中國
Chinese
[edit]middle; centre; within middle; centre; within; among; in; while (doing something); during; China; Chinese; hit (the mark) |
country; state; nation | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (中國) | 中 | 國 | |
simp. (中国) | 中 | 国 | |
anagram | 國中/国中 | ||
Literally: “middle country; central country”. |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): Zong1 gue2
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): Bvěnggui
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): Җунгуй (Žunguy, I-II) / Җунгуә (Žunguə, I-II)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zung1 gwok3
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): zuung1 gok2
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zung1 gwok3
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): Dṳ̆ng-guók
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): doeng1 gorh6 / dyeng1 gorh6
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1tson-koq7
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguó
- Wade–Giles: Chung1-kuo2
- Yale: Jūng-gwó
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jonggwo
- Palladius: Чжунго (Čžungo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: Zong1 gue2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: Zunggue
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: Bvěnggui
- Sinological IPA (key): /p͡fəŋ²¹ kuei/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: Җунгуй (Žunguy, I-II) / Җунгуә (Žunguə, I-II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/, /ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: zung1 gwok3
- Yale: jūng gwok
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzung1 gwok8
- Guangdong Romanization: zung1 guog3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: zuung1 gok2
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chûng-koet
- Hakka Romanization System: zungˊ guedˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: zung1 gued5
- Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴ ku̯et̚²/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: zhungˋ gued
- Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ kuet⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: Dṳ̆ng-guók
- Sinological IPA (key): /tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ (k-)ŋuɔʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: doeng1 gorh6 [Phonetic: doeng2 ngorh6]
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: De̤ng-go̤h
- Sinological IPA (key): /tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ (k-)ŋɒʔ¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: dyeng1 gorh6 [Phonetic: dyeng2 ngorh6]
- Sinological IPA (key): /tyøŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ (k-)ŋɒʔ²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: trjuwng kwok
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*truŋ [C.q]ʷˤək/
- (Zhengzhang): /*tuŋ kʷɯːɡ/
Etymology 1
[edit]Earliest attested on the Western Zhou bronze vessel He zun. See Names of China#Zhongguo.
- 隹珷王既克大邑商,𠟭廷吿于天,曰:余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或,自之辥民。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: He zun inscription, translated by Pankenier (2013)
- Wéi Wǔwáng jì kè Dàyìshāng, zé tíng gào yú Tiān, yuē: yú qí zhái zī Zhōngguó, zì zhī yì mín. [Pinyin]
- When King Wu conquered the great city Shang, he then made reverent declarations to Heaven, saying: "Let me dwell in this, the central region, and from here govern the people."
隹珷王既克大邑商,𠟭廷告于天,曰:余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或,自之辥民。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
Proper noun
[edit]中國
- China (a country in Asia; capital: Beijing)
- 中國和平崛起/中国和平崛起 ― Zhōngguó hépíng juéqǐ ― China's peaceful rise
- 中國社會科學院/中国社会科学院 ― Zhōngguó shèhuìkēxuéyuàn ― the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
- 中國典籍英譯/中国典籍英译 ― Zhōngguó diǎnjí yīngyì ― English translations of Chinese classics
- 干涉中國內政/干涉中国内政 ― gānshè Zhōngguó nèizhèng ― to interfere in China's internal affairs
- 伏以佛者,夷狄之一法耳,自後漢時流入中國,上古未嘗有也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 819, Han Yu, 論佛骨表
- Fú yǐ Fó zhě, yídí zhī yī fǎ ěr, zì Hòuhàn shí liúrù Zhōngguó, shànggǔ wèicháng yǒu yě. [Pinyin]
- We humbly think that Buddhism is merely a religion of barbarians, which entered China during the Later Han and is not found in our ancestry.
伏以佛者,夷狄之一法耳,自后汉时流入中国,上古未尝有也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 問者曰:四夷、十國,皆非中國之有也,四夷之封爵朝貢則書,而十國之不書何也?曰:以中國而視夷狄,夷狄之可也。以五代之君而視十國,夷狄之則未可也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 11th century, Ouyang Xiu, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
- Wènzhě yuē: Sìyí, Shíguó, jiē fēi Zhōngguó zhī yǒu yě, Sìyí zhī fēngjué cháogòng zé shū, ér Shíguó zhī bù shū hé yě? Yuē: yǐ Zhōngguó ér shì yídí, yídí zhī kě yě. Yǐ Wǔdài zhī jūn ér shì Shíguó, yídí zhī zé wèikě yě. [Pinyin]
- Someone asks, "The Four Barbarians and Ten Nations are not Chinese. Why do you describe the barbarian contributions but not ten nations'?" We reply, "Viewing from Chinese on barbarians, one shall barbarize them; Viewing from Five Dynasties on Ten Nations, one shall not."
