憂愁
Appearance
See also: 忧愁
Chinese
[edit]worried | worry about | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (憂愁) | 憂 | 愁 | |
simp. (忧愁) | 忧 | 愁 | |
anagram | 愁憂/愁忧 |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jau1 sau4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yù-sèu
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iu-chhiû / iu-chhô͘
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 1ieu-zhieu6 / 1ieu-zeu2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ ㄔㄡˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: youchóu
- Wade–Giles: yu1-chʻou2
- Yale: yōu-chóu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iouchour
- Palladius: ючоу (jučou)
- Sinological IPA (key): /joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯³⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: юцу (i͡ucu, I-I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /iou²⁴ t͡sʰou²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: jau1 sau4
- Yale: yāu sàuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jau1 sau4
- Guangdong Romanization: yeo1 seo4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɐu̯⁵⁵ sɐu̯²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù-sèu
- Hakka Romanization System: iuˇ seuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yiu2 seu2
- Sinological IPA: /i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù-sèu
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iuˇ seuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yiu2 seu2
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: 'juw dzrjuw
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)u [dz]riw/
- (Zhengzhang): /*qu zrɯw/
Adjective
[edit]憂愁
- sad; worried; depressed
- 屈平疾王聽之不聰也,讒諂之蔽明也,邪曲之害公也,方正之不容也,故憂愁幽思而作《離騷》。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Qū Píng jí wáng tīng zhī bù cōng yě, chánchǎn zhī bì míng yě, xiéqū zhī hài gōng yě, fāngzhèng zhī bùróng yě, gù yōuchóu yōusī ér zuò “Lísāo”. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
屈平疾王听之不聪也,谗谄之蔽明也,邪曲之害公也,方正之不容也,故忧愁幽思而作《离骚》。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 人面獸心,去留難測,既易水草,痾恙將多,憂愁致困,死亡必甚。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
- From: Wei Shou, Book of Wei, 551 – 554 CE
- Rén miàn shòu xīn, qùliú náncè, jì yì shuǐcǎo, kēyàng jiāng duō, yōuchóu zhì kùn, sǐwáng bì shèn. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
人面兽心,去留难测,既易水草,疴恙将多,忧愁致困,死亡必甚。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
Synonyms
[edit]- 京京 (jīngjīng) (literary)
- 傷心 / 伤心 (shāngxīn)
- 傷悲 / 伤悲 (shāngbēi) (literary)
- 傷感 / 伤感 (shānggǎn)
- 傷懷 / 伤怀 (shānghuái) (literary)
- 傷痛 / 伤痛 (shāngtòng)
- 傷神 / 伤神 (shāngshén) (literary)
- 刺心 (cìxīn)
- 哀傷 / 哀伤 (āishāng)
- 哀切 (āiqiè)
- 哀怨 (āiyuàn)
- 哀悽 / 哀凄 (āiqī)
- 哀慟 / 哀恸 (āitòng)
- 哀戚 (āiqī) (literary)
- 哀痛 (āitòng)
- 哀苦 (āikǔ)
- 心酸 (xīnsuān)
- 怛傷 / 怛伤 (dáshāng) (literary)
- 悄然 (qiǎorán) (literary)
- 情傷 / 情伤 (qíngshāng) (literary)
- 悲催 (bēicuī) (neologism, jocular)
- 悲傷 / 悲伤 (bēishāng)
- 悲切 (bēiqiè) (literary)
- 悲哀 (bēi'āi)
- 悲悽 / 悲凄 (bēiqī)
- 悱惻 / 悱恻 (fěicè) (literary)
- 悽惶 / 凄惶 (qīhuáng) (literary)
- 悽愴 / 凄怆 (qīchuàng) (literary)
- 悲愴 / 悲怆 (bēichuàng) (literary)
- 悲慘 / 悲惨 (bēicǎn)
- 悲慟 / 悲恸 (bēitòng)
- 悲戚 (bēiqī)
- 悽戚 / 凄戚 (qīqī) (literary)
- 悲摧 (bēicuī) (literary)
- 悲楚 (bēichǔ) (literary)
- 悲涼 / 悲凉 (bēiliáng)
- 悲痛 (bēitòng)
- 悲苦 (bēikǔ)
- 感傷 / 感伤 (gǎnshāng)
- 愀愴 / 愀怆 (qiǎochuàng)
- 愁楚 (chóuchǔ) (literary)
- 惻然 / 恻然 (cèrán) (literary)
- 愴然 / 怆然 (chuàngrán) (literary)
- 慘 / 惨 (cǎn)
- 憂傷 / 忧伤 (yōushāng)
- 慘悽 / 惨凄 (cǎnqī)
- 憂戚 / 忧戚 (yōuqī) (literary)
- 慘淡 / 惨淡 (cǎndàn)
- 憯懍 / 憯懔 (cǎnlǐn)
- 懤懤 / 㤽㤽 (chóuchóu)
- 沉痛 (chéntòng)
- 淒切 / 凄切 (qīqiè)
- 淒惻 / 凄恻 (qīcè) (literary)
- 淒慘 / 凄惨 (qīcǎn)
- 淒楚 / 凄楚 (qīchǔ)
- 淒涼 / 凄凉 (qīliáng)
- 淒然 / 凄然 (qīrán) (literary)
- 痛心 (tòngxīn)
- 艱苦心 / 艰苦心 (Hokkien)
- 蒼涼 / 苍凉 (cāngliáng)
- 酸心 (suānxīn)
- 難受 / 难受 (nánshòu)
- 難過 / 难过 (nánguò)
- 青凊 (Hokkien)
- 黯然 (ànrán)
Descendants
[edit]Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
憂 | 愁 |
ゆう Grade: S |
