User:Dixtosa/ja
Template:character info/Dixtosa/ja
Translingual
[edit]| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 16 strokes | |||
Han character
[edit]ja (Kangxi radical 181, 頁+7, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一廿一月金 (MTMBC), four-corner 11186, composition ⿰豆頁)
Derived characters
[edit]Related characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1404, character 20
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43490
- Dae Jaweon: page 1921, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4372, character 5
- Unihan data for U+982D
Chinese
[edit]| trad. (ja) | j | a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. (头) | 头 | [[#Chinese|]] | |
| alternative forms | 䫁 𥘖 | ||
Glyph origin
[edit]Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声): phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs) + semantic 頁 (“head”).
Etymology
[edit]Replaced earlier 首 (MC syuwX, “head”) due to homophony with 手 (MC syuwX, “hand”) (Sagart, 1999).
Several etymologies have been proposed:
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-bu-s (“head”) or its allofam *du (“head”); compare Tibetan དབུ (dbu, “head”), Burmese ဦး (u:, “head”), Nuosu ꀑ (o, “head”), Proto-Loloish *ʔ-du² (“head”) (Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT; Starostin).
- From Proto-Mon-Khmer *duul() (“to carry on one's head”), whence Khmer ទូល (tuul); this is phonologically plausible since final consonants are often lost after a long vowel in loanwords (Schuessler, 2007).
- A variant of 豆 (OC *doːs, “a kind of vessel”), as skulls could have been used as drinking recipients; compare French tête (“head”) from Latin testa (“pot; jug”) and German Kopf (“head”) from Middle High German kopf (“drinking vessel”) (Maréchal, 1994; Sagart, 1999). However, Schuessler (2007) notes that 豆 (OC *doːs) seems like a tone C (去聲) derivation from 頭 (OC *doː), which may have originally meant “skull”.
- Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs the Old Chinese with a *m- suffix for human body parts, deriving it from 兜 (OC *toː, “helmet; hood”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tou2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ту (tu, I)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tau4 / tau4-2
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): heu3 / heu3*
- Gan (Wiktionary): teu2
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): tou1
- Northern Min (KCR): tê
- Eastern Min (BUC): tàu
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6deu
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dou2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄡˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tóu
- Wade–Giles: tʻou2
- Yale: tóu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tour
- Palladius: тоу (tou)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰoʊ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ˙ㄊㄡ
- Tongyong Pinyin: to̊u
- Wade–Giles: tʻou5
- Yale: tou
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .tou
- Palladius: тоу (tou)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰoʊ̯/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: tou2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tou
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰəu²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ту (tu, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰou²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Chengdu)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: tau4 / tau4-2
- Yale: tàuh / táu
- Cantonese Pinyin: tau4 / tau4-2
- Guangdong Romanization: teo4 / teo4-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰɐu̯²¹/, /tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: heu3 / heu3*
- Sinological IPA (key): /heu²²/, /heu²²⁻²²⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: teu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰɛu²⁴/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thèu
- Hakka Romanization System: teuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: teu2
- Sinological IPA: /tʰeu̯¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: tou1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰəu¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tê
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰe³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: tàu
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰau⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong, Penang, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thô͘
- Tâi-lô: thôo
- Phofsit Daibuun: too
- IPA (Xiamen, Yilan, Kinmen): /tʰɔ²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Lukang, Sanxia, Hsinchu)
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Taichung)
- thâu - vernacular;
- thiô/thô͘ - literary;
- thô - only used in 饅頭.
Definitions
[edit]ja
- (anatomy) head (Classifier: 個／个 m c)
- 我又要叫你和女人彼此為仇；你的後裔和女人的後裔也彼此為仇。女人的後裔要傷你的頭；你要傷他的腳跟。 [MSC, trad.]
- From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 3:15
- Wǒ yòu yào jiào nǐ hé nǚrén bǐcǐ wéi chóu; nǐ de hòuyì hé nǚrén de hòuyì yě bǐcǐ wéi chóu. Nǚrén de hòuyì yào shāng nǐ de tóu; nǐ yào shāng tā de jiǎogēn. [Pinyin]
- And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.