问者曰:四夷、十国,皆非中国之有也,四夷之封爵朝贡则书,而十国之不书何也?曰:以中国而视夷狄,夷狄之可也。以五代之君而视十国,夷狄之则未可也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 唐人到彼,皆不與之言及中國糞壅之事,恐為所鄙。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: c. 1300, 周達觀 (Zhou Daguan), 真臘風土記 (The Customs of Cambodia)
- Tángrén dào bǐ, jiē bù yǔ zhī yánjí Zhōngguó fèn yōng zhī shì, kǒng wéi suǒ bǐ. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
唐人到彼,皆不与之言及中国粪壅之事,恐为所鄙。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 自我朝入主中土,君臨天下,并蒙古極邊諸部落,俱歸版圖,是中國之疆土開拓廣遠,乃中國臣民之大幸,何得尚有華夷中外之分論哉! [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: c. 1730, Yongzheng Emperor, 大義覺迷錄
- Zì wǒ cháo rùzhǔ zhōngtǔ, jūnlín tiānxià, bìng Ménggǔ jíbiān zhū bùluò, jù guī bǎntú, shì Zhōngguó zhī jiāngtǔ kāituò guǎngyuǎn, nǎi Zhōngguó chénmín zhī dàxìng, hédé shàngyǒu huáyí zhōngwài zhī fēn lùn zāi! [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
自我朝入主中土,君临天下,并蒙古极边诸部落,俱归版图,是中国之疆土开拓广远,乃中国臣民之大幸,何得尚有华夷中外之分论哉! [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 有幾多樹木呢?中國人烟稠集,樹木無多。 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
- From: 1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, A Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, page 345
- jau5 gei2 do1 syu6 muk6 ne1? zung1 gwok3 jan4 jin1 cau4 zaap6, syu6 muk6 mou4 do1. [Jyutping]
- How much of it is forest? The population of China being very dense, the forests cannot be extensive.
有几多树木呢?中国人烟稠集,树木无多。 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]
Usage notes
[edit]This word referred to various states and regions throughout history:
- Western Zhou Dynasty [1046–771 BCE]:
- the region controlled by the Western Zhou Dynasty, covering the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi, as well as the basin between the Yellow River and the Luo River.
- Eastern Zhou Dynasty [770–221 BCE]:
- all of the upper reaches of the Yellow River.
- Since Qin Dynasty [221 BCE–1911 CE]:
- the land controlled by the imperial regime of the Central Plain - i.e. the ancestors of modern China.
- After the Xinhai Revolution [1911 CE]:
- After the founding of the People's Republic of China [1949 CE]:
Synonyms
[edit]- (China):
- 中 (abbreviation)
- 中共國 / 中共国 (zhōnggòngguó) (derogatory)
- 中原 (Zhōngyuán)
- 中國 / 中国 (Zhōngguó)
- 中華 / 中华
- 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) (literary)
- 唐山 (Tángshān)
- 域中 (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)
- 天下 (tiānxià) (lofty)
- 天朝 (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)
- 契弟 (qìdì) (Internet slang, derogatory)
- 德祐 (Déyòu) (Myanmar)
- 支那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)
- 桃花石 (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)
- 牆國 / 墙国 (qiángguó) (Taiwan, derogatory, sarcastic)
- 猜拿 (Cāiná) (transliteration of English China)
- 神州 (Shénzhōu) (literary)
- 種花家 / 种花家 (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)
- 脂那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete)
- 至那 (Zhìnà) (obsolete)
