bí | bít | bìp | bɪ ́ | bí | ɓwí | ɓwí | ɓwí | ɓwí | ɓì | bī |
millstone | *ɲí | nî | ní | ɲí | ɲí | ɲí | ɲí | ɲí | ɲwɑ̀ɲwì | nì | ɲí |
moon, month | *pi | pǐ | pí | píː | pi᷇ | fī | fí | fî | fi ̃̀ | fíɥ̥ìm | ìɥ̥i ̃́ |
mortar | *d͡zwən | (ʃî) | dɑ̀n | dɑ̀n | də̀ːn | zwēn | vèn | zwɑ̀n | ìdəù | d͡zwə̀m | t͡swā |
mosquito | *ɓɛ/*ɓya | ɓɛ́ | ɓɛ́ | ɓē | ɓē | bjɑ̀ | ɓjɑ́ | ɓjɑ̀ | jɑ̀ | ɗjɑ̀ | d͡ʒɑ́ |
mother | *na̤ | nɑ̂ | ní | na᷇ | nâ̤ | nɛ̂ | nâ | nɑ̂ | nɑ̀ | nɑ́ | nɑ̌ |
mouth | *ɲwa | ɲwɑ̤᷇ | ɲwɑ́ | ɲwɑ̀ | nwā̤ | ŋwɑ́ | ŋwɑ́ | ŋwɑ̀ | kə́ɲwɑ́ | ŋwɑ̀ | ŋwɑ́ |
mud | *d͡zwəb | dìdób | dòb | dɔ̀ɾɔ̀b | swɑ́b | swə̂b | swɑ́b | (dìɓɔk) | ɟúɟə̀ | d͡ʒúd͡ʒwə̀ | (bɨbɔ)̀ |
nail (v.) | *pe; *bək | bɛ-ɾɛ́ | bɛ̀k | pē | ɓɔ́k | pì | pí | pî | bə̀ | pī | pí |
name | *lɨn/*ɗwín | lɨ̂n | lɨ́n | lɨ̄n | ɗín | ɗwín | ɗwín | ɗun | dũ̀ | ɗíjíŋ | d͡zúŋ |
narrow | (*təb) | (ɓɛɾɛŋ) | (mɛʃí) | (ɓɔnɔŋ) | (mínə́ŋ̂ː) | tə̀p | tə́b | tɑ̀p | (pjɛ)̃̄ | tə̀ | tə̃̀ |
near | (*ɓə̀-di); (*pe); (*cən) | pē | pē | (gə́gə̄b) | ɓə̀-dí | cə̀n | cénsəŋ̌ | ɓə̀-d͡ʒì | ɓə̀-dɛ̀ | bə̀-pí bə̀-pí | cə̃̀ |
neck | *dul | dòl | dūl | dùl | dūl | dūl | dúl | dwùl | ɟwí | d͡ʒwìm | t͡ʃwi ̤̄ |
new | *fṳ | kə́ fṳ̄ | kə́ fǔ | ɑ́ fù | lə̀ fūː | ɑ̀ fú | ɑ̀ fú | ɑ́ fú | ɑ̀ fù | ɑ̀ fû | ɑ̀ hú |
night | *vè | vɛ-rɛ̀ | vɛ-ɾɛ̀ | vō-lè | vō-rə̀ | vì | nɨŋ̀ vì | núŋ vi ̃̀ | nɨŋ́ vē | ɗɨŋvi ̃̀ | ǹ̩vì |
nose | *lúr(i) | lúɾī | lúɾī | lwílí | ɗūrə́ | ɗúɾ | ɗúɾ | ɗúɾ | ɓwɑ̀-dũ̀ | ɓwɑ̀-ɗwì | d͡ʒwí |
oil | *ɲwì | nwì | nwì | ɲwié | ɲwí | ɲwì | ɲwì | nwì | ɲwì | nwì | ɲwì |
old | *ko | kó-ɾɛ̄ | kɔ̀-rɛ̀ | kó-lí | kʊ̄-ɾɨ ́ | ɑ̀ kū | kûŋ | ɑ́ kú | cwɛ̀ | ɑ̀ cwì | ɑ̀ cwí |
open | *ba/*ɓo | ɓɑ́ | bɑ̀ | ɑ́bɑ̀ | bɑ̀ | ɓō | ɓō | ɓəù | bò | ɓəì | bē |
open (eye/mouth) | *a | ɓɑ́ | bɑ̀ | ɑ́bɑ̀ | bɑ̀ | ɑ̌ | âː | ɓəù | bò | ɓəì | ɑ̀ |
