侵害

Chinese

		to invade; to infringe; to approach	to do harm to; to cause trouble to; harm to do harm to; to cause trouble to; harm; evil; calamity
trad. (侵害)		侵	害
simp. #(侵害)		侵	害

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qīnhài

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣ ㄏㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): cam¹ hoi⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhîm-hoi
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chhim-hāi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): cim¹ hai⁷

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qīnhài
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣ ㄏㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cinhài
    • Wade–Giles: chʻin¹-hai⁴
    • Yale: chīn-hài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chinhay
    • Palladius: циньхай (cinʹxaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ xaɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: cam¹ hoi⁶
    • Yale: chām hoih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsam¹ hoi⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: cem¹ hoi⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɐm⁵⁵ hɔːi̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhîm-hoi
    • Hakka Romanization System: qim^ˊ hoi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: qim¹ hoi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰim²⁴⁻¹¹ hoi̯⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhim-hāi
    • Tâi-lô: tshim-hāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: chimhai
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰim³³ hai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ hai³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ hai³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: cim¹ hai⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshim hāi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ hai¹¹/

Verb

侵害

1. to infringe on; to encroach on; to violate
2. (of a bacterium, pest, etc.) to invade; to attack

Derived terms

• 性侵害 (xìngqīnhài)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (侵害):

• → Japanese: 侵害(しんがい) (shingai)
• → Korean: 침해(侵害) (chimhae)
• → Vietnamese: xâm hại (侵害)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
侵	害
しん Grade: S	がい Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) しんがい [shìńgáí] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ɕĩŋɡa̠i]

Noun

侵(しん)害(がい) • (shingai) 

1. violation, infringement, breach

   Ａ社(Ａ しゃ)は人権(じんけん)侵害(しんがい)で告訴(こくそ)された。

   Ａ Sha wa jinken shingai de kokuso sareta.

   Company A was sued for human rights violations.

Verb

侵(しん)害(がい)する • (shingai suru) suru (stem 侵(しん)害(がい)し (shingai shi), past 侵(しん)害(がい)した (shingai shita))

1. to infringe, to breach

Conjugation

Conjugation of "侵害する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	侵害し	しんがいし	shingai shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	侵害し	しんがいし	shingai shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	侵害する	しんがいする	shingai suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	侵害する	しんがいする	shingai suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	侵害すれ	しんがいすれ	shingai sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	侵害せよ¹ 侵害しろ²	しんがいせよ¹ しんがいしろ²	shingai seyo¹ shingai shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	侵害される	しんがいされる	shingai sareru
Causative	侵害させる 侵害さす	しんがいさせる しんがいさす	shingai saseru shingai sasu
Potential	侵害できる	しんがいできる	shingai dekiru
Volitional	侵害しよう	しんがいしよう	shingai shiyō
Negative	侵害しない	しんがいしない	shingai shinai
Negative continuative	侵害せず	しんがいせず	shingai sezu
Formal	侵害します	しんがいします	shingai shimasu
Perfective	侵害した	しんがいした	shingai shita
Conjunctive	侵害して	しんがいして	shingai shite
Hypothetical conditional	侵害すれば	しんがいすれば	shingai sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

1. 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
侵	害

Noun

侵害 • (chimhae) (hangeul 침해)

1. hanja form^? of 침해 (“violation, infringement”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
侵	害

Verb

侵害

1. chữ Hán form of xâm hại (“to encroach upon and damage”).