しゅう Grade: S |
on'yomi |
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]憂愁 • (yūshū) ←いうしう (iusiu)?-na (adnominal 憂愁な (yūshū na), adverbial 憂愁に (yūshū ni))
Inflection
[edit]Inflection of 憂愁
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 憂愁だろ | ゆうしゅうだろ | yūshū daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 憂愁で | ゆうしゅうで | yūshū de |
Terminal (終止形) | 憂愁だ | ゆうしゅうだ | yūshū da |
Attributive (連体形) | 憂愁な | ゆうしゅうな | yūshū na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 憂愁なら | ゆうしゅうなら | yūshū nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 憂愁であれ | ゆうしゅうであれ | yūshū de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 憂愁ではない 憂愁じゃない |
ゆうしゅうではない ゆうしゅうじゃない |
yūshū de wa nai yūshū ja nai |
Informal past | 憂愁だった | ゆうしゅうだった | yūshū datta |
Informal negative past | 憂愁ではなかった 憂愁じゃなかった |
ゆうしゅうではなかった ゆうしゅうじゃなかった |
yūshū de wa nakatta yūshū ja nakatta |
Formal | 憂愁です | ゆうしゅうです | yūshū desu |
Formal negative | 憂愁ではありません 憂愁じゃありません |
ゆうしゅうではありません ゆうしゅうじゃありません |
yūshū de wa arimasen yūshū ja arimasen |
Formal past | 憂愁でした | ゆうしゅうでした | yūshū deshita |
Formal negative past | 憂愁ではありませんでした 憂愁じゃありませんでした |
ゆうしゅうではありませんでした ゆうしゅうじゃありませんでした |
yūshū de wa arimasen deshita yūshū ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 憂愁で | ゆうしゅうで | yūshū de |
Conditional | 憂愁なら(ば) | ゆうしゅうなら(ば) | yūshū nara (ba) |
Provisional | 憂愁だったら | ゆうしゅうだったら | yūshū dattara |
Volitional | 憂愁だろう | ゆうしゅうだろう | yūshū darō |
Adverbial | 憂愁に | ゆうしゅうに | yūshū ni |
Degree | 憂愁さ | ゆうしゅうさ | yūshūsa |
Stem forms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 憂愁なら | いうしうなら | iusiunara | |
Continuative (連用形) | 憂愁に[1] 憂愁なり[2] |
いうしうに いうしうなり |
iusiuni iusiunari | |
Terminal (終止形) | 憂愁なり | いうしうなり | iusiunari | |
Attributive (連体形) | 憂愁なる | いうしうなる | iusiunaru | |
Realis (已然形) | 憂愁なれ | いうしうなれ | iusiunare | |
Imperative (命令形) | 憂愁なれ | いうしうなれ | iusiunare | |
Key constructions | ||||
Negative | 憂愁ならず | いうしうならず | iusiunarazu | |
Contrasting conjunction | 憂愁なれど | いうしうなれど | iusiunaredo | |
Causal conjunction | 憂愁なれば | いうしうなれば | iusiunareba | |
Conditional conjunction | 憂愁ならば | いうしうならば | iusiunaraba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 憂愁なりき | いうしうなりき | iusiunariki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 憂愁なりけり | いうしうなりけり | iusiunarikeri | |
Adverbial | 憂愁に | いうしうに | iusiuni | |
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. |
Noun
[edit]Verb
[edit]憂愁する • (yūshū suru) ←いうしう (iusiu)?suru (stem 憂愁し (yūshū shi), past 憂愁した (yūshū shita))
- to be depressed
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "憂愁する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 憂愁し | ゆうしゅうし | yūshū shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 憂愁し | ゆうしゅうし | yūshū shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 憂愁する | ゆうしゅうする | yūshū suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 憂愁する | ゆうしゅうする | yūshū suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 憂愁すれ | ゆうしゅうすれ | yūshū sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 憂愁せよ¹ 憂愁しろ² |
ゆうしゅうせよ¹ ゆうしゅうしろ² |
yūshū seyo¹ yūshū shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 憂愁される | ゆうしゅうされる | yūshū sareru | |
Causative | 憂愁させる 憂愁さす |
ゆうしゅうさせる ゆうしゅうさす |
yūshū saseru yūshū sasu | |
Potential | 憂愁できる | ゆうしゅうできる | yūshū dekiru | |
Volitional | 憂愁しよう | ゆうしゅうしよう | yūshū shiyō | |
Negative | 憂愁しない | ゆうしゅうしない | yūshū shinai | |
Negative continuative | 憂愁せず | ゆうしゅうせず | yūshū sezu | |
Formal | 憂愁します | ゆうしゅうします | yūshū shimasu | |
Perfective | 憂愁した | ゆうしゅうした | yūshū shita | |
Conjunctive | 憂愁して | ゆうしゅうして | yūshū shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 憂愁すれば | ゆうしゅうすれば | yūshū sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
References
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja in this term | |
---|---|
憂 | 愁 |
Noun
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
---|---|
憂 | 愁 |
Adjective
[edit]憂愁
Noun
[edit]憂愁
- chữ Hán form of ưu sầu (“sorrow; worry; depression”).
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