Wiktionary:Requested entries (Proto-Indo-European)
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[edit]- *tur-, *twer- (“to rotate, twirl, swirl, move”): English thurse, Sanskrit तुर (tura), German Turse, Old Norse þurs, Old Saxon thuris, Old High German duris, Proto-Germanic *þurisaz.
- *bʰoh₁ (“both”): English both, Lithuanian abu, Sanskrit उभय (ubhaya), German beide, Old Norse báðir, Proto-Slavic *oba, Polish oba, Middle Dutch beide, Old Dutch beithe, Proto-Germanic *bai.
- *dʰel- (““an arch, vaulting, curve, curvature, cavity””) or *dʰol- (““an arch, vaulting, curve, curvature, cavity””): Proto-Germanic *dalą, English dale, Lower Sorbian doł, Proto-Slavic *dolъ, Polish dół
- *dew-: Ancient Greek δύω (dúō, “to cause to sink, enter”) δύσις (dúsis, “setting (of sun)”)
- Are there more descendants? Sources, perhaps? The Greek entry doesn't have enough to verify it. —CodeCat 21:21, 24 March 2016 (UTC)
- *gʰei-: goat?
- *gnod- (“to bind”): judging by other articles, cognates include English knot, Scots knot, Icelandic hnútur, Middle High German knotze, Latin nodus, Old English contta, Old English cnyttan, Middle Dutch cnudda, German Knoten, Old High German knoto, Old Norse knútr, Danish knude, Spanish nodo, English knit, Old Norse knýta, Proto-Germanic *knutjaną, Proto-Germanic *knuttijaną, Old Irish nascim, and Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬐𐬀 (naska-, “bundle”),
- *gudóm
- Descendants? —CodeCat 16:46, 12 May 2016 (UTC)
- *gʷel-
- Meaning? Descendants? —CodeCat 00:51, 12 May 2016 (UTC)
- It means "intestines"/"bowels"/"guts." Descendants probably include English "gut" (despite what our entry currently says for that, that it's derived from a word meaning "pour") as well as the following two sources, which give many descendants: 1 2 204.11.189.94 14:12, 13 May 2016 (UTC)
- Doing a search in en:Wiktionary it's all over in etymologies, saying the following: "from Proto-Indo-European *gʷel- (“throat”)." We should probably be more thorough, and, more importantly, rigorous, before assigning PIE etymologies (rather than proposed etymologies). It seems that the one for gut, at least, is currently wrong (see request for *gudóm, above, as well as numerous references to *gudóm on Google Books) — This unsigned comment was added by 204.11.189.94 (talk) at 15:55, 12 May 2016 UTC.
- Meaning? Descendants? —CodeCat 00:51, 12 May 2016 (UTC)
- *ḱas- (“white, grey”): Welsh ceinach (“hare”), English hare, Latin canus, cascus (“old”), Ancient Greek ξανθός (xanthós, “yellow”), Old Prussian sasnis (“hare”), Pashto سوی (soe, “hare”), Sanskrit शश (śaśa, “hare”)
- *keg- (“tooth, hook”) — It is the root of the Old High German hāko (“hook”), whence the Middle High German hāken, and whence in turn the Czech hák (“hook”) and the German Haken (“hook”).
- *ḱey(h₂)- (“to move”): Ancient Greek κῑνέω (kīnéō), English kinetic
- De Vaan gives the possibility of a laryngeal, *ḱey(h₂)-
- Plausible explanation for the long vowel
- De Vaan gives the possibility of a laryngeal, *ḱey(h₂)-
- *laḱsos (“salmon, trout”) salmon; ancestor of Lachs, lox; word noted in The English Word That Hasn’t Changed in Sound or Meaning in 8,000 Years and linked from those Wiktionary entries
- *laḱs- Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lahsaz calls *laḱsos as Pre-Germanic salmon and *laḱs- as proto-Indo-European salmon.
