-𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *-janą.

Suffix

-𐌾𐌰𐌽 • (-jan)

1. Derives denominatives from nouns and factitives from adjectives.

Usage notes

Appears to function as an iterative suffix in 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaggjan).

Conjugation

The form of this suffix in the second- and third-person singular present active indicative, as well as in the second-person plural present active indicative and imperative, vary according to Siever's law:

• Following a long stem, which has either a long vowel or diphthong, or a short vowel followed by several consonants, the suffix is -𐌴𐌹-.

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	-𐌾𐌰𐌽 -jan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	-𐌾𐌰 -ja	-𐌹𐌳𐌰 -ida	-𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 -jada
2nd singular	-𐌴𐌹𐍃 -eis	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 -idēs	-𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 -jaza
3rd singular	-𐌴𐌹𐌸 -eiþ	-𐌹𐌳𐌰 -ida	-𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 -jada
1st dual	-𐌾𐍉𐍃 -jōs	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 -idēdu	—
2nd dual	-𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 -jats	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 -idēduts	—
1st plural	-𐌾𐌰𐌼 -jam	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 -idēdum	-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 -janda
2nd plural	-𐌴𐌹𐌸 -eiþ	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 -idēduþ	-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 -janda
3rd plural	-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 -jand	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 -idēdun	-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 -janda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	-𐌾𐌰𐌿 -jau	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 -idēdjau	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jaidau
2nd singular	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 -jais	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 -idēdeis	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 -jaizau
3rd singular	-𐌾𐌰𐌹 -jai	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 -idēdi	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jaidau
1st dual	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 -jaiwa	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 -idēdeiwa	—
2nd dual	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 -jaits	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 -idēdeits	—
1st plural	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 -jaima	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 -idēdeima	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jaindau
2nd plural	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 -jaiþ	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 -idēdeiþ	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jaindau
3rd plural	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 -jaina	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 -idēdeina	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	-𐌴𐌹 -ei
3rd singular	-𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jadau
2nd dual	-𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 -jats
2nd plural	-𐌴𐌹𐌸 -eiþ
3rd plural	-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jandau
	Present	Past
Participles	-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 -jands	-𐌹𐌸𐍃 -iþs

• Following a short stem, which consists of a short vowel followed by a single consonant, the suffix is -𐌾𐌹-.

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	-𐌾𐌰𐌽 -jan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	-𐌾𐌰 -ja	-𐌹𐌳𐌰 -ida	-𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 -jada
2nd singular	-𐌾𐌹𐍃 -jis	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 -idēs	-𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 -jaza
3rd singular	-𐌾𐌹𐌸 -jiþ	-𐌹𐌳𐌰 -ida	-𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 -jada
1st dual	-𐌾𐍉𐍃 -jōs	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 -idēdu	—
2nd dual	-𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 -jats	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 -idēduts	—
1st plural	-𐌾𐌰𐌼 -jam	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 -idēdum	-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 -janda
2nd plural	-𐌾𐌹𐌸 -jiþ	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 -idēduþ	-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 -janda
3rd plural	-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 -jand	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 -idēdun	-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 -janda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	-𐌾𐌰𐌿 -jau	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 -idēdjau	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jaidau
2nd singular	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 -jais	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 -idēdeis	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 -jaizau
3rd singular	-𐌾𐌰𐌹 -jai	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 -idēdi	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jaidau
1st dual	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 -jaiwa	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 -idēdeiwa	—
2nd dual	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 -jaits	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 -idēdeits	—
1st plural	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 -jaima	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 -idēdeima	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jaindau
2nd plural	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 -jaiþ	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 -idēdeiþ	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jaindau
3rd plural	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 -jaina	-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 -idēdeina	-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	-𐌴𐌹 -ei
3rd singular	-𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jadau
2nd dual	-𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 -jats
2nd plural	-𐌾𐌹𐌸 -jiþ
3rd plural	-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 -jandau
	Present	Past
Participles	-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 -jands	-𐌹𐌸𐍃 -iþs

Derived terms

Gothic terms suffixed with -𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌱𐌹𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌱𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌱𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐍉𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌲𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌷𐌿𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌷𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌸𐌿𐍄𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌺𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌻𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌿𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌿𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐌿𐍆𐍃𐍅𐍉𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍂𐌹𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍃𐌹𐍀𐍉𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌲𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍄𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍅𐌰𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍅𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽

𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