owl | (*biʃi); (*ɲiɲi) | bíʃī | bíʃì | ɓíʃī | ɲíɲī | ɲíɲí | ɲǐɲî | ɲíɲī | ǹ̩hih́ i ̃́ | nînì | ɲǐɲì |
person | *ɡṳl; *yu = child | lu᷇l | lúl | júgùl júgùl | jùgūljúgùl | jú | jú | jú | nùwɑ̀ | jí-vɨ ̀ | ì-fɨ ̄ |
play | *bəŋ; (*t͡ʃá) | (kēlē) | fɨlə́ɓə́ŋ | ɓɑ́ŋ | (ɲīm-nūŋ) | nɨŋ-t͡ʃɑ́ | (gə̀b-nɨŋ) | (ɲìm-núŋ) | ɓə̀ŋ | nɨŋ-t͡sɑ̀ | nɨŋ-t͡sɑ́ |
porcupine | *t͡ʃé | tɛ᷇ | təí | təí | taî | t͡ʃɨ-lə́ŋ | t͡ʃí-lɑ́ŋ | (lɑ̀n-ðə̀) | (wə́kə́kì) | (fjəù) | (fjó) |
pull | *ɡṳb | gṳ̄b | gūb | gúb | gūb | gɨ̀b | gùb | gùb | gù | vɨ ̀ | fɨ ̄ |
pull up | *lub | lūb | lùb | lúb | lūb | lɨ̀b | lùb | lùb | lù | ɗù | d͡zwū |
push | *tɔḱ | tɔ́k | tɔ́k | tɔ́k | tɔ́k | tɔ̀k | tɔ́k | tɔ̀k | ló | t͡sò | tó |
python | *mi | mi᷅ | mílɨm̀ | mî | mí | mwî | mwì | ɓɨŋɑ̀ | mwí | mì | mì |
rabbit | *t͡sɨ-d͡ʒa | (bɨɾtəú) | (wɔm) | tíd͡ʒā | tíd͡ʒɑ̀ | sɨɓɛ̂ | sɨɓê | tɨɟɑ̀ | ń̩cíləì | t͡ʃíɗìjɛ̀ | t͡sɨlɛ̂ |
rain (=water) | *mɛ/*mɨŋ | mɛ̄ gɑ̀k | mɛ̤̄ | məī | mɨì | mū | múŋ | mùŋ | mɨŋ-ɲìló | mɨ̀ŋ | mɨ́ŋ |
red | *ɲɛn/*zɛn | ɲɪ̄n | ɲɛnɛ̄ | ɲɛnɛ̀ | ɲín | zɛ̄n | zēn | á ðə́nì | ɑ́ʒɛ̃̄ | jɛ̃́ | jɛ̃̄ |
red soldier ants | *t͡sɨŋa | tʊ̀ŋɛ̀ | t͡ʃíwā | ʃíbō | zwə̀ | sã̀ | zɨŋzēn | θíŋɑ̀ | θɑ̃́ | sɑ̃̀ | sã̀ |
refuse | *la | lɑ́ | lɑ́ | (ɲóbā) | (jɨbə̀) | lɑ́ | lɑ́ | lɑ̀ | (jə́) | lɑ̀ | lɑ́ |
ring | *ku | (ɓwí-nɑ̂) | (nùŋ nɑ́ d͡ʒùnɑ̀) | kú | nūŋ kû | (swə́m) | nɨŋ́ kū | kù-nɑ́ | nɨŋ̀ kə̀-nɑ̀ | nɨŋ̀ fî | fī |
river | *dwəl; *ŋwəm/*wəm-a | wɔm-ɑ́ | tùlɔ̀ | wúm-ɑ́ | wúm-ɑ̀ | d͡ʒwə́l | ŋwə̀m | dwɑ̀l | ŋù | ŋwə̀m | ŋwə́ |
road | *lɛ | lɑ́t | lɑ́t | lólɑ̀ | (ɗɨɾɑ̀) | lɛ̄ | nɨŋ́ lɛ̂ | núŋ leì | (nɑ̀gɨŋ) | (nɨŋgɑ)̃̀ | (nɨj̀ a)̃̀ |
root | *ɗík; *yə́ŋ | (d͡ʒùmì) | ɗík | jə́ŋ | jə́ŋ | (pí) | jɨŋ̂ kə̀p | ɗík | jì | ɥèm | ɥé |
rope | *ɓəl | ɓél | ɓə̄l | ɓə̄l | ɓə̀l | ɓɨ́l | bə́l | ɓə̀l | ɓəì | ɓəì | bè |
rotten | *zu | (ʊ̀mɑ̀-lɛ)́ | d͡ʒù-ɾə̀ | d͡ʒū-lɑ̀ | zù-ɾɑ̀ | zú | ɑ̀ zǔː | zû | vɨɛ̀ | ɥ̥i ̤̀ | ɥ̥īː |
