暴行

Chinese

		violent	conduct
simp. and trad. (暴行)		暴	行

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): bàoxíng, bàoxìng

  (Zhuyin): ㄅㄠˋ ㄒㄧㄥˊ, ㄅㄠˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): bou⁶ hang⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phau-hàng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): po̍k-hêng / pō-hêng / po̍k-hēng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bao⁶ hêng⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bàoxíng
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˋ ㄒㄧㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bàosíng
    • Wade–Giles: pao⁴-hsing²
    • Yale: bàu-syíng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bawshyng
    • Palladius: баосин (baosin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bàoxìng
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bàosìng
    • Wade–Giles: pao⁴-hsing⁴
    • Yale: bàu-syìng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bawshinq
    • Palladius: баосин (baosin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: bou⁶ hang⁶
    • Yale: bouh hahng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: bou⁶ hang⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: bou⁶ heng⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pou̯²² hɐŋ²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phau-hàng
    • Hakka Romanization System: pau hang^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: pau⁴ hang²
    • Sinological IPA: /pʰau̯⁵⁵ haŋ¹¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: po̍k-hêng
    • Tâi-lô: po̍k-hîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pogheeng
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /pɔk̚²⁴⁻² hiɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /pɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /pɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hiɪŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ²³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pō-hêng
    • Tâi-lô: pō-hîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: poixheeng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /po²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /po²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɤ³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /po³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: po̍k-hēng
    • Tâi-lô: po̍k-hīng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pogheng
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /pɔk̚²⁴⁻² hiɪŋ⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bao⁶ hêng⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pău hĕng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pau³⁵⁻¹¹ heŋ³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: bawH haengH

Rime
Character	暴	行
Reading #	1/2	4/4
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)	庚 (109)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	薄報切	下更切
Baxter	bawH	haengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bɑuH/	/ɦˠæŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/bɑuH/	/ɦᵚaŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/bɑuH/	/ɣaŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/bawH/	/ɦaɨjŋH/
Li Rong	/bɑuH/	/ɣɐŋH/
Wang Li	/bɑuH/	/ɣɐŋH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/bʱɑuH/	/ɣɐŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bào	hèng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bou6	hang6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]ˤawk-s  [ɡ]ˤraŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*boːwɢs  ɡraːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	暴	行
Reading #	1/2	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bào	xíng
Middle Chinese	‹ bawH ›	‹ hængH ›
Old Chinese	/*[b]ˁawk-s/	/*[ɡ]ˁraŋ-s/
English	violent	action
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	暴	行
Reading #	1/2	4/4
No.	330	13876
Phonetic component	暴	行
Rime group	貌	陽
Rime subdivision	3	0
Corresponding MC rime	暴	行
Old Chinese	/*boːwɢs/	/*ɡraːŋs/

Noun

暴行

1. savage act; atrocity; outrage

   • 世衰道微，邪說暴行有作。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     世衰道微，邪说暴行有作。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Shì shuāi dào wēi, xiéshuō bàoxíng yǒu zuò. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (暴行):

• → Japanese: 暴行(ぼうこう) (bōkō)
• → Korean: 폭행(暴行) (pokhaeng)
• → Vietnamese: bạo hành (暴行)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
暴	行
ぼう Grade: 5	こう Grade: 2
on'yomi

Noun

暴(ぼう)行(こう) • (bōkō) ^{←ぼうかう (boukau)?}

1. Violence, outrage.
2. Assault.
3. (euphemistic) Rape.

Synonyms

• (rape): 強姦(ごうかん) (gōkan), レイプ (reipu), 婦女(ふじょ)暴行(ぼうこう) (fujo bōkō)

Verb

暴(ぼう)行(こう)する • (bōkō suru) ^{←ぼうかう (boukau)?}intransitive suru (stem 暴(ぼう)行(こう)し (bōkō shi), past 暴(ぼう)行(こう)した (bōkō shita))

1. To use violence (on), to commit an outrage (on).
2. To assault, to make an assault (on).

   タクシー運転手(うんてんしゅ)を暴行(ぼうこう)するという事件(じけん)

   takushī untenshu o bōkō suru to iu jiken

   an assault on a taxi driver

3. (euphemistic) To rape.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "暴行する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	暴行し	ぼうこうし	bōkō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	暴行し	ぼうこうし	bōkō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	暴行する	ぼうこうする	bōkō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	暴行する	ぼうこうする	bōkō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	暴行すれ	ぼうこうすれ	bōkō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	暴行せよ¹ 暴行しろ²	ぼうこうせよ¹ ぼうこうしろ²	bōkō seyo¹ bōkō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	暴行される	ぼうこうされる	bōkō sareru
Causative	暴行させる 暴行さす	ぼうこうさせる ぼうこうさす	bōkō saseru bōkō sasu
Potential	暴行できる	ぼうこうできる	bōkō dekiru
Volitional	暴行しよう	ぼうこうしよう	bōkō shiyō
Negative	暴行しない	ぼうこうしない	bōkō shinai
Negative continuative	暴行せず	ぼうこうせず	bōkō sezu
Formal	暴行します	ぼうこうします	bōkō shimasu
Perfective	暴行した	ぼうこうした	bōkō shita
Conjunctive	暴行して	ぼうこうして	bōkō shite
Hypothetical conditional	暴行すれば	ぼうこうすれば	bōkō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

• (to rape): 強姦(ごうかん)する (gōkan suru), レイプする (reipu suru)

Korean

Hanja in this term
暴	行

Noun

暴行 • (pokhaeng) (hangeul 폭행)

1. hanja form^? of 폭행 (“act of violence”)