- *ned- - to tie together”
- *skewbʰ-, whence Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌽 (afskiuban), German schieben, Old Norse skýfa, Sanskrit क्षुभ्यति (kṣubhyati), Proto-Slavic *skuti (Bulgarian скубя (skubja), Serbo-Croatian скупти/skupti, Russian скубти (skubti), Slovene oskubiti).
- Kroonen suggests that this was originally *ksewbʰ-, based on the Sanskrit descendant.
- *temh₂-, from which Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō), τμῆμα (tmêma), Latin temnō, etc.
- De Vaan reconstructs this as *temh₁- instead. Can we tell which?
- Doric perfects of τέμνω (témnō) have τετμα- (tetma-) (not sure if this is long or short). This could develop either *tmeh₂ > Doric long ᾱ and Attic-Ionic long η, or *tmh₂- > Attic, Ionic, and Doric short ᾰ. *tmh₁ or *tmeh₁- would yield τμε- (tme-) or τμη- (tmē-) in both Attic-Ionic and Doric. But variant form τετμη- (tetmē-) in Pindar, which confuses things. — Eru·tuon 20:29, 24 March 2016 (UTC)
- De Vaan reconstructs this as *temh₁- instead. Can we tell which?
- *teng- (“to make wet”): Proto-Germanic *þunkōną, Latin tingō, Ancient Greek τέγγω (téngō, “to wet, moisten”).
- *h₁éh₁stor or *Hḗstor (“to be sitting”): Sanskrit आस्ते (āste), Sanskrit आसन (āsana), Ancient Greek ἧμαι (hêmai), Hittite [script needed] (ēša), Hittite [script needed] (āšzi).
- *dweh₂ro- (“long”). Ancient Greek δᾱρός (dārós), δηρός (dērós, “long”), Sanskrit दूर (dūra, “distant, far”), Latin dūro (“to last long”), Old Persian 𐎯𐎢𐎼𐎡𐎹 (du-u-r-i-y)
- *sem-h₂-lo- - from the etymology of ὁμαλός (homalós)
- *h₂wer-, *ūr-, *eur-, *ewr- - from the etymology of jūra
- *aw-, *awe- (“to wet, to moisten, to flow”), *awer-, *awe-, *awe- - from the etymology of jūra
- *(e)rey-, *(e)rew- (“to flow”) - from the etymology of jūra
- *srowmos, *strow-mo-s - from the etymology of *straumaz
- *(s)keyt-, *(s)keydʰ- (“clear, bright, shining”) - from the etymology of *haiduz
- *sámh₂dʰos - from the etymology of *samdaz
- *gʷih₃wo-teh₂, *gʷih₃-etos (“life”) - from the etymology of βίοτος (bíotos)
- *kh₂póneh₂, *kh₂pnéh₂ - from the etymology of *habanō
- *sǵʰ-h₃-léh₂ - from the etymology of σχολή (skholḗ)
- *gʷrihg(ʰ)-o- - from the etymology of *krīgan
- *h₃ep-(i)-, *h₃op-(i)- (“force, ability”) - from the etymology of ops
- *Hréh₁dʰeti - from the etymology of *rēdaną
- *-injo- - a suffix forming specific nouns and found in other Romano-Celtic placenames, an etymon among the line of the etymology of English London
- *kreh₂-, *kréh₂-tis, *kr̥tis, *kert- (“to weave, twist together”) - from the etymology of Latin crātis
- *h₂eHs-e-yeh₂, *h₂eh₂r-e-yeh₂, *h₂eh₂rh₃- (“threshing tool”) - from the etymology of ārea
- *tm̥-n-h₁- - from the etymology of τέμνω (témnō)
- *h₁nŕ̥t(e)ros, *h₁ner- - from the etymology of *nurþraz
