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NW Pronouns (?)

Northern Wu Personal pronouns
Person	Singular				Plural
Person	plain	～儂	是～	是～儂	～拉	～里	～等	～搭	～
1st Person	我	我儂／我侬	是我	是我儂／是我侬
2nd Person
3rd Person

Jinhua

Module:wuu-pron/Jinhua

Documentation - Old Period Urban Jinhuanese, as documented in 吳語婺州方言研究. Primary sampled speaker born in 1927, fieldwork conducted by 曹志耘

Initials

Jinhua Initials
	Wugniu	Wu MiniDict	IPA	Examples
Bilabial Series	p	p	/p/	布幫薄
	ph	ph	/pʰ/	派配泡
	b	b	/b/	盆步白
	m	'm^{[note 1]}	/(ʔ)m/	媽眯貓
	m	m	/m/	問_白門悶
	f	f	/f/	飛弗費
	v	v	/v/	問_文馮婺
Labiodental Series	t	t	/t/	到打稻_白
	th	th	/tʰ/	天梯太
	d	d	/d/	田度汏
	n	'n^{[note 1]}	/(ʔ)n/	冷囊
	n	n	/n/	暖男捼
	l	'l^{[note 1]}	/(ʔ)l/	拎哩拉
	l	l	/l/	蘭路連
Alveolar Series	ts	ts	/ts/	追焦早
	tsh	tsh	/tsʰ/	秋粗笡
	dz	dz	/dz/	池罪茶
	s	s	/s/	素先想
	z	z	/z/	牆嚼賊
Palatal Series	c	c	/tɕ/	汁準緊
	ch	ch	/tɕʰ/	超溪川
	j	j	/dʑ/	旗琴舌
	gn	'ny^{[note 1]}	/(ʔ)n̠ʲ/^{[note 2]}	扭研鳥
	gn	ny	/n̠ʲ/^{[note 2]}	疑魚牛
	sh	sh	/ɕ/	書燒善
	zh	zh	/ʑ/	樹蛇夏
Velar and Null Series	k	k	/k/	街歌鋸
	kh	kh	/kʰ/	開箍可
	g	g	/ɡ/	銜隑夾
	ng^{[note 3]}	'ng^{[note 1]}	/(ʔ)ŋ/	我_文
	ng^{[note 3]}	ng	/ŋ/	礙_文外_文額_文
	∅	'	/∅/ obsolete or nonstandard characters (∅), invalid IPA characters (∅)^{[note 4]}	紅_白我_白恨
	h	h	/x/	亨歡佝
	gh	gh	/ɦ/	紅_文哈_{"to tickle"}
↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Treated by neither wugniu (nor wiktionary) as phonemes distinct from their non-preglottalized equivalents. ↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Pronounced [ɲ] before /y/ medial. ^ Appears only marginally in antiquated literary readings. ^ Realized as an only very lightly glottalized [ʔ] sometimes according to Cao.

Finals

Regular

Jinhua Finals
Wugniu	Wu MiniDict	IPA	Examples
y	y	/z̩/	資志池 / 资志池
i	i	/i/	醫肥底_文 / 医肥底_文
u	u	/u/	鼓舞無_文 / 鼓舞无_文
iu	iu	/y/	雨書去_文 / 雨书去_文
oea	yae	/ɤa/	爬馬八_白 / 爬马八_白
iaa	iae	/ia/	借夜_白鐵_白 / 借夜_白铁_白
a	a	/ɑ/	買鞋_白減_白 / 买鞋_白减_白
ia	ia	/iɑ/	畲夏_文亞_文 / 畲夏_文亚_文
ua	ua	/uɑ/	夏_白官_白塔_白
iua	iua	/yɑ/	抓瘸株_{(agriculture) stubble}
o	o	/o/	波_文哥_文母
oe	oe	/ɤ/	波_白滿_白割_白 / 波_白满_白割_白
ie	ie	/ie/	底_白編_白接_白 / 底_白编_白接_白
uo	uoe	/uɤ/	過河涴 / 过河涴
ioe	iue	/yɤ/	靴佔_白血_白 / 靴占_白血_白
ou	~	/ɯ/	去_白
iei	iea	/ie̞/	社_文夜_文蛇_文
ae	ai	/ɛ/	賠對改 / 赔对改
iae	iai	/iɛ/	吆解_文鞋_文
uae	uai	/uɛ/	塊會拐 / 块会拐
iuae	iuai	/yɛ/	帥摔衰 / 帅摔衰
ei	ei	/ei/	碑美隨 / 碑美随
ui	ui	/ui/	歸桂位 / 归桂位
au	au	/ɑu/	保泡逃
iau	iau	/iɑu/	條燒瓢 / 条烧瓢
eu	eu	/eu/	嘔藕候 / 呕藕候
ieu	ieu	/iu/	畝狗九 / 亩狗九
oen	yaen	/ɤã/	半_文判_文伴_文
an	aen	/ã/	班_文
ian	iaen	/iã/	天_文減_文 / 天_文减_文
uan	uaen	/uã/	官_文短_文
iuan	iuaen	/yã/	權_文佔_文 / 权_文占_文
aon	ang	/ɑŋ/	黨講_白生_白 / 党讲_白生_白
iaon	iang	/iɑŋ/	良講_文 / 良讲_文
uaon	uang	/uɑŋ/	光
iuaon	iuang	/yɑŋ/	床
en	eng	/əŋ/	根燈生_文 / 根灯生_文
in	ieng	/iŋ/	林星城
uen	ueng	/uəŋ/	溫昆昏 / 温昆昏
iuen	iueng	/yəŋ/	雲 / 云
on	ong	/oŋ/	東風 / 东风
ion	iong	/ioŋ/	窮中 / 穷中
eq	eh	/əʔ/	北八_文塔_文
iq	ieh	/iəʔ/	藥直鐵_文 / 药直铁_文
ueq	ueh	/uəʔ/	骨擴說_文 / 骨扩说_文
iuq	iueh	/yəʔ/	出術疫 / 出术疫
oq	oh	/oʔ/	作木鶴 / 作木鹤
ioq	ioh	/ioʔ/	竹肉約 / 竹肉约
er	r	/əl/	兒_文耳_文二_文 / 儿_文耳_文二_文
m	m	/m̩/	無_白母_白姆_白 / 无_白母_白姆_白
ng	ng	/ŋ̩/	兒_白五_白二_白 / 儿_白五_白二_白