我又要叫你和女人彼此为仇；你的后裔和女人的后裔也彼此为仇。女人的后裔要伤你的头；你要伤他的脚跟。 [MSC, simp.]
- hair; hairstyle
- top; tip; end
- chief; boss; leader (person that leads or directs)
- remnant; end
- Classifier for livestock. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
- (dialectal) Classifier for other animals.
- (Northern Min) Classifier for flowers.
- first; leading
- (Hakka, Southern Min, dated in Mainland China) station
- 車頭／车头 [Hokkien] ― chhia-thâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― train station
- Diminutive suffix.
Synonyms
[edit]- The dial-syn page 「Dixtosa/ja」 does not yet exist. Create the data page and the map!
- (chief):
- 大佬 (dàlǎo)
- 波士
- 老大 (lǎodà)
- 老頂 / 老顶
- 阿head
- 阿大 (ādà)
- 阿頭 / 阿头
- 領導 / 领导 (lǐngdǎo)
- 領導人 / 领导人 (lǐngdǎorén)
- 領導者 / 领导者 (lǐngdǎozhě)
- 領袖 / 领袖 (lǐngxiù)
- 領頭 / 领头 (lǐngtóu) (literary)
- 頭 / 头
- 頭仔 / 头仔 (Hakka)
- 頭兒 / 头儿 (tóur) (colloquial)
- 頭子 / 头子 (tóuzi) (colloquial, pejorative)
- 頭目 / 头目 (tóumù)
- 頭頭 / 头头 (tóutou) (colloquial)
- 首腦 / 首脑 (shǒunǎo)
- 首要 (shǒuyào)
- 首領 / 首领 (shǒulǐng)
- 龍頭 / 龙头 (lóngtóu)
Compounds
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- → Japanese: Lua error in Module:ja-ruby at line 628: Can not match "Dixtosa/ja" and "ず"; Lua error in Module:ja-ruby at line 628: Can not match "Dixtosa/ja" and "とう"
- → Korean: 두(Dixtosa/ja) (du(Dixtosa/ja))
- → Vietnamese: đầu (Dixtosa/ja)
Others:
- →? Proto-Tai: *truǝᴬ (“head”)
- → Proto-Tai:
References
[edit]- 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04555
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]- head
- counter for large animals
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: ず (zu)←づ (du, historical)
- Kan-on: とう (tō)
- Tō-on: じゅう (jū)←ぢゆう (dyuu, historical)
- Kan’yō-on: と (to)
- Kun: あたま (atama, ja)、かしら (kashira, ja)、かぶり (kaburi, ja)、こうべ (kōbe, ja)←かうべ (kaube, ja, historical)
- Nanori: かぶ (kabu)、かぶし (kabushi)、かみ (kami)、ちゃん (chan)、つぶり (tsuburi)、つむ (tsumu)、つむり (tsumuri)、づ (zu)、どたま (dotama)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]
Lua error in Module:kanjitab at line 195: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
Probably from Old Japanese. First cited in the ten-volume Wamyō Ruijushō of 934 CE.[1]
Unknown derivation. Theories include:
- Compound of 天玉 (a tama, literally “heaven, sky + ball”). This is problematic phonetically, as 天 appears historically as ama or ame, not as just a
- Compound of 当て間 (ate ma, literally “putting something in contact + space, gap”), referring to the head as a moxibustion point. This is also problematic phonetically, as the shift from ate to ata necessitates a change in meaning of the underlying verb. This is also problematic semantically, as the 間 (ma) term refers more specifically to a gap or space.
- Compound of 貴間 (ate ma, literally “noble + space”), referring to the most important part of the body. However, the use of 間 (ma) in this way is again problematic. Moreover, 貴 (ate, “noble”) appears in The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter dating to the 900s CE, while 頭 (atama) with a sense of fontanelle appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō dated 938 CE, leaving insufficient time for either the semantic or phonetic drift required.[1][2]
Historically, this term first appears with a sense of fontanelle, in reference to the soft place on the top of an infant's head where the bones of the skull have not yet fused. As such, a more likely derivation might be as a compound of 当た (ata, “not quite touching, not quite in contact”, possibly a fossilized 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of classical verb 当つ (atsu), root of modern 当たる (ataru, “to touch, to come into contact”)) + 間 (ma, “space, gap, opening”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 88: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.
