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暴

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 異
暴 U+66B4, 暴
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66B4
← 暳
[U+66B3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 暵 →
[U+66B5]
暴 U+FA06, 暴
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA06
← 洞
[U+FA05] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 輻 →
[U+FA07]

Translingual

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Han character

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暴 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 日廿金水 (ATCE), four-corner 60132, composition ⿱日㳟)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 499, character 29
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14137
  • Dae Jaweon: page 868, character 35
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1532, character 15
  • Unihan data for U+66B4

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 暴
Shang Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (暴) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
暴 *boːwɢs, *boːɡ
曝 *boːwɢs, *boːɡ
瀑 *boːwɢs, *boːɡ
虣 *boːwɢs
爆 *proːwɢs, *poːwɢ, *proːwɢ
襮 *poːwɢ, *poːwɢ
嚗 *proːwɢ
謈 *pʰroːwɢ, *broːwɢ
犦 *broːwɢ, *poːwɢ
懪 *broːwɢ

Its original form is 𫻺 and can be seen on oracle bone script; ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 虎 (“tiger”) + 戈 (“weapon”) – violence. The character also means "to expose to the sun", but its most archaic form does not convey this particular meaning.

However, by the time of bamboo slip script, usage of 𫻺 had been replaced entirely by phonetically borrowing 㬥. This new character originates from the proto-form 𮲡, an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 日 (“sun”) + 共 (“hands lifting an object”); in this precise case, the hands are lifting a plant graphically similar to 丰 or 出. 米 (“rice”) was later added to emphasize the meaning of drying things out in the sun since rice and similar plants can be dried out in the sun. Eventually, the bottom component was stylized as the unrelated 水 and the whole character was stylized into 暴: the plant is no more visible in the new version.

The meaning "to expose to the sun" is preserved in 𣌑 > 曝.

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
 暴
2nd round simp. 𣅃
alternative forms
㫧
㬥
㬧
曓
𣉱
㫧
㬥
㬧
曓
𣉱
𣊴
𣊻
曝
虣
𣋏
𣋳
𣋴
 

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 暴
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 並 (3)
Final (韻) 豪 (89)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 薄報切
Baxter bawH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/bɑuH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/bɑuH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/bɑuH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/bawH/
Li
Rong 		/bɑuH/
Wang
Li 		/bɑuH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/bʱɑuH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		bào
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		bou6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 暴
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		bào
Middle
Chinese 		‹ bawH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[b]ˁawk-s/
English violent

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 暴
Reading # 1/2
No. 330
Phonetic
component 		暴
Rime
group 		貌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		暴
Old
Chinese 		/*boːwɢs/

Definitions

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暴

  1. sudden
  2. violent; cruel; brutal; tyrannical
    暴行  ―  bàoxíng  ―  act of violence
  3. quick-tempered; hot-tempered
    暴躁  ―  bàozào  ―  irritable; irascible; bad-tempered
  4. to spoil; to waste; to damage
    自暴自棄／自暴自弃  ―  zìbàozìqì  ―  to abandon oneself to despair
  5. (literary) to abuse; to oppress; to treat cruelly

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (暴):
  • → Japanese: 暴(ぼう) (bō)
  • → Korean: 포(暴) (po)
  • → Vietnamese: bạo (暴)

Etymology 2

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 暴
2nd round simp. 𣅃

Pronunciation 1

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Rime
Character 暴
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 並 (3)
Final (韻) 屋 (3)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蒲木切
Baxter buwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/buk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/buk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/buk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/bəwk̚/
Li
Rong 		/buk̚/
Wang
Li 		/buk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/bʱuk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		bú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		buk6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 暴
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		pù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ buwk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-pˁawk/
English expose to sun

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 暴
Reading # 2/2
No. 343
Phonetic
component 		暴
Rime
group 		屋
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		暴
Old
Chinese 		/*boːɡ/
Definitions
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暴

  1. Alternative form of 曝 (“to sun; to air in the sun”)
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2

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Note: bou6 - in 暴露.
Note: pō - in 暴露.
Rime
Character 暴
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 並 (3)
Final (韻) 屋 (3)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蒲木切
Baxter buwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/buk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/buk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/buk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/bəwk̚/
Li
Rong 		/buk̚/
Wang
Li 		/buk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/bʱuk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		bú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		buk6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 暴
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		pù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ buwk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-pˁawk/
English expose to sun

