Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/abnijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Generally derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₃op-, *h₃ep- (“to work; the result of work, income, wealth”) (which Kroonen gives as *h₂ep-), and compared with Sanskrit अप्नस् (ápnas, “possession, work”), Ancient Greek ἄφνος (áphnos, “riches, wealth”),^[1]^[2] as well as Latin ops (“help”), Lithuanian apstus (“rich, plentiful, abundant”). Kroonen is skeptical, and prefers an internal derivation from Proto-Germanic *ab (“from, off”) + a suffix *-nijaną also seen in *darknijaną (“to soil”) (whence Old High German terhcinen (“to obscure, soil, defile”)).^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɑβ.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*abnijaną^[3]

to perform, to execute

Inflection

Conjugation of *abnijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*abnijō	*abnijaų	—	*abnijai	?
2nd singular	*abnīsi	*abnijais	*abnī	*abnijasai	*abnijaisau
3rd singular	*abnīþi	*abnijai	*abnijaþau	*abnijaþai	*abnijaiþau
1st dual	*abnijōs	*abnijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*abnijaþiz	*abnijaiþiz	*abnijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*abnijamaz	*abnijaim	—	*abnijanþai	*abnijainþau
2nd plural	*abnīþ	*abnijaiþ	*abnīþ	*abnijanþai	*abnijainþau
3rd plural	*abnijanþi	*abnijain	*abnijanþau	*abnijanþai	*abnijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*abnidǭ	*abnidēdį̄
2nd singular	*abnidēz	*abnidēdīz
3rd singular	*abnidē	*abnidēdī
1st dual	*abnidēdū	*abnidēdīw
2nd dual	*abnidēdudiz	*abnidēdīdiz
1st plural	*abnidēdum	*abnidēdīm
2nd plural	*abnidēdud	*abnidēdīd
3rd plural	*abnidēdun	*abnidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*abnijandz	*abnidaz

Related terms

*abniją

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *abnijan
- Old English: æfnan, efnan
Old Norse: efna
- Icelandic: efna
- Faroese: evna
- Norwegian: emna, evna
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: emne
- Old Swedish: æmna, æmpna
  - Swedish: ämna
- Danish: evne
  - Norwegian Bokmål: evne

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*aƀnjanan ~ *aƀnjōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*aƀnjan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*abnjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*aƀnjanan ~ *aƀnjōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*aƀnjan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1

[EDPG-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*abnjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1

[1]

[2]

[3]