round | *lɨŋ | (gɑ̀-lɛ)̄ | (gā) | gíljə̀ŋ | (círgɨ)̀ | d͡ʒɨn̄ | ɑ̀ d͡ʒīn | jɨ̀lɨ̀ŋ | (kwé) | (kwɑ̀m) | (kwā) |
rub | (*ʃə); (*fi); (*Cūŋ) | ʃə́kɑ́ | ʃə́kə́ | ʃâ | zūŋ | fɑ́ | ɲū | fɑ́ | fɑ́ | fì | nū |
salt | *de̤ | dɛ̄ | dē̤ | dəì | dəì | dē | dē | dəì | dwè | zɨkwəì̃ | t͡ʃìkwɛ̃̀ |
sand | *swa-zwe̤ | ʃwɑ̀d͡ʒwē̤ | bə̀ŋ-ʒwē | ʃwɑ́ʒwəì | swɑ̀zwē | swɑzwī | swɑ̀zí | swɑ̀zwí | fɑ́vī | ɥ̥ɑ̂nɥ̥i ̤̀ | ɥ̥ɑ̌ɥ̥ī |
say (cf. speak) | *ɡe̤ | gē̤ | gē | d͡ʒē̤ | gəì | d͡ʒē | ɑ̀ d͡ʒē | gəì | kìjè | (kɨŋ̀ kɑ̂) | (t͡sɑ̀) |
scratch (not destructive) | *kwe/*pe; (*fəŋ) | (k͡pɑ́kɑ́) | pɨ-ɾɛ̄ | pəī | pəí | fɛ̃̄ | kɔ̄ | kwəì-lə̀ | ɓə̀ | fə̀ŋ | fə̀ŋ |
scratch (destructive) | *kwã/*k͡pa | (ílɑ́) | k͡pɑ́kə́ | g͡bɑ́ɣɑ̀ | (pəí) | kwã̀ | (fɛ)̃̄ | (kwəì-lə́) | (hũ̀) | (fə̀ŋ) | kwã̀ |
see | (*nəŋ); (*ɓyə) | nə᷇ŋ | nə́ŋ | nə̄ŋ | lə̀ŋ | ɓî | ɓí | bjɑ̀ | ɓì | ɓə̀ | bə̀ |
seed | (*lok); (*byə) | lɔk̀ nūŋ | lɔḱ nùŋ | lɔḱ nūŋ | lók | bɛ-nūŋ | bjə̀-nɨŋ̄ | bé-nùŋ | ɟɑ̀ | bjə̀-nɨŋ̀ | pjə̀-nɨŋ̄ |
shadow | *cilɨŋ | ʃílɨŋ̄ | ʃílɨŋ̀ | ʃílɨŋ́ | cɨ̀lɨ̌ŋ | jílɨŋ̀ | (kúlwə́ŋ) | cílɨŋ́ | ń̩ɟɨ́ŋ | (kwə̀ŋ) | (kwə́ŋ) |
shake (object) | *lə́m(-ə́); *d͡ʒɛ | lə́mɑ́ | lɨmə́ | d͡ʒɛkɾì | (bìrí) | (wɑ́p) | zɨ̄ɾ | lə́m | ʒē | (jəú) | (jò) |
shame | *sɨko | kɔ-le-ʃít | kó-ló-ʃít | ʃɨkəù-lé | sɨkəú-lɨ ́ | súkú | súkú | θɨ̀kù | (nɨjəù) | sɨkù | súkú |
sharp | (*ləm) | (ɲɛt) | (ɲɛt) | (ɥɑ́) | (ɥɑ́ː) | lə́m | lə̀m(ɗɨm) | lə̀m | lìlē | lə̀m | lə́ |
shea butter tree | *t͡swə́b | (ɗóm) | (ɗwə́m) | tóp | (gwɑ̀m) | (ɨmɓɨlɨm) | swə́b | (kə̀p kíl) | (kə̀) tɑ̀ | (kə̀) t͡swə̀ | t͡swə̃́ |
shield | (*d͡ʒen) | (kɔtɔŋ) | (kɔtɔŋ) | (júbɑ̀b) | (jùbɑ̀b) | d͡ʒèn | d͡ʒēn | ɟēn | ɟɨ ̃̀ | ǹ̩gi ̃̀ | ǹ̩ki ̃̀ |
shoe | *hwəŋ | wə̀ŋmɪ ̄ | wɔŋmì | wə̀ɣməì | wɑ́ŋmú | ɔ̃́ | ɔ̃́ | əũ̀ | hũ̀ | (bɨm) | hṹ |
shoot | *ta | tɑ́ | tɑ́ | tɑ́ | tɑ̌ | tɑ̀ | tɑ́ | tɑ̀ | tɑ̀ | tɑ̀ | tɑ́ |