Noun
[edit]- head (body part)
- 頭が痛い。
- Atama ga itai.
- My head hurts.
- 頭が痛い。
- (anatomy, archaic, possibly obsolete) the fontanelle part of the skull
Idioms
[edit]- 頭が良い (atama ga ii): bright, intelligent
- 頭が悪い (atama ga warui): stupid, intellectually challenged
- 頭に来る (atama ni kuru)
- 頭が切れる (atama ga kireru)
- 頭に浮かぶ (atama ni ukabu)
- 頭に入れる (atama ni ireru)
Etymology 2
[edit]Lua error in Module:kanjitab at line 195: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
From Old Japanese.[1] Found as a standalone noun in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE, and as a counter in the Kojiki, dating to 712 CE.
Alternative forms
[edit]- (head of a doll): 首
Pronunciation
[edit]Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 88: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.
- The pitch accent for the counter depends on the preceding noun.
Counter
[edit]Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- 年頭 (toshigashira, “oldest person”)
- 膝頭 (hizagashira, “kneecap”)
- 前頭 (maegashira, rank-and-file sumo wrestler)
- Lua error in Module:ja-ruby at line 517: Separator "%" in the kanji and kana strings do not match.
- 出会い頭 (deaigashira)
Radical names containing 頭:
- 網頭 (ami-gashira, “top 'net' radical”)
- 糸頭 (ito-gashira, “top 'thread' radical”)
- 老頭 (oi-gashira, “top 'old' radical”)
- 髪頭 (kami-gashira, “top 'hair' radical”)
- 彑頭 (kei-gashira, “top 'pig's head' radical”)
- 虎頭 (tora-gashira, “top 'tiger' radical”)
- 冬頭 (fuyu-gashira, “top 'winter' radical”)
- 八頭 (hachi-gashira, “top 'eight' radical”)
- 発頭 (hatsu-gashira, “top 'dotted tent' radical”)
- 人頭 (hito-gashira, “top 'person' radical”)
Etymology 3
[edit]Lua error in Module:kanjitab at line 195: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
Cognate with and shift in meaning from かぶり (kaburi, “covering; hat, crown”), spelled in kanji as 被り or 冠.
Pronunciation
[edit]Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 88: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.
Noun
[edit]Idioms
[edit]- 頭を振る (kaburi o furu, “shake one's head (in denial)”)
Etymology 4
[edit]Lua error in Module:kanjitab at line 195: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
Cognate with 株 (kabu, “stump; root”), from a general sense of lump.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 88: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.
Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 5
[edit]Lua error in Module:kanjitab at line 195: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
Cognate with 粒 (tsubu, “round thing”, such as a grain), 禿ぶ (tsubu, “to go bald”, from the idea of one's head becoming round), 円ら (tsubura, “round”, adjective), 潰れる (tsubureru, “to become rounded, as from wear and tear, or from crushing”).[1]
Some sources[2] derive this as a shift from 円ら (tsubura, “round”, adjective). However, the phonology and semantics for this do not fit (changing /a/ to /i/, and repurposing the adjectivizing suffix ら to instead form a noun). The modern verb tsubureru had the form tsuburu in older stages of the language. The tsuburi reading for 頭 may more likely represent a nominalization derived from this older verb, following normal patterns for creating nouns from verbs.
Pronunciation
[edit]Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 88: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.
Noun
[edit]Etymology 6
[edit]Lua error in Module:kanjitab at line 195: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
From tsuburi above. Bilabial plosive /b/ becomes bilabial nasal /m/.
Pronunciation
[edit]Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 88: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.
Noun
[edit]Etymology 7
[edit]Lua error in Module:kanjitab at line 195: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
Shortened from tsumuri above.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 88: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.
Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 8
[edit]Lua error in Module:kanjitab at line 195: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
/kamipe/ → /kampe/ → /kaube/ → /kɔːbe/ → /koːbe/
Compound of either 上 (kami, “upper”) or 髪 (kami, “hair”) (likely cognates) with the suffix 方 (pe, “location, direction”).[1][2][3]
Alternatively, may be an alteration from 頭 (kabu, “head”) + 上 (ue, “up”).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 88: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.
Alternative forms
[edit]Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 9
[edit]Lua error in Module:kanjitab at line 195: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
Contraction of ど (do-, “super-”, often used ironically as a derogatory prefix) + 頭 (atama, “head”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 88: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.
Noun
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]Often spelled in hiragana, as どたま.
Etymology 10
[edit]Lua error in Module:kanjitab at line 195: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
/du/ → /d͡zu/ → /zu/
From Middle Chinese 頭 (MC duw). The goon reading, so likely an earlier borrowing.
Pronunciation
[edit]Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 88: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.
Noun
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]This reading is more often found in compounds, such as 頭痛 (zutsū, “a headache”).
Idioms
[edit]Etymology 11
[edit]Lua error in Module:kanjitab at line 195: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
From Middle Chinese 頭 (MC duw). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. The shift from initial /d/ to voiceless /t/ is due to influence or reborrowing from a later stage of the Chinese language. Compare modern Mandarin reading tóu, Cantonese tau4, Min Nan tao5.
Pronunciation
[edit]Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 88: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.
Counter
[edit]- counter for certain relatively large animals, or for livestock animals; "head"
- 合わせて 1300 頭余りが出荷され、全国各地に流通した。
- Awasete sensanbyaku tō amari ga shukka sare, zenkoku kakuchi ni ryūtsū shita.
- Altogether over 1300 head of cattle have been distributed throughout the country.
- 三頭の北極熊
- santō no Hokkyokuguma
- three polar bears
- 一頭の羊
- ittō no hitsuji
- one sheep
- 合わせて 1300 頭余りが出荷され、全国各地に流通した。
- counter for insects (used only in biology)
See also
[edit]| Japanese number-counter combinations for 頭 (tō) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 一頭 (ittō) | 二頭 (nitō) | 三頭 (santō) | 四頭 (yontō) | 五頭 (gotō) |
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| 六頭 (rokutō) | 七頭 (nanatō) 七頭 (shichitō) |
八頭 (hattō) 八頭 (hachitō) |
九頭 (kyūtō) | 十頭 (juttō) 十頭 (jittō) |
| 100 | 1,000 | 10,000 | How many? | |
| 百頭 (hyakutō) | 千頭 (sentō) | 一万頭 (ichimantō) | 何頭 (nantō) | |
Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Further reading
[edit]- Etymology entry for 頭 (atama) at Gogen-Yurai Jiten (Etymology and Origin Dictionary; in Japanese): http://gogen-allguide.com/a/atama.html
- Etymology entry for 頭 (atama) at Key: Zatsugaku Jiten (Key: Dictionary of Miscellaneous Knowledge; in Japanese}: http://www.7key.jp/data/language/etymology/a/atama.html#etymology
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]- hanja form? of 두 (“head”)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Northern Amami-Oshima
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
Kanji
[edit]ja (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
Noun
[edit]ja (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
Oki-No-Erabu
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
Kanji
[edit]ja (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
Noun
[edit]ja (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
- head
- an intelligent person
Okinawan
[edit]Kanji
[edit]ja (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
Etymology
[edit]Cognate with Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
Noun
[edit]ja (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
- head
- an intelligent person
Derived terms
[edit]- 頭病ん (ちぶるやん, chiburuyan, “headache”)
Southern Amami-Oshima
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Cognate with Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
Kanji
[edit]ja (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
Noun
[edit]ja (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit](deprecated template usage) ja (đầu)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Yaeyama
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Cognate with Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
Kanji
[edit]ja (hiragana つぶり, romaji tsuburi, hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu, hiragana つぃぶるぃ, romaji tsiburi)
Noun
[edit]ja (hiragana つぶり, romaji tsuburi, hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu, hiragana つぃぶるぃ, romaji tsiburi)
Yoron
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Cognate with Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
Kanji
[edit]ja (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
Noun
[edit]ja (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
- head
- an intelligent person