荼毒

Chinese

		Sonchus oleraceus	poison; narcotics
trad. (荼毒)		荼	毒
simp. #(荼毒)		荼	毒

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): túdú

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˊ ㄉㄨˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): tou⁴ duk⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: túdú
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ ㄉㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: túdú
    • Wade–Giles: tʻu²-tu²
    • Yale: tú-dú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twudwu
    • Palladius: туду (tudu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu³⁵ tu³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: tou⁴ duk⁶
    • Yale: tòuh duhk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tou⁴ duk⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: tou⁴ dug⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou̯²¹ tʊk̚²/

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• Middle Chinese: du|zyae|drae dowk

Rime
Character	荼	荼	荼	毒
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)	船 (27)	澄 (11)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	麻 (100)	麻 (98)	沃 (6)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III	II	I
Fanqie	同都切	食遮切	宅加切	徒沃切
Baxter	du	zyae	drae	dowk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duo/	/ʑia/	/ɖˠa/	/duok̚/
Pan Wuyun	/duo/	/ʑia/	/ɖᵚa/	/duok̚/
Shao Rongfen	/do/	/ʑia/	/ȡa/	/dok̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dɔ/	/ʑia/	/ɖaɨ/	/dawk̚/
Li Rong	/do/	/d͡ʑia/	/ȡa/	/dok̚/
Wang Li	/du/	/d͡ʑĭa/	/ȡa/	/duok̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/dʱuo/	/d͡ʑʰi̯a/	/ȡʱa/	/dʱuok̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tú	shé	chá	dú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tou4	se4	caa4	duk6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*lˤra  [d]ˤuk|m-[d]ˤuk-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*rlaː|ɦlja|l'aː  l'uːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	荼	毒	毒
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	chá	dú	dú
Middle Chinese	‹ dræ ›	‹ dowk ›	‹ dowk ›
Old Chinese	/*lˁra/	/*[d]ˁuk/	/*m-[d]ˁuk-s/
English	(name of a plant)	poison (n.)	to poison (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	荼	荼	荼	毒
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3	1/1
No.	15748	15761	15776	2486
Phonetic component	余	余	余	毒
Rime group	魚	魚	魚	覺
Rime subdivision	0	0	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	𡨀	蛇	徒	毒
Old Chinese	/*rlaː/	/*ɦlja/	/*l'aː/	/*l'uːɡ/

Verb

荼毒

1. (literary) to torment; to inflict great suffering on

   • 夏王滅德作威，以敷虐于爾萬方百姓，爾萬方百姓罹其兇害，弗忍荼毒。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     夏王灭德作威，以敷虐于尔万方百姓，尔万方百姓罹其凶害，弗忍荼毒。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE

     Xià wáng mièdé zuòwēi, yǐ fūnüè yú ěr wànfāng bǎixìng, ěr wànfāng bǎixìng lí qí xiōnghài, fú rěn túdú. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms

• 荼毒生靈／荼毒生灵

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (荼毒):

• → Vietnamese: đồ độc (荼毒)