short | *kɨn | ke᷇n | kɨ́n | (g͡bə́lɑ̀) | (tûl) | (túl) | (tùltùl) | (jɑ̀ðə̀m) | (ŋwìɲú) | (tɨŋtɨŋ) | kũ̄kũ̄ |
sing | (*twa zi); (*lub ɓín) | twɑ̌ (ɓə̂ŋ) | twɑ́ (d͡ʒì) | twɑ́ (d͡ʒì) | twɑ̌ (zi) | lɨb̀ (ɓín) | lūb (ɓín) | lù (ɓìn) | d͡ʒwì(dwì) | leì (ɓìm) | lē (bí) |
sit | *u | ú | wúlí (ʃwɑ̀) | wù | wṳ̀kúlə̄ | ɨ ̀ (swɑ̀) | ə̀ (ɨǹ ə́ ə̀) | ə̀ (swɑ̀) | wɑ́θə́ | kù | kú (ɥ̥ɑ́) |
skin | *t͡swəl; (*ləka) | tɔ́l | lə́kə́t | lə́kɑ́ | lɨkɑ́ | swə́l | swə́l | swɑ́l (θə̀) | jwə̀ | d͡zwə̀ | t͡swə̀ |
sleep | *lo | núŋ-ləû | nūn-ləú | nūŋ-ləù | nūŋ-ləù | nùŋ-ló | nùŋ-ló | nùŋ-ló | nɨŋ-ləù | nɨŋ-lwəì | nɨŋ-lwé |
small | *t͡swəb | tìjɔb̀ | tòp | tóp | (kɨɲə̂ŋ) | ɑ̀ t͡ʃwə́b | (ɑ̀n zə̀ŋ) | ɑ́ twɑ̀p | ɑ́ θɑ̀ŋ | t͡swə̀nî | fɛń î |
smell | *jɛl | jɛlɛ̀ | (ʃínɑ́) | jɑ̀lɛ́ | (kūm) | jɛ̀l | (kùm) | jēlī | jē | jíjē | (tɔ)̀ |
smoke | *du, *wṳ | wṳ̄ | dùŋɔ̀ | wú (lwɑ̀) | dû | d͡ʒù | d͡ʒū | dù | ðɨú | ɥ̥ì (ɗwɑ̂) | ɥ̥ī |
snail | *so/*swe | (pɪ)̂ | (pî) | ʃó | sɔ̀ | swè | fê | swē | ǹ̩fjɑ̀ | ɥ̥ē | ɥ̥è |
snake | *byək | (kémlém) | bjə̀k | bjə̀k | bjə̀k | bjɔḱ | bjə̀ŋ | bjēk | ɟəù | d͡zəù | t͡sō̤ |
soup | (*ɥa) | (nùŋ-ʃé) | (nùŋ-ʃē) | (núŋ-və̀) | (nūŋ-vɨ)́ | wɑ́ | wɑ̀ | (ɓwɑ̀lì) | (dù) | ɥɑ̀ | ɥɑ̀ |
sour | (*ɲwi); (*əm) | nwí | nwí | nwí | ɲwī | ə́m | ə́m | ə̀mí | nɨŋəi | ə̀m | ŋə́ |
speak (cf. say) | *ɡe̤ | gē̤ | gē̤ | d͡ʒē | gəì | d͡ʒē | (bə̀ŋ) gə̄ | gəì | (hòɲwɑ̀) | (nə̀) | (nə̀) |
spear | *mɔm; (*ɓwé) | mɔ̀m | mwə̀m | mɔ́m | kə́-ɓé | mwə̀m-lò | mwə̄m | kə́-ɓwì | bwì | kə́-ɓwì | bwí |
spider | *dəŋ | (lə̀ŋɑ̀) | (ʃênìmə̀m) | də́ŋdə̀ŋ | dɨŋdə́ŋ | tʃìɾɑ̀ndə́ŋ | (gɾə̀ŋgɾə̀ŋ) | díndə̀ŋ | - | kɑ̂ndə̀ŋ | nɑndə̀ŋ |
spit | *t͡ʃwi-t͡ʃwe | twē | twî | ʃwíʃwě | sùswê | t͡swìt͡swî | t͡ʃwìt͡ʃwî | tùtwî | twìtwì | tʃìtʃì | tʃìtʃí |
split | *əŋ | ə̀ŋ | ə̀ŋ dɛɾɛ̀ | (ɓɑ̀n) | (g͡bɑ)̌ | sə̀ŋ | ɑ̀ sə̀ŋ | θə̀ŋ | cəúnɑ́ | pɨ̀m | pɨ ̃̀ |
