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U+7687, 皇
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7687

[U+7686]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+7688]

Translingual

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Stroke order
9 strokes
Stroke order (Japan)
9 strokes

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 106, +4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹日一土 (HAMG), four-corner 26104, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 786, character 14
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22701
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1201, character 14
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2645, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+7687

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形) ― a lit oil lamp. The derivative (OC *ɡʷaːŋ) refers to the original word.

Later developed into a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡʷaːŋ) : semantic (flame) + phonetic (OC *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs).

Etymology

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Bodman (1980) proposes a connection with (OC *ɢʷaŋ) "king" (see there for more information).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (33)
Final () (102)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter hwang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦwɑŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦʷɑŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣuɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦwaŋ/
Li
Rong
/ɣuɑŋ/
Wang
Li
/ɣuɑŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/ɣwɑŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
huáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
wong4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
huáng huáng
Middle
Chinese
‹ hwang › ‹ hwang ›
Old
Chinese
/*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/ /*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/
English yellow and white spotted sovereign

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 12696
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡʷaːŋ/
Notes

Definitions

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  1. magnificent
  2. emperor; sovereign; ruler; superior
  3. royal; imperial; august
  4. a surname

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (おう) (ō); (こう) ()
  • Korean: 황(皇) (hwang)
  • Vietnamese: hoàng ()

References

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  • ”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 94.

Japanese

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Kanji

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(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
こう
Grade: 6
kan'on

/kʷau//kʷɔː//kɔː//koː/

From Middle Chinese (MC hwang).

The 漢音 (kan'on, literally Han sound) pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation

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Affix

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(こう) (くわう (kwau)?

  1. Creator
  2. monarch, ruler, sovereign
  3. emperor, mikado, tenno
  4. Japan, Japanese
Derived terms
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Proper noun

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(こう) (くわう (Kwau)?

  1. a unisex given name

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
おう
Grade: 6
goon

/wau//wɔː//ɔː//oː/

From Middle Chinese (MC hwang).

The 呉音 (goon, literally Wu sound) pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Affix

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(おう) (ōわう (wau)?

  1. emperor, mikado, tenno
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
すべ
Grade: 6
kun'yomi

/sume//sube/

From Old Japanese, as a shift from older sume.[1]

Previously thought to be derived as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of Old Japanese verb 統ぶ (subu), modern 統べる (suberu, to control, to govern, to rule). However, later research into ancient phonetic spellings clarified that the be portion of the verb was realized as ⟨be2. During the Old Japanese stage, ⟨be2 could only have derived phonetically from ⟨me2, and not from the ⟨me1 syllable of the noun.[1]

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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(すべ) (sube-

  1. (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards (kami, Shinto deities) or 天皇 (tennō, Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan):
    1. divine, godly, heavenly
    2. imperial, royal, august
Derived terms
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Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
すめ
Grade: 6
kun'yomi

⟨sume1 → */sumʲe//sume/

From Old Japanese. Appears to be the older form.[1]

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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(すめ) (sume-

  1. (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards (kami, Shinto deities) or 天皇 (tennō, Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan):
    1. divine, godly, heavenly
    2. imperial, royal, august
Derived terms
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Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
すべら
Grade: 6
kun'yomi

From the prefix (sube-, see above) +‎ (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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(すべら) (subera-

  1. (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards (kami, Shinto deities) or 天皇 (tennō, Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan):
    1. divine, godly, heavenly
    2. imperial, royal, august
Derived terms
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Etymology 6

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Kanji in this term
すめら
Grade: 6
kun'yomi

From the prefix (sume-) +‎ (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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(すめら) (sumera-

  1. (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards (kami, Shinto deities) or 天皇 (tennō, Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan):
    1. divine, godly, heavenly
    2. imperial, royal, august
Derived terms
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Proper noun

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(すめら) (Sumera

  1. a female given name

Etymology 7

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Kanji in this term
すべらぎ
Grade: 6
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
天皇

/sumeraɡi//suberaɡi/

Shift from sumeragi below, with the nasal /m/ becoming a plosive /b/.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(すべらぎ) (suberagi

  1. (archaic) a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan
Derived terms
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Etymology 8

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Kanji in this term
すめらぎ
Grade: 6
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
天皇

⟨sume1ro2ki1 → */sumʲerəkʲi/ → */sumeraki//sumeraɡi/

Possibly a shift from Old Japanese 天皇 (sume1ro2ki1).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(すめらぎ) (sumeragi

  1. (archaic) a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan

Proper noun

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(すめらぎ) (Sumeragi

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 9

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Various nanori readings.

Proper noun

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(きみ) (Kimi

  1. a female given name

(きらり) (Kirari

  1. a female given name

(ただす) (Tadasu

  1. a unisex given name

(みゆき) (Miyuki

  1. a female given name

References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese (MC hwang).

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 임금 (imgeum hwang))

  1. hanja form? of (king; monarch; ruler)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese .

Hanja

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(eumhun 엄숙할 (eomsukhal wang))

  1. (archaic) hanja form? of (to be solemn)

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: hoàng ((hồ)(quang)(thiết))[1][2][3][4], huỳnh[3][4]
: Nôm readings: hoàng[1][3][5], huỳnh[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of hoàng (emperor).

Compounds

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References

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