- 華 / 华 (abbreviation)
- 華夏 / 华夏 (Huáxià)
- 諸夏 / 诸夏 (Zhūxià)
- 諸華 / 诸华 (Zhūhuá)
- 貴支 / 贵支 (guìzhī) (Mainland China, Internet slang, neologism, derogatory, sarcastic, offensive)
- 贏國 / 赢国 (Hong Kong, humorous, derogatory, sarcastic)
- 赤縣 / 赤县 (Chìxiàn) (literary)
- 赤縣神州 / 赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)
- 震旦 (Zhèndàn) (archaic)
Derived terms
[edit]- 中國中心主義 / 中国中心主义 (Zhōngguó zhōngxīn zhǔyì)
- 中國之春 / 中国之春
- 中國人 / 中国人 (Zhōngguórén)
- 中國人民的老朋友 / 中国人民的老朋友 (Zhōngguó rénmín de lǎopéngyou)
- 中國人民解放軍 / 中国人民解放军 (Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn)
- 中國佬 / 中国佬 (zhōngguólǎo)
- 中國僑聯 / 中国侨联 (Zhōngguó Qiáolián)
- 中國內地 / 中国内地 (Zhōngguó nèidì)
- 中國共產黨 / 中国共产党 (Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng)
- 中國化 / 中国化 (zhōngguóhuà)
- 中國圖 / 中国图 (zhōngguótú)
- 中國城 / 中国城 (zhōngguóchéng)
- 中國大陸 / 中国大陆 (Zhōngguó dàlù)
- 中國威脅論 / 中国威胁论 (Zhōngguó wēixiélùn)
- 中國字 / 中国字 (zhōngguózì)
- 中國學 / 中国学 (Zhōngguóxué)
- 中國崩潰論 / 中国崩溃论 (Zhōngguó bēngkuìlùn)
- 中國工農紅軍 / 中国工农红军 (Zhōngguó Gōngnóng Hóngjūn)
- 中國式 / 中国式 (Zhōngguóshì)
- 中國性 / 中国性 (zhōngguóxìng)
- 中國文字 / 中国文字
- 中國本土 / 中国本土 (Zhōngguó běntǔ)
- 中國海 / 中国海 (Zhōngguóhǎi)
- 中國特色 / 中国特色 (Zhōngguó tèsè)
- 中國畫 / 中国画 (Zhōngguóhuà)
- 中國科大 / 中国科大 (Zhōngguó Kēdà)
- 中國科學院 / 中国科学院
- 中國結 / 中国结 (zhōngguójié)
- 中國芒 / 中国芒 (zhōngguómáng)
- 中國菜 / 中国菜 (Zhōngguócài)
- 中國話 / 中国话 (Zhōngguóhuà)
- 中國語 / 中国语 (Zhōngguóyǔ)
- 中國超新星 / 中国超新星
- 中國通 / 中国通 (Zhōngguótōng)
- 中國風 / 中国风 (zhōngguófēng)
- 中媒 (zhōngméi)
- 傷害中國人民的感情 / 伤害中国人民的感情 (shānghài Zhōngguó rénmín de gǎnqíng)
- 新中國 / 新中国 (Xīnzhōngguó)
- 自由中國 / 自由中国 (Zìyóu Zhōngguó)
- 舊中國 / 旧中国 (Jiùzhōngguó)
- 赤色中國 / 赤色中国
Noun
[edit]中國
- (Classical) royal court; imperial court; imperial household; imperial government
- (Classical) central part of a country (historically, commonly known as the capital city or the main region, where an emperor or other ruler resides)
- 惠此中國,以綏四方。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Huì cǐ zhōngguó, yǐ suí sìfāng. [Pinyin]
- Let us cherish this centre of the kingdom,
To secure the repose of the four quarters of it.
惠此中国,以绥四方。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Classical) the Central Plain (area on the lower reaches of the Yellow River which formed the cradle of Chinese civilization)
- 欲辟土地,朝秦楚,莅中國而撫四夷也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Yù pì tǔdì, cháo Qín Chǔ, lì Zhōngguó ér fǔ sìyí yě. [Pinyin]
- You wish to enlarge your territories, to have Qin and Chu wait at your court, to rule the Middle Kingdom, and to attract to you the barbarous tribes that surround it.
欲辟土地,朝秦楚,莅中国而抚四夷也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 吾聞中國之君子,明乎禮義而陋於知人心。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
- Wú wén Zhōngguó zhī jūnzǐ, míng hū lǐyì ér lòu yú zhī rénxīn. [Pinyin]
- I have heard that the superior men of these Middle States understand the (subjects of) ceremony and righteousness, but are deplorably ignorant of the minds of men.