squeeze | *kəm | kə́m | kə́m | kə́m | kə̌m | kə̀m | kə́m | kə̀m | kɨ ̃̀ | kə̀m | kə̃́ |
stab | *bə | bɛ̀t | bɛ̄t | bə̀ | bə̀ | bɛ̄ | bjɛ̄ | bəì | bə̀ | bəù | pə̀ |
stand | *de̤ | dē̤ | dē̤ | də̤ì | də̤ì | dɛ̄ | dɛ̄ | dē | (cəú-θə́) | d͡ʒì | t͡sɨ ̀ |
star | *byɨn | (ɓə́ʃə̂l) | (ɓə́sə̀l) | bēn | bēn | bɨ̀n | bjɨn̂ | vìn | ǹ̩ɟɨ́ŋ | d͡zɨŋ̂ | ǹ̩d͡zɨŋ̀ |
stick (cf. tree) | (*kwəb) | (d͡ʒɑ̀b) | (d͡ʒɑ̀b) | (ɲə́lə̀ŋ) | (tûl) | súkwə̀b | súkwə̀b | ðə̀mkə̀p | cwəì | ɥ̥ə̀kə̀ | bwə̀kə́ |
stone, mountain | *təl | tɑ́l | tɑ́l | tɑ́l | tɑ́l | tə̀l | tɑ̀l | tɑ̀l | təì | teì | té |
suck | (*oŋ); (*su) | ʃùmì | ɑú | ʃú | ə̃ú | ɔ̀ŋ | ɔ̀ŋ | ɔ̀ŋ | ŋəù | ũ̀ | ṹ |
sun, daylight | *fV | ɓɛ̄ | ɓəì | fɑ́lɛ̀ | fâɾ | fǔ | fū | fū | fē | fî | fǐ |
swallow | *mi | mī | mī | mī | mī | mī | mí | mì | mī | mī | mī |
sweet | (*te); (*ləb-ləb) | (mɑ́) | tē | təí | tɛ-lə̀ | lə̀blə̀b | lə̀blə̀b | lɑ̀ɗìn | (mɨmə̀n) | lə̀plə̀p | kúlə̀lə̀ |
sweet potatoes | *kɨta(n)- ko | ʃɨtə̀ŋcəû | cítɑ̀kɨú | kɨtə̀ngū | kɨtɑ́gō | kə́tə̀kò | kɨtɑ̀kəú | kɨtɑ́gəù | kə̀ɾkò | kɨtɑ́kəù | kə́lə̀kó |
swell | *fəm; (*har) | fú-ɾì | fúm | (lɔk) | fə̀m | hɑ́ɾ | fə́m | hɑ́ɾ | (jē) | həì | hɛ́ |
tail | (*ɥen); (*zɨŋ) | wɪ᷇n | wēn | ɥén | ɥēn | zɨːŋ | zə́ŋ | ðɨ́ŋ | kə̀ðɨŋ̀ | kə̀ɥ̥ɨ̂ŋ | kə́ɲì |
take | (*pi); (*lɨ) | pí | pí | pí | pɨ ́ | lē | lē | ləì | jɨ ̀ | ɗɨ ̀̀ | dɨ ̀ |
tears | water-thing; (*ɡəm) | mɛ-nûŋ | mɛ-núŋ | məí-nūŋ | nú-mwî | kə́m-bɨɾ̀ | gɨm-ɓɨɾ́ | mùŋ-núŋ | ǹ̩gùm-ì | nɨŋ-mɨŋ̀ | gəm̀ -í |
thick | *mu | ɲím | mút | (ɓínɑ̀) | kə mwúɾə̀ | mɛ̄ | ɑ̀ mjɛ̄ | mwùɗíŋ | mùmwə̀ | múmwə̀ | (jɔ)̀ |
thing | *nuŋ | nūŋ | nūŋ | nūŋ | nūŋ | nūŋ | nɨ̄ŋ | nùŋ | nɨ̀ŋ | nɨŋ́ ɓɨ ̀ | nɨ̄ŋ |
think | *ɲəm | ɲém | ɲə́m | ə́m | ŋə̀m | zí | ɑ̀ zí | ŋə̀m bɑ̀ | (bə̀ŋ) | cèm bí | cɛ̃́ |
throw | *wa | (bjɨŋ) | wɑ́ | wā | wɑ̀ | wɑ̀ | wɑ́ | wɑ̌ | tɑ̀ | wɑ̀ | wɑ́ |
