𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺 (hrūk) +‎ -𐌾𐌰𐌽 (-jan).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈhruːk.jan/

Verb

𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 • (hrūkjan)

1. to crow (to make the sound of a rooster)
   • 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Matthew (Codex Argenteus & Codex Ambrosianus C) 26.74:

     𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌿𐌷 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌰𐍆𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽. 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰.

     þanuh dugann afdōmjan jah swaran þatei ni kann þana mannan. jah suns hana hrukida.

     Then began he to curse and to swear, saying, I know not the man. And immediately the cock crew. (KJV).

   • 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of John (Codex Argenteus) 18.27:

     𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌺 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰.

     þaruh aftra afaiaik paitrus, jah suns hana hrukida.

     Peter then denied again: and immediately the cock crew. (KJV).

   • 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Mark (Codex Argenteus) 14.72:

     𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐍉𐍀𐌹𐌳𐌰. 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳, 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌵𐌰𐌸 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌼, 𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌼. 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽.

     jah anþaramma sinþa hana wōpida. jah gamunda paitrus þata waurd, swē qaþ imma iēsus, þatei faurþizē hana hrukjai twaim sinþam, inwidis mik þrim sinþam. jah dugann greitan.

     And the second time the cock crew. And Peter called to mind the word that Jesus said unto him, Before the cock crow twice, thou shalt deny me thrice. And when he thought thereon, he wept. (KJV).

Usage notes

This word is one of several words that translate φωνέω (phōnéō, “to sound”), but it is used chiefly with reference to roosters, for which purpose 𐍅𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wōpjan, “to cry out, to call”) is also occasionally used. 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (haitan, “to call”), however, is never used this way.

Conjugation

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 hrūkjan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰 hrūkja	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰 hrūkida	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 hrūkjada
2nd singular	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 hrūkeis	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 hrūkidēs	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 hrūkjaza
3rd singular	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸 hrūkeiþ	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰 hrūkida	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 hrūkjada
1st dual	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍃 hrūkjōs	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 hrūkidēdu	—
2nd dual	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 hrūkjats	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 hrūkidēduts	—
1st plural	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌼 hrūkjam	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 hrūkidēdum	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 hrūkjanda
2nd plural	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸 hrūkeiþ	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 hrūkidēduþ	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 hrūkjanda
3rd plural	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 hrūkjand	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 hrūkidēdun	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 hrūkjanda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌿 hrūkjau	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 hrūkidēdjau	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjaidau
2nd singular	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 hrūkjais	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 hrūkidēdeis	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 hrūkjaizau
3rd singular	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹 hrūkjai	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 hrūkidēdi	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjaidau
1st dual	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 hrūkjaiwa	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 hrūkidēdeiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 hrūkjaits	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 hrūkidēdeits	—
1st plural	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 hrūkjaima	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 hrūkidēdeima	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjaindau
2nd plural	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 hrūkjaiþ	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 hrūkidēdeiþ	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjaindau
3rd plural	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 hrūkjaina	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 hrūkidēdeina	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹 hrūkei
3rd singular	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjadau
2nd dual	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 hrūkjats
2nd plural	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸 hrūkeiþ
3rd plural	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 hrūkjands	𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌸𐍃 hrūkiþs

Synonyms

• 𐍅𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wōpjan, “to cry, to call”)

Related terms

• 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺 (hrūk, “crow”)

See also

• 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌾𐍉𐌽 (baljōn, “to roar”)
• 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 (hana, “rooster”)

Further reading

• Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986) “H.99 hruk”, in A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the 3rd ed. of Feist’s dictionary, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 192
• Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 60