Erhua Diminutive and Erhua Rimes

Rimes

Jinhua Erhua Finals
Wiktionary Extended Wugniu	Wu-Chinese MiniDict	IPA
ynn	yn	/z̩̃/^{[note 1]}
inn	in	/ĩ/^{[note 1]}
unn	un	/ũ/^{[note 1]}
iunn	iun	/ỹ/^{[note 1]}
ieunn	ieun	/iũ/^{[note 1]}
an	aen	/ã/^{[note 2]}
oen	yaen	/ɤã/^{[note 2]}
ian	iaen	/iã/^{[note 2]}
uan	uaen	/uã/^{[note 2]}
iuan	iuaen	/yã/^{[note 2]}
oenn	oen	/ɤ̃/^{[note 2]}
enn	en	/ẽ/^{[note 3]}
ienn	ien	/iẽ/^{[note 3]}
uenn	uen	/uẽ/^{[note 3]}
iuenn	iuen	/yẽ/^{[note 3]}
aunn	aun	/ɔ̃/
iaunn	iaun	/iɔ̃/
onn	on	/õ/^{[note 4]}
ionn	ion	/iõ/^{[note 4]}
↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Certain diminutive words with the rimes /z̩̃/, /ĩ/, /ũ/, /ỹ/ and /iũ/ can be read with also their non-nasalized equivalents whilst retaining the diminutive tone contour, e.g. 麻雀 (²moea-tsinn_7R or ²moea-tsi_7R). ↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 /ɤ̃/ and the /ã/ group of rimes exist in non-diminutive character readings. ↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Allophonic respectively with /əŋ/, /iŋ/, /uəŋ/, /yəŋ/ in certain older speakers. ↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Allophonic respectively with /oŋ/ and /ioŋ/ in certain older speakers.

Pre/Post-Erhua Correspondences

yn	yn	/z̩̃/	資志池 / 资志池
inn	in	/ĩ/	資志池 / 资志池
unn	un	/ũ/	資志池 / 资志池
iuen	iun	/ỹ/	資志池 / 资志池
oenn	oen	/ɤ̃/	資志池 / 资志池
enn	en	/ẽ/	資志池 / 资志池
ienn	ien	/iẽ/	資志池 / 资志池
uenn	uen	/uẽ/	資志池 / 资志池
iuenn	iuen	/yẽ/	資志池 / 资志池
aunn	aun	/ɔ̃/	資志池 / 资志池
iaunn	iaun	/iɔ̃/	資志池 / 资志池
onn	on	/õ/	資志池 / 资志池
ionn	ion	/iõ/	資志池 / 资志池
iunn	ieun	/iũ/	資志池 / 资志池

Thing

Wu (Jinhua, Wugniu): ⁶a-i₁

Wu
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ⁶a-i₁
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /ɑ⁵⁵ i³³⁴/

Wu (Jinhua, Wugniu): ⁶a-i₂

Wu
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ⁶a-i₂
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /ɑ³³ i⁵⁵/

[glottal-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Treated by neither wugniu (nor wiktionary) as phonemes distinct from their non-preglottalized equivalents.

[palatal-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Pronounced [ɲ] before /y/ medial.

[lit-3] Appears only marginally in antiquated literary readings.

[null-4] Realized as an only very lightly glottalized [ʔ] sometimes according to Cao.

[denasalize-5] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Certain diminutive words with the rimes /z̩̃/, /ĩ/, /ũ/, /ỹ/ and /iũ/ can be read with also their non-nasalized equivalents whilst retaining the diminutive tone contour, e.g. 麻雀 (²moea-tsinn_7R or ²moea-tsi_7R).

[non-exclusive-6] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 /ɤ̃/ and the /ã/ group of rimes exist in non-diminutive character readings.

[ellophone-7] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Allophonic respectively with /əŋ/, /iŋ/, /uəŋ/, /yəŋ/ in certain older speakers.

[ollophone-8] 4.0 ^4.1 Allophonic respectively with /oŋ/ and /ioŋ/ in certain older speakers.

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[note 4]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[note 4]