thunder | *ɡamvɨr | ɡɑmvùɾùm | gɑmvùɾùm | (nɑ́nì) | gɑ̀mvɨr̀ | kwə́ŋvɨɾ̀ | gɑ̀ŋfɨɾ́ | gɑ̀mvɨɾ̂ | gə̀ŋvwē | gɑ́mvəù | gaf̀ ɨ ̀ |
tie | *t͡səb | tép | lép | ʃə́b | sə́b | t͡ʃə̀b | t͡ʃə́b | θə̀p | cɑ̀ | t͡sə̀ | t͡sə́ |
today | *ɗi | ɗî | ɗî | ɑ́ʃì | ɗə̀sî | fiījɑ̀ | fiìkɑ̀ | ɗìgɑ̀ | ìθɑ̃nɑ̀ | lɨjɛ̀ | d͡ʒɛnɨ ́ |
tomorrow | *ve/*bɨŋ | vē̤ | vē | vəì | vəì | ìm-būŋ | bûŋ | būŋ | nə́m-bə́ŋ | bɨ̀ŋ | bə̀ŋ-pɨci ̃́ |
tongue | *ɗək; (*lyəN) | ɗə́k | ɗə́k | ɗə́k | lěn | fiīm | fiík | ljén | lə́ŋ | lɨjɛm̄ | lə́ |
tooth | *le | le᷇ | ləí | ləī | ləì | lɛ̄ | lɛ̄ | ləí | jɨɟɨ ̀ | ɗí | d͡ʒī |
tortoise | *kwə́ŋ | kɔ᷇ŋ | kɔ́ŋ | kɔ́ŋ | kɔ́ŋ | kwóŋ | kwə́ŋ | kɔ́ŋ | hũ̀ | kwə̀ŋ | kwə́ŋ |
tree | *kəb | (ɗít) | kə́p (ɗít̚ ) | kə́p | kə́b | kə̀b | kə̀b | kə̀p | kə̀-nɨŋ̀ | kə̀ | kə́ |
turn | (*mɨm) | (wúnɛ)̀ | (kō) | (pí nā) | (bjɨ ̀ nâ) | mɨɾɑ̀m | mɨrɑ́m | mɨɾə̀m | (jɨŋ́ ŋəù) | mjɛm̂ | mjɛ̄ |
twist (v.) | *lam | ɓé-lém | pɨ-ɾɑ́m | (ɗɑ́p) | bɨ-lə́m | (kɨ-ɾɛ)̄ | kù-lɑ̀m | kù-lwàm | lə̀ŋ | kwɑ̀m | (bɨŋ) |
under | *ɓwa; *pi 'beneath' | bì | bí | bī | ɓwâ | pí | pìw | pīswɑ̄ | bò (=leg) | ɓwɑ̀w | bwɑ̀ |
vomit | *ɓyə́m | ɓo᷇m | ɓóm | ɓə́m | ɓjə́m nūŋ | ɓíjém | ɓém | ɓēmē | bjē | ɗjèm-nɨŋ́ | d͡ʒə́ |
walk | *wo̤/*zo̤ | wē-lé | wē-lé | wé-lè | wō̤ | zō | zɔ̀ | ðəù | ðòbò | hò | hō |
warm | *ɓum/ɗum; (*lub/ləb) | ɓùɾùm- ɓùɾùm | ɓúɾùm | ɓúm | ɗúmɗúm | (swēn) | ɓɨlə̀b-ɓɨlə̀b | ɗùmɗùm | lɔjòŋ | lùlùb | lwùlwù |
wash | *zwəb; (*ɗyok) | d͡ʒòb | d͡ʒɔb̀ | d͡ʒōb | zwɑ́b | ɗjòk | ʔijɔk̀ | ɗìɣɑ̀ | vɑ̀ | lô | lǒ |
water | *mɛ/*mɨŋ = rain | mɛ̄ | mɛ̄ | mìʃíjè | mɨt͡ʃə́ | mūŋ | mūŋkwɑm̀ | mùnkì | mìcɑ̀ | mɨ̀ŋ | mɨ́ŋ |
well | hole-water | ɓwɑ̀-mɛ́ | túŋɾūŋ-mɛ̄ | ɓwɑ́-məì | ɓwɑ̀-mwìn | ɓwɑ̀-mūŋ | ɓwɑ̀-mūŋ | ɓwɑ̄-mū | wɑ́-bù | ɓwɑ́-mɨŋ̀ | bwɑ̀-mɨŋ́ |
what? | *ɓə | ɓɛ̄ | ɓɑ̌ | ɓə́ | ɓə́ | ɓējɑ́ | mə́ | ɓə́ | ɓɑ̀ | ɓə̀ | bə́dé |