- *dʰh₁-m-eló-m (“fundament”) - from the etymology of familia
- *h₁ers-eh₂-yé-ti - from the etymology of *erzāō
- *(H)ih₁-k-ye- - from the etymology of *jakjō
- *kri-n-ye- - from the etymology of κρίνω (krínō)
- *h₂euh₂-n-tlo-, *h₂euh₂-n-, *h₂euh₂o- - from the etymology of avunculus
- *leh₂p- (“to light, shine””) - see Proto-Celtic *laxsaros and Ancient Greek λάμπω (lámpō)
- *-h₂yéti, *-(e)h₂yéti - from the etymology of *-ōną
- *gʰroH-néh₂- - from the etymology of *granō
- *h₃n̥néh₂ti, *h₃n̥-né-h₂-ti - from the etymology of *unnaną
- *yewH-s- (“sap, juice, broth”), *yewH- (“to blend, mix (food), knead”) - from the etymology of Proto-Germanic *justaz
- *krómus-ō ~ *kr̥mus-nés, *kermus-, *kremus- (“wild garlic”) - all mentioned in Proto-West-Germanic *hramusō
- *trāgʰ- (“to pull, drag, race, run”) and *trēkʰ-, *trakʰ- (“to run”) - all mentioned in Proto-Germanic *þragilaz
- *ǵr̥h₂nós, *ǵr̥h₂-nós - mentioned in *ǵr̥h₂nóm
- *sedéh₂yeti
- *h₂éh₂uso-
- *wokeh₂-
- *dʰuh₂li-
- *gelh₁w-
- *kh₂emp-
- *ǵʰl̥tóm
- *meh₂ǵ-
- *h₃ewps-
- *ḱanḱest-
- *kankest-
- *gʰróbʰ-
- *gʰrebʰ-
- *gʰrān-
- *dumb-
- *dewmb-
- *kreh₁(y)-
- *pri
- *pro
- *gʰrōn-
- *bhḷəno
- *gʰes-
- *pl̥tro-
- *mi-néw-ti
- *mi-néh₁-ti
- *gen- (“to squeeze; pinch; kink; bale”) - mentioned in Proto-Germanic *knuzlijaną
- *perkʷunos - mentioned in Latvian pērkons
- *méh₂-méh₂-, *méh₂- (“mama, mother”)
- *som-dʰh₁-ih₂, *somdʰh₁ih₂ - see Proto-Slavic *sǫdi
- *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“to pass, happen, occur, fit”) - etymon of Proto-Germanic *dabaną (“to come to pass, occur, happen”)
- *dʰrewb- (“to crumble, grind”) - see Proto-Germanic *drupô
- *preyskos (“fresh, unsalted”) - see Proto-Germanic *friskaz
- *preysk- - see Norwegian Bokmål fersk
- *gʰom- - see Old Armenian գոմ (gom)
- *gʰrewd- - see Proto-Germanic *greutą
- *gʰeyǵʰ-, *gʰeygʰ- (“to yawn, gape, long for, desire”) - see Middle Low German gîge
- *kort-íh₂s - see Old Norse herðr
- *klek- (“to laugh, cackle”) - see Proto-Germanic *hlahjaną
- *kéwHtis - see Proto-Germanic *hūdiz
- *leyt- - see Proto-Germanic *līþaną
- *swerd- (“dirty, dark, black”) - see Proto-Germanic *swartaz
- *sweyg- (“to bend, twist, turn (aside), sway, swerve, dodge”) - see Proto-Germanic *swiką
- *lént-o-s - see Proto-Germanic *linþaz
- *lok- - see Proto-Germanic *lahaną
- *smēk- - see Proto-Germanic *smēhaz
- *mor- (“malicious female spirit”) - see Proto-Germanic *marǭ
- *mowro- - see Proto-Germanic *mauraz
- *lewH- (“to cut off, separate, free”) - current article only has 'louse'
- *mogʰus (“boy”) - see Proto-Germanic *maguz
- *molH-(y)o- - see Old Norse mǫlr
- *wos- - see Proto-Finnic *ostadak (“to buy”)
- *smēy- (“to cut, hew”)
- *smī- (“to cut, hew”)
- *gwosdos (“piece of wood”)
- *(s)kewt- (“to deck; cover; covering; skin”)