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 暴
Reading # 2/2
No. 343
Phonetic
component 		暴
Rime
group 		屋
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		暴
Old
Chinese 		/*boːɡ/
Definitions
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暴

  1. to show; to expose
Compounds
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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (暴):

Etymology 3

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simp. and trad.
 暴
2nd round simp. 𣅃

Pronunciation 1

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Definitions
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暴

  1. to stick out; to bulge
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2

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Definitions
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暴

  1. Used in 暴樂／暴乐 (bóluò).

Etymology 4

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simp. and trad.
 暴
2nd round simp. 𣅃
alternative forms 發／发

Pronunciation 1

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Definitions
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暴

  1. (Hokkien) to sprout; to send forth (leaves, buds, beard, bubbles, etc.)
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2

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Definitions
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暴

  1. (Hokkien) to emerge; to pop up; to spring forth
Compounds
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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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暴

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. violent; brutal; fierce

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology

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Kanji in this term
暴
ぼう
Grade: 5
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 暴 (MC bawH, “violent”).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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暴(ぼう) • (bō) -na (adnominal 暴(ぼう)な (bō na), adverbial 暴(ぼう)に (bō ni))

  1. violent

Inflection

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Inflection of 暴
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 暴だろ ぼうだろ bō daro
Continuative (連用形) 暴で ぼうで bō de
Terminal (終止形) 暴だ ぼうだ bō da
Attributive (連体形) 暴な ぼうな bō na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 暴なら ぼうなら bō nara
Imperative (命令形) 暴であれ ぼうであれ bō de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 暴ではない
暴じゃない 		ぼうではない
ぼうじゃない 		bō de wa nai
bō ja nai
Informal past 暴だった ぼうだった bō datta
Informal negative past 暴ではなかった
暴じゃなかった 		ぼうではなかった
ぼうじゃなかった 		bō de wa nakatta
bō ja nakatta
Formal 暴です ぼうです bō desu
Formal negative 暴ではありません
暴じゃありません 		ぼうではありません
ぼうじゃありません 		bō de wa arimasen
bō ja arimasen
Formal past 暴でした ぼうでした bō deshita
Formal negative past 暴ではありませんでした
暴じゃありませんでした 		ぼうではありませんでした
ぼうじゃありませんでした 		bō de wa arimasen deshita
bō ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 暴で ぼうで bō de
Conditional 暴なら（ば） ぼうなら（ば） bō nara (ba)
Provisional 暴だったら ぼうだったら bō dattara
Volitional 暴だろう ぼうだろう bō darō
Adverbial 暴に ぼうに bō ni
Degree 暴さ ぼうさ bōsa

Noun

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暴(ぼう) • (bō) 

  1. violentness

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese 暴 (MC buwk, “to expose to the sun”).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

暴 (eumhun 나타날 폭 (natanal pok))
暴 (eumhun 드러날 폭 (deureonal pok))

  1. (only in compounds) hanja form? of 폭 (“to show; to appear; to manifest”)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 2

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From a corrupted or unorthodox reading influenced by Middle Chinese 暴 (MC buwk). The original reading is 포 (po) based on Middle Chinese 暴 (MC bawH, “violent”).

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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暴 (eumhun 사나울 폭 (sanaul pok))

  1. (only in compounds) hanja form? of 폭 (“fierce; violent; brutal”)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 3

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From Middle Chinese 暴 (MC bawH, “violent”).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [pʰo̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [포(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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暴 (eumhun 사나울 포 (sanaul po))

  1. hanja form? of 포 (“fierce; violent; brutal”)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 4

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From Middle Chinese 暴.

Historical readings

Hanja

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暴 (eumhun 앙상할 박 (angsanghal bak))

  1. (literary Chinese) hanja form? of 박 (“sparse; bare; thin; skinny”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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暴: Hán Việt readings: bạo (薄(bạc)報(báo)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], bộc (步(bộ)木(mộc)切(thiết))[3][5]
暴: Nôm readings: bạo[1][2][3][4][6], bão[1][2][7], bộc[7][5], bậu[1], bẹo[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of bạo (“ferocious; cruel; violent”).

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hồ (1976).
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