when? | *d͡ʒo | d͡ʒəù | d͡ʒəū | d͡ʒəú | d͡ʒəú | (ɓɨlɨjɑ́) | (nɨŋ-ŋɔ)̀ | (nɨ-ɓə̂) | (θɨŋwì) | dəù | dónɨ ́ |
where? | *lə; (*pe) | lə́ | lējɑ̀ | lá | laɛ́ | pɑ̌ | pɑ̀ | pɨlɑ̂ | (ŋ̩̀gɑ́) | pē | bêdé |
white | *vɨ-rum | vùɾūm | vɨrùm | vùlùm | vɨ̄ɾɨ̀m | vɨ̀rɨ̄m | ɑ̀m vɨɾɨm̀ | vɨ̀ɾɨ̀m | jə́vù | kɔ ɑ́ və̀w | fɨ ̄ |
who? | *wə; (*ya) | wəi᷅ | wəí | wó | wəì | jɑ́ | jâ | jìtɨǹ | ɗɑ̀jɑ̀ | wə̀ | wə̀dé |
wife | *sɛ | lí-ʃɛ̂ | lí-ʃəí | ʃē | lɨ-sɨjē | ì-sí | sí | ʃɨ́m | ʃì | hē | hē |
wind | *ɥa̤ | (wə̀bɛ)́ | (wúbɛ)̄ | ɥɑ́ | ɥâ | wɑ́ | wɑ́ | wɑ̀ | ɲɑ̀cɑ̀ | ɥɑ̤̀ | ɥɑ́ |
wing | *cɛn | ʃínì | ʃínɪ ̀ | ʃɛnɛ̄ | (ləùbjɛl) | wɑ̀ŋ-cēn | cèn | (ŋwɑ̀kə̂n) | (m̩̀bə̀lkɑ̀bì) | ŋwɑ̀kə́t͡sɛw̃̂ | ŋwɑ́kə́nt͡ʃɛ̃̄ |
wipe | *pi | pɛ-rɛ̄ | pì-ɾɛ́ | pì-lá | fɛ-ɾɑ̀ | fɑ́ | fɑ́ | fɑ́ | fɑ̀ | fì | (nū) |
witchcraft | *ɓwí,*ɓwē | ɓwi᷇ | ɓwí | ɓē | lē ɓjē | bwí ēsā | jê ɓwí | jɑ́ bwí | bwì-tə̀ŋ | ɓweì | bwē |
woman | *i-sɛ (< ‘wife’) | lí-ʃɛ̂ | lwɑ̂ lí-ʃəì | lí-ʃē | lɨ-sɨjē | ì-sí | jɨ-sí | jì-sí | nì-ʃì | jɨ-heì | í-jè |
word, speech | *sɔ; (*bi) | ʃɔ̀ | ʃɔ̄ː | ʃɔ̀ | sɔ-kɑ́ | bɑ̀ | bɑ̀ | bɑ̄ | ɲɑ̀-hō | bì | bì |
work | *tumi | túmí | tǔmí | túmí | nūn ǹ̩tò | núŋ-tó | nɨŋ-t͡ʃò | nūŋ-tō | (nɨŋ-nɑ̀) | ŋwɑ́-t͡sùm | ŋwɑ́-tṹ |
year | *sa,; (*əl) | ɛ᷆ | ʔɛlɛ̄ | ʃɑ́l | sə́l | sɑ́ | sā | θɑ̀ | θɑ̀ | hɑ̀ | hɑ́ |
yesterday | *lɛ | lɛ᷇ | lɛ̄ | líjè | lē | fií | ɗî | lɑ̀lì | nɨŋ-ɟɨ ̃́ | ɗjəù | dò |
one | *kwín | kwîn | kwín | swím | cwîn | kwɨń | kwín | kún | cùŋ-gɑ̀ | t͡sɨŋ̀ | t͡sɨŋ̄ |
two | *ràb | ɾɑ̀b | ɾɑ̀b | lɑ̀ːp | ɾāb | rɑ̀b | rɑ̀b | ɾɑ̀b | (nə̀-jɑ̀) | (nə́- ʔiù) | (jǔŋ) |
three | *tət | (búnúŋ) | (búnú) | tāːɾ | tə́t | tɛ̄ | tɛ̄ | təì | nə̀-tə̀ | nə́-tə̀ | tə́ |
four | *nət | nɛt̤ | nēːt | nə̀ɾ | nēt | nɛ̄ | nɛ̂ | nəì | nə̀-ɲə̀ | nə́-ɲə̀ | ɲə̀ |
five | *nub | nɔ̂b | nôb | núwōp | núwə́b | (nùɲúŋ) | ɲǔ | nû | nə̀-nù | (nə̀-ɥ̥i)̃̀ | (m̥mɨ)̀ |