吾闻中国之君子,明乎礼义而陋于知人心。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 江左地促,不如中國;若使阡陌條暢,則一覽而盡。故紆餘委曲,若不可測。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
- From: Liu Yiqing (editor), A New Account of the Tales of the World, 5th century CE
- Jiāngzuǒ dì cù, bùrú Zhōngguó; ruò shǐ qiānmò tiáochàng, zé yī lǎn ér jìn. Gù yūyú wěiqū, ruò bùkě cè. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
江左地促,不如中国;若使阡陌条畅,则一览而尽。故纡余委曲,若不可测。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
- (Classical) people of the Central Plain
- 金人所以立劉豫於河南,蓋欲荼毒中原,以中國攻中國。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
- From: 1345 CE, Toqto'a (lead editor), History of Song
- Jīn rén suǒyǐ lì Liú Yù yú Hénán, gài yù túdú Zhōngyuán, yǐ Zhōngguó gōng Zhōngguó. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
金人所以立刘豫于河南,盖欲荼毒中原,以中国攻中国。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
Synonyms
[edit]- (royal court):
- (central part of a country): (archaic) 國中/国中 (guózhōng)
- (the Central Plain): 中土 (Zhōngtǔ), 中原 (Zhōngyuán), 中州 (Zhōngzhōu)
Descendants
[edit]Others:
- → Bouyei: Zungyguef
- → English: Middle Kingdom (calque)
- → Finnish: Keskustan valtakunta (calque)
- → French: Empire du Milieu (calque)
- → German: Reich der Mitte (calque)
- → Hlai: Dongxgok (via Hainanese)
- → Indonesian: Tiongkok (via Hokkien)
- → Kyrgyz: Жуңго (Juŋgo)
- → Lü: ᦷᦋᧂᧈᦷᦅᧉ (tsong¹ko²)
- → Manchu: ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (dulimbai gurun) (calque) - → Mongolian: ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (dumdadu ulus) (calque) - → Portuguese: Reino Médio, Reino do Meio (calque) (calque)
- → Nuosu: ꍏꇩ (zho guop)
- → Tibetan: ཀྲུང་གོ (krung go)
- Dzongkha: ཀྲུང་ཀོ (krung ko)
- → Uyghur: جۇڭگو (junggo), Җуңго (Junggo) (Cyrillic)
- Wutunhua: zhungo
- → Zhuang: Cunghgoz, Cungguek
Etymology 2
[edit]Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 中国 (Chūgoku), from Chinese 中國 (MC trjuwng kwok, “the central part of a country”).
Proper noun
[edit]中國
- (~地方, ~地區) the Chūgoku region of Japan
- 這裡的中國是指日本的中國地方,即指本州西部的岡山、廣島、山口、島根、鳥取5縣。 [MSC, trad.]
- From: 2004, 于沛, 中国社会科学院世界历史研究所学术论文集(1964-2004):古代中世纪卷[1]
- Zhèlǐ de Zhōngguó shì zhǐ Rìběn de Zhōngguó Dìfāng, jí zhǐ Běnzhōu xībù de Gāngshān, Guǎngdǎo, Shānkǒu, Dǎogēn, Niǎoqǔ 5 xiàn. [Pinyin]
- Here, 中國 / 中国 (Zhōngguó) refers to the Chūgoku region of Japan, or the five prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Shimane, and Tottori that lay in the western region of Honshū.
这里的中国是指日本的中国地方,即指本州西部的冈山、广岛、山口、岛根、鸟取5县。 [MSC, simp.]
Etymology 3
[edit]Semantic loan from Sanskrit मध्यदेशे m sg (madhyadeśe, locative, literally “in the Middle Country”) (Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā; see Karashima, 2010) or मध्येषु जनपदेषु m pl (madhyeṣu janapadeṣu, “in [the] central countries”) (Abhidharmakośakārikā); as opposed to the 邊地/边地 (biāndì, “borderlands; frontiers”), from Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit प्रत्यन्तिम (pratyantima) / प्रत्यन्त (pratyanta) or Pali paccantima. Cognate to the Pali majjhimesu janapadesu (locative, literally “in the middlemost countries”) in the text parallel to the Ekottara Āgama in the Pali Canon.
Noun
[edit]中國
- (Buddhism) "central countries"; lands with advanced civilization and other conditions helpful for teaching Buddhism
- 何以故?菩薩受生必在中國,利根智慧言詞辯了,善知語義是佛法器,善知沙門、婆羅門等。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 大般若波羅蜜多經
- Héyǐ gù? Púsà shòushēng bì zài zhōngguó, lì gēn zhìhuì yáncí biàn le, shàn zhī yǔyì shì fófǎ qì, shàn zhī shāmén, póluómén děng. [Pinyin]
- Why is this? The rebirth of a bodhisattva must be in the central regions of a country, his faculties will be sharp and he distinguishes all wise words. He knows well that semantics are the tools of the Buddhadharma, and he knows well śramaṇas, brahmins, and others.
何以故?菩萨受生必在中国,利根智慧言词辩了,善知语义是佛法器,善知沙门、婆罗门等。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
中 | 國 |
ちゅう Grade: 1 |
こく > ごく Jinmeiyō |
on'yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 中國 – see the following entry. | ||||
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(This term, 中國, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) |
Korean
[edit]Hanja in this term | |
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中 | 國 |
Proper noun
[edit]Middle Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Middle Chinese 中國 (MC trjuwng kwok, literally “central country”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]中國 (*TYÙNG.KWÚK)
- China (a country in Asia)
- 1459, 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해 (Hunminjeongeum Eonhae):
Descendants
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
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中 | 國 |
Proper noun
[edit]中國
- chữ Hán form of Trung Quốc (“China”).
Zhuang
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]中國
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- zh:China
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- Japanese terms spelled with 中 read as ちゅう
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