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害

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
害 U+5BB3, 害
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BB3
← 宲
[U+5BB2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 宴 →
[U+5BB4]

Translingual

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Stroke order
10 strokes
Stroke order (Taiwan)
10 strokes
Stroke order (Japan)
10 strokes

Han character

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害 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十手十口 (JQJR) or 十手一口 (JQMR), four-corner 30601, composition ⿳宀丰口)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 286, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7165
  • Dae Jaweon: page 565, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 929, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+5BB3

Chinese

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trad. 害
simp. # 害
alternative forms 𡧱
𰀘

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 害
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (害) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
轄 *kʰaːds, *ɡraːd
害 *ɡaːds
犗 *kraːds
幰 *qʰanʔ
攇 *qʰanʔ
憲 *hŋans
瀗 *qʰans
割 *kaːd
磍 *kreːd, *kʰraːd
瞎 *qʰraːd
鎋 *ɡraːd
鶷 *ɡraːd
縖 *ɡraːd
豁 *qʰʷaːd

Multiple theories:

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 季旭昇，2004《說文新證》，台北：藝文印書館印行，2014年9月第二版。p.601-602
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 漢語多功能字庫 - 字頭 「害」
  3. ^ 李學勤，2012《字源》，天津：天津古籍出版社，2013年7月2次印刷。p.662

Etymology

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Cognate with 割 (OC *kaːd, “to cut”). See there for more.

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • hai5 - vernacular;
  • hai4 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 害
    Mandarin Beijing /xai⁵¹/
    Harbin /xai⁵³/
    /xai²¹³/ ～怕
    Tianjin /xai⁵³/
    Jinan /xɛ²¹/
    Qingdao /xɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /xai³¹²/
    Xi'an /xai⁴⁴/
    Xining /xɛ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /xɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou /xɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi /xai²¹³/
    Wuhan /xai³⁵/
    Chengdu /xai¹³/
    Guiyang /xai²¹³/
    Kunming /xæ²¹²/
    Nanjing /xae⁴⁴/
    Hefei /xe̞⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /xai⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /xæ³⁵/
    Hohhot /xɛ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ɦe²³/
    Suzhou /ɦe̞³¹/
    Hangzhou /ɦe̞¹³/
    Wenzhou /ɦe²²/
    Hui Shexian /xɛ²²/
    Tunxi /xuə¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /xai⁵⁵/
    /xai¹¹/
    Xiangtan /ɦai²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /hai²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /hoi⁵³/
    Taoyuan /hoi⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔi²²/
    Nanning /hɔi²²/
    Hong Kong /hɔi²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hai²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɑi²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xuɛ⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /hai³¹/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /hai³³/
    Rime
    Character 害
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 泰 (25)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 胡蓋切
    Baxter hajH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦɑiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦɑiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣɑiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦajH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣɑiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣɑiH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/ɣɑiH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		hài
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hoi6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 害 害
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		hài hài
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hajH › ‹ hajH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*N-kˁat-s/ /*m-kˁat-s/
    English be hurt (v.i.); injury (n.) hurt (v.t.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 害
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 4845
    Phonetic
    component         		害
    Rime
    group         		祭
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		害
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡaːds/
    Notes 金文非丯聲，似𥎆初文加古聲，
    㝬通胡

    Definitions

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    害

    1. to harm; to maim; to injure
    2. to cause to do; to result in (something unfavourable)
    3. to kill; to murder
    4. to suffer from
    5. to feel (an adverse sentiment)
    6. harm; disaster; calamity
    7. crucial point; vital point
    8. harmful; injurious
    9. (Southern Min) broken
    Antonyms
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    • 益 (yì, “benefit”)
    • 利 (lì, “benefit”)

    Compounds

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    Pronunciation 2

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    Definitions

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    害

    1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 曷 (hé, “why”)

    Japanese

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    Shinjitai 害
    Kyūjitai
    [1]
    害󠄂
    害+&#xE0102;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    害󠄆
    害+&#xE0106;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji

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    害

    (Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. (そこなう) damage, harm, injure
    2. (あやめる) kill
    3. (わざわい) disaster

    Readings

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    Etymology

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    Kanji in this term
    害
    がい
    Grade: 4
    on'yomi

    From Middle Chinese 害 (hajH, “injury”).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    害(がい) • (gai) 

    1. injury, harm, damage

    Antonyms

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    Derived terms

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    References

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    1. ^ “害”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
    2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

    Korean

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    Hanja

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    害 (eumhun 해칠 해 (haechil hae))

    1. hanja form? of 해 (“harm”)

    Compounds

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    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    害: Hán Nôm readings: hại

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