six | nɑ́-ʃīn | ní-ʃín | nɑ̀-ʃîn | nɑ́-sɨń | nə́ɾə̀n- kwín | nə̀ɾɑ̀n- kwín | nə̀nə̀- kún | nē-ǹ̩cò | ɥ̥ĩ́-t͡ʃùŋ | ɥ̥i-̀ t͡sɨŋ̂ | |
seven | nɑ́-ɾɛ̀ | nɑ́-ɾə̀ | nɑ-lɛ̀ | nɑ̀-ɾɑ́ | nɑ́-rè | nɑ̀n- d͡ʒēɾē | nə̀nə̀- íɾɑ̀ | ɟē-ɗíɗí | ɥ̥ĩ-ʔĩù | ɥ̥ì-jûŋ | |
eight | nɑ́-tə́t | nə́-tə́t | gɔ́nɔ̀- gɔnɔ̀ | gwə̀ŋ- nā | gùnɛ̄ | gɔgúnɛ̄ | ǹ̩gùnəì | ɟē-ɗíɗí | kə̀ɲɑ̀- kə̀ɲɑ̀ | ɥi-̀ tə́ | |
nine | ní-nít | nì-nìt | lɑ̀-ʃòŋ | lɑ́-sɔŋ̀ | swə̀ŋ swə̀p | sùsúlɑ̀ | sɔŋ̀ sɔ̄p | ɟē-nəì | ɥ̥ə̀ŋ-ɥ̥ə̀ | ɥ̥i-̀ ɲə̂ | |
ten | *swəb | ʃɔ́b | ʃôb | ʃúwób | swəb | swə̀b | swə̄b | sɔ̀p | nə̀θē | ɥ̥ə̀ | ɥ̥ə́ |
fifteen | ʃóp-ɗí- nɔ̂b | swə̂b- ɗî-nɔb̄ | ʃóp-ɗí- núwɔb̀ | swə̀bì- lí- núwə́b | swə̀b- ɗú- nùjúŋ | sɔb- úɲú | lì | nə̀θé- dɑ̀- nə́nə́ɲù | lî | lǐ | |
twenty | fá-kwîn | ʃú-rɑ̀b | fɑ̀-ʃwín | fɑ́-cwím | zɨm- kwɨǹ | zɨm- kwín | ðìm- kún | ɟɛñ̀ ̩̀cò | hwùn- t͡ʃɨŋ̀ | ŋwú- t͡sɨŋ̀ | |
hundred | fɑ́-nɔb̂ | t͡ʃú-sɔb́ | fɑ̀ː-núwòp | fɑ̀-núwòb | gɨɾɑ̀ɾɑ̀b | zɨm-ɲú | ðìm-nú | jə̀ŋ-nɨŋ- nɑ̀ɲù | hùn-ɥ̥i ̃̂ | ŋwú- m̥mɨ ̀ | |
I | *nì | mì | mɛ̄ | nì | mə́ | ǹ̩ | (ɓə̀ŋ) | ǹ̩ | ǹ̩ | ǹ̩ | ǹ̩ |
me | *mì | mì | mì | mì | mə̀ | (ɓə̀ŋ) | (ɓə̀ŋ) | mì | mì | mì | mì |
you (sg) | *mò/*mə̀ | mɔ̀ | mò | mɔ̀ | mwə̄ | mə̀ | mɑ̀ | mɑ̀ | mə̀ | mə̀ | mə̀ |
he, she | *nə ; (*u) | nɑ̀ | nə̀ | nɑ̀ | nɑ̀ | ú | ú | ù | nə́ | ù | ò |
her, him | *nə ; (*u) | nɑ́ | nə̀ | na᷇ | nɑ̀ | wə̀ | wù | wù | nə́ | wə̀ | wə̀ |
we | *ɓi | ɓó | ɓí | ɓì | ɓí | ɓī | ɓí | bì | ɓì | ɓɨ ̀ | bɨ ̀ |
you (pl) | *ya/*ɓa | jɑ̀ | jē | jɑ̀ | ɓí | ɓɑ̀ | ɓɑ̀ | ɓə̀ | ɓɑ́ | ɓə | bə̀ |
they | *ní; *ye/*le | nɛ́ | jē | ni᷇ | ní | í | î | ì | ń̩ | lè | lè |
References
[edit]- ^ Norton, Russell; Othaniel, Nlabephee (2020). The Jen language cluster: A comparative analysis of wordlists. Language in Africa. 1 (3): 17–99. doi:10.37892/2686-8946-2